BIOLOGY NOTES 1ST YEAR

CHAPTER 05 WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM

HOMOLOGY: Study of structures which are similar because of their common origin, but may differ functionally. BIOCHEMISTRY: Study of chemical found in living organisms. CYTOLOGY: Study of cell. NOMENCLATURE: Scheme of naming living organism is called nomenclature. Now a days, 2 word naming system is acceptable. VIRUS Simplest and smallest non-living particle which measuring 17-450 microns. Virus means poison. OBLIGATORY PARASITE Virus is said obligatory parasite, because it always needs a living cell (host) to live in. IVANOVSKY-1892 A Russian scientist who first discovered virus STANLEY-1935 An American Scientist who isolated Tobacco Mosaic Virus commonly called TMV ELECTRON MICROSCOPE A most modern type of microscope, which can magnify up to 10000000 times. It was invented in 1935 in USA CAPSID A protein found in the head of virus PHAGE It refers to virus

BACTERIOPHAGE A virus is said Bacteriophage when it goes in bacteria for multiplication LYTIC CYCLE A type of life cycle in which virus destroys bacteria after multiplying in it. This is also called Master-Slave Relationship LYSOGENIC CYCLE An other type of life cycle in which virus cooperates with bacteria in sending its genetic material to other bacteria. This is called Host-Guest Relationship TOBACCO MOSAIC DISEASE: A viral disease of tobacco plant in which leaves become molted and white patches appear on leaf surface. GENOME: Sum of total genes in an organism is called genome. CAPSOMERES: Sub units which combine to make capsid protein in virus are called capsomeres. In virus, there are 5 different types of proteins. E.g. Virus of Hepatitis B has 2 proteins in its head. VIRAL ENVELOPE: An accessory structure of virus which protects. Some viruses have it and some don’t have. Those which don’t have are called un-enveloped. MINUS STRAND RNA VIRUS: A group of viruses in which RNA works like mRNA and takes messages of RNA for cell. VIROID: A type of virus which has no capsid protein. TEMPERATE VIRUS: A type of virus which is capable to do lytic and lysogenic cycle. PROPHAGE: A small portion of viral DNA which is inserted into bacterial DNA to make recombinant DNA. Prophage mostly remains inactive and is multiplied by bacteria. After some, time prophage is converted into full phage.

POLIOMYELITIS: A kind of viral disease caused by Poliovirus. COLDS: It is a viral infection caused by Rhinovirus. The virus is un-enveloped plus- stranded RNA. There are 200 forms of this virus. INFLUENZA: Influenza is caused by a virus that attacks mainly the upper respiratory tract – the nose, throat and bronchi and rarely also the lungs. The infection usually lasts for about a week. It is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache and severe malaise, cough, and sore throat. AIDS: Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome. It is a viral infection caused by retrovirus. The virus attack on immune cells and destroys defensive system of body. RABIES: A highly dangerous viral infection which basically infects animals of canine family such as dogs. The virus has been found in urine of bat also. Human beings become infected when, a rabies infected dos, bites and its saliva enters into human body. The cause of rabies is Rhabdovirus. HORTIZENTAL DISTRIBUTION: When plants get viral infection from their surroundings, it is called horizontal transmission.

VERTICAL TRANSMISSION: When plant inherits viral infections from previous plant generations, it is called vertical transmission. HIV: A kind of virus fully known as human immune virus, which is the cause of aids. CAPOSI’S SARCOMA: A condition in which skin becomes disfigured due to AIDS. DEMENTIA: A condition in which AIDS patient looses it memory. SEPTICEMIA: A condition in which blood becomes poisonous. This is one of the sign during AIDS. HEPATITIS: Inflammation of liver, due to virus, toxic agents in drugs. HEAPATITIS A: A form of hepatitis caused by Non-enveloped RNA virus. This infection spreads through feces (stool). HEPATITIS B: A form of hepatitis caused by un-usual DNA virus which has 2 proteins in head and 359 nucleotide of DNA. The infection is found in 200 million people. HEPATITIS C: Third form of hepatitis caused by virus. The infection spreads through blood of infected person to a healthy person. YELLOW FEVER: Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease. The disease occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. A mosquito called (Aedes aegypti), is responsible for transmitting the virus. The symptoms may be fever, headache, vomiting and backache. As the disease a progress, the pulse slow and weakens, and bleeding of the gums and bloody urine occur. Jaundice may also occur.

