Green-Sungava-Nepali-7

b]jbQ M -6/f{] :j/df _ l;4fy{ ¤ dn} ] oltsf a]/ ltdLnfO{ bfh' eg/] kf] ===gq d cl3 g} ltdf| ] xftaf6 Tof] l;sf/ vfl] ;;Sg] lyPF . ===vfO] ;f¹] f] d'vn] lbg] eP v'?Ss b]pm gq d===-¹D6G5_ l;4fy{ M -xf;F nfO{ p;af6 arfpFb} _ kv b]jbQ ¤ of] xf;F ltd|f] s;/L eof] ¤ bj] bQ M lsg < ===o;nfO{ d}n] l;sf/ u/,F] d]/f] jf0fn] of] 3fOt] eP/ v:of] . ===t of] d]/f] ePg < l;4fy{ M ltdLn] jf0f xfg]/ o;sf] Hofg lng vf]Hof} ¤ bj] bQ M l;sf/ dfg}{nfO{ t ul/G5ý arfpgnfO{ s;}n] ub}g{ . l;4fy{ M t/ o;nfO{ d}n] arfpg] sf]l;; u/]F . ca of] afRF 5 .=== ca of] db}g{ . d/]sf] eP of] ltdf| ] xft kYofý{] of] d/g] ý ltd|f] xft kb}g{ of] . eg, ca of] s;/L ltdf| ] eof] < b]jbQ M -l/;n]_ lsg < ====o;nfO{ d}n] jf0f xfg/] v;fn]F . d]/f] jf0fn] of] 3fOt] eof] . ===ltdLn] o;nfO{ g¹D6s] f eP of] clxn] d/] f] xftdf x'GYof] . ===ltdLn] hah{:tL d;Fuaf6 n6' k] l5 ¤ === l;4fy{ M xf], ltdLn] dfg{ vfH] of} o;nfO{, clg d}n] arfPF . ===ltdLnfO{ s;}n] dfg{ vf]Hof] eg] Tof] ltd|f] sf] x'G5 < bj] bQ M -bDen] _ s;sf] tfut 5 dnfO{ dfg]{ <===== x¿] =F ==dnfO{ dfg{ vfH] g] d/] f] 3f]/ zq' xG' 5 . ===d cfÇgf] zqn' fO{ === l;4fy{ M clg Tof] zq'sf] ltdLdfly clwsf/ x'G5 . b]jbQ M -pu| eP/ _ zqs' f] ddfly clwsf/ < ===s;/L u5{ zq'n] ddfly clwsf/ < pm t d]/f] zq' x'G5, b':dg . ===To;sf] s] xs ddfly < l;4fy{ M 7Ls eGof} ¤ ===ltdLnfO{ dfg{ cfOnfUg] ltdf| ] zq' xG' 5ý ltdL p;sf] x'Ggf} . ===ltdLn] xf;F nfO{ dfg{ vf]Hof,} ltdL xf;F sf zq' eof} . ltd|f] To;n} ] xfF;dfly bfaL nfUbg} . zq'sf] bfaL ¤ ===dn} ] o;nfO{ arfPF . ===d o;sf] ldq ePF . d cfÇgf] ldqnfO{ ltd|f] xftdf, p;sf] zq'sf] xftdf lbP/ p;nfO{ dg{ s;/L lbg ;S5' eg t < s] ltdL cfÇgf s'g} ;fyLnfO{ p;sf] zq'sf] xftdf ;'Dk/] dg{ 5f8] 5\\ f} < zAbf {y 3f]/ M 8/nfUbf] jf eoª\\s/ bfaL M s'g} j:td' f cfÇgf] xssf] lhls/ ug{] sfd, bfaf ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 101

bj] bQ M -pu| eP/ _ l;4fy{ ¤ ===ltdL deGbf 7n\" f, bfh' / /fhfsf 5f/] f ePsfn] hah:{ tL ug{ vf]H5f} . ===d/] f] l;sf/df clwsf/ hdfpg vfH] 5f} ===t/ ===t/ l;4fy{ M bj] bQ ¤ ===d ;;+ f/sf sg' } k|f0fLdfly klg cfÇgf] clwsf/ hdfpg vfl] HbgF . ===d t o;nfO{ dg{af6 arfP/ :jtGq 5f]l8lbg rfxG5' . === b]jbQ M -qmfw] n] v'§f ahfb{}_ p;f] eP ltdL Tof] xf;F dnfO{ dfg{ lbGgf,} xfO] g < l;4fy{ M -zfGt :j/df_ d of] ul/a / lgbf]i{ f r/f]nfO{ Pp6f Hofgdf/fsf] xftdf cjZo} lbGgF ===dnfO{ xTofsf] kfk nfU5 . b]jbQ M -qmfw] n] uh]/{ _ xG' 5, ltdLn] cfÇgf] /fhsd' f/kgsf] cgl' rt zlQm bv] fP/ d]/f] l;sf/df sAhf u¥of} . ===o;sf] km};nf u0f;efn] ug{] 5 . u0fdV' o dxf/fh z'4f]wgn] ug{'xg' ] 5 . l;4fy{ M -zfGt / b[9 :j/df_ xG' 5, hfpm . u0f cbfntdf ph/' u/ . dxf/fh z'4f]wgn] xf]Og, u0f;efsf dV' o GofofwLz dxf/fh z4' fw] gn] of] ltd|f] xf] eGg] km;} nf uge'{ of] eg] d v';L;fy of] ltdLnfO{ lbpnF f . bj] bQ M cjZo u5'{ gfln; . x/] fF} o; d'2fn] dxf/fh z'4f]wgsf] klg hfFr xG' 5 . pxfnF ] 5f]/fsf] kIf lngx' 'G5 ls, Gofosf] . l;4fy{ M zfSo u0f/fHosf d'Vo dxf/fh z4' fw] gn] cjZo Gofos} kIf lngx' 'g] 5 . -b]jbQ qmfw] n] v'§f ahfb,{} l;4fy{lt/ /ftf/ftf cfvF fn] x]b}{ hfG5 . l;4fy{ ToxLF tnfpsf lsgf/df h8La6' L vf]h]/ To;nfO{ l;9F Ldf lkwF ]/ 3f]6]/ xfF;sf kfpdf nufpg yfN5g\\ ._ -kbf{ aGb x'G5_ zAbf {y cgl' rt M pkoQ' m gePsf] ph/' M Gofo kfpgsf nflu ul/g] lgjb] g sAhf M s'g} JolQm, j:t'dfly hdfOg] GofofwLz M Gofofnosf] kd| v' clwsf/L, Gofo clwsf/ jf lgoGq0f lbg] dfG5] u0f;ef M w/] } dflg;x¿sf] ;ef hfFr M k/LIff b9[ M alnof] 102 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M z'4fw] g, l;4fy,{ eª\\u, rªv\\ , l;F9L, 6/f{], zf]liftkLl8t, GofofwLz, cgl' rt @= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M l;sf/, pkbz] , efG;f, 3fOt,] lgbfi]{ f, u0f;ef, ph'/ #= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M dg axnfpg', lkmnf, c;xfo, s?0ff, 3f]/, lg;fkm, cg'lrt $= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M cGofo plrt c;xof]uL lgb{oL bofn ' bf]ifL lgbfi]{ fL czfGt cg'lrt alnof] zfGt ;xof]uL lgwf{] Gofo %= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M s] ltld cfKgf s'g} ;fyLnfO{ p;sf] zq\"sf] xftdf ;D' k]/ dg{ 5f8] \\5f} v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M != c_ lgwf{] cf_ lg/w\\ f] O_ lgbf {] O_{ gLwf]{ @= c_ lgj{lnof cf_ lga{lnof O_ gLa{lnof O_{ lga{nLof #= c_ hah:{ tL cf_ hj/h:tL O_ ha/h:tL O{_ hAa/h:tL $= c_ dfxf/fh cf_ dfxf/fhf O_ df]x/fh O_{ dxf/fh ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 103

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M c;xfo Gofo s?0ff alnof] 3f]/ a];xf/f lg;fkm 8/nfUbf] lgbf]{if k/LIff b9[ bfi] f gePsf] hfFr bof &= dflysf] kf7af6 rGbl| jGb' nfu]sf s'g} kfFr j6f zAb sfkLdf l6k . k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s_ ‘l;4fys{ f] s?0ff’ gfds gf6ssf n]vs sf] xg' \\ < v_ l;4fy{sf] cfFvfdf lsg cfF;' l6nlknfPsf] xf] < u_ l;4fyn{ ] 3fOt] ePsf] xf;F nfO{ s] u5{g\\ < 3_ l;4fy{n] xf;F sf] lkmnf]af6 s] l¹lslbG5g\\ < ª_ ;;+ f/sf sg' } klg kf| 0fLdfly clwsf/ s;n] hdfpg rfxbF }g < @= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g,\\ lrg/] n]v M s_ l;4fyn{ ] bj] bQnfO{ jf0f rnfpg l;sfP . v_ bj] bQ l;4fy{sf ;xf]b/ efO xg' \\ . u_ l;4fy{ bofn' :jefjsf lyP . 3_ b]jbQnfO{ efs] nfu]sfn] l;sf/ u/]sf lyP . ª_ bj] bQ clGtddf GofofwLzsxfF hfg ;xdt eP . 104 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ l;sf/ ug'{ ========================= /fhs'df/x¿sf] dg axnfpg] v]n xf] . -xfdL,d, tF_ v_ of] r/f :jtGq eP/ slt ========================= xfn] f . -b'MvL, cefuL, ;v' L_ u_ of] d]/f] jf0fn] xfF; ========================= eP/ v:of] . -7Ls,3fOt,] :j:y_ 3_ ltdf| ] xfF;dfly ========================= nfUb}g . -bfaL, rfaL, s;L_ ª_ z'4f]wgn] cjZo ====================== kIf lngx' 'g] 5 . -Gofos},cGofos,} :jfys{ }_ $= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M s_ l;4fy{ s;sf 5f]/f xg' \\ < v_ gf6sdf b]jbQsf] pd]/ slt bv] fOPsf] 5 < u_ xf;F s;sf] 5ftLdf zflGt;Fu cfFvf lrlDnG5 < 3_ b]jbQn] xfg]sf] jf0f xfF;sf] s'g cª\\udf nfUof] < ª_ l;4fy{n] b]jbQnfO{ sxfF uP/ ph/' ug{ ;Nnfx lbP < %= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] < kf7sf cfwf/df vfh] /] eg M s_ pkrf/ u/]/ of] afFR5 . v_ IfqLsf] 5f/] f] l;sf/ ubf,{ n8fOF ubf{ lgbo{ L elgbF }g . u_ dnfO{ Hofbf 1fgug' gl;sfO/xg'xf;] \\ . 3_ ltdLnfO{ s;}n] dfg{ vfH] of] eg] Tof] ltd|f] sf] x'G5 < ª_ x/] f,}F o; d'2fn] dxf/fh z'4fw] gsf] klg hfFr x'G5 . ^= efj lj:tf/ u/ M s_ IfqLsf] 5f/] fnfO{ wgj' f0f, 9fn, t/af/ lbPsf] lgwf{ / zfl] iftkLl8t hgtfsf] xssf] /Iff ug{sf nflu xf] . v_ d ;+;f/df s'g} kf| 0fL dfly klg cfÇgf] clwsf/ hdfpg vf]lHbgF . &= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M s_ l;4fy{sf] s?0ff gf6sdf ss;sf aLrdf s'g ljifodf ;+jfb ePsf] 5 < v_ l;4fyn{ ] b]jbQnfO{ s] ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\\ < ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 105

u_ b]jbQn] l;4fy;{ Fu /fvs] f] ljrf/ ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] < 3_ l;4fy{sf cg;' f/ xftxltof/sf] ;bk' of]u s;/L ug{k' 5{ < ª_ l;4fys{ f] s?0ff gf6ssf] cfwf/df l;4fy{sf] rl/qlrq0f u/ . *= xToflx;+ f ug'{ kfk xf] eGg] egfOnfO{ l;4fys{ f] s?0ff gfds gf6ssf] cfwf/df k'li6 u/ . tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M l;4fy{ uft} d ;fg}b]lv bofn' :jefjsf lyP . of] ;;+ f/df k|f0fL lsg a\"9f] xG' 5ý kf| 0fLn] lsg b'Mv kfp5F / lsg d5{ < eGg] s/' fn] l;4fyn{ fO{ w]/} lk/f]NYof] . pgL s;n} ] b'Mv kfPsf] jf s;n} ] kL8f ef]Ug'k/s] f] slxNo} ;xg ;Sb}gy] . c¿nfO{ kL8f xbF' f pgL cfÇgf] kL8f dx;'; uy]{ . k|f0fLx¿ s;/L kL8fdQ' m xg' ;S5g\\ eGg] s/' fsf] lrGtgdf pgL nflu/xGy] . ;+;f/sf kf| 0fLx¿sf] ;v' / zflGtsf nflu s] pkfo xfn] f eGgd] f pgsf] Wofg s]lGb|t ePsf] lyof] . s;n} ] s;n} fO{ bM' v lbPsf] b]Vbf pgL To;sf] k|ltsf/ uy]{ . ‘clx;+ f k/df] wd{’ cyf{t\\ xTof lx;+ f gug{' g} ;ae} Gbf 7\"nf] wd{ xf] eGg] l;4fy{sf] dfGotf lyof] . c¿nfO{ kL8f lbg' ;a}eGbf 7n\" f] kfk xf] eGg] pgsf] dfGotf lyof] . s;}sf] lrQ bM' vfpg,' s;}sf] cfFvfdf cfF;' Nofpg' h:tf s/' fx¿nfO{ l;4fy{ dxfkfk 7fGby] . c¿sf] xTof ug]{ dflg;sf] 3f]/ lj/fw] ug{] l;4fy{ sfnfGt/df uf}td a'4 ag]sf lyP . uf}td a4' n] ;;+ f/df a4' wds{ f] :yfkgf u/] . a4' wdd{ f elgPsf s'/fx¿ uf}td a'4sf pkbz] xg' \\ . a'4 wd{sf] wfld{s u|Gy lqlk6s xf] . lqlk6sdf dfgj nufot ;Dk0\" f{ kf| 0fLsf] ;v' zflGtsf] sfdgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;df ¹6' f] af]Ng gxg' ], c;Tosf] af6fd] f lx8F \\g gx'g], lx;+ f ug{ gxg' ] nufotsf s/' fx¿df hf]8 lbOPsf] bl] vG5 . c= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M kL8fd'Qm, sl] Gbt| , k|ltsf/, clx;+ f, sfnfGt/, lqlk6s, ;v' zflGt cf= 7Ls egfOdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M s= c¿sf] kL8fn] l;4fys{ f] dg lk/fl] nGYof] . v= l;4fy{ ;w}F c¿sf] lj/fw] ul//xGy] . u= l;4fy{ c¿sf cfvF fdf cf;F ' b]Vg rfxGy] . 3= l;4fy{ uft} d kl5 uf}td a'4 ag]sf lyP . ª= lqlk6sdf ;an} fO{ a'4 wd{ ckgfpg elgPsf] 5 . 106 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

O= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M != l;4fy{ s] s/' f ;xg ;Sbg} y] < @= l;4fy{ s] s'/fsf] lrGtgdf nflu/xGy] < #= l;4fy{ s] s'/fsf] k|ltsf/ uy{] < $= s] s'/f dxfkfk xf] < %= lqlk6sdf s:tf] sfdgf ul/Psf] 5 < ;g' fO ;Lk -k[i7 @@! df lbOPsf] uLt_ lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M s= uLtsf/n] uLtdf laxfg p7\\g]lalQs} s] bV] g kfOof;] \\ egs] f 5g\\ < v= uLtdf ;uj{ s] eGg] rfxgf /flvPsf] 5 < u= uLtsf/nfO{ s:tf] rfxgf 5}g < 3= uLtsf/n] clGtddf s] lgn]/ dg{] rfxgf /fv]sf 5g\\ < ª= uLtsf/n] cfÇgf] xftaf6 ;w}F s:tf] s'/f n]Vg rfx]sf 5g\\ < @= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls zAb e/ M s_ gk] fnL >d / ;Lksf] ke| fj ====================== km}lnof];\\ . -le8Gt, lbuGt_ v_ xfdLnfO{ g} ====================== agfP/ bz] dfly plSngk' 5{ . -v'8\\lsnf], e8l\\ snf]_ u_ of] rGb|;\"o{sf] Wjhf d]/} ====================== n] /ªl\\ uof;] \\ . -d;L, /ut_ 3_ :jb]zsf] lglDt of] ====================== r9fpg kfOof;] \\ . -lz/, kL/_ ª_ oL xftn] ;wF};wF} ====================== nV] g kfOof];\\ . -lxdfn, g]kfn_ ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 107

Jofs/0f ;Lk OR5fys{ OR5fys{ lj|mofdf stf{sf] k?' ifsf] cfwf/df ¿kfos kT| oosf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . stf{ ljm| ofdf hfl] 8g] k|Too lj|mof d pm“ x]¿“,a9\"“, k9“,\" n]v,\"“ af]n\"“ xfdL cf}“ a;f,}“ hfcf},“ k9f“,} vfcf}“ t“ P;\\ uP;,\\ k9];,\\ n]v;] \\, afn] ;] \\ ltdL÷ltdLx¿ P k9], eP, x/] ,] ;g' ,] uP tkfO+{÷pxfF ÷tkfO{Fx¿ gx' f]cf;] \\ hfg'xf]cf];,\\ k9g\\ 'xf]cf];,\\ n]Vg'xfc] f;] \\ pm÷/fd÷uLtf cf;] \\ n]vf];\\, k9f];\\, af]nf;] ,\\ af]nf];\\ pgL÷/d]z÷bLkf pmg\\ af]n\"g,\\ a;g\" ,\\ k9\"g\\, nv] \"g\\ pgLx¿÷ s]6fx¿ pmg\\ af]ng\" ,\\ a;g\" \\,k9\"g\\, n]vg\" \\ != sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft'sf] cfwf/df tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf OR5fy{s lj|mof n]v M s= d}n] ;ft sIffdf k|yd :yfg xfl;n========================= -u/\\_ v= xfdL ldn]/ ========================= -k9\\_ u= ltdLx¿n] dnfO{ ========================= -e]6_\\ 3= pgLx¿sf] al' 4 l5§} ========================= -knfp_ ª= ;fyLn] dnfO{ ;xofu] ========================= -u/_\\ r= pgL l5§} 3/ ========================= -kms_{ 5= tkfOF{ klg Psk6s ========================= -gfr_\\ h= tF}n] dnfO{ Psk6s ========================= -x]/\\_ @= OR5fys{ ljm| ofsf] ko| fu] ul/Psf !) jfSodf b]zelQmsf] efjgf ks| 6 x'g] cg'R5b] n]v . ;xofu] sf nflu kf7 cf7sf] ;'gfO ;Lk Wofg lbP/ k9 jf ;g' . 108 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk != ‘;xofu] L xftx¿’ zLifs{ df ;'lgn, ;'idf / ljgf]bsf aLrsf] ;j+ fb tof/ kf/ . @= jftfj/0f k|b\"if0f / /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿ zLif{sdf $ hgf kfqx¿sf aLrsf] gf6s tof/ kf//] bv] fpm . g]kfndf kr| lnt k/Dk/fut gfr ÷ gT[ ox¿ M ;fs]nf lznf M rflDnª /fO { h6 hl6g gT[ o M yf¿ kfªb\\ '/] gfr M du/ df?gL gfr M du/ wfg gfr M lnDa\" lj/x]g rfFr/ M yf¿ ¹fd]| gfr M du/ / u'?ª /f; nLnf M yf¿ t/af/ gfr M yf¿ Rofa'|ª gfr M lnDa \" do/\" gfr M yf¿ ;¿ gfr M yf¿ rf]/v]lnof gfr M yf¿ s6x] /f gfr M yf¿ l¹l¹of gfr M d}lyn s[i0f nLnf M yf¿ afn'g ÷afng M afx'g ÷Ifq] L ;FlugL gfr M afxg' ÷If]qL ¹'d/f gfr M /fO { lwdfn gfr M lwdfn ;f/] 7L gfr M du/ / u'?ª dx/jf b]jL gfr M yf¿ lwGtfd} M g]jf/ ef]6] ;n] f] M ef]6] ÷ zk] f{ s7fl/of gfr M yf¿ /fgL gfr M yf¿ ehg uLt M afxg' ÷Ifq] L :ofa|' gfr M tfdfª ÷ zk] f { /fhjz+ L gfr M /fhj+zL ;n] f] gfr M tfdfª 6Kkf gfr M du/ nfv] gfr M g]jf/ j;Gt gfr M gj] f/ ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 109

kf7 ( ls/ft ;:+ sl[ t lgaGw – u0fz] s'df/ /fO{ tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;a}n] k9 M gk] fn ax';f:+ s[lts d'n's xf] . g]kfnsf] k\"jL{ kxf8df ls/ftx¿ a:b5g\\ . ls/ft ;:+ s[lt gk] fnsf] k/' fgf] ;+:s[lt xf] . pwF fn} L kj{df xfdL /dfP/ gfRofF} . 110 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M d gk] fnnfO{ lsg ax;' f+:sl[ ts bz] elgG5 < d ltdL sg' ;+:sl[ t dfGb5f} < d s] ltdLn] ls/ft ;+:s[ltsf] af/d] f ;'g]sf 5f} < d ls/ftx¿sf] d'Vo rf8 sg' xf] < d ltdL gofFgofF ;+:s[ltsf] af/d] f hfGg rfxG5f} < tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M d cfx] f] ¤ gk] fndf t w/] } ;:+ s[lt kf] /x5] g\\ . d ls/ft ;:+ sl[ t gk] fnsf] kf| rLg ;+:sl[ t xf] . d ls/ftsf rf8kjx{ ¿ lgs} /dfOnf xF'bf /x5] g\\ . d /fO,{ lnDa\" hfltsf ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ ls/ft ;+:sl[ t elgG5 . d gk] fnsf] k\"jL{ kxf8L If]qdf ls/ft hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; w]/} 5 . d pwF fn} L, pFef}nL kj{ xfdLn] wd' wfd;uF dgfofF} . d w/] } ;:+ s[ltx¿ dgfOg] ePsfn] gk] fnnfO{ ax';f+:s[lts b]z elgPsf] xf] . ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 111

ls/ft ;+:sl[ t lgaGwsf nv] s u0f]zs'df/ /fO{ x'g\\ . pgL kl| ;4 lgaGwsf/ x'g\\ . ;f]n'vD' ad' f hlGdPsf pgn] kqsfl/tf tyf gT[ o lzIf0f k;] fdf klg nfdf] cg'ej xfl;n u/s] f 5g\\ . pgsf ljleGg /fli6«o b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, cgnfOg / Doful] hgdf km'6s/ sljtf, syf tyf nv] k|sflzt 5g\\ . pgn] ls/ft vflnª /fO{ efiffsf] klxnf] afn uLt /rgf u/]sf 5g\\ . ls/ft ;:+ s[lt gfds lgaGwdf lgaGwsf/n] g]kfndf a:g] w/] } hfthfltx¿dWo] k\"jL{ kxf8L Ifq] df a:g] ls/ft hfltsf] /xg;xg, rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh cflb s/' fsf] lrgf/L lbPsf 5g\\ . cfÇgf] 5'§} klxrfg ePsf] ls/ft hflt s'gs'g rf8kj{ s;/L dgfpF5g\\ . tL kjx{ ¿sf] ljzi] ftf s] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L klg o; lgaGwdf lbOPsf] 5 . ltdL klg tnsf] lgaGw k9 / ls/ftL ;:+ sl[ tsf] af/d] f hfgsf/L xfl;n u/ . g]kfn w/] } efiff, hflt, wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt /x]sf] bz] xf] . tL w/] } hfltx¿dWo] ls/ft Ps hflt xf] . cflbjf;L÷hghfltcGtu{t kg]{ ls/ftx¿ gk] fnsf] k\"jL{ Ifq] df a:b5g\\ . ls/ftleq /fO{, lnDa\", ofSvf, ;g' 'jf/ cflb kb{5g\\ . ls/ftx¿n] gk] fndf ## k:' tf;Dd /fHo;Qf ;~rfng u/]sf] Oltxf; 5 . pgLx¿sf klxnf] /fhf onDa/ xfªn] g} g]kfndf Jojl:yt /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;?' jft u/s] f x'g\\ . ls/ftx¿ cGo cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿ h:t} v]tLkftL u//] hLjgofkg ub{5g\\ . g]kfnsf w/] } cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿ gofF cGgafnL kfsk] l5 3/df leœofpgc' l3 cf–cfÇgf] /Lltcg;' f/ kh\" f ug]{ ub5{ g\\ . ls/ftx¿ klg gofF cGg leœofpg' / vfgc' l3 ;ae} Gbf klxn] cfÇgf] Oi6 bj] tf / lkt[nfO{ ck0{ f ug{] ub5{ g\\ . of] k/Dk/fut k|rng ;a} ls/ftx¿df /xs] f] 5 . pgLx¿ ;a}n] ;dfg ¿kdf o; rf8nfO{ dfGg] ePsfn] o; rf8nfO{ ;dud| f ‘ls/ft rf8’ elgPsf] xf] . ls/ftx¿df y'k|} efiff /x]sfn] cf–cfÇg} efiffdf 5§' f5§' } gfdn] k'sfg{] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ /fOx{ ¿n] ;fs]nf, jf;, tf;] L, tf;] , ;fs]Gjf, lnDa\"x¿n] rf;f]s tªgfd, ;'gj' f/x¿n] kmf]n:ofbF / / ofSvfx¿n] rf;'jf eGg] ub{5g\\ . of] rf8 ls/ftx¿sf] dfl} ns rf8 xf] . ls/ftx¿sf] rf8df g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ps lbg ;fj{hlgs labf lbg] u/s] f] 5 . zAbf {y ls/ft M kj\" L{ g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf k'lhPsf b]ptf a;f]jf; ug]{ Ps hflt, /fO{, lnDa\" lkt [ M d/]sf kv' f{ ck{0f M bp] tf jf dfGohgnfO{ cflbjf;L M s'g} ee\" fudf klxnfbl] v a;f]jf; u/]sf] hflt ;Ddfgk\"j{s sg' } j:t' r9fOg] sfd hLjgofkg M hLjg latfpg] sfd k/Dk/fut M kv' f{bl] v rlncfPsf] Oi6b]jtf M s'nbj] tf, s'nk/Dk/fb]lv 112 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

;fs]nf M pFefn} L÷pwF fn} L – ;fs]nf ls/ft /fO{x¿sf] dV' o rf8 xf] . pgLx¿ ks| l[ t / lkt[kh\" s xg' \\ . ls/ft /fOx{ ¿sf] efiff yk' }| /xs] fn] ‘;fs]nf’nfO{ ljleGg gfdn] pRrf/0f u/] klg ;du|df ;fs]nf g} eGg] ub{5g\\ . o; rf8nfO{ j}zfv] k\"l0fd{ f / dªl\\ ;/] k\"l0f{df u/L jif{sf] bO' k{ 6s dgfpg] ul/G5 . j}zfv] k\"l0f{dfdf dgfOg] ;fsn] fnfO{ peF fn} L elgG5 . dª\\l;/] k\"l0fd{ fdf dgfOg] ;fsn] fnfO{ pFwf}nL elgG5 . j}zfvbl] v udL{ofd ;?' xg' ] / af]6la?jfn] kfpnf] kmg] ]{, kzk' IfLx¿ n]slt/ nfUg] ePsfn] jz} fv] kl\" 0fd{ fsf] ;fsn] fnfO{ pFefn} L elgPsf] xf] . dª\\l;/bl] v ;'Vvf / hf8fo] fd ;?' xg' ] ePsfn] ;a} af6] la?jfsf] kft ¹g{,] kz'kIfLx¿ aF];Llt/ ¹g]{ ePsfn] dªl\\ ;/] kl\" 0f{dfsf] ;fs]nfnfO{ pwF fn} L elgPsf] xf] . ;fs]nfdf ls/ft /fOx{ ¿n] a;f]jf;ug]{7fpF/;+:s[ltcg;' f/ gfS5fª] ÷gf]S5fn] ] k/Dk/fut ei] fdf ;j{k|yd 3/sf] rn' fnfO{ kH' g] ub5{ g\\ . To;kl5 ;fsn] f yfgdf uO{ d'Gb'dcg';f/ k|s[ltnfO{ kH' g] ub5{ g\\ . pFefn} Ldf j}zfv] kl\" 0fd{ fb]lv / pFwf}nLdf dª\\l;/] k\"l0fd{ fb]lv ls/ft /fO{x¿ ;fsn] f yfg jf ufp–F ufpF, 3/–3/df en] f eO{ xiff{]Nnf;sf ;fy l;nL gfRg] ub5{ g\\ . o;nfO{ ;fs]nf gT[ o klg elgG5 . ;fsn] fdf 9f]n / ˆofD6fsf] tfndf ;a} pd/] sf ls/ftx¿ aLrdf ufl8Psf] s6';sf] :ofpnfnfO{ 3]//] uf]nf] cfsf/ agfO{ l;nL gfRb5g\\ . ;fsn] f yfgdf xf] eg] aLrdf pld|Psf] l;dnsf] af6] nfO{ 3]//] gfRg] rng 5 . pgLx¿ xftdf rDd/ -eD\" ofd_, l5lGb|ª -:oN' o'd_ tyf :ofpnL lnP/ gfRg] ub{5g\\ . l;nL gfRbf l;nLdfªd\\ f cyft{ \\ l;nLdfª\\kfn] klxn] l;nL l6Kb5g\\ / c¿n] pgLx¿sf] gSsn ug]{ ub5{ g\\ . l;nLdf kz'kIfL, s[lif sfo{ tyf dfgj hflt / ks| l[ taLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ clegoåf/f k|:t't ul/G5 . pFef}nL dgfpFbf ls/ft /fOx{ ¿n] ks| [lt;Fu ‘n x} ca afnL nufpg] jn] f eof] . cGgafnL k|z:t kmnfOlbg\" . sL/f km6\\ofª\\uf| af6 hf]ufOlbg\" . en] –af9L, klx/f]af6 hf]ufOlbg\"’ egL kf| yg{ f ub5{ g\\ . zAbf {y lktk[ \"hs M d/]sf kv' fx{ ¿sf] k\"hf ug{] sfd ˆofD6f M b'O{ kmUn6] fnfO{ 7fS] sfP/ ahfOg] l;n M ls/ftx¿sf] Ps k|sf/sf] gfr Ps k|sf/sf] afhf ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 113

To;}u/L pFwf}nLdf cGg vfg'cl3 ks| [ltnfO{ wGojfb lbFb} / lkt[nfO{ gofF cGg r9fpFb} ;fsn] f dgfpg] ub5{ g\\ . gofF cGg vfg'cl3 lkt[nfO{ ck0{ f ug]{ rngnfO{ ls/ft /fOx{ ¿ ‘GjfuL k\"hf’ eGg] ub5{ g\\ . rf;f]s tªgfd – rf;fs] tªgfd ls/ft lnDax\" ¿sf] dV' o rf8 xf] . lnDa\"x¿ klg k|s[lt / lktk[ \"hs x'g\\ . ls/ft jz+ sf] Ps zfvfdWos] f lnDa\"x¿ df}lns ;:+ sl[ tn] wgL 5g\\ . pgLx¿ v]tLkftL ug{] hflt ePsfn] Ct' kl/jtg{ nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL rf8 dgfpg] ub{5g\\ . o; hfltsf] dV' o rf8 ofSjf / rf;fs] x'g\\ . peF f}nL ofddf laplahg 5g{] ;dodf ul/g] k\"hfnfO{ ofSjf elgG5 . pwF fn} L ofddf cGgafnL leœofpg] ;dodf ul/g] k\"hfnfO{ rf;fs] -GjfuL_ elgG5 . lnDax\" ¿ df5f / r/fr?' ªu\\ Lx¿ pQ/lt/ nfus] f] tyf ljz]ifu/L cf? k'mNg] Ct'nfO{ peF f}nL -pQ/fog_ / df5f / r/fr'?ªu\\ Lx¿ blIf0flt/ nfus] f] tyf k}FoF' km' Ng] Ct'nfO{ pFwfn} L -blIf0ffog_ ;?' ePsf] ;ªs\\ ]tsf] ¿kdf lng] ub5{ g\\ . o;/L peF f}nL / pFwf}nL b'j} ofdsf] rf8nfO{ lnDax\" ¿n] ;dfg dxŒjsf] ;fy dgfpg] ub5{ g\\ . lnDa\"x¿ rf;f]s rf8nfO{ pFwf}nL ofddf cfÇgf] kl/>dsf] kmn kfPsf] v'l;ofnLdf eJotfsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5g\\ . ls/ft lnDa\"x¿sf] dG' w'dcg';f/ sl[ ifou' ;'? x'gc' l3 lnDax\" ¿sf] cflbd kv' f{ ;fjf oTxfªx¿ hªu\\ ndf kfOg] sfFr} sGbdn\" vfP/ hLjgofkg uby{ ] . sfrF f] sGbdn\" vfbF f pgLx¿ la/fdL x'g] / sk' f]if0fsf] sf/0f ;d:ofdf kg{] uby{ ] . To;af6 d'lQm kfpgsf nflu pgLx¿n] ;j{zlQmdfg tfu]/f lgªjfkm' dfª;Fu k|fy{gf u/] . kf| y{gf u/a] fkt pgLx¿nfO{ tfu/] f lgªj\\ fkms' f] sk[ faf6 sfb] f,] 3o} f, hg' ]nf] cflb cGgsf] aLplahg k|fKt eof] . o;/L aLpaLhg kfPkl5 ;fjf oTxfªx¿n] ltgsf r]nL l;a]/f PMSy'Sdf l;a]/f ofaª' sS] dfn] vf]l/of kmfF8/] e:dd] f aLp 5/L cGg pTkfbg u/] . To;kl5 ;fjf oTxfªx¿n] vt] LkftL ug{ l;s] / cfkm}Fn] kmnfPsf] cGg vfg yfn]kl5 /fu] Aoflw nfUg 5f8\\of] . o;/L v]tL u//] vfg l;sfpg] cfÇgL r]nL;Fu v;' L eP/ ;fjf oTxfªx¿n] cflzif\\ / j/bfg:j¿k cfk\"mn] kmnfPsf] cGg ;j{k|yd l;a/] f PMSyS' df l;a]/f ofaª' s]SdfnfO{ r9fPkl5 dfq} vfg] jfrf u/] . To;kl5 g} lnDa\"x¿df GjfuL k\"hf ug{] rng ;'? ePsf] xf] . zAbf {y d'Gwd' M /fO{lnDa\"x¿sf] wflds{ u|Gy ;fjfoTxfª M lnDax\" ¿sf Ps k|l;4 kv' f{sf] gfd cflbd k'vf { M ;?' sf, klxn]sf kv' f{ l;a]/f PSy'Sdf M lnDa\"x¿sf w]/} klxnfsf rn] Lsf] gfd 114 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

zAbf {ylnDa\"x¿n] rf;f]s kh\" f ubf{ b]jLbj] tfx¿ k|;Gg xf]pmg\\, cGgafnL ;lk|pmg,\\ /f]uAoflw gnfug\" \\, ;v' ;d[l4 5fcf];\\ egL kf| yg{ f ub{5g\\ . ;jk{ |yd ;fDdfª cyft{ \\ sO' sb' fk jf tfDe'ª\\gfsf] k\"hf 3/aflx/ ;DkGg ul/G5 . To;kl5 3/leqsf bj] Lb]jtfx¿ o'df, ya] f lxdsf] ;fDdfªx¿sf] kh\" f ul/G5 . rf;f]s kh\" fdf ljzi] fu/L kh\" f kf| y{gfdf la£gafwf gxf;] ,\\ kf| y{gf u/c] g¿' k kmn k|fKt xf;] \\ egL cGo clgi6sf/L hª\\unL b]jLbj] tfnfO{ klg kH' g] ul/G5 . ds}, sf]bf] jf wfg kfsk] l5 v]taf/L 3/b]lv 6f9f eP cGgsf] afnf 3/df NofO{ jf glhs eP vt] d} uO{ eO' FnfO{ ;DofP/ ;kmf u/L yfg agfO{ rf;f]s k\"hf ul/G5 . rf;f]s k\"hf 3/ jf v]taf/L htf u/] klg 3/leqsf bj] Lb]jtfsf] 3/leq / 3/aflx/sf b]jLb]jtfsf] 3/aflx/} kh\" f ug]{ rng /xs] f] 5 . rf;f]s k\"hf lbp;F } ;DkGg ul/g] ePsfn] o'df, ya] f / lxd ;fDdfªsf kh\" f v]taf/Ldf u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . lnDa\"x¿ rf;f]s tªgfdsf] cj;/df cfk;df e]63f6 u/L dgf/] ~hgfTds ljm| ofsnfk ug{] ub{5g\\ . o; cj;/df pgLx¿ cfk;df /xs] f] l/;/funfO{ la;/]{ z'esfdgf cfbfg–kb| fg ug{,] dL7f–] dL7f] vfg], gj ljjflxt hf]8L / rn] Lx¿ cfÇg} xftn] agfPsf] jf cGo k|sf/sf sf];n] L;lxt dfOtL 3/ cfpg,] xfSkf/] ufpg,] Rofaª'| ahfP/ ofnfª gfRg,] 5n] f xfGg] ub{5g\\ . kmf]n :ofbF / – kmfn] :ofFb/ ls/ft ;g' j' f/x¿sf] d'Vo rf8 xf] . ;'g'jf/x¿nfO{ sf]l`r eg/] klg lrlgG5 . ;g' j' f/x¿ vf;u/L k|sl[ t, cfTd / lktk[ \"hs xg' \\ . pgLx¿ o; rf8df k|sl[ t / lkt;[ uF ljZj ;d'bfosf] ;'v, zflGt / ;d[l4sf] sfdgf ub}{ kf| yg{ f ug{] ub5{ g\\ . ;fydf pgLx¿ dgf/] ~hg ub{5g\\ . ;'g'jf/x¿ o; rf8nfO{ jifs{ f] b'Ok{ 6s dgfpg] ub{5g\\ . ;'gj' f/x¿ ;j{k|yd clUg / OGb]0| fLsf] k\"hf ub{5g\\ . To;kl5 ;\"o{, rGb,| cfsfz, hn, jfo,' e\"ldsf] kh\" f ub{5g\\ . lktx[ ¿nfO{ cfÅjfg u/L pgLx¿ k|fsl[ ts tyf b}jL k|sf]k, clgsfn, /fu] Aoflw gnfuf;] \\, cGgafnL ;lko| f;] ,\\ ;xsfn nfuf;] \\ egL kf| yg{ f ub5{ g\\ . pgLx¿ hfgL–ghfgL dfgjLo uNtL ePdf Ifdf dfUb} s'nk/' fl] xt -GxfM;f_] åf/f :ofbF / dgfpg] ub5{ g\\ . GxfM;f] gkfOPsf] cj:yfdf eg] pgLx¿ cfkm}F 3/sf] k\"hfsf]7f -nfufkuL{_df km\"nkftL, cIftf, kfgL / kmnkm\" n r9fO{ hfF8 /fv/] wk\" afnL ;fdfGo ¿kdf kh\" f ub{5g\\ . ls/ft ;g' j' f/x¿ ufpF / ljb]zdf /x]sf cfkmGtx¿ en] f eO{ :ofFb/ dgfpg] ub{5g\\ . ;g' j' f/x¿sf] d'Sbd' cg';f/ x/]s lbg aln lbO{ dgfpgk' g]{ eP klg :yfg / kl/j]zcg;' f/ 5 dlxgf, Ps jif{ jf tLg jif{sf] km/sdf :ofFb/ dgfpg] ub5{ g\\ . jfBjfbg, dlGb/sf] ddt{ ug{,] hf8F ksfpg] sfd eg] zS' nkl| tkbf ltlysf] lbgbl] v g} ;'? ub{5g\\ . clgi6sf/L M g/fd|f] jf clgi6 ug]{ ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 115