+STRAND RNA VIRUS: A virus whose genetic information consists of a single strand of RNA which encodes messenger RNA and protein. Examples of positive- strand RNA viruses include polio virus -STRAND RNA VIRUS: A virus whose genetic information consists of a single strand of RNA which does not encode with messenger RNA. Examples of negative-strand RNA viruses include influenza virus, measles viruses, and rabies virus. PRACTICE SHEET 1. Virus may consist of viral genome, Capsid envelop and -------- (a)Tail fiber (b) Head (c) Both (d) None 2. The smallest virus have only four genes and largest have several hundreds (a)True (b) False 3. The protein coat that encloses the viral genome is called (a) Propein (b)Capsid (c) Lapsid (d) None 4. The viral envelop help the virus to infect their host (a)True (b) False 5. Viruses are generally classified on the basis of morphology and nucleic acids they contain (a)True (b) False 6. Virus that infect a bacterium is called (a) Bacteria (b) Bacterium (c) Phage (d)Bacteriophage 7. One of the following virus causes colds in human (a) Poliovirus (b)Rhinovirus (c) Arbovirus (d) None 8. More than 200 viruses that cause colds have been identified (a)True (b) False 9. One of the following is virus of HIV and was discovered in 1985 (a) Retroviruses (b) Poliovirus (c) Rhinovirus (d) Arbovirus 10.In one of the diseases body’s lymphatic cells T4 immune system is impaired (a)AIDS

(b) Hepatitis (c) Poliomyelitis (d) None 11.In 90% cases of HIV the transmission is caused by sexual contact (a)True (b) False 12.The AIDS was first associated in homosexual communities in American cities (a)True (b) False 13.HIV can directly infect brain cells in more than --------–percent cases (a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60 14.Azdothymidine or zidovudinr is the best know drug which slows the progression of the disease (a)True (b) False 15. Viruses reproduce by: (a) Attacking a host cell and then waiting for the cell to die. (b). Splitting in half once they enter a host cell and later growing. (c). Using the process of meiosis. (d). Using the host cell's DNA to create new viruses. 16. A virus is unique in that it: (a) Contains DNA. (b). Contains RNA. (c). Reproduces in a short time. (d). cannot reproduce outside a living cell. 17. Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics? (a). They are made up of many specialized cells. (b). They contain genetic material. (c). They reproduce by mitosis. (d). they contain chlorophyll. 18. A virus that attacks a bacterial cell is called a: (a). Provirus. (b). Bacteriophage. (c). Bacilullus. (d). Spirillum. 19. Which type of viral infection literally takes over and quickly destroys the host cell? (a) Lytic cycle. (b) Lysogenic cycle. (c). Antibiotic cycle. (d). Conjugation cycle.

20 Viruses can cause diseases in which of the following organisms? (a) Humans. (b) Plants. (c) Animals. (d). All of the above. 21. Which statement is NOT true of a virus? (a) It is a non-cellular particle. (b) It has a nucleic acid core. (c) It has capsid protein as coat. (d). All are correct. 22. One of the following diseases refer to the inflammation of liver (a) Gastrointitis (b) Hepatitis (c) AIDS (d) None 23. One of the following is transmitted by contact with feces from infected individual (a) Hepatitis-A (b) Hepatitis-B (c) Hepatitis C (d) All 24. One of the following is caused by unusual DNA virus (a) Hepatitis-A (b) Hepatitis-B (c) Hepatitis C (e) All 25. One of the following passes through blood from mother to child during pregnancy and after ward by sexual contact (a) Hepatitis-A (b) Hepatitis-B (c) Hepatitis C (f) All

The word virus refers to C) Sugar d) None A) Poison B) Protein 1. The first virus was discovered by A) Stanely B) Romanowisky C) Ivanowisky D) None 2. The TMV was isolated in 1935 by A) IvanowiskyB) Stanley B) Both C None 3. In size virus ranges from A) 17-350um B) 10-350um B) Both D) None 4. Because virus does not possess cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, so it is called A) Single cellular B) Non cellular C) Monocellular d) All 5. Total number of DNA molecules in virus is A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D)4 7. Type of life cycle in which virus exploits the Bacteria and behaves like master is called A) Lysogenic B) Lytic C LysisD) All 6. The head of virus contains a protein called A) Rapid B) Capsid C) Caprin D) Collagen 7. The bacteria that move with flagellum are called A) Sessile B) Sedentary C) Motile D)All 8. Since mitochondria are missing in bacteria so it makes ATP by A) Plasma membrane B) Cell membrane C) Both D) None 9. First Bacterial cell was discovered by A) Leeuwenhoek B) Robert Hoek C) Robert Brown D) None 10. Since bacteria are present so they are called A) Omnipresent B) Omniparus C) Both D) None 11. Bacteria that make their food by chlorophyll are called A) Heterotrophic B) Autotrophic C) Photosynthetic D) None 12. One of the following is not bacterial product A) Insulin B) Penicillin C) Both D) None 13. Type of reproduction in which bacteria protects itself is called A) Fission B) Endospore formation C) Exospore D) All 14. The simplest method of reproduction in bacteria is called A) Fission B) Budding C) Transduction D) All 15. A type of sexual reproduction in which virus transfers bacterial DNA to another Bacteria is called

A) Transduction B) Transformation C) Conjugation D) All 16. The Streptococci pneumonia bacteria is the cause of A) Pneumonia B) Cholera C) Diphtheria D) Small pox 17. The simplest and smallest organism is A) Virus B) Bacteria C) Prion D) All 18. Bacteria that help its host is called A) Symbiotic B) Parasitic C) Both D) None 19. Bacteria that draw their food from dead organic matter is called A) Saprotrophic B) Symbiotic C) Parasitic D) None QUESTION NO. ANSWER KEY 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20)