d\"nL GxfM;f] :ofbF /sf] k|d'v JolQm xf] . :ofFb/df kz'kIfLsf] aln lbOG5 . :ofF b/sf] lbg d'nL GxfM;fsf] 3/df /fuF f, e]8f jf ;'Fu/' nfO{ u'/fF;sf] lsnfdf afFwL GxfM;f]x¿ jfBjfbg ePsf] 3/sf] d'nL;lxt Ps ;n] ]jf hfF8 / PsPs j6f cG8f;lxt pkl:yt xG' 5g\\ . To;kl5 jflifs{ eP #^) /v] L xfnL v§]lr/f] /fv]/ kf| yg{ f ub}{ /fFuf, e]8f jf ;'Fu/' h] 5, To;sf] 6fpsfd] f cG8fn] lxsfP{ / lgbfpg glbO{ 9fn] ˆofD6f ahfP/ /ftel/ gfRg] ub5{ g\\ . rf;j' f – rf;j' f ls/ft ofSvfx¿sf] dV' o rf8 xf] . ls/ftx¿df ofSvf klg cfÇgf] df}lns efiff / ;:+ sl[ t ePsf] hflt xf] . pgLx¿sf] dV' o a;f]jf; k\"jL{ g]kfnsf] wgs'6f / ;ªv\\ j' f;ef lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . ofSvf klg cGo ls/ftx¿¹F} ks| l[ t / lktk[ \"hs xg' \\ . ofSvfx¿ k|sl[ t / lktn[ fO{ ck{0f u//] dfq gofF cGgaf6 ag]sf] kl/sf/ vfg] ub{5g\\ . rf;j' f rf8df ofSvfx¿ gofF cGgafnL kfsk] l5 ;j{k|yd sg' } z'e lbg / ;do ldnfP/ cfÇgf lktx[ ¿nfO{ r9fpg] ub5{ g\\ . o;/L lktn[ fO{ gr9fpbF f 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ clgi6 x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ofSvf hfltdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . cfÇgf cu|hx¿nfO{ dfgj ;l[ i6sf] ;|f]t dfq} geO{ dT[ o'kl5 ;dt] j+z /Ifssf ¿kdf lng] ub{5g\\ . rf;j' f -pFwf}nL_ k\"hfsf] lbg h'g 3/df k\"hf eO/x]sf] xG' 5, To; 3/df Psflt/ ljleGg kl/sf/x¿ tof/ eO/x]sf xG' 5g\\ eg] csfl{ t/ 3/sf] d\"nL jf hfGg] JolQmn] snzsf] kfgL 5s{b+ } d/]/ uPsf cfÇgf 1ft c1ft lktfkv' f{x¿nfO{ dG' w'd kmnfs/] ;Dafw] g ub{} k\"hf sfo{ cufl8 a9fpbF 5 . d'Gw'dåf/f ToxfF ;a} lktx[ ¿nfO{ pkl:yt u/fP/ gofF cGg r9fpg] rng /x]sf] 5 . rf;j' fsf] cj;/df ofSvfx¿ cfkmGt, 5/l5d]s;uF e6] u/L ;uF } a;/] vfg]lkpg] / /dfOnf] ug]{ ub{5g\\ . o; cj;/df cfÇgf lkt[x¿ ;Todf /x]sfn] s'g} uNtL ePdf jf s'g} ;fdu|L cku' ePdf Ifdf dfUb} cfufdL lbgdf klg o;/L g} gofF cGgafnL leœofpgc' l3 lkt[x¿nfO{ r9fP/ dfq} cfkm\" n] vfg] jfrf ub{} kh' f/Ln] yfg p7fpg] ub5{ . ls/ftx¿ gk] fnleq dfq geO{ gk] fnaflx/ klg a;f]jf; u5g{ \\ . pgLx¿ ljZjel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\\ . hf] hxfF /x] klg pgLx¿ cfÇgf] wd{, ;:+ s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ lz/fk] / ub{} afrF s] f 5g\\ . cfÇgf] ;+:sl[ tsf] /Iff ug{ csf{sf] ;:+ s[ltsf] klg /Iff ugk{' 5{ . of] s'/f ls/ftx¿n] /fd/| L hfgs] f 5g\\ . t;y{ ls/ft ;+:sl[ tsf] ul/df pRr 5 . 116 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M kIfL, kl\" 0f{df, /fHo;Qf, dgf/] ~hgfTds, OGb0|] fL @= cy{ nv] M lktk[ \"hs, d'Gw'd, onDa/, hLjgofkg, xiffN{] nf; #= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M /dfOnf,] u/' f;F , glhs, jfrf, cfkm\" $= z4' kf//] nv] M s_ kl/j;] , ;'Zjf:y], ck{g, tLly, ks| t[ Ls v_ ;'gj' f/x¿ ;ak{ |yd cUgL / OGb|l] 0fsf] k\"hf ub5{ g\\ . %= tnsf zAbx¿sf] kofo{ jfrL zAb nv] M jfo', el\" d, b]jtf, Ifdf, kIfL ^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M cflbjf;L clgi6 ug{] k/Dk/fut cGgsf] cefjn] xg' ] xfxfsf/ s'kfi] f0f 3fdkfgL k/]sf] j]nf cfsfzdf bl] vg] ;ft /ªsf] wsf]{, OGb|wg' clgi6sf/L sg' } e\"efudf klxnfb]lv a;f]jf; u/s] f] hflt OGb|0] fL /fd|/L cGg kmn]sf] ;fn ;xsfn kf]if0fsf] sdLn] xg' ] /fu] clgsfn kl08tsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ kf7k\"hf ug{] JolQm hhdfg k/Dk/fbl] v rlncfPsf] ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 117

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs zAbdf pQ/ nv] M s_ ls/ftx¿n] gk] fndf slt k:' tf;Dd /fHo ;~rfng u/s] f] Oltxf; 5 < v_ ;fsn] f s;n] dgfpg] rf8 xf] < u_ ls/ftx¿sf] rf8df ;/sf/n] slt lbg labf lbg] u/s] f] 5 < 3_ ls/ftx¿ gk] fnsf] sg' Ifq] df a;f]jf; u5{g\\ < ª_ dªl\\ ;/ k\"l0f{dfdf dgfOg] ;fs]nfnfO{ s] elgG5 < r_ lnDax\" ¿n] rf;fs] kh\" f ubf{ s:tf] kf| yg{ f u5{g\\ < @= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' o\\ fpm M s_ ls/ftx¿ gk] fnsf] klZrd Ifq] df a:5g\\ . v_ kj\" L{ gk] fnsf] kxf8L lhNnfx¿df ls/ftx¿sf] a;f]jf; 5 . u_ dªl\\ ;/] k\"l0fd{ fdf pFwfn} L dgfOG5 . 3_ ofSvfx¿ uf]/vf / nDh'ªdf a:5g\\ . ª_ ls/ftx¿ lkt[sf] kh\" f u5{g\\ . #= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M s_ gk] fn s:tf] b]z xf] < v_ ls/ftx¿ s;/L hLjgofkg u5{g\\ < u_ rf;f]s egs] f] s] xf] < 3_ ;fsn] f rf8 jifd{ f sltk6s dgfOG5 < ª_ s[lifou' ;'? xg' 'cl3 lnDa\"x¿ s;/L hLjgofkg ub{y] < r_ ;'g'jf/x¿ kmf]n :ofFb/ dgfpbF f s]s]sf] kh\" f u5{g\\ < 5_ ofSvfx¿sf] dV' o a;f]jf; sxfF /x]sf] 5 < 118 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

$= 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ bp] m M s_ lnDa\"x¿df GjfuL kh\" f ug]{ rng s;/L ;'? ePsf] xf] < v_ ;'g'jf/x¿ kmfn] :ofFb/ dgfpbF f ss] ] u5{g\\ < u_ rf;f]s tªgfd s;/L dgfOG5 < 3_ pFwf}nL / peF fn} Ldf ss] ] ul/G5 < %= efj lj:tf/ u/ M g]kfn w]/} efiff hflt wd{ tyf ;:+ sl[ t /x]sf] bz] xf] . ^= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M ls/ftx¿ s]s:tf rf8kj{ dgfpF5g\\ < rrf{ u/ . tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M g]kfn axe' flifs, ax'wflds{ , ax';f+:sl[ ts / ax'hftLo b]z xf] . gk] fndf ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifL, lnª\\u, j0f{ / ;Dkb| fosf dflg;x¿ ldn/] a;]sf 5g\\ . cg]stfdf Pstf gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljzi] ftf eGg] egfOn] ;fys{ tf kfpbF } uPsf] 5 . d]/f] wd{ 7n\" f], d]/f] efiff 7n\" f,] d/] f] hft 7n\" f] / c¿sf] ;fgf] eGg] efjgfnfO{ gk] fnLx¿ dg k/fpFbg} g\\ . h;/L Pp6f km\"naf/Ldf w]/} hftsf kmn\" x¿ km'n]df km\"naf/L /ª\\uLrªu\\ L / l¹nLldnL b]lvG5, To;/L g} g]kfndf w]/} hft / wd{sf dflg;x¿ a;]sf] eP/ g} gk] fnL ;'Gb/ bl] vPsf] 5 . k/fk\"j{ sfnb]lv g} oxfsF f dflg;x¿ Pscfk;df ldn]/ a;s] f 5g\\ . oBlk lzIff / r]tgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ s]xL sk' y| fx¿ ;dfhaf6 x6]/ hfg ;ss] f lyPgg\\ . sx] L ;do klxn];Dd ;dfhdf 5'jf5'tsf] efjgf /x]sf] lyof] . Tof] jm| lds¿kdf x/fpFb} uPsf] 5 . 5f]/f / 5f/] Ldf eb] efj /fVg] s;' +:sf/ klg ;dfhdf l6ls/xg ;sg] . ul/a / wgLsf aLrdf /x]sf] c;dfgtfsf] vf8n klg ca j|mlds¿kdf k'l/bF } uPsf] 5 . af]S;L eg]/ s;n} fO{ xf]Rofpg], bfOhfs] f] gfddf gf/Lx¿dfly lx;+ f ug]{ h:tf ;dfhsf s'k|yfx¿ lzIffsf] ljsf; eP;uF } x/fpFb} hfg' ;a}eGbf v';Lsf] s/' f] xf] . k9]n]v]sf dflg;x¿n] ;dfhnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/s] f 5g\\ . a'¹]/ a'¹ krfpg] / s/' } ga'¹L ¿l9jfbL s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{] dflg;x¿n] ca ;To :jLsf/ ug{ yfns] f 5g\\ . sg' } Pp6f hfltsf] kj{df cGo hfltsf dflg;x¿ klg ;l/s xg' ' g]kfnLx¿sf] pbf/ efjgfsf] pbfx/0f xf] . ;dfh ;do;fkI] f¿kdf kl/jtg{ xF'b} hfFbf ljsf;sf nx/x¿ klg km}lnbF } uPsf 5g\\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] klg cfcfÇgf] 7fpaF f6 gk] fnsf] lxtdf sfd ug{k' 5{ . s;n} ] b]zsf] lxt ljk/Lt sfd u/]df 6n' '6n' ' x]//] a:g'xb'F }g lsgeg] gk] fn /x] dfq} xfdL gk] fnL /xg ;S5fF} . ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 119

c= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M axh' ftLo, /ªu\\ Lrªu\\ L, s';+:sf/, :jLsf/, ¿l9jfbL, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lt cf= 7Ls egfOdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M s= gk] fnLx¿ Pscfk;df ldn/] a;]sf 5g} g\\ . v= cgs] tfdf Pstf g} gk] fnL ;+:sl[ tsf] ljzi] ftf xf] . u= c;dfgtfsf] vf8n klg ca jm| lds¿kdf k'l/Fb} uPsf] 5 . 3= dflg;n] ;To :jLsf/ ug{ ;ss] f 5g} g\\ . ª= gk] fn /x] dfq g]kfnL /xg ;S5f}F . O= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M != g]kfn s:tf] bz] xf] < @= gk] fnLx¿ s] s/' f dg k/fpFb}gg\\ < #= gk] fnL ;dfhaf6 s]s:tf sk' y| fx¿ xl6;s]sf 5g\\ < $= s] s/' f v';Lsf] s/' f xf] < %= gk] fnL pbf/ efjgfsf 5g\\ eGg] s'/fsf] kd| f0f s] 5 < ;g' fO ;Lk -k[i7 @@! df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_ lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s= cGwljZjf; eg]sf] s] xf] < v= cGwljZjf;n] ss;nfO{ 5fP] sf] 5 < u= cGwljZjf; ePsf] ;dfhdf ¹f8fkvfnf nfUbf;d]t s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 < 3= cGwljZjf;nfO{ x6fpg s] ug'k{ 5{ < ª= ;dG' gt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 120 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

@= sf]i7saf6 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls zAb e/ M s_ cGwljZjf; ======================= / ;fdflhs /f]u xf] . -dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s_ v_ cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f r]nLn] ==================== hfg ltly x]g'{k5{ . -dfOt, ljb]z_ u_ s;n} ] s;n} fO{ x]bf{ ======================= eof] eg] afS] ;fafS] ;Lsf] cf/f]k nufOG5 . -la/fdL, :j:y_ 3_ pQd ljrf/ / k|ultzLn ;f]rljrf/ clg ofqf ====================== rnfpg'k5{ . -kZrudgsf,] cuu| dgsf]_ ª_ ==================== sfod{ f ;n+ Ug hf] sfx] LnfO{ klg sfgg' sf] s73/fdf pEofpgk' 5{ . -kz| ;+ gLo, lgGbgLo_ Jofs/0f ;Lk zAbe08f/ M cg]sfyL{ zAb Pp6} zAbn] PseGbf a9L cy{ lbG5 eg] To:tf] zAbnfO{ cg]sfyL{ zAb elgG5 . tn sx] L cg]sfyL{ zAbsf] cy{ / ko| f]usf] gd'gf bv] fOPsf] 5 . Wofg lbP/ x]/ M cy{ s= wg ˜ cy{ljgf s;s} f] klg uhf]{ 6b{g} . v= dtna÷tfTko { ˜ zAbsf] cy{ aˆ' g /fd/| L k9\\gk' 5{ . cfnf] s= /l;nf] ˜ t/fO{lt/ ljleGg kjd{ f cfnf] df6f] ko| fu] u/]/ d\"lt{ agfOG5 . v= tfhf ˜ cfnf] df;' :jf:Yosf] nflu /fdf| ] x'G5 . pQ/ s= hjfkm ˜ ljBfyLn{ ] ga¹' ]sf] kZ| gsf] pQ/ u?' u'?cfdfnfO{ ;fW] gk' 5{ . v= Pp6f lbzf ˜ gk] fnsf] blIf0f lbzfdf ef/t / pQ/ lbzfdf rLg kb5{ . s/ s= lt/f] ˜ efOsfhL dxh{gn] jiff+b{} l] v cfÇgf] Joj;fosf] s/ lt/]sf] /xg] 5 . v= l9kL ˜ /S;L glkpg] dfG5]nfO{ lkpg s/ ug'{x'b“ }g . u= xft ˜ pgn] cfÇgL cfdfsf] s/sdnaf6 k;nsf] pb\\3f6g u/] . ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 121

sn s= ¹u8f ˜ xfdLn] ;fyL;fyLsf aLrdf sn xg' ] sfd ugx'{ G' g . v= wf/f] ˜ ltvf{Psf] a6j' fn] snsf] kfgL snsn lkof] . u= dl] ;g ˜ ;Gt] bfOn] nu' f l;pg gofF sn NofP5g\\ . sfn s= d[To' ˜ dfG5n] ] sfnnfO{ slxNo} lhTg ;Sb}g . v= ;do ˜ sfn, kl/l:yltcg;' f/ rNg g;Sg] dflg; ;w}F k5fl8 k5{ . ufn] s= cFuf/ ˜ /fl] gtn] ufn] v]nfP/ xft sfnf] kf/]5 . v= ;dx\" ˜ ;fyLx¿ rf}/df ufn] a4 eP/ a;s] f /x]5g\\ . u= af6n' f] ˜ r8\" fdl0f u?' n] sfnf]kf6Ldf uf]n /v] f lvRge' of] . t/ s= b\"wsf] 5fnL ˜ ki' sn b\"wsf] t/ vfg dg k/fpbF }g . v= tg]{ sfd u/ ˜ afn] dnfO{ vfn] f] ;fgf] eP klg aufpg ;S5, xf]; u//] t/ x} eGge' of] . u= ;o+ fh] s ˜ cfdfn] ;x/ k'u]kl5 kmfg] u/\\ x} 5f]/f eGge' Psf] lyof] t/ d}n] t ug}{ la;{]5' . tfn s= kf]v/L ˜ 9'ª\\uf /;fP/ kfgL lgl:sg] DofUbLsf] unZ] j/ tfn b]v/] d bªu\\ k/F] . v= ;ªu\\ Ltsf] tfn ˜ lbbLalxgLx¿ nfs] uLtsf] tfndf 5d5d gfRb} 5g\\ . u= nxn} x} ˜ g/fdf| dflg;sf] tfndf nfu/] slxNo} klg lx8F \\g'xG' g . 3= tl/sf ˜ o:tf] tfnn] u/]/ klg sfd aG5 t < != tnsf cg]sfyL{ zAbsf] km/skm/s cy{ n]v]/ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M cy,{ cfnf], pQ/, s/, sn, sfn, ufn] , t/, tfn l;hg{ fTds ;Lk sg' } ljifosf af/d] f dgf]ut efjgf, ts,{ ljrf/, sNkgf tyf wf/0ff cflbsf] uBfTds tyf afl} 4s k:| tl' t g} lgaGw xf] . bZ[ o tyf cb[Zo huts\\ f ljifodf kl/ro, ;\"rgf / 1fg lbg' ;xdt jf c;xdt t'Nofpg] cg'ej jf cge' l\" t af8F g\\ ,' sNkgf ljrf/ cjwf/0ff k:| t't ug'{ lgaGwsf] p2]Zo xf] . 122 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

lgaGw n]Vbf lgaGw n]vgsf lglDt cfjZos abF' fx¿ hDdf u/L cflb, dWo / cGTosf] l;nl;nfdf j|mda4 ldnfP/ nV] g], l;/fgsf] aLr efudf zLifs{ n]Vg], klxnf] cg'R5]b jf kf| /De v08df zLif{ssf] kl/ro, kl/efiff, ks| f/ h:tf s/' fx¿ k:| t't ug{], dWo efusf b'O{ cgR' 5]bdf zLif{ssf] ljZn]if0f, ts,{ v08g, ljrf/, ljz]iftf, w/] } ;sf/fTds kIf, s]xL 6Lsfl6Kk0fL h:tf s/' fx¿ k|:t't ug,{] clGtd v08df lgisif{ k|:t't ubf{ ;¹' fj, ;Nnfx h:tf s'/fx¿ n]v]/ lgaGwnfO{ 6ª' U\\ ofpg] . != g]jf/L ;:+ sl[ tsf] af/]df ;fw] vf]h u/L !%) zAbdf g36fO{ lgaGw tof/ kf/ . @= lgDglnlvt zLif{sdf lgaGw n]v M s= bz] k|d] v= xfdf| rf8kjx{ ¿ u= ;dfh;j] fsf] dxŒj dx]Gb| /fhdfu{  gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf nfdf] /fhdfu{sf] gfd dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ xf] .  o;sf] csf{] gfd kj\" {klZrd /fhdfu{ xf] .  of] /fhdfu{ kj\" {df sfFs8le§fbl] v klZrddf dxG] b| gu/;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . o;sf] nDafO !)@& sL=dL= /xs] f] 5 .  of] /fhdfu{ @)!( ;fndf ag]sf] xf] .  of] /fhdfu{sf] pb\\3f6g tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gbn| ] u8F} fsf6] df u/s] f xg' \\ .  o;n] t/fOs{ f lhNnfx¿dWo] k;f{ lhNnfafxs] cGo !( j6f lhNnfnfO{ 5f]Psf] 5 .  o;n] dsjfgk'/ / c3f{vfFrL u/L b'O{ j6f kxf8L lhNnfnfO{ 5fP] sf] 5 . ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 123

kf7 !) gk] fn gGbg sljtf – jf;b' j] kf08o] tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M gk] fnsf] k|fsl[ ts ;G' b/tf cgk' d 5 . lxdfnosf] bZ[ o cToGt ;G' b/ x'G5 . gk] fnsf] kxf8L kb| z] df xl/of hª\\un w]/} 5g\\ . t/fOs{ f] kmfF6sf] ;'Gb/tfn] dg nf]EofpF5 . 124 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M d g]kfn gGbg egs] f] s] xf] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < d ltdLnfO{ gk] fnsf] sg' s'/f a9L dg k5{ < d df5fkR' 5]« lxdfn sg' ;x/af6 bV] g ;lsG5 < d ltdLn] g]kfnsf] sg' s'g 7fpF bv] s] f 5f} < d xfdL lsg gk] fn cfdfsf C0fL ag]sf 5fF} < tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M d cfxf ¤ dn} ] t gk] fnsf] lxdfnL / kxf8L eu] sf] ed| 0f ug{ kfPF lg . d gk] fn kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/tfn] el/k\"0f{ ;G' b/ d'ns' xf] . d xfdL gk] fnLx¿ gk] fn¿kL k\"mnaf/Lsf ;'Gb/ k\"mn xfF} . d du[ sf] xn' r/s] f] 7fpFsf] bZ[ o lgs} dgdfx] s x'bF f] /x5] . d g]kfndf hlGdPsf xfdL g]kfncfdfsf C0fL xf}F . d xfdLn] cfÇgf] bz] k|ltsf] stJ{ onfO{ lgjfx{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . d g]kfn :ju{sf] au}Frfh:tf] 5 . ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 125

‘gk] fn gGbg’ sljtfsf n]vs k|l;4 slj jf;'bj] kf08]o x'g\\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf sljtf, uhn nufotsf ljwfdf snd rnfpg] kf08o] sf sl[ tx¿df bz] k|d] sf] efjgf, k|s[ltsf] lrq0f, dfgjtfjfb h:tf s/' fx¿ JoQm ul/Psf] kfOG5 . gk] fn gGbg gfds sljtf slj kf08o] åf/f /lrPsf] rlr{t sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf sljn] gk] fnsf] cnfl} ss kf| s[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\\ . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df kfOg] ks| [ltsf] cgk' d ;'Gb/tfnfO{ sljtfdf ;d' w'/ zn} Ldf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . xl/of hªu\\ n, lg/Gt/ alu/xg] gbLgfnfx¿n] ;';lHht g]kfnnfO{ dfof ug]{ sljn] cfk\"m g]kfndf hlGdPsfn] gk] fn cfdfsf] C0fL ePsf] :jLsf/ u/s] f 5g\\ . dfte[ \"ldsf] C0f ltg{ rfxg] slj ltg{ gkfO{ dg{'k/] td;s' agfP/ dg{] sa'n ub5{ g\\ . ltdL klg sljtf k9 / bz] nfO{ sljn] h:t} dfof ug{ l;s . ;hfO{ cfvF fdf lxd lzv/sf ;G' b/ 56f nhfO{ xb] f{] ¹g\\ k/k/ ku' L Tof] 3g36f . hxfF hGd],F x's{F] cg'ej u/L bM' v ;v' sf] 5' sf]/s] f] gS;f Xbo lardf of] dn' 'ssf] .. gbLgfnf w/] } snsn u/L r~rn hn au] aHg] afhf ;d' w/' oxfF hf] clj/n . ot} lg:s]h:tf] ;/; ;/' jf k~rd Wjlg ;g' L n67\\ } k5g{ \\ dg'h, vu¹F} oL t? klg .. t/]nL kf/]df kjg ultn] wfg, ux'dF f k/]nL l¹DsGgg\\ gog ul8O{ b[Zo p;df . eh' ª\\uL e} aUg] ;sn ;l/tf 5g\\ dg 5g' ] dn]jfn] p8\\bf uug, hu cfslif{t xg' ] .. 126 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

lxdfnL kfvfsf] rkn ¹/gf dfG5 / l¹hF f] < zAbf {y 56f M s'g} j:t'df kfOg] ;fG} bo,{ lx:;L, zf]ef e/L zf]ef ;f/f dg'h dg tfGb} 5 ltlnrf] . 3g36f M afbnsf] tftF L, d]3dfnf 5 kmj] f Pg] f¹}F tg, jbg 5g\\ 5fn ;adf r~rn M r'na'n], 5's5's] 5 df5fkR' 5]«sf] ljdn kl| tdf tfn ;adf .. clj/n M lg/Gt/ ;/; M /;;lxt, /l;nf] u/L hDdf zf]ef d'ns' e/sf] of] dw'/tf k~rd M kfrF f}F a:of] /f/f yfkL k;n hnsf] of] ljk'ntf . dgh' M dflg; u/L j|mL8f a:5g\\ du[ bn /dfO{ jglt/ vu M kIfL, r/f] u/f}F eG5g\\ ;f/f lzv/ gu 7f8f] ca lz/ .. t? M ¿v, af]6 t/]nL M t/n j:t' c8\\g] ;fgf] v08 d g]kfnL d/] f] /ut, kl;gf, bx] ;adf kjg M xfjf, jfo' 5 x} of] df6f]sf] s0fs0f /xs] f] ;sndf . gog M cfvF f ;s] cfdfsf] of] C0f hlt 5 r'Qmf ;a u¿F eh' ªu\\ L M kfy] L ;k,{ ;lk{gL g;Sbf afsF Lsf] td;s' agfOs{ g d¿F .. ;l/tf M vfn] f, gbL dn]jf M hª\\unL k/]jf uug M cfsfz rkn M r~rn l¹hF f] M ¹sf,]{ ¹G¹6 ltlnrf] M ;+;f/sf] cUnf] 7fpdF f /x]sf] tfn tg M z/L/ jbg M cg'xf/, rx] /f, d'v ljdn M kmf]x/dn} f gePsf], lgdn{ k|ltdf M d\"lt{ ljkn' M a8d] fgsf], Hofb} 7\"nf] bn M ;d\"x gu M cUnf 8f8F f, kfvf, kjt{ b]x M z/L/ s0f M w'nf] cflbsf] Hofb} ;fgf] dl;gf] v08 ;sn M ;Dk0\" f{ C0f M ;fk6L lnPsf] wg td;'s M ng] bg] ;DaGwL k|df0fsf] lnvt ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 127