CHAPTER QUIZ 1. One of the following is example of kingdom Monera a) Cynobacteria b) Euglena c) Amoeba d) All 2. Virus is non cellular because it has a) No cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus b) No nucleus c) No cytoplasm d) No cell membrane 3. One of the following refers to blue green algae a) Bacteria b) Cynobacteria c) Myxophysae d) None 4. The living organisms were initially classified into 2 kingdoms, Planate and Animalia. The five kingdoms were introduced by a) Robert Brown b) Robert hook c) Robert Whitaker d) none 5. One of the following is not studied in Botany a) Euglena b) Ferns c) Phanerogams d) Trypanosome 6. The cell is structural and functional unit of life and may be studied in a) Cyto-chemistry b) Cyto-biology c) Cytology d) All 7. Many cells similar in structure will make tissue, which may be studied in a) Anatomy b) Histology c) Cell biologyd) All 8. Only Cell wall, cell membrane and ribosomes are present in a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Euglena d) All 8. The prokaryotic cell does not have proper nucleus and a) Cell membrane b) Cell wall c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria 9. In prokaryotic cell contains a) Cell wall cell membrane ribosomes only b) Mitochondria, plastids only c) Nuclear membrane only d) Cytoplasm only 10. Since virus does not have cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, so it is termed as a) a-cellular b) unicellular c) non-cellular d) All 11. The cell theory does not apply on a) Bacteria cell b) virus c) Euglena d) Metazoa 12. One of the following posses six legs and is studied in entomology a) Spider b) Scorpion c) Grasshopper d) None 13. The cell wall in prokaryotes contains a) Proteins b) Murein c) Cellulose d) Chitin 14. The cellular structure that contains enzymes for oxidation of glucose are found in a) Chloroplast b) Golgi material c) Mitochondria d) All 15. The statement that all living organisms are made up of cells refers to a) Definition of organism b) Structure of organism c) Cell theory d) None 16. Primary cell wall is found in a) Newly formed cells b) When cells become old c) In all cells d) None

17. The plastids that produce yellow and orange color of fruits and flowers are a) Chloroplasts b) Leucoplast c) Chromoplast d) Fragmoplast 18. Intake of liquid material by in-folding of plasma membrane is termed as a) Phagocytosis b) Pinocytosis b) Both a & b d) None 19. Cell membrane in animals and plants is chemically composed of a) Proteins b) Lipids c) Both a & bd) Phospholipid only 20. One of the following is the isomer of glucose a) Galactose b) Sucrose c) Maltose d) None 21. Same molecular and different structural arrangement if true for a) Isomer b) Monomer c) Polymer d) None 22. The outer most boundary of plant cell is a) Plasma membraneb) Cell membrane c) cell wall d) none QUESTION NO. ANSWER KEY 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22)

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 C

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 BACTERIA Single cellular prokaryotic organism, which is slightly advanced than virus. A bacterium can act as autotrophic and heterotrophic. BACTERIUM Refers to single bacteria ANTON VAN LEEUWEN HOEK A scientist who first discovered bacteria in 1676 COCCI Rounded shape bacteria having no flagellum. They are sessile MICROCOCCI Refers to one coccus bacterium DIPLOCOCCUS Refers to two cocci bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS Refers to many cocci bacteria BACILLUS Rod shaped bacteria having flagellum They are motile

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 MICROBACILLUS Refers to one bacillus bacteria STREPTOBACILLI Refers to many bacillus bacteria SPIRELLI A coil shaped bacteria that are never found in colonies. They are also sessile VIBRIO Comma shaped bacteria

First year Biology complete notes By: DARAKSHAN SHEIKH KAMRAN SHAUKAT Chapter 6 MOTILE BACTERIA Bacteria that can locomote with the help of flagellum SESSILE BACTERIA Bacteria that cannot locomote due to absence of flagellum AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA Bacteria, which can make its own food HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA Bacteria, which depend on others PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA Bacteria, which make their food with chlorophyll present in them. In bacteria, chlorophyll is not present in plastids, but it is free CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA In the absence of chlorophyll, bacteria can make food from sulphur, nitrate, ammonia and iron; such bacteria are called chemosynthetic bacteria PARASAITIC BACTERIA Bacteria, which get their food from living things SAPROPHYTIC BACTERIA Bacteria that get their food from dead organisms SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA intestine and Bacteria, which live in living organisms and give them benefit. E.g. E coli live in human donate cellulose enzyme with which the cellulose is digested into glucose BINARY FISSION

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 A simple type of asexual reproduction in which one bacterial cell divides to make two bacteria ENDOSPORE FORMATION A type of asexual reproduction which bacterium would use during un-favorable conditions. In this type a resistant cyst is formed outside the body, which disappears when favorable condition returns CONJUGATION Type of sexual reproduction in which two bacteria combine their genetic material through conjugating tube LEDERBERG AND TATUM Scientists who described conjugation experimentally TRANSDUCTION into other bacterium through A type of sexual reproduction in which genetic material from one bacterium goes virus (third party).