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M cg'ej, Xbo, snsn, bZ[ o, cfslift{ , df5fk'R5]«, j|mL8f, rQ' mf @= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M 56f, clj/n, k~rd, vu, eh' ª\\uL, rkn, ljdn, ljkn' , td;'s #= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M 3g36f, r~rn, t/n] L, dnj] f, tg, s0f, C0f $= s_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M != c_ eh' ªu\\ L cf_ e'hu+ L O_ eh' GuL O_{ e\"hªu\\ L @= c_ cfsifLt{ cf_ cfsl;{t O_ cfslift{ O_{ cfslzt{ #= c_ ljm| 8f cf_ j|mLbf O_ j|mL8f O{_ sL8f{ $= c_ ;f]af cf_ ;fe] f O_ zf]af O_{ zf]ef %= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M ;/; ljslift{ cfslift{ cfTdf dw/' lj/; bx] dg tg 9'ªu\\ f df6f] s6' 128 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M dgh' xfjf kjg ;dx\" l¹Fhf ] dflg; jbg d\"lt{ kl| tdf ;Dk0\" f{ bn ¹sf{] ;sn cg'xf/ &= tnsf zAbsf] kofo{ jfrL zAb n]v M b]x, uug, ;l/tf, gog, kjt{ , af]6, xfjf k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s_ g]kfn gGbg sljtfsf nv] s sf] x'g<\\ v_ slj cfÇgf] cfvF fdf s]sf] 56fnfO{ ;hfp5F g\\ < u_ k/]nL lsg l¹lDsbF }gg\\ < 3_ kmj] f tfndf ss] :tf bZ[ o bl] vG5 < ª_ g]kfnLsf] z/L/df ss] ] s/' f /xs] f] 5 < @= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g\\, lrg/] nv] M s_ sljn] cfÇgf] lgwf/df gk] fnsf] gS;f sf]/]sf 5g\\ . v_ g]kfnsf gbLx¿ t/]nL k/]sf 5g\\ . u_ d[ubnx¿ v]n v]n]sf h:tf bl] vG5g\\ . 3_ slj dft[C0f rQ' mf ug{ rfxG5g\\ . ª_ slj gk] fnL x'g'df uj{ ubg}{ g\\ . ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 129

#= ldNg] zAb /fvL sljtf k\"/f u/ M d gk] fnL d]/f] /ut, kl;gf, =============================;adf 5 x} of] df6f]sf] s0fs0f /x]sf] =============================. ;s] cfdfsf] of] =============================hlt 5 r'Qmf ;a u¿F =============================afsF Lsf] td;'s agfOs{ g d¿F .. $= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M s_ k~rd Wjlg ;'g/] sf] n6\\7 kb5{ < v_ s] p8s] f] bv] /] cfsfz cfslif{t xG' 5 < u_ km]jftfndf ss] f] 5fof b]lvG5 < 3_ d[ubn sxfF /dfpg] u5{g\\ < ª_ slj C0f ltg{ g;Sbf s] agfP/ dg{ rfxG5g\\ < %= efj lj:tf/ u/ . s_ gbLgfnf w]/} snsn u/L r~rn hn au] aHg] afhf ;d' w'/ oxfF hf] clj/n . v= lxdfnL kfvfsf] rkn ¹/gf dfG5 / l¹hF f] < e/L zfe] f ;f/f dg'h dg tfGb} 5 ltlnrf] . 5 kmj] f Pg] f¹}F tg, jbg 5g\\ 5fn ;adf 5 df5fk'R5«s] f] ljdn k|ltdf tfn ;adf .. ^= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M s_ sljn] cfÇgf] xb[ odf s] sf]/]sf 5g\\ < v_ gk] fn gGbg sljtfdf g]kfnsf] k|fsl[ ts ;G' b/tfsf] j0f{g s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < u_ sljtfdf s'gsg' tfn / lxdfnx¿sf] j0fg{ s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < 3_ du[ bnsf] j0fg{ sljtfdf s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < ª_ g]kfn gGbg sljtfsf] dn\" efj s] xf] < &= g]kfn gGbg sljtfdf sljn] gk] fnnfO{ :ju{sf] auFr} fsf] ¿kdf s;/L j0f{g u/]sf 5g\\ < 130 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

tnsf] sljtf Wofg lbP/ k9 M ;fgL gbL kjt{ af6 ¹l5{g\\ Tof] 3fd5fofdo s'~hleq xfxf / xx\" \" jgleq ul5g{ \\ . 5g\\ OlGbg| Lsf /rgf ljlrq . vf]nf / gfnf ;FlugL xhf/ cfgGbdf r§ lkmFhfO n§f cfP/ e]65\\ g\\ jgsf] k5' f/ .. vl] N5g\\ 5xf/Ldl' g lgTo u§f .. 3d' ]/ x/] Lsg ufpFnfO{ kxf8, kfvf xl/of agfO{ . hflG5g\\ logL b\"/ ;db' | e]6g\\ l/;fO kfvf kx/f n5fl5{g\\ ;Qm}g sf]xL lognfO{ 5S] g .. 9ª' \\uf / d9' f t6df k5fl5{g\\ . af9L / kx} |fl;t u8\\u8fO{ ysf{pFl5g\\ kj{t/fhnfO{ .. dfwjk|;fb l3ld/] c= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M ;FlugL, OlGb|gL, s~' h, u§f, kx} «f, ;d'b,| 9ª' \\uf cf= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M s= ;fgL gbL zfGt;Fu alU5g\\ . v= OlGbg| Lsf /rgfx¿ ljlrqsf x'G5g\\ . u= ;fgL gbLn] ;db' n| fO{ NofP/ t6df k5fl5{g\\ . 3= ;fgL gbL 5xf/Ldl' g u§f v]lN5g\\ . ª= ;fgL gbL kfvfkj{t ;an} fO{ xl/of] agfpFl5g\\ . ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 131

O= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M != jgsf] k'5f/df cfP/ ;fgL gbLnfO{ ss;n] e6] \\5g<\\ @= ;fgL gbL l/;fpbF f ss] ] ul5{g\\ < #= ;fgL gbL s;nfO{ ysfp{ lF 5g\\ < $= ;fgL gbL 3'd]/ s;nfO{ xl] 5{g\\ < %= ;fgL gbL b/\" uP/ s;nfO{ e]6\\l5g\\ < ;'gfO ;Lk -k[i7 @@@ df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _ lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s= g]kfn s:tf] bz] xf] < v= oxfF s:tfs:tf kmn\" x¿ km'n]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 < u= g]kfnnfO{ sg' sg' s/' fn] a]x'nLh:t} l;Fuf/s] f 5g\\ < 3= sg' b[Zo lgs} nf]enfUbf] bl] vG5 < ª= s] s'/fn] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfnfO{ xflg k¥' ofO/xs] f] 5 < @= sf]i7saf6 5fg/] vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls zAb e/ M s_ g]kfnsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] ;+/rgf ============== ;'Gb/ 5 . -;fdfGo, cToGt_ v_ lxdfnbl] v tNnf] efudf km}lnPsf] ============== Ifq] plQs} cfsif{s 5 . -t/fO,{ kxf8L_ u_ gk] fn :ju{h:tf] ============== ags] f] 5 . -;G' b/,s'¿k_ 3_ ============== Ctd' f ¹'ns] f] nxnxfpFbf] wfgsf] kmfF6 lgs} ;'Gb/ xG' 5 . -z/b,\\ jiff_{ ª_ g]kfnsf] kf| s[lts ;G' b/tfsf] j0f{g u//] ============== klg yfSbg} g\\ . -slj, sfO] nL_ 132 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

Jofs/0f ;Lk  eljiot\\ sfn / o;sf kIf M !_ ;fdfGo eljiot\\ M cfpg] ;dodf sfd x'G5 eGg] s'/f hgfpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\\ elgG5 . o;n] klg sfd ePsf] jf xb'“ } u/s] f] hgfO{ kl5sf] ;dodf xg' ] lglZrttf hfx/] ub{5 . wft'df g] 5,' g] 5f}“, g] 5;,\\ g] 5f,} gx' 'g] 5, g] 5, g] 5g,\\ g] 5] h:tf ¿kfos k|Toox¿ hfl] 8P/ ;fdfGo eljiot\\sf ljm| of aGb5g\\ . h:t} M k9\\g] 5', k9g\\ ] 5;\\, k9g\\ ] 5f,} k9g\\ x' g' ] 5, k9g\\ ] 5, k9g\\ l] 5g,\\ k9\\g] 5g\\ cflb . @_ ck0\" f{ eljiot\\ M kl5sf] ;do jf eljiot\\ sfndf sfo{ x'b“ } u/s] f] a¹' fpg] ljm| ofsf] kIfnfO{ ck0\" f{ eljiot\\ elgG5 . ck\"0f{ kIfafw] s st[ \\ k|Too t}÷b}, tf÷] bf] wftd' f hfl] 8P/ To;sf] ;fydf e\"tsflns ;xfos lj|mofx¿ xg' ] 5', x'g] 5f,“} xg' ] 5, x'g] 5g,\\ xg' ] l5g\\ cflb hfl] 8P/ ck0\" f{ eljiotsf lj|mof aGb5g\\ . h:tM} k9\\b} x'g] 5,' n]Vb} x'g] 5f}“, ;G' b} x'g] 5, n]Vb} x'g] 5g\\ cflb . #_ k\"0f{ eljiot\\ M k0\" f{ eljiot\\ sfnn] eljiot\\ jf kl5sf] ;dodf sfo{sf] Jofkf/ k\"/f x'g] 5 eGg] a'¹fp“5 . wftd' f Psf÷Psf]÷PsL h:tf s[t\\ k|Too;“u x'g] 5', xg' ] 5f“+}, x'g] 5g\\ h:tf eljiots\\ flns ;xfos ljm| of nfu/] k0\" f{ eljiots\\ f lj|mofx¿ aGb5g\\ . h:tM} vfPsf] x'g] 5,' a;]sf x'g] 5f“,} k9s] L x'g] l5g,\\ hfge' Psf] x'g] 5 cflb .  tfl] sPcg;' f/ lj|mof e/]/ jfSo k\"/f u/ M s_ xfdL efl] n lbgel/ ============================ . -xfF;\\ M ;fdfGo eljiot\\_ v_ d jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfdf ky| d ========================== . -x' M ck\"0f{ eljiot\\_ u_ xfdL ndhª' 3D' g ============================ . -hf M ;fdfGo eljiot_\\ 3_ lj1fgn] w]/} ku| lt ============================ . -u/\\ M k\"0f{ eljiot\\_ ª_ afnsi[ 0f j[Gbfjg ============================ . -hf M ck\"0f{ eljiot\\_ r_ kL| ltn] s':tLdf ;a}nfO{ ============================ . -lht\\ M ;fdfGo eljiot_\\ 5_ dfx] /fh auFr} flt/ ============================ . -8'n\\ M ck0\" f{ eljiot\\_ h_ lgh{nn] sDKo'6/ rnfpg ============================ . -l;s\\ M k0\" f{ eljiot\\_ ¹_ xfdL ;a} sfd cfkm}F ============================ . -u/\\ M ;fdfGo eljiot_\\ `_ xfdL /fdf| sljtfx¿ ============================ . -nv] \\ M k0\" f{ eljiot\\_ ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 133

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk != tnsf] sljtf k\"/f u/ clg ldNbf] zLifs{ /fv M d klg t 7\"nf] eO{ b]zsf] zfg /fV5' ;Ltf, hgs, e[s6' L¹F} ================ . lxdfnsf] rn' Lh:t} pRr d/] f] lz/ ======================= xF' g]kfnL jL/ . ;a};Fu xftd] fnf] u/L afRF gk' 5{ . ==================================== . g]kfn xf] 3/ d/] f] cfkm}F ;hfp5F ' ===================================== . ldnLh'nL sfd u/] b]z :ju{ aG5 =====================================. @= ltdLnfO{ dg k/s] f] s'g} ljifodf sljtf n]v clg sIffdf ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm . s'g u0fgfx¿ slt jifd{ f != hgu0fgf M !)÷!) jif{df @= sl[ if u0fgf M !)÷!) jifd{ f #= cfB} fl] us u0fgf M %÷% jifd{ f $= u}F8f u0fgf M $÷$ jif{df %= ljBfno u0fgf M !÷! jif{df 134 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

kf7 !! k'mRrL lx/f] syf – :jfut g]kfn tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M dnfO{ w]/} kl| jlwsf] 1fg 5 . d/] L alxgLn] s/ft] v]Ng hfgs] L l5g\\ . efOn] dfa] fOn w/] } v]n/] lbSs agfp5F . d}n] !)) df kx| /LnfO{ kmf]g u//] rf/] cfPsf hfgsf/L u/fPF . ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 135

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M d s] ltdLn] 3/df df]afOn rnfp5F f} < d ltdLn] st} ckx/0fsf] 36gf ;g' s] f 5f} < d xfdLn] s:tf] cj:yfdf k|x/Lsf] ;xfotf lng ;S5fF} < d s:tf] dflg;nfO{ lx/f] elgG5 < d rf]/L x'Fbf ltdLn] kx| /LnfO{ va/ ugk{' /d] f s'g g+= df u5f{} < d cfTd/Iff eg]sf] s] xf], ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M d cf]xf] ¤ cftª\\ssf/Lx¿ t lgi7/' L kf] xF'bf /x5] g\\ . d xfdLn] cfÇgf] /Iff cfkm}F ug{'k5{ . d ;fx;L sfd ug{] dflg;nfO{ ;a}n] ;Ddfg u5{g\\ . d xfdLn] df]afOn, sDKo'6/ h:tf k|ljlwsf] ;xL pkof]u ugk{' 5{ . d cfktl\\ jkt\\ kbf{ kx| /LnfO{ !)) df kmf]g ug{'k5{ . d b'Mvsf] jn] fdf wo} { u//] a'l4 nufO{ sfd ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . d c¿n] ug{ g;Sg] sfd h;n] u5{ p;n} fO{ lx/f] elgG5 . 136 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

kmR' rL lx/f] syfsf n]vs :jfut g]kfn xg' \\ . pgL afnaflnsfsf nflu syf, sljtf nV] 5g\\ . pgL pkGof;, uhn, uLt klg n]V5g\\ . pgsf ‘wld/fsf] b/af/’, ‘lhufn] f’] , ‘kxf8 xfF:bf klx/f] hfG5’ cflb s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\\ . k;] fn] kqsf/ eP klg ;flxTosf Ifq] df ;dt] pgL lgs} ;lj|mo 5g\\ . g]kfnsf s[ltx¿df ltdLx¿h:t} afnaflnsfsf nflu k|]/0ff lbg] vfnsf s/' fx¿ klg ;dfjz] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . km'RrL lx/f] gfds syfdf Pp6L ltdLx¿ hq} pd]/sL s]6Ln] b]vfPsf] ;fx;k\"0f{ sfon{ fO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . cToGt lh1f;' :jefjsL Pp6L aflnsfn] 3/df dfa] fOn, Nofk6k cflb rnfpg] u/]sL l5g\\ . dfa] fOn rnfpg hfg]s} sf/0fn] ubf{ tL aflnsfn] cfÇgf] Hofg arfpg ;kmn ePsL l5g\\ . syfn] xfdLnfO{ kl| jlwsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ hfGgk' g,]{ ;fx;L x'g'kg],{ k|x/Lsf] ;xofu] lng hfGg'kg]{ h:tf ;Gb]zx¿ lbPsf] 5 . ltdL klg km'RrL lx/f] syf k9 / To:t} ;fx;L aGg] sfl] ;; u/ . lj1fgsL a}gLsf] gfd ljlw xf] . 5f/] L eP/ klg ljlwsf] cfgLafgL 5f]/f dfG5]sf] h:t} 5 eg]/ ;a} hgf eG5g\\ . pgL pgsf] bfh;' uF s/ft] v]Ng dg k/fplF 5g\\ . ljlw pgsf s6] L ;fyLx¿;Fu r;] , n8'F f] v]Nge' Gbf pgsf] bfh' / bfhs' f ;fyLx¿;uF km'6an, ljm| s6] / alS;ª vn] df efu lng ;a}eGbf cufl8 k'lU5g\\ . ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 137

xg' t s]6fx¿n] a9L vN] g] tL v]n s6] Lx¿n] klg v]N5g\\ t/ s6] Lx¿sf nflu tL v]nsf] cfof]hgf xF'bf s6] Ls]6L aLrd} k|lt:kwf{ u/fOG5 . pgL eg] s]6f;uF } le8g\\ hflGyg\\ . ;/ ld;x¿n] pgnfO{ xKsfpg vf]h] klg pgL elGyg\\, ‘d pgLx¿nfO{ lhltxfN5' lg, dn} ] xf/F] eg] clg dnfO{ eGgx' f]nf .’ pgsf] s'/f ;g' /] ;a} hgf lv;L u/]/ xfF:y] / eGy], ‘x]/fF} g tF km'RrLsf] lxDdt .’ ljlw klg r'gft} LnfO{ ;xh} :jLsf/ uly{g\\ . slt v]ndf pgn] s]6fx¿nfO{ lhlTyg\\ eg] slt k6s xflyg{ \\ klg . pgn] s]6fx¿nfO{ lhts] f] jn] f pgnfO{ lv;L ug]{ ;a} hgf sfnf] cgx' f/ nufpFy] . ;/x¿n] klg la:tf/} ‘awfO{ 5 ljlw’ eGy] . t/ pgnfO{ crDd nfUYof] lsgls pgn] xf/s] f] jn] fdf rflxF ‘va' s]6fx¿;uF le8g\\ hflGy;\\ lg’ eg/] xtf]T;fx ug{ vf]Hy] pgsf ;fyLx¿ klg . ljlw eg] ¹g\\ sl:;P/ ;f]¹} k|Zgsf] hjfkm lblGyg,\\ ‘s]6fs]6f v]Nbf rflxF ;w}F Pp6} s6] fn] lhT5 / <’ ‘;a} vn] df ;a} s6] fn] klg ;w}F lhTbg} g,\\ Pp6f g Pp6fsf] t xf/ eOxfN5 lg .’ ;a} hgf r'k nfUy] t/ klg pgL PSn} ;a}n] ;G' g] u/L elGyg,\\ ‘d}n] klg t slt vn] df lht]sf] 5' lg .’ ;fRF r} eGg] xf] ljlwsf] csf{] gfd lh2L xf] eg] klg xG' Yof] . pgL Psbd lh2L :jefjsL lyOg\\ . pgsL cfdfnfO{ ljlwsf] lh2L :jefj bv] ]/ dgdg} cfÇgf] afNosfnsf] ;D¹gf cfpFYof] . ;fob pgL ljlwsf] :jefj bv] ]/ cfÇgf] afNosfn ;D¹Fb} dgdg} v';L klg xl' Gyg\\ . t/ klg ;a}n] ‘5f]/L eP/ klg s:tf] 5f]/fh:tf] afgL’ eGg] l6Kk0fL u/]sf] ;'g]/ pgL ljlwnfO{ ;D¹fplF yg\\, ‘To:tf] ugx'{ 'Gg lg 5f/] L ¤’ cfh klg ljlwnfO{ cfdfn] ;D¹fPkl5 pgL cfdf;Fu d'vd'v} gnfuL csf]{ sf]7fsf] sg' flt/ kl;g\\ . lgsa} /] ljlwsf] rfnr'n sx] L yfxf gkfPkl5 cfdf ljlwnfO{ afn] fpbF } leq kl;g\\ . ljlw dfa] fOn kmf]g rnfP/ al;/x]sL /lxl5g\\ . zAbf {y lv;L ug{' M xfR] ofpg', xn] f ug'{ afNosfn M afnssfn xtfT] ;fx M pT;fx x/fPsf,] cf6F jf hfuF / dv' dv' } nfUg 'M afˆg,' ¹u8f ug{' rfnr'n M rfn, ult gePsf] 138 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

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clxn] sfd nfUof] . pgL 3/df nl' sns' L df]afOndf c¿lt/ xb] {} 6fOk ug{] u/]sf] klg sfd nfUof] . pgn] si6kj\" {s k|x/Lsf] gDa/df ‘dnfO{ Pp6f ;t] f] uf8Ldf ckx/0f u//] , l8SsLdf xfn]/ nfbF } 5g\\, s[kof dnfO{ arfpg';\\ .’ eGg] n]v]/ Dof;h] k7fOg\\ . pgn] Dof;h] df :s'nsf] gfd / cfÇgf] gfd klg nv] ]sL lyOg\\ . kx| /Ln] Tof] :sn' sf] cufl8af6 ;al} t/ hfg] af6f] x'bF } cufl8 a9s] f ;a} ;]tf] /ªsf uf8Lx¿ /f]s/] x]g{ yfn] . t/, pgnfO{ ckx/0f u/s] f] uf8L Pp6f hªu\\ nsf] 5p] df kl' u;s]sf] lyof] . t/ kl5kl5 k|x/Lsf] uf8L klg Tof] ckx/0fsf/Lsf] uf8L glhs} kl' u;ss] f] lyof] . uf8Ldf ePsf tLg hgf dfG5] glhs}sf] huF nlt/ bf}l8P/ efu] eg] Pp6f rflxF efUg EofPg . p;n] xtf/xtf/ l8sL vf]n]/ ljlwnfO{ aflx/ Nofof] / pgsf] sGr6df l/efN] j/ /fv/] s;n} fO{ cl3 ga9 eg/] 7\"nf] :j/df s/fof] . aflx/ lg:sFbf t ljlwsf xft vf]lnO;s]sf lyP . kx| /L;uF } ToxfF cfOku' s] f ljlwsf cfdfafaf klg l7ªu\\ pleP . Tof] ckx/0fsf/Ln] xftdf l/efN] j/ grfpbF } eGof], ‘ltdLx¿ ;a} oxfaF f6 kl5 x6 . gq===’ ljlwsL cfdf ?bF } eGg yflng\\, ‘d/] f] 5f]/Ln] tkfOsF{ f] s] lauf/]sL 5] < s[kof p;nfO{ 5f]l8lbg';=\\ ==’ ljlwsL cfdfn] ;D¹bF } lyOg,\\ ‘of] 5f]/Ln] dnfO{ sDKo'6/df l;s]sf] eg]/ aGb's rnfp5F elGyg\\, ‘o:tf] cK7/] f] k/]sf] jn] fdf ;fFRr} Tof] ckx/0fsf/Lsf] aGbs' vf;] /] xfGg' lg p;n} fO{ . To:tf] eP s:tf] /fd|f] xG' Yof] . t/ d Toltj]nf p;n] hfgs] f] s'/f l;sfpg vf]Hbf ¹ls{P/ cs{l} t/ nfUy]F===.’ ckx/0fsf/Ln] ‘of] km'RrLn] s] ug{ ;S5] /===’ eGg] ;fR] b} pgsf] 5]j}df NofP/ xn'sf xft agfP/ 3d' fpFb} lyof] . ljlwn] t Tof] aGbs' RofKk} ;dft]/ p;sf] 6fpsflt/ tflsg\\ . clg elgg\\, ‘cª\\snnfO{ l/efN] j/ ;dfpg} cfpFbg} /x5] . nf} x]g{;' \\ t, O={ ==o;/L’ eGb} Pp6f xftn] aGb's / csf{] xftn] aGb's ;dft]sf] xftsf] s'lxgfgl] / RofKk ;dfOg\\ . Tof] ckx/0fsf/L bf}l8P/ aGbs' vf]:g ljlw ePlt/ cfpg vfH] of] . pgn] ‘P=== ToxfF pleO={ ==’ eg]/ lrRofOg\\ . Tof] dfG5] klg l7ªu\\ pleof] . p;n] b]Vof] ljlwn] l/ef]Nj/sf] l6u« /sf] 7Ls 7fpFd} cfn}F f /fv]sL lyOg\\ . Tof] dfG5] ljlw ePlt/ ‘P kmR' rL aGbs' dnfO{ b]’ eGb} cfpg vfH] of] . ljlwn] Tof] dfG5l] t/} kmsfO{ g\\ . Tof] dfG5] km'RrLn] tfs]sf] aGb's cfkm\" nfO{ nfUnf eGb} y?' ?? sfd/] xft dfly p7fof] . clg kx| /Lx¿ bfl} 8P/ p;nfO{ ;dfpg cfP . ljlwsf afa'cfdf klg pgnfO{ cuF fnfd] f xfNg bfl} 8bF } zAbf {y si6kj\" s{ M ufxf| ] u/L, b'Mv;fy sGr6 M cfvF f / sfgsf aLrsf] efu ckx/0f M s;n} fO{ hah{:tL lnP/ hfg] sfd 142 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

pgL ePlt/ cfP . t/ crDd eof] . km]l/ ljlwn] cfÇg} afaftkm{ aGbs' tflsg\\ . ;a} 5Ss k/] . ckx/0fsf/LnfO{ ;dfO/xs] f k|x/Ln] ;f]w], ‘s] eof] gfgL < lsg o;f] u/s] L <’ ljlwn] elgg,\\ ‘kx| /L cª\\sn dnfO{ Tof] dfG5]n] ckx/0f u/]sf] d/] f] afafsf] uNtLsf] sf/0fn] xf] . afafnfO{ kj|mfp ug{';\\ clg ;l' w|g] df}sf lbg;' \\ . pxfF klg of] ck/fwL;uF ldn/] bz] sf hgtfsf] k;} f df:g'ePsf] 5 . ToxL k};fsf] sf/0fn] dnfO{ o;n] ckx/0f u/s] f] xf] .’ pgsf afafn] ;D¹fpg] sf]l;; u/,] ‘s] egs] L 5f]/L ltdLn] < dn} ] of] ;a ltd}| / kl/jf/s} nflu t u/]sf] xf] lg ===’ afafnfO{ ;fy lbPh:tf] u/]/ kx| /Ln] klg eGg yfn,] ‘ph/' L gkl/sg xfdLn] ltd|f] afafnfO{ kj|mfp ug{ ldNb}g gfg' ¤’ t/ ljlwn] elgg,\\ ‘afafsf] g/fd|f] sfd dnfO{ yfxf 5 . cªs\\ n, pxfFnfO{ dn} ] ;D¹fpFbf dfGge' Pg . To;n} ] pxfFnfO{ klg tkfO{+x¿n] ;D¹fpg;' \\ gq===’ pgn] aGb's t]:ofO{ /x]sL lyOg\\ . kx| /Ln] sx] L gaf]nLsg ljlwsf afafsf] cgx' f/ x]l//x] . pgn] klg s]xL gafn] Lsg cfÇgf] xftdf xts8L nufpg kx| /Ltkm{ xft a9fP . kx| /Ln] pgsf afafsf] xftdf klg xts8L nufof] . /, cfP/ ljlwnfO{ RofKk ;dfP/ cFufnf] xfNb} eGof,] ‘jfx ¤ km'RrL lx/f] ¤’ ljlwsf afafn] klg eg,] ‘wGojfb 5f/] L dnfO{ sx] L k5'tf] 5g} , d ca sfg'gn] lbPsf] ;hfo ef]U5' clg km]l/ ;'lw|P/ cfp5F ' x} . ltdL d/] f] klg kmR' rL lx/f] xf} 5f/] L ¤’ ljlw rflxF ?Fb?} Fb} cfdfsf] cFufnf]df k'lu;s]sL lyOg\\ . pgsL cfdf rflxF ?g' ls xfF:g' eP/ cfvF f lrlDnbF } ljlwnfO{ cFufnfd] f a]l//xs] L lyOg\\ . zAbf {y ck/fwL M ck/fw ug]{ JolQm k5t' f] M kZrfQfk, uNtL yfxf ePkl5 x'g] xts8L M ck/fwLsf] xftdf nufOg] kmnfdsf] lvGgtf ;fª\\n] r'/f ;hfo M s'g} uNtL u/]afkt lbOg] b08, kL8f ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 143