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 LEDERBERG AND ZINDER They described transduction experimentally TRANSFORMATION A type of sexual reproduction in which DNA from one bacterium transforms the character of DNA in other bacteria FRED GRIFFITH He explained transformation experimentally STREPTOMYCIN TERRAMYCIN NEOMYCIN All are antibiotics extracted from bacteria NOSTOC NOSTOC A common single cellular prokaryotic blue green algae. It is also called cynobacteria HETEROCYST A cellular structure in nostoc filament, which takes part in reproduction and nitrogen fixation

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 HORMOGONIA Single cell of Nostoc HORMOGONIUM Chain of nostoc cells in filament form. MONILIFORM The nostoc cells which have same shape and are arranged in single line just like beats GELATINOUS SHEATH A layer around nostoc filament. This sheath is formed in order to avoid the shattering of nostoc cells INCIPIENT NUCLEUS A nucleus without nuclear membrane and nucleolus (prokaryotic cell) HORMOGONIA Asexual reproductions in nostoc in which few cell are detached from filament and grow as new nostoc. It happens in favorable condition AKINETES Asexual reproduction in nostoc, which is used in un-favorable condition. During this, a cell forms exospores, which protects it from climatic effects

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 Aerobes - Organisms that require oxygen to carry out respiration, as opposed to anaerobes. Anaerobes - Organisms that do not require oxygen to carry out respiration, as opposed to aerobes. Anaerobes may be facultative anaerobes or obligate anaerobes. Autotrophs - Organisms thatdo not require a specified exogenous factor for normal metabolism Binary fission - Asexual reproduction found in prokaryotes in which a cell divides into two equal daughter cells by a non-mitotic process. Chemoautotrophs - Organisms who derive their energy through the synthesis of organic materials from inorganic molecules. Eukaryotes - Organisms whose cell interiors are characterized by separation into organelles and whose genetic material is enclosed by a nuclear membrane. Compare with prokaryotes. Eukaryote flagella The type of flagellum found in prokaryotes. These flagella are covered by the cell membrane and move in a back and forth motion. Facultative anaerobes - Organisms that do not require oxygen to carry out respiration, but are not harmed by the presence of oxygen and may have the ability to respire aerobically in its presence. Compare with obligate anaerobes.

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 Flagella - A term used to refer to two different structures in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, both used in cell movement. Flagella in both groups are long, hair-like structures, but their internal structure and evolutionary history are completely different. Flagellin - Protein subunits that make up prokaryotic flagella. Gram Staining - A process by which components of bacterial cell walls are bound to Gram's stain. Some bacteria lack the cell wall component that will bind Gram's stain and are classified as Gram-negative. Heterotrophic - Requiring organic materials from the environment due to an inability to produce them internally. As opposed to autotrophic. Nucleoids - The clear regions in which the genetic material of prokaryotes is located. Nucleoids are not membrane bound. Obligate anaerobes - Organisms that do not require oxygen for respiration and are poisoned in the presence of oxygen. Compare with facultative anaerobes. Parasites - A party in symbiosis that benefits at the expense of the other party. Peptidoglycan - The component of cell walls bound by gram's stain. Photoautotroph -

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 An organism that gains energy by synthesizing organic compound using light energy. Plasmids - Circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes - Organisms whose cells lack internal organization into organelles and whose genetic material is not contained within a membrane-bound nucleus. Prokaryote flagella - The type of flagellum found in prokaryotes. These flagella are not covered by the cell membrane and move in a spiral motion. Pseudopeptidoglycan - A substance found in the cell walls of some archaebacteria that is similar to peptidoglycan. Ribosomes - Cellular machinery for protein synthesis. Tubulin - Protein that makes up the microtubules of eukaryotic flagella. Saprophytes - Heterotrophic organisms that live on dead organic material. Alternation of generations - A reproductive strategy that involves a succession of haploid and diploid phases. Ameboid motion - Type of motion in which cytoplas can flow beneath the cell membrane into new branches called pseudopods, helped by filaments of a structural protein called actin, causing the cell to move in a given direction. Cilia - Short hair-like projections found on eukaryotic cells that can help the cell move or can sweep food particles toward the mouth.

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 Chlorophyll - The pigment found in green plants and algae that allows them to undergo photosynthesis Chloroplasts - The organelles in which photosynthesis takes place in green plants and algae. Endosymbiotic theory - This theory states that eukaryote organelles may have evolved when large eukaryotic organisms engulfed but did not digest smaller organisms and a symbiotic relationship arose. Isogamus - An organism that has only one type of gamete rather than separate male and female gametes. Macronucleus - In ciliates, the large nucleus that holds many copies of the cells genetic material. It is responsible for the growth and metabolism of the cell. Micronucleus: In ciliates, the smaller nucleus responsible for the transmission of genetic material during sexual reproduction. Oral groove In ciliates, the membrane structure that functions in food uptake. Pinocytosis - Method of food uptake in which a liquid or small food particle is sucked into an invagination in the cell membrane, which then folds in on itself and pinches off from the cell membrane to become a small vacuole. Phagocytosis - Method of food uptake in which a flexible portion of the cell membrane surrounds a food particle and engulfs it, bringing it into the cell in a vacuole. Phagocytosis is used to ingest other unicellular organisms or large particles. Photosynthesis -

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 The process in which some organisms can use the energy of light to transform inorganic materials into usable organic materials. Plankton - Small free-floating organisms in fresh- and saltwater that are a major marine food source. Plasmodium - The diploid vegatative phase of acellular slime molds Pseudoplasmodium - The haploid slug-like phase of cellular slime molds that gives rise to the fruiting body. Pseudopods - Temporary cytoplasmic protrusions of ameboid cells that function in movement and food uptake by phagocytosis. Stigma - The light sensative region in euglenoids that allows them to move toward light sources. Thallus - The leaf-like bodies of algae. Vacuole - A membrane bound portion of the cell usually used for holding materials such as food and waste PRACTICE SHEET TEST-01 1. The prokaryotes were earliest organisms and they lived and evolved all alone on earth for -----billion years (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 2. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe the micro-organisms. (a) True

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 (b) False 3. Helpful bacteria are used in the production of which food? (a) Fruit (b) Yogurt (c) Milk (d) Meat 4. One of the important scientists who contributed to the discovery of bacteria is (a) Albert Einstein (b) Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (c) Richard Leakey (d) Charles Darwin 5. Some bacteria can live without oxygen. They are called __________. (a) Hominids (b) Hermaphrodites (c) Omnivores (d) Anaerobes 6. Which process do some bacteria use to reproduce? (a) Budding (b) Regeneration (c) Fission (d) Cloning 7. Rod-shaped bacteria are called __________. (a) Cocci (b) colonie (c) Bacilli (d) Spirilla 8. An organism that uses dead material as a source of food is called a(n)___. (a) Parasite (b) Saprophyte (c) Protozoa (d) Omnivorous 9. What pigment do cynobacteria need to make food? (a) Ribosome (b) Aerobes

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 (c) Lysosomes (d) Chlorophyll 10. In which human organ can large numbers of bacteria be found? (a) Large intestine (b) Liver (c) Kidneys (d) All 11. Which statement is true about bacteria? (a) Bacteria are living organisms that consist of one cell. (b) Bacteria are the smallest of all living things (c) Bacteria are the oldest and most diverse life forms. (d) All three statements are true. 12. There are three common shapes of bacteria. They are (a) Rods, spheres, and spirals (b) Rods, spirals, and tubes. (c) Spheres, hexagons, and spirals. (d) None of the above 13. Bacteria have adapted to live in (a) The ocean. (b) The desert and hot springs (c) Snow or Polar Regions (d) Any climate 14. Bacterial cell measures from 0.2 micron to 2 micron in breadth and Question no. Answer key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 TEST-2 1. One of the following refers to the processes of induction of specific antigens, antibodies or immune cells. (a) Injection (b) Immunization (c) Intra peritoneal (d) None 2. The immunity may be protective or curative in nature (a) True (b) False 3. One of the following is way of immunization (a) Vaccination (b) Chemotherapy (c) Physiotherapy (d) None 4. Vaccination is a prophylactic in nature in which host is inoculated with (a) Inactive pathogen (b) Weaker pathogen (c) Virulent pathogen (d) Both a&b 5. Polio vaccine is given orally, but one of the following vaccine is administered by injection (a) Tetanus (b) TB (c) Cholera (d) All 6. One of the following is commercial substance produced by certain micro-organisms that inhibit or kill other micro-organisms. (a) Antigen (b) Antibodies (c) Antibiotics (d) None 7. The first antibiotic was discovered from penicillin fungi in ------- (a) 1940

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 (b) 1941 (c) 1942 (d) 1943 8. Antibiotics which are effective against range of infections are known as (a) Narrow spectrum (b) Broad spectrum (c) Both (d) None 9. Besides medical usage, antibiotics are used in agriculture both as a growth promoting substance in animal feed and as prophylactics (a) True (b) False 10. Beside antibiotic resistance, the inappropriate use of antibiotic may lead to (a) Allergic reaction (b) Metabolic disorders (c) Both a&b (d) None NUMBER CORRECT OPTION 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 B 9 A 10 D

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 VIRUS AND BACTERIA QUIZ 1. The word virus refers to A) Poison B) Protein C) Sugar d) None 2. The first virus was discovered by A) Stanely B) Romanowisky C) Ivanowisky D) None 3. The TMV was isolated in 1935 by A) Ivanowisky B) Stanley B) Both C None 4. In size virus ranges from A) 17-350um B) 10-350um B) Both D) None 5. Because virus does not possess cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, so it is called A) Single cellular B) Non cellular C) Monocellular d) All 6. Total number of DNA molecules in virus is A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D)4 7. Type of life cycle in which virus exploits the Bacteria and behaves like master is called A) Lysogenic B) Lytic C Lysis D) All 7. The head of virus contains a protein called A) Rapid B) Capsid C) Caprin D) Collagen 8. The bacteria that move with flagellum are called A) Sessile B) Sedentary C) Motile D)All 9. Since mitochondria are missing in bacteria so it makes ATP by A) Plasma membrane B) Cell membrane C) Both D) None 10. First Bacterial cell was discovered by A) Leweenhoeck B) Robert Hoek C) Robert Brown D) None 11. Since bacteria are present so they are called A) Omnipresent B) Omniparus C) Both D) None 12. Bacteria that make their food by chlorophyll are called A) Heterotrophic B) Autotrophic C) photosynthetic D) None 13. One of the following is not bacterial product A) Insulin B) Penicillin C) Both D) None 14. Type of reproduction in which bacteria protects itself is called A) Fission B) Endospore formation C) Exospore D) All 15. The simplest method of reproduction in bacteria is called A) Fission B) Budding C) Transduction D) All 16. A type of sexual reproduction in which virus transfers bacterial DNA to another Bacteria is called

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 A) Transduction B) Transformation C) Conjugation D) All 17. The Streptococci pneumonia bacteria is the cause of A) Pneumonia B) Cholera C) Diptheria D) Small pox 18. The simplest and smallest organism is A) Virus B) Bacteria C) Prion D) All 19. Bacteria that help its host is called A) Symbiotic B) Parasitic C) Both D) None 20. Bacteria that draw their food from dead organic matter is called A) Saprophytic B) Symbiotic C) Parasitic D) None QUESTION NO. ANSWER KEY 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) TEST -03 (CYNOBACTERIA)

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 1. Cynophyceae, myxophyceae and cynobacteria refer to a) Virus b) Fungi c) Blue green algae d) none 2. The wall of cynobacteria is a) Single gelatinous b) Double gelatinous c) Gelatinous d) none 3. The majority of cynobacteria live in a) Marine water b) Fresh water c) Brackish water d) Land 4. The sexual reproduction in blue green alga a) Does not occur b) Some times c) Regular d) none 5. Water blooms are found in a) Winter b) Spring c) Summer d) Autumn 6. One of the following is not reproductive method in cynobacteria a) Hormogonia b) Akinetes c) Budding d) All 7. The Nostoc cytoplasm at border looks colorful due to a) Centroplasm b) Cromoplasm c) Both a & b

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 d) None 8. The structure that helps in nitrogen fixation and protein formation is a) Hormogonium b) Moniliform c) Heterocyst d) All 9. The asexual reproduction by Nostoc in favorable condition is a) Akinetes b) Hormogonia c) Both a&b d) None 10. The endospore formation in Nostoc occur during a) Favorable season b) Unfavorable season c) Both a&b d) None ANSWER KEY QUESTION NO. ANSWER KEY 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B

First year Biology complete notes Chapter 6 8. C 9. B 10. B

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 First year Biology complete notes

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 DR. A. G. ARIJO PROTOCTISTA: A kingdoms of un-natural organisms which are first eukaryotic organisms GREEN ALGAE: Plant like protista, which may be single cellular (Chlorella and Euglena) to multi-cellular (Ulva). They are responsible for 50% photosynthesis of world.

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 CHLORELLA: A single cellular, eukaryotic non-motile, freshwater green algae, which has cup shape plastids and paranoids for storage for starch APLANOSPORE: A type of asexual reproduction in chlorella in which chlorella enlarges its nucleus and divides protoplasm into 8-16 protoplasmic bodies. After rupture of cell, the small bodies are released and each becomes new chlorella. CHLORELLIN: A chemical compound extracted from Chlorella and used in antibiotics. ULVA: A multi-cellular, marine green algae, which is found in coastal areas and is commonly called Sea Lettuce. ALTERNATION OF GENERATION: A kind of reproduction in which one generation of organism reproduces asexually and other reproduce sexually. ISOMORPHIC ALTERNATION OF GENERATION: A kind of alternation of generation, in which sporophytic and gametophytis plants look same morphologically but have different chromosomes number. OoMYCOTA: Fungi-like protista which are non-chlorophillus. E.g. Plasmodial slime Mold and Water slime mold

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD: A fungi like protista which creeps on leaves and trees. It moves like Giant amoeba. FRUITING BODIES: Reproductive structures made by plasmodial slime mold. Fruiting bodies have a small stalk and rounded capsule called sporangium, inside which spores are produced. PHYTOPTHORA INFESTANT: A species of water mold, which causes Late Blight of Potato. The disease erupted in Ireland during 1846 to 1847 and killed one million people. SYNGAMY: Fusion of 2 gametes of opposite sex to form a zygote is called Syngamy PROTOZOA (85,000 species known) PROTOZOA It refers to single cellular eukaryotic plants and animals CLASS FLAGELLATA It includes single cellular plants and animals which have flagellum for locomotion. E.g. Euglena, Trypanosoma CLAS SARCODINA

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 It includes organisms, which have pseudopodia for locomotion. E.g. Amoeba CLASS CILIATA It includes organisms, which have cilia for locomotion. E.g. Paramecium condatum and Balantidium coli CLASS SUCTORIA It includes organisms, which have cilia when juvenile and no cilia as adult. E.g. Acinata CLASS SPOROZOA It includes organisms, which have no locomotary organs. E.g. Plasmodium SLEEPING SICKNESS A blood disease caused by trypanosomes parasite AMOEBIC DYSENTRY A disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica. In this disease there is great loss of water from body EUGLENA A disputed single cellular organism. Basically it is a plant, but due to presence of plant-like and animal-like characters, it is considered as bridge between plants and animals PELLICLE Since Euglena is without cell wall, its body is covered with pellicle, which is alternate of cell wall ASTAXANTHIN An animal like pigment present in eye spot of Euglena

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 EYE SPOT A spot present on the upper half of body. It has no lens, which is why it does not help in seeing MALARIA: Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. In the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells. Symptoms of malaria include fever, headache, and vomiting, and usually appear between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito bite FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO Anopheles is a genus of mosquito. There are approximately 400 Anopheles species, of which 30-40 transmit four different species of parasites of the genus Plasmodium that cause malaria which affects humans Chloroquine: A drug used against malaria. A very safe and inexpensive drug, its value has been compromised by the emergence of chloroquine-resistant malaria parasites Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems Erythrocyte: A red blood cell. Erythrocytic stage: A stage in the life cycle of the malaria parasite found in the red blood cells. Erythrocytic stage parasites cause the symptoms of malaria. Etiology: The cause or origin of a disease or disorder; the study of the factors that cause disease and of the method of their introduction into the host. Exoerythrocytic stage: A stage in the life cycle of the malaria parasite found in liver cells (hepatocytes). Exoerythrocytic stage parasites do not cause symptoms. Gametocyte: The sexual stage of malaria parasites. Male gametocytes (microgametocytes) and female gametocytes (macrogametocytes) are inside red

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 blood cells in the circulation. If they are ingested by a female Anopheles mosquito, they undergo sexual reproduction which starts the extrinsic (sporogonic) cycle of the parasite in the mosquito. Gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum are typically banana or crescent-shaped (from the latin falcis=sickle). Hemoglobin: The red, oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells. Hemolysis: Destruction of red blood cells. Malaria causes hemolysis when the parasites rupture the red blood cells in which they have grown. Hepatocytes: Liver cells. Hepatomegaly: Enlarged liver. Hypoglycemia: Low blood glucose. Hypoglycemia can occur in malaria. In addition, treatment with quinine and quinidine stimulate insulin secretion, reducing blood glucose Incubation period: The interval of time between infection by a microorganism and the onset of the illness or the first symptoms of the illness. In malaria, the incubation is between the mosquito bite and the first symptoms. Incubation periods range from 7 to 40 days, depending on species.

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 Leukocyte: White blood cell. Leukocytosis: Increase in total white blood cell count. Leukopenia: Decrease in total white blood cell count. Merozoite: A daughter-cell formed by asexual development in the life cycle of malaria parasites. Liver-stage and blood-stage malaria parasites develop into schizonts which contain many merozoites. When the schizonts are mature, they (and their host cells!) rupture; the merozoites are released and infect red blood cells. Mefloquine: A drug used against malaria. Microgametocyte: The male form of the gametocyte. Oocyst: A stage in the life cyle of malaria parasites, oocysts are rounded cysts located in the outer wall of the stomach of mosquitoes. Sporozoites develop inside the oocysts. When mature, the oocysts rupture and release the sporozoites, which then migrate into the mosquito's salivary glands, ready for injection into the human host Parasitemia: The presence of parasites in the blood. The term can also be used to express the quantity of parasites in the blood (e.g., \"a parasitemia of 2%\"). Pathogen: Bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi can cause disease. Phagocyte: A type of white blood cell that can engulf and destroy foreign organisms, cells and particles. Phagocytes are an important part of the immune system. Plasmodium: The genus of the parasite that causes malaria. The genus includes four species that infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. Protozoan: Single-celled organism that can perform all necessary functions of metabolism and reproduction. Some protozoa are free-living, while others, including malaria parasites, parasitize other organisms for their nutrients and life cycle. Quinine: A drug used against malaria, obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 Schizogony: Asexual reproductive stage of malaria parasites. In red blood cells, schizogony entails development of a single trophozoite into numerous merozoites. A similar process happens in infected liver cells. Schizont: A developmental form of the malaria parasite that contains many merozoites. Schizonts are seen in the liver-stage and blood-stage parasites. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. Found in some malaria patients. Splenomegaly can be used to measure malaria endemicity during surveys (e.g., in communities or in schoolchildren). Sporozoite: A stage in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. Sporozoites are produced in the mosquito and migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands. They can be inoculated into a human host when the mosquito takes a blood meal on the human. In the human, the sporozoites enter liver cells where they develop into the next stage of the malaria parasite life cycle (the liver stage or exo- erythrocytic stage). Trophozoite: A developmental form during the blood stage of malaria parasites. After merozoites have invaded the red blood cell, they develop into trophozoites (sometimes, early trophozoites are called \"rings\" or \"ring stage parasites\"); trophozoites develop into schizonts Trophozoite: A developmental form during the blood stage of malaria parasites. After merozoites have invaded the red blood cell, they develop into trophozoites (sometimes, early trophozoites are called \"rings\" or \"ring stage parasites\"); trophozoites develop into schizonts PRACTICE SHEET KINGDOM PROTISTA QUIZ 1. Many species of Protista contain chlorophyll and are autotrophic, so they are called a) Green algae b) Blue green algae c) Both a&b d) d) None 2. Due to difference in nutrition, Protista are divided into a) Single celled algae and Protozoa b) Protozoa and metazoa c) Unicellular and mono-cellular 3. Group of Protista organisms which are non-photosynthetic are called a) Protozoa b) Protozoan c) Both a&b

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 d) None 4. Typical protozoan have single nucleus, but there may be 2 in a) Paramecium b) Acineta c) Both a&b d) None 5. One of the following are called ancestors of modern plants and animals a) Ciliates b) Flagellates c) Suctorians d) Sporozoans 6. One of the following is parasitic flagellata a) Balantidium b) Trypanosoma c) Leishmania d) None 7. The vector for Trypanosome are a) Mosquitoes b) Tsetse flies c) House flies d) None 8. One of the following is called colorless Euglena a) Volvox b) Peranema c) Both a&b d) None 9. One of the following causes dysenrty a) Amoeba b) E. Histolytica c) Both a&b d) None 10. Following refers to the fossil zones formed by protozoa a) Radiolaria b) Globigerina c) Both a&b d) None 11. The locomotion in sacrodina is by a) Pseudopodia b) Cilia c) Flagella d) None 12. Euglena and trypanosoma are similar in having a) Flagella

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 b) Same feeding habit c) Both a&b d) None 13. One of the following does not belong to Ciliata a) Paramecium b) Balantidium c) Apalina d) Globigena 14. In ciliates, mostly reproduction is asexual, but two paramecium can do a) Budding b) Conjugation c) Schizogony d) Isogamy 15. One of the following are called relatives of suctoria a) Flagellata b) Ciliata c) Sporozoa d) None 16. The reproduction in Acineta is by a) Fission b) Budding c) Gemmule formation d) All 17. Plasmodium belongs to a) Sporozoa b) Ciliata c) Sarcodina d) None 18. The Monocysts are found in a) Earthworm b) Ell worm c) Humans d) Birds 19. One of the following are found in the intestine of poultry birds a) Monocysts b) Coccidia c) Peranema d) All 20 The Locomotion in Balantidium is by a) Cilia b) Flagella c) Pseudopodia d) None

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 ANSWER KEY 1a 2a 3a 4c 5b 6b 7b 8b 9b 10 c 11 a 12 a 13 d 14 b 15 b 16 b 17 a 18 a 19 b 20 a TEST-02 CHLORELLA 1. One of the following is example of plant like protoctista i. Algae ii. Oomycota iii. Protozoa iv. All 2. One of the following is example of fungi like protoctista i. Algae ii. Oomycota iii. Protozoa iv. All 3. One of the following is example of protozoa like protoctista i. Algae ii. Oomycota iii. Protozoa

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 iv. All 4. Algae differ from plants being aquatic whereas plants are terrestrial i. True ii. False 5. The algae may be single cellular, filamentous or multicellular. Their classification is don on the basis of i. Pigments they contain ii. Morphology iii. Color iv. None 6. One of the following is freshwater algae found floating in stagnant water of ponds, pools and ditches i. Agaracus ii. Chlorella iii. Sinella iv. All 7. One of the following is antibacterial medicine prepared from Chlorella i. Chlomelin ii. Chlorellin iii. Both iv. None 8. The sole method of reproduction in chlorella is by i. Aplanospore formation ii. Akinetes iii. Both iv. None NUMBER CORRECT OPTION 1i 2 ii 3 iii 4i 5i 6 ii 7 ii 8i TEST-02 CYNOBACTERIA 1. Cynophyceae, myxophyceae and cynobacteria refer to a) Virus b) Fungi

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-07 c) Blue green algae d) none 2. The wall of cynobacteria is a) Single gelatinous b) Double gelatinous c) Gelatinous d) none 3. The majority of cynobacteria live in a) Marine water b) Fresh water c) Brackish water d) Land 4. The sexual reproduction in blue green alga a) Does not occur b) Some times c) Regular d) none 5. Water blooms are found in a) Winter b) Spring c) Summer d) Autumn 6. One of the following is not reproductive method in cynobacteria a) Hormogonia b) Akinetes c) Budding d) All 7. The Nostoc cytoplasm at border looks colorful due to a) Centroplasm b) Cromoplasm c) Both a & b d) None 8. The structure that helps in nitrogen fixation and protein formation is a) Hormogonium b) Moniliform c) Heterocyst d) All 9. The asexual reproduction by Nostoc in favorable condition is a) Akinetes b) Hormogonia c) Both a&b