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M kl| t:kwf{, :jefj, k|x/L, RofKk, cf5] \\ofg, sfofn{ o @= cy{ nv] M xts8L, k5t' f,] sfObf, rfnr'n, efuaG8f #= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M ;f¹F , v'nb'nL, t/, cfkm,}F 8o\\ fDd $= tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M s_ ;f}rfno zfr} fno zf}rfnP v_ lj1fg la1fg laUofg u_ ls/kof lj|mkof sk[ of 3_ jGbs' aGbs' aGbs\" %= z'4 kf/]/ n]v M 5fl] / eP/ kgL lalwsf] cfgLaflg 5f]/f dfG5]sf] h:t} 5 eg]/ za} hgf eG5g\\ . ^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M l/67\\ f ] ;ª\\st] , lrgf] lg;fgf afˆg', ¹u8f ug'{ dv' dv' } nfUg ' s;n} fO{ hah:{ tL lnP/ hfg] sfd ckx/0f x/]s j:t' sGr6 xf]Rofpg' lv;L ug '{ cfvF f / sfgsf aLrsf] efu 144 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

&= dflysf] syfaf6 P÷o / a÷j sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfFr cf]6f zAb vf]h/] nv] . *= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M av] ;' L, Odfgbf/, cK7\\of/f,] xns' f, afª\\uf] k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M s_ lj1fgsL alxgLsf] gfd s] xf] < v_ ljlw s:tf] :jefjsL lyOg\\ < u_ kx| /Ln] s;nfO{ ;dfP < 3_ ljlwn] s;nfO{ Dof;h] k7fOg\\ < ª_ s;sf] uNtLsf sf/0f ljlw ckx/0fdf k/]sL xf] < @= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M s_ ljlwsf] cfgLafgL s;sf] h:tf] 5 < v_ ljlwsf] dg lsg 8/fO/x]sf] lyof] < u_ ljlwn] s;nfO{ aGbs' tflsg\\ < 3_ afafn] sf];Fu ldn/] k;} f df:g'ePsf] 5 < ª_ s;n] ljlwsf] dv' df sk8f afFw] < #= tnsf egfO s;s;sf x'g\\ < s_ P pm x/] , cufl8 kl' n;sf] r]lsª /x5] . v_ jfx ¤ km'RrL lx/f] . u_ d sfg'gn] lbPsf] ;hfo efU] 5' . 3_ ltd|f] afgL dnfO{ Psbd dg k5{ . ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 145

$= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' o\\ fpm M s_ km' RrL lx/f] syf /Tgdl0f gk] fnn] nv] ]sf x'g\\ . v_ ljlwsf] afgL 5f]/L dfG5]sf] h:t} lyof] . u_ ljlwsf] lh2L :jefj bv] ]/ dgdg} cfÇgf] afNosfnsf] ;D¹gf cfpYF of] . 3_ ljlwsf afaf 8/fPsf] h:tf] cg'xf/ nufP/ sf7] fleq k:g'eof] . ª_ kx| /Ln] ljlwsf afafsf] cgx' f/df x]g{} ;sg] g\\ . %= JofVof u/ M ;a} vn] df ;a} s6] fn] klg ;wF} lhTb}gg,\\ Pp6f g Pp6fsf] t xf/ eOxfN5 lg . ^= 5f6] s/Ldf pQ/ b]pm M s_ ljlwsf] cfgLafgL / :jefj s:tf] 5 < v_ ckx/0fsf/Ln] ljlwnfO{ s;/L ckx/0f u¥of] < u_ ljlwnfO{ lsg vn' b'nL nfUof] < 3_ k|x/Ln] s;/L ljlwnfO{ ckx/0fsf/Laf6 56' fP < ª_ ‘km' RrL lx/f]’ syf k9/] ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} < &= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M k'mRrL lx/f] syfn] lbg] dn\" ;Gbz] :ki6 kf/ . tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M cfk\"mn] cfkm}nF fO{ ug{] /IffnfO{ cfTd/Iff elgG5 . k|To]s dflg;n] cfÇgf] /Iff cfkm}F ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . s;}n] klg cfkm\" dfly cfjm| d0f u/s] f] jn] fdf 6n' 6' n' ' x]//] jf kL8f ;x/] a:g' gk/f];\\ eg/] cfTd/Iff ug{ l;sfOG5 . cfTd/Iffsf nflu sf]xL tS] jfGbf] l;S5g\\ eg] sf]xL s/ftF ] jf cGo ;fx;L vn] x¿ l;S5g\\ . dflg;sf] hLjgdf sg' } klg ;dodf cfkt\\ljkt\\ cfOnfUg ;S5 . To;sf nflu xfl] ;of/ x'gk' 5{ . sxLF cfunfuL ePdf bdsnnfO{ va/ ugs{ f nflu bdsnsf] kmf]g gDa/ yfxf kfO/fVg'k5{ . 3/df jf l5ds] df sf]xL dflg; la/fdL ePdf ;dod} c:ktfn k¥' ofpg'kg]{ xG' 5 . To;sf nflu glhssf] c:ktfn jf PDan' G] ;sf] ;Dks{ gDa/sf] hfgsf/L /fVgk' 5{ . ;fgfl] tgf] /fu] jf rf6] k6s 146 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

nfUbf t?' Gt} pkrf/ ug{sf nflu -km:6 P8_ sf ;fduL| cyft{ \\ cTofjZos cf}ifwL ;fydf /fVg] afgL a;fNgk' 5{ . rf/] L8s}tL, n'6kf6, xn' x'Hht ePsf] va/ k|x/LnfO{ lbgsf nflu glhssf] kx| /Lrf}sLdf va/ ug{ ToxfFsf] ;Dks{ gDa/ klg ofb ug{' al' 4dfgL xf] . g]kfn es\" DkLo hf]lvdoQ' m d'n's xf] . sg' } klg ;do e\"sDk hfg ;S5 . To:tf] ;dodf wL/tfk\"js{ cfTd/Iff ug'{k5{ . e\"sDksf] ;dosf nflu tof/L ¹f]nf agfP/ /fVg,' 7n\" f] es\" Dk cfO/x]sf] j]nfdf gbfl} 8O{ glhss} f] 6]an jf vf6dl' g 6fpsf] jf k\"/} z/L/nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg' cflb es\" DkLo ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ xg' \\ . sg' } klg cfkt\\ljkt\\ k/s] f] jn] fdf kmf]g 8fon u//] ;DalGwt dflg;nfO{ va/ ug{ ;an} ] hfGg'k5{ . dflg;sf] hLjg x/s] ;do hfl] vddf /x]sf] xG' 5 . hfl] vdaf6 dQ' m x'g] pkfox¿ xfdL ;a}n] ckgfpg ;Sg'k5{ . c= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M cfTd/Iff, cfj|md0f, PDa'n]G;, ;fduL| , cTofjZos, e\"sDk, a'l4dfgL, e\"sDkLo cf= 7Ls egfOdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M s= c¿n] cfkm\" nfO{ ug]{ /IffnfO{ cfTd/Iff elgG5 . v= dflg; ;wF} xf]l;of/ x'gk' b{}g . u= dflg; la/fdL xFb' f PDan' ]G; afn] fpg'k5{ . 3= gk] fn e\"sDkLo hfl] vdoQ' m b]z xf] . ª= hf]lvdaf6 d'Qm xg' ] pkfox¿ xfdL ;a}n] ckgfpg ;Sg'k5{ . O= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M != cfTd/Iff s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < @= cfTd/Iffsf nflu s:tfs:tf v]nx¿ v]Ng l;sfOG5 < #= cfunfuL x'bF f s] ug{k' 5{ < $= s] ug{' a'l4dfgL xf] < %= es\" DkLo ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ ss] ] x'g\\ < ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 147

;g' fO ;Lk -ki[ 7 @@@ df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_ lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s= dfa] fOn s:tf] ;fwg xf] < v= df]afOnnfO{ s] u/d] f ;d:ofx¿ cfOk5{g\\ < u= s] ug{' /fdf| ] s/' f xfO] g < 3= dfa] fOndf w/] } u]d v]Nbf s]s:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfOk5g{ \\ < ª= df]afOnaf6 ss;nfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ hfGg'k5{ < @= sf]i7saf6 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls zAb e/ M s_ cfhef]ln dfa] fOn ========================== ;fydf xg' ] u5{ . -;a}sf,] s;}s;}sf_] v_ afnaflnsfx¿ ========================== vn] /] dxŒjk0\" f{ ;do v/] kmfln/x]sf xG' 5g\\ . -u]d, ;n] _ u_ w/] } df]afOn v]Nbf ========================== laug| ;S5 . -cfFvf, gfs_ 3_ ========================== :yfgx¿df sg' } klg ;do ;Dks{ ug{ hfGgk' 5{ . -;+jb] gzLn, ljj]szLn_ ª_ 3/sf ========================== ;b:osf] dfa] fOn g=+ ofb /fVg'k5{ . -sg' }s'g,} ;a}_ Jofs/0f ;Lk ljelQm M 56' o\\ fpg] jf ljefhg ug{] tŒj g} ljelQm xf] . ljelQmn] :jtGq ¿kdf cfp“bf cy{ jxg ub{g} g\\ t/ cGo kb;u“ uf“l;P/ tL kbsf] lj|mof;“usf] ;DaGw b]vfP/ sf/s lrgfp“5g\\ . h:t} M k'ln;n] rf/] nfO{ n67\\ Ln] 6fpsfdf lxsfo{ f] . oxf“ cfPsf n], nfO{, n,] df h:tf lrÅgn] kl' n;, rf/] , n67\\ L, 6fpsf] h:tf kbsf] lxsfo{ f] lj|mof;u“ sf] ;DaGw v'nfPsf 5g\\ . o;y{ oL lrÅgx¿ ljelQm xg' \\ . 148 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

ljelQmnfO{ ljleGg ;ft efudf af“l8Psf] 5 . ljelQm lrXg jfSo ky| df n], af6 d}n] ux[ sfo{ u/s] f] 5' . låtLof nfO{ xl/n] efOnfO{ lk6\\of] . tt[ Lof n,] åf/f, af6 p;n] n67\\ Ln] cfk“ ¹f¥of] . d}n] p;nfO{ kmf]gaf6 va/ lbP“ . cfdfn] dnfO{ :ofp lbge' of] . rt'yL{ nfO,{ nflu, lglDt ljBfyL{sf lglDt lstfa dxŒjk0\" f{ ;fyL xf] . k~rdL bl] v, af6 ¿vaf6 kft ¹¥of] . pm lxhfb] ]lv la/fdL 5 . d/] f] efO, cfÇgf] dfG5,] /fdsf aa' f ifi7L sf,] sf,ls,/f],/f,/L,gf],gf,gL xl/sL 5f]/L, d/] f ;fyLx¿ != lbOPsf sf/scg';f/ vfnL 7fpd“ f ljelQm eg'{xf];\\ M s_ ;/nf ========== lstfa–sfkL ¹f]nfdf /flvg\\ . -k|ydf_ v_ kfs]sf] cf“k ¿v ========= e'O“df v:of] . -k~rdL_ u_ ;'nfr] gfn] efO =========== ld7fO{ NofOlbOg\\ . -rty' L{_ 3_ xfdL snd =========== sljtf n]V5f}“ . -tt[ Lof_ ª_ k|sfzn] rDrf ======== lrgL vfof] . -tt[ Lof_ r_ w'|jn] e'O“ =========== snd l6Kof] . -k~rdL_ 5_ s[i0f ========= k\"mnsf] sf]lknf l6ks] f] lyof] . -ky| df_ h_ pdf un“r} f ========= a:5] . -;KtdL_ ¹_ dn} ] u'? ========= pkb]z kfP“ . -ky| df_ `_ ;x/ ========== dflg;sf] 3O' “rf] lyof] . -;KtdL_ ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 149

@= gLnf] /ªdf n]lvPsf zAbsf] sf/s kQf nufpm M c= efOn] ¿vaf6 kmn e'OFdf ¹f¥of] . cf= afaf lxhf] kf]v/faf6 3/df cfpge' of] . O= lxhfb] l] v lgs} hf8f] a9]sf] 5 . O={ d}n] efOnfO{ vn] fg} f NofOlbPF . p= cfdfn] efphn\" fO{ af]nfpge' of] . l;h{gfTds ;Lk != tnsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df syf tof/ kf/ M ;'g;fg hªu\\ n====bO' { hgf dflg; lx“l8/xg' ==== glhsa} f6 efn' s/fPsf] cfjfh cfpg' ==== Ps hgf dflg; bfl} 8b“ } ¿vdf r9g\\ ' ==== csf]{ dflg; gcfQLsg e'Od“ f 3fK] 6f] k//] nDk;f/ kg{' ==== sx] La]/kl5 efn' cfP/ eO' “df nl8/xs] f] dfG5]nfO{ ;'£“ g' ==== Tof] dfG5] d/s] f] 7fg/] efn' csf]{ dfG5] ePsf] ¿vdf r9g\\ ' ==== efnn' ] To; dfG5n] fO{ df/]/ l3;fb{} Psflt/ nUg' ==== sx] L a/] kl5 eO' “df n8]sf] dfG5] p7]/ cfÇgf] af6f] nfUg' ==== cfktd\\ f gcflQO{ a'l4 k¥' ofP/ sfd ug{k' g{] ;Gbz] . @= ltdLn] ;g' ]sf] sg' } syf n]v/] lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm . 150 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &