Green-Sungava-Nepali-7

#= tnsf] lrqnfO{ Ps cgR' 5]bdf aofg u/ M rf/ j]bsf gfd #= ;fdjb] $= cyj{jb] != CUj]b @= oh'j]b{ @= lji0f' k/' f0f $= :sGw k/' f0f c7f/ k/' f0fsf gfd ^= gf/b k'/f0f *= j/fx k'/f0f != aÅ| d k'/f0f !)= kß k/' f0f #= eljio k/' f0f !@= lnÍ k/' f0f %= aÅ| df08 k'/f0f !$= eujt\\ k/' f0f &= clUg k'/f0f !^= a|Åd j}jt{ k/' f0f (= dT:o k/' f0f !*= u?8 k'/f0f !!= lzj k'/f0f !#= jfdg k'/f0f ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 151 !%= dfs0{ 8o] k/' f0f !&= sd{ k'/f0f

kf7 !@ dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\u hLjgL tnsf t:jL/x¿ x]/ clg t:jL/sf] tn lbOPsf] hfgsf/L k9 M g]N;g dG8]nf ca|fxd lnª\\sg blIf0f clkm| sfsf ky| d cZjt] /fi6«klt cdl] /sfsf kj\" { /fi6k« lt, bf;k|yf lj/f]wL kh| ftGqjfbL g]tf dxfTdf ufGwL cfª ;fª ;'sL ef/tsf clx;+ fjfbL g]tf Dofgdf/sL k|hftGqjfbL g]t[ 152 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M d /ªu\\ eb] egs] f] s] xf] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < d lje]bsf] cGTo s;/L xG' 5 xf]nf < d s] g]kfnL ;dfhdf klg dflg;x¿sf aLr eb] efj /x]sf] 5 < d ;;+ f/df /fdf| ] sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿dWo] ltdL ss;nfO{ lrGb5f} < d ltdLn] dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu\\ sf] gfd ;'gs] f 5f} < tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M d sfnf] / uf]/f] j0f{sf cfwf/df ul/g] lje]b g} /ªu\\ e]b xf] . d dflg;n] slxNo} klg cfkm\" nfO{ dfq 7\"nf] / ;Eo ;lD¹g'xbF' }g . d ;a} dflg; a/fa/ xg' \\ eGg] efjgfn] dfq} ;dfhdf ;dfgtf sfod x'G5 . d e]befjsf] cGTosf nflu ;ª\\3if{ ug{] dflg;x¿ dxfk'?if xg' \\ . d dfl} ns ;fr] fOåf/f g} kl/jtg{ sf] rfxgf k\"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . d c;n sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿ d//] klg Oltxf;sf] kfgfdf cd/ xG' 5g\\ . d dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\u ljZjk|l;4 g]tfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt 5g\\ . ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 153

;;+ f/df hlGdPsf w/] } dflg;x¿dWo] s]xL dflg;sf] hLjgL lgs} ?lrnfUbf] / :d/0fLo x'G5 . cfÇgf] :jfyn{ fO{ Tofu u/]/ dfgj lxt / ;dfhsf] kl/jtg{ sf nflu sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] hLjgL ljz]if /f]rs x'g] u5{ . of] ljZjdf dflg;dflg;sf aLrdf ljleGg sf/0fn] ljeb] x¿ l;hg{ f xg' ] u/]sf 5g\\ . uf/] f hfltn] sfnf jf xA;L hfltnfO{ ug{] ljeb] nfO{ j0fu{ t ljeb] jf /ªu\\ e]b elgG5 . cdl] /sfdf klg nfdf] ;do;Dd ToxL /ªu\\ e]b sfod /xs] f] lyof] . ToxL j0fu{ t lje]b cGTo u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu s7f/] ;ª\\3if{ u/s] f JolQm x'g\\ dfl6{g ny' / lsª\\u . ;a}nfO{ ;dfg b[li6n] xg] ]{ dfl6g{ n] Tof] ;dodf rfn]sf] sbdnfO{ cfh klg ;+;f/n] ;D¹G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ;ª3\\ if{ ubf{ub}{ cNkfod' f Hofg ud' fpg k'us] f dfl6{gsf] hLjgL ltdL klg k9 / yk s/' fx¿ yfxf kfO/fv . dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\u Ps dxfg\\ wd{ ;'wf/s, ;dfh ;w' f/s, dfgjtfjfbL tyf jm| flGtsf/L g]tf x'g\\ . pgn] dfG5d] fG5]sf aLrdf xg' ] ckdfghgs tyf cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] lj?4 hfu/0f dfq NofPgg,\\ pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfgdf j[l4;d]t u/fP . 5fnfsf] /ªsf cfwf/df dfG5d] fly ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/ bv] /] lbSs xg' ] lsªu\\ dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpyF ] . tTsfnLg ;dodf kfb/L tyf kfk] x¿n] wdf{rfo{ ag/] , wds{ f] cf8 lnP/ dflg;sf lj?4 sfo{ uy{] . cg}ltstf, kfv08tf tyf ei| 6frf/sf] v]n vN] y] . o:tf] cj:yfdf dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\un] To:tf kfv08Lx¿sf] e08fkmf/] dfq u/]gg\\† hgtfnfO{ wds{ f] ;xL cy{ / dfu{ klg a¹' fP . o;sf nflu pgn] hLjge/ w]/} b'Mv, si6 ;xgk' ¥of] . cg]s k|sf/sf sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'k¥of] t/ klg dfgjtfsf kh' f/L dfl6{g ny' /n] cfÇgf] af6f] slxNo} 5f]8]gg\\ . dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu\\ sf] hGd ;g\\ !(@( hgj/L !% df ;+oQ' m /fHo cdl] /sfsf,] hlho{ f k|fGtsf] /fhwfgL c6nfG6fsf] Ps ;DkGg lgu|f] kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof] . logsf lktf dfOsn lsª\\u / zAbf {y ;w' f/s M ;w' f/ ug]{ dflg; cgl} tstf M cg}lts x'g'sf] efj dfgjtfjfbL M dfgjtfjfbdf ljZjf; ug{] kfv08 M bv] fj6L elQm kf7k\"hf cflbsf] jm| flGtsf/L M kr| lnt zf;gJoj:yf k/Dk/f, cf8Da/ jf 9fF]u ;fdflhs l:ylt cflbdf kl/jtg{ ei| 6frf/ M kltt cfr/0f, b\"lift Jojxf/ Nofpg rfxg] kfv08L M sd' fu{df rNg] hfu/0f M hfu[lt, ;rt] tf kf| Gt M k|b]z kfb/L M O;fO{ wd{u?' 154 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

zAbf {ydftf cNa6f{ ljlnod lyP . dfOsn lsª\\u c6nfG6fdf kfb/L lyP . pgL klg cdl] /sL gful/s cfGbf]ngsf g]tf lyP . dfl6{g ny' / lsªu\\ sf] afNosfnLg gfd dfOsn lsªu\\ h'lgo/ lyof] . kl5 logsf lktfn] hdg{ Lsf wfld{s gt] f dfl6{g n'y/sf] gfdaf6 cfÇgf] / 5f/] fsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/] clg logsf] gfd dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\u h'lgo/ /flvof] . logsf Pp6L lbbL / Pp6f efO lyP . dfl6{gsL cfdf rrd{ f ehg ufplF yg\\ . pgL cfdf;Fu w]/} rrx{ ¿df kU' y] clg ;dx\" df ldn]/ ehg ufpyF ] . pgL rrs{ f ufos g} ePsf lyP . dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu\\ ;fg} 5bF f logsf] Pp6f uf]/f] ;fyL lyof] . cdl] /sfdf s]6fs6] Lx¿nfO{ ^ jif{sf] xFb' f :sn' xfNg] rng /x]cg;' f/ lognfO{ sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu vf]lnPsf] ljBfnodf egf{ ul/of] . pgsf] ;fyL eg] uf]/fx¿n] k9g\\ ] :sn' df uof] . lsª\\un] cfÇgf] ;fyL ud' fP . ;fyLsf lktfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;uF } v]Ng klg lbg 5f]8] . dfl6{g ny' / lsª\\u kGw| jifs{ f] gxG' hn] ;Dd afas' f] lk6fO vfO/xGy] . Psflt/ afas' f] lk6fO csfl{ t/ ;dfhdf /x]sf] /ª\\ueb] L Jojxf/sf] rk] j' fdf k/]sfn] lszf/] fj:yfdf logL l8k|];gsf] l;sf/ ePsf lyP . dfl6{g ny' / lsªu\\ n] c6\\nfG6fsf] as' / 6L jfl;ª\\u6g xfO{ :sn' af6 :s'n] hLjg k\"/f u/] . ljBfnodf logL jStT[ jsnfdf w]/} rlrt{ ePsf lyP . logL ljBfnosf] kl| tlglwTj u//] jStT[ jsnfdf efu lng 8lAng uPsf lyP . ToxfF ky| d k/' :sf/ lnP/ a;df kms{+b} ubf{ pgL / pgsf lzIfsnfO{ rfnsn] l;6 vfnL xFb' fxb'F } pleg nufO{ uf/] f ofq'nfO{ a;fP . ;'?df t pgn] pleg dfg]gg\\ t/ lzIfsn] p7fF} egk] l5 pgL p7] . pgn] lzIfsnfO{ eg], æcfh hlt w/] } l/; dnfO{ slxNo} p7]sf] 5}g .Æ ;g\\ !($* df dfl6{g ny' / lsªu\\ n] df/] xfp; sn]haf6 ;dfhzf:qdf laP pQL0f{ u/] . pgL c¹ k9g\\ rfxGy] . uf]/fx¿eGbf w/] } k9/] cfÇgf] hfltsf] gfd pRr /fVg rfxGy] . pgL k]lG;nel] gof /ª\\ueb] L M /ªu\\ jf j0fs{ f cfwf/df eb] efj lszf/] fj:yf M kGw| jife{ Gbf sd / P3f/ jif{eGbf ug{] a9Lsf] cj:yf l8k;]| g M dfgl;s tgfj, dgdf pTkGg xg' ] ;dfhzf:q M ;dfhsf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ ljBf ljrng ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 155

/fHodf yk cWoogsf nflu uP . ToxfF pgn] wd{zf:qdf laP pQL0f{ u/] . ;g\\ !(%% df dfl6g{ ny' / lsªu\\ sf] hLjgdf lg0ff{os df8] cfof] . of] ;fn pgn] Jojl:yt wd{zf:q ljifodf lkPr8L pkflw xfl;n u/] . o;} ;fn pgsf] sf]/]6f :s6 gfdsL oj' tL;Fu ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . oxL ;fn pgnfO{ cdl] /sfsf] blIf0fL k|fGt cNafdfsf] dfG] 6uf]d/L ;x/sf] Pp6f rr{df k|jrg lbg lgDTofOPsf] lyof] . oxL ;fn dfG] 6uf]d/Lsf] ;fj{hlgs a;df uf/] fx¿nfO{ l;6 g5f8] ]sf sf/0f /fh] f kfs;{ \\ gfds Ps dlxnfnfO{ lu/Çtf/ ul/Pkl5 8fS6/ dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\un] a; cfGbf]ng rnfP . ;fjh{ lgs a; alxisf/ ug{] pQm cfGbfn] g tLg ;o krf;L lbg rn]sf] lyof] . ;Tofux| sf] ¿kdf yflnPsf] of] cfGbfn] gn] uf/] fx¿nfO{ lrlGtt tN' ofof] . oxL cfGbfn] gsf sf/0f cdl] /sfsf ;fjh{ lgs a;x¿df sfnf / uf]/fx¿nfO{ cnu l;6sf] Joj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . Toltv/] cdl] /sfdf sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿dfly w]/} cGofo xG' Yof] . sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿ uf8Lsf] l;6df a:g kfpFb}gy] . /n] df uf/] fx¿nfO{ l;6 5f8] ]/ pleg'kYof]{ . efh] gfnox¿df sfnfx¿n] uf/] f;Fu a;/] vfg kfpbF }gy] . sfnfx¿sf] a:tL klg uf/] fx¿sf] eGbf k/ xg' k' Yof{] . uf]/fx¿n] k9g\\ ] :sn' df pgLx¿nfO{ k9g\\ ] clwsf/ x'bF g} Yof] . pgLx¿ uf]/fx¿sf bf;;/x lyP . uf]/fx¿ cfkm\" nfO{ OZ{ j/n] v';L eP/ uf]/f] agfPsf / sfnfx¿ ck/fwL ePsfn] O{Zj/n] pgLx¿nfO{ sfnf agfPsf xg' \\ eGg] e|d kmn} fpyF ] . a; cfGbfn] gsf] ;kmntfn] pgnfO{ sfnf hfltsf] clwsf/sf nflu n8\\g] k]/| 0ff ldNof] . ;kmntfn] g} dflg;nfO{ yk sfd ug{] xf};nf lbG5 . a; alxisf/ cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfn] dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu\\ nfO{ sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] ;Ddfg tyf uf]/f;dfg gful/s clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu yk cfGbfn] g ug{ xf};nf k|fKt eof] . pgn] wd{sf] cf8 lnP/ sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿dfly xg' ] cTofrf/sf] lj/fw] ug{ wflds{ g]tfx¿sf] ;fy lnP clg ;dfg gful/s sfg'g cfGbf]ngnfO{ cd]l/sfsf] pQ/L e]udf km}nfP . pgL sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿sf gt] f ag] . pgs} g]tT[ jdf @* cu:6 !(^# df jfl;ª\\6g l8;Ldf ljzfn ¥ofnL lgsflnof] . ;fj{hlgs :s'n tyf /f]huf/Lsf If]qx¿df xg' ] /ª\\ue]b /f]sL ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbg sfgg' L Joj:yfsf] dfu zAbf {y k|jrg M wflds{ ljifodf lbOg] efif0f alxisf/ M hflt, ju,{ ;dfh cflbaf6 ;fjh{ lgs M ;a} hgfsf] pkof]usf nflu agfOPsf] lgsfNg] sfd ;Tofux| M ;To s/' fsf] kIf jf kfngfsf lglDt ¥ofnL M sg' } kb| zg{ jf pT;jsf b[li6n] ul/g] cfux| 3D' g] dflg;sf] ;d\"x 156 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

/flvPsf] lyof] . ¥ofnL cToGt ;kmn eof] . lnª\\sg :df/sdf dfl6g{ ny' / lsªu\\ sf] dxfg\\td efif0f æcfO{ Åofj c l8«dÆ;uF } ¥ofnL ;DkGg eof] . pQm ¥ofnLnfO{ cd]l/sfsf] Oltxf;df ljz]if dxŒjsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . dtflwsf/sf nflu ;ª3\\ if,{ leotgfd o4' sf] lj/f]w, ul/ax¿sf nflu cleofg nufotsf gful/s cfGbf]ngx¿sf] gt] T[ j u/]sf 8fS6/ dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\un] jfl;ª6gdf u/s] f] efif0f æcfO Åofj c l8d« Ædf egs] f lyP, æd/] f] Pp6f ;kgf 5 ls Ps lbg b]z hfUg] 5 / cfÇgf] l;4fGtsf] ;frF f] cyd{ f lhpg] 5 . d]/f] Pp6f ;kgf 5 ls d/] f rf/ aRrfx¿ Ps lbg o:tf] bz] df xg' ] 5g\\ hxfF pgLx¿sf] af/d] f s'g} klg lg0f{o 5fnfsf] /ª x]/]/ ul/g] 5}g a? pgLx¿sf] rl/q tyf Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] 5 .Æ jStT[ j Ifdtf pRr /xs] f lsªu\\ sf] of] aL;f}F efif0f lyof] . o;af6 g} pgL ;;+ f/df lrlgP . dfl6g{ ny' /nfO{ k'ln;n] k6sk6s lu/Çtf/ u/]sf] lyof] . pgsf] zflGtk\"0f{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ klg sfgg' ljk/Lt eg/] lognfO{ k6sk6s hn] k7fOPsf] lyof] . dfl6g{ n'y/ lsªu\\ dxfTdf ufGwLsf] clx+;fTds cfGbfn] g tyf ;Tofu|xaf6 ke| fljt lyP . ufGwLs} cfbz{ k5\\ofpFb} lsªu\\ cdl] /sfdf cfGbf]ngsf] g]tT[ j ug{ ;kmn eP . clx;+ fTds cfGbfn] gs} sf/0f cdl] /sfdf sfnf hfltsf gful/sx¿n] ;dfg clwsf/ kfP . dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\\un] ‘:6«fO8 6j' f8;{ \\ lkm| 8d’ tyf ‘ÅjfO jL Sofg g6 j]6’ h:tf k:' tsx¿ nv] ]sf 5g\\ . ljZjzflGtsf nflu dxŒjk\"0f{ sfd u/s] fn] pgnfO{ ;g\\ !(^$ df gfa] n] k/' :sf/ k|bfg ul/of] . cdl] /sfsf so} fF} ljZjljBfnox¿n] pgnfO{ dfgkbjLx¿ lbPsf lyP . pgnfO{ ljleGg ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿n] klg ;Ddfg u/]sf lyP . 6fOD; klqsfn] pgnfO{ ;g\\ !(^# sf] ‘Dofg ckm b Oo/’ 3fi] f0ff u¥of] . dfgjclwsf/, ;dfgtf tyf hftLo ;dfgtfsf] nflu hLjge/ ;ª3\\ if{ u/]sf dfl6g{ n'y/ lsª\\usf] cleofgaf6 w/] } uf]/fx¿ l/;fPsf lyP . sfnfx¿nfO{ ;tfP/ cfkm\" wg sD' Nofpg kNss] f uf]/fx¿nfO{ sfnfx¿nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ lbPkl5 w]/} 3f6f xG' Yof] . uf]/fx¿n] cfÇgf] eljio cGwsf/ bV] g yfn] . dflg;sf] zf]if0f u//] cfkm\" ;kmn aGg rfxgx] ¿dWos] } s]xLn] logL lj?4 if8\\oGq ug{ yfn] . cflv/df ;g\\ !(^* clkn| $ df #( jifs{ f] pd/] df uf]nL xfg]/ xTof klg u/] . cNkfod' } dT[ os' f] d'vdf ku' ] klg pgn] dfgj ;Eotfsf] nflu lbPsf] ljlzi6 ofu] bfgsf sf/0f logL ;;+ f/s} dflg;x¿sf] cfbz{ ag]sf 5g\\ . zAbf {y dxfgt\\ d M lgs} 7\"nf] clx;+ fTds M sf6df/ jf n8fOF gePsf] dtflwsf/ M dt k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ sD' Nofpg M ;a} hDdf ug,{ jf xftnfuL ug{ jStT[ j Ifdtf M af]Ng] jf efif0f ug]{ Ifdtf if8o\\ Gq M sk6k0\" f{ cfof]hgf cfbz{ M ¿k, u'0f / ljrf/sf] cgs' /0f ug{ ljlzi6 M ljz]if lsl;dsf] ;'xfpbF f] JolQm ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 157

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M lj?4, jfl;ªu\\ 6g, jStT[ jsnf, alxisf/, ¥ofnL, efif0f, ;ª3\\ ;:+ yf, cNkfo', zfi] f0f @= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M ;w' f/s, dfgjtfjfbL, kfb/L, kfv08tf, kfv08L, ;dfhzf:q, ;fjh{ lgs #= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M jm| flGtsf/L, hfu/0f, cg}ltstf, e|i6frf/, /ª\\ueb] L, lszf]/fj:yf, ;Tofux| $= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z4' kf//] ;f/ M ;fjh{ gLs a; alx:sf/ ug]{ pQm cfGbfn] g ltg;o kRrf;L lbg rn]sf lyof] . v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M != c_ alxisf/ cf_ jlx:sf/ O_ axLisf/ O{_ alxZsf/ @= c_ clx+zfTds cf_ clxi+ ffTds O_ clxD;fTds O{_ clx+;fTds #= c_ if0foGq cf_ if8\\oGq O_ if9\\oGq O{_ if8oGq $= c_ qmfGtLsfl/ cf_ j|mflGtsfl/ O_ jm| flGtsf/L O_{ jm| fGtLsf/L %= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M blIf0fL czflGt ;fjh{ lgs jm| flGt v;' L JolQmut o4' bM' vL zflGt lgDg sfnf pQ/L cNkfo ' uf/] f pRr bL3fo{ ' 158 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M kf| Gt ef6] xfNg] clwsf/ kj| rg ;as} f] ;fj{hlgs wflds{ efif0f ¥ofnL k|bz] dxfgt\\ d zflGtk\"0f{ dtflwsf/ efif0f jSt[tf lgs} 7\"nf] clx;+ fTds hn' '; &= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cgR' 5b] k9 / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M cdl] /sfdf sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿dfly w]/} cGofo x'GYof] . sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿ uf8Lsf] l;6df a:g kfpbF g} y] . /]ndf uf]/fx¿nfO{ l;6 5f8] /] plegk' Yof{] . ef]hgfnox¿df sfnfx¿n] uf]/f;Fu a;]/ vfg kfpFb}gy] . sfnfx¿sf] a:tL klg uf/] fx¿sf] eGbf k/ x'gk' Yof]{ . uf]/fx¿n] k9g\\ ] :s'ndf pgLx¿nfO{ k9\\g] clwsf/ xbF' }gYof] . pgLx¿ uf]/fx¿sf bf;;/x lyP . uf/] fx¿ cfkm\" nfO{ O{Zj/n] v';L eP/ uf]/f] agfPsf / sfnfx¿ ck/fwL ePsfn] O{Zj/n] pgLx¿nfO{ sfnf agfPsf x'g\\ eGg] ed| km}nfpFy] . kZ| gx¿ s_ cGofo / bf; zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v . v_ /ftf] cIf/df nl] vPsf zAbx¿sf] sf/s 56' \\ofpm . u_ efh] gfno / ed| zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u u/ . k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s_ dfl6g{ ny' / lsªu\\ sf] hGd sxfF ePsf] lyof] < v_ dfl6{gnfO{ pgsf afan' ] lsg lkl6/xGy] < u_ vfnL l;6 ePsf] uf8Ldf klg pleP/ ofqf ugk'{ bf{ dfl6{gn] lzIfs;uF s] eg]sf lyP < 3_ sg' 36gfn] dfl6g{ nfO{ sfnf hfltsf] clwsf/sf nflu n8\\g] k|]/0ff ldNof] < ª_ s:tf dflg;n] dfl6{glj?4 if8\\oGq u/]sf lyP < ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 159

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g\\, lrg/] n]v M s_ dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu\\ rlr{t bfz{lgs xg' \\ . v_ cdl] /sfdf sfnf / uf/] f ldn]/ a:y] . u_ dfl6{gnfO{ sfnfx¿sf] Jojxf/ 7Ls} nfUYof] . 3_ dfl6g{ n] s7f/] ;ª3\\ if{ u/]sf lyP . ª_ dfl6g{ sf] d[To' cNkfod' f g} ePsf] lyof] . #= ldNg] ldlt 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu\\ sf] hGd ;g\\ ============== df ePsf] lyof] . -!(@(, !(#)_ v_ ;g\\ ============== df dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu\\ n] laP pQL0f{ u/] . -!($*, !($(_ u_ ;g\\ ============== df dfl6{g ny' / lsªu\\ n] ljifodf lkPr8L pkflw xfl;n u/] . -!(%%, !((%_ 3_ ;g\\ ============== df jfl;ª6\\ g l8;Ldf ljzfn ¥ofnL lgsflnof] . -!(^!, !(^#_ ª_ ;g\\ ============== df dfl6{gn] gfa] ]n k/' :sf/ kf| Kt u/] . -!(^!, !(^$_ r_ ;g\\ ============== df 6fOd klqsfn] dfl6{gnfO{ ‘Dofg ckm b Oo/’ 3fi] f0ff u¥of] . -!(^#, !(#^_ 5_ ;g\\ ============== df uf]/fx¿n] dfl6g{ nfO{ uf]nL xfg/] xTof u/] . -!(^*, !(^&_ $= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M s_ dfl6g{ ny' / lsª\\usf] hGd ;g\\ sltdf ePsf] lyof] < v_ dfl6g{ jSt[tfdf efu lng sxfF uPsf lyP < u_ dfl6{gn] s'g ljifodf laP pQL0f{ u/s] f lyP < 3_ dfl6{g sg' hfltsf dflg;sf nflu gt] f ags] f lyP < ª_ dfl6g{ n] jfl;ª\\6gdf sltof}F efif0f u/]sf lyP < %= efj lj:tf/ u/ . ;kmntfn] g} dflg;nfO{ yk sfd ug{] xf;} nf lbG5 . ^= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M s_ dfl6{g ny' / lsª\\usf] afNosfn s;/L lat]sf] lyof] < 160 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

v_ dfl6g{ n] o'jfj:yfdf efU] g'k/s] f kL8fx¿ s]s] xg' \\ < u_ dfl6{gsf] ;dodf cdl] /sfdf sfnfx¿sf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] < 3_ dfl6g{ n] cfÇgf] efif0fdf s]s:tf s/' fx¿ k:| tt' u/s] f lyP < ª_ dfl6g{ n'y/ lsª\\usf] hLjgLaf6 kfOg] k]|/0ff s] xf] < &= cdl] /sfsf sfnf hfltsf] xs / clwsf/sf nflu dfl6g{ n'y/ lsª\\un] ss] :tf] ofu] bfg lbPsf lyP < tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M ljeb] eg]sf] eb] efj jf kIfkft xf] . ;Eotfsf] ;?' jftb]lv g} ;;+ f/sf dflg;x¿sf aLrdf ljleGg lje]bx¿ sfod lyP . sltko lje]bx¿ c¹} klg sfod} 5g\\ . st} hftsf] cfwf/df ljeb] 5 . o:tf] lje]bnfO{ hftLo lje]b elgG5 . slyt pkNnf] hflt egfpFbf dflg;n] slyt tNnf] hfltx¿nfO{ 5j' f5t' sf s/' fx¿ u//] x]Kg,] rK] g] / xf]Rofpg] u/s] f] kfOG5 . st} j0f{ jf /ªsf cfwf/df lje]b ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . clkms| f, cd]l/sf nufotsf dn' 'sdf uf/] f /ªsf dflg;x¿n] sfnf /ªsf dflg;x¿nfO{ xK;L jf lguf| ] eGb} x]Kg] uy]{ . sltko 7fpFx¿df dlxnf / k?' ifsf aLrdf klg lje]b ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k'?ifx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ 3/df sfd ug{] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf x]Kg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] lje]bnfO{ nª} l\\ us ljeb] elgG5 . To;}u/L ;DkGg ju{n] ljkGg jun{ fO{ ul/a eg/] ul/g] ljeb] nfO{ cflys{ jf juL{o lje]b elgG5 . cfly{s¿kdf pRr ju{sf dflg;x¿n] lgDg ju{nfO{ xK] g], r]Kg,] xf]Rofpg] / x]nf ug]{ k|rng /xs] f] 5 . oL ;a} ljeb] x¿ lgGbgLo x'g\\ . jf:tjdf dflg; ;a} Pp6} xf] . ;a}sf] z/L/df /ftf] /ut 5 . c¿n] kL8f lbbF f ;a}sf] dg b'MvL xG' 5 . ef]s, ltvf{, Kof;, ysfO, dfgl;s ;+jb] gf ;a} dflg;sf] dgdf a/fa/ ¿kdf x'g] ePsfn] s;}n] klg s;}nfO{ x]Kg', rK] g' jf xfR] ofpgx' 'Fbg} . hg' b]zdf oL lje]bx¿ /xs] f x'G5g,\\ To; bz] df åGå l;h{gf x'G5 / ljsf;sf sfdx¿df afwf kU' g hfG5 . s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M hftLo, xK;L, n}ª\\lus, cfly{s¿k, clkm| sf, cfly{s, lgGbgLo, z/L/, åGå v= 7Ls egfOdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M s= lje]b egs] f] eb] efj jf kIfkft xf] . v= ;+;f/df lje]bx¿sf] cGTo eO;ss] f] 5 . u= hftsf] cfwf/df ul/g] ljeb] nfO{ j0f{ut ljeb] elgG5 . 3= ;a} dflg;sf] z/L/df /ftf] /ut xG' 5 . ª= ljeb] g} ljsf;sf] afws xf] . ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 161

u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M != ljeb] sf] ;?' jft slxn]bl] v ePsf] xf] < @= uf/] fx¿n] sfnfnfO{ s;/L x]Kg] uy]{ < #= n}ª\\lus lje]b egs] f] s] xf] < $= juL{o ljeb] sf] l;h{gf s;/L xG' 5 < %= ;dfh jf /fi6«df /x]sf lje]bn] s] ;d:of lgDTofpF5 < ;g' fO ;Lk -k[i7 @@@ df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_ lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s= gk] fn PsLs/0f s;n] u/]sf lyP < v= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx s;sf 5f]/f lyP < u= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] s] ;Defjgf b]v] < 3= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] s;nfO{ k/f:t u/] < ª= kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] s:tf pkb]zx¿ lbPsf 5g\\ < @= sfi] 7saf6 5fg/] vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls zAb e/ M s_ g]kfn afO;r] f}aL;] /fHodf lyof] . ============================== -ldns] f,] ljeflht_ v_ g/ek\" fn zfx /fhf=============================== lyP . -uf]/vfsf, sf7df8fFs} f_ u_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx================================ /fhf lyP . -b/\" bzL,{ :jfyL{_ 3_ lbJof]kbz] ctL{ / ====================== el/Psf] sl[ t xf] . -pkbz] , k/bz] _ ª_ g]kfn PsLs/0f================================ pgn] lbJofk] b]z nv] ] . -cl3, kl5_ 162 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

Jofs/0f ;Lk jtd{ fg sfn / To;sf kIf cf_ ;fdfGo jtd{ fg M sfoJ{ ofkf/sf] ;do clxns] f] atfpg] t/ ;f] k0\" f{ xg' ,] rNg] s]xL hfgsf/L gu/fpg] ljm| ofsf] :j¿k ;fdfGo jtd{ fg xf] . o;n] jtd{ fg ;dodf sfd x'g] lglZrt hfgsf/L lbG5 . ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfnsf ljm| of wftd' f 5,' 5f}“, 5;\\, 5;] \\, 5o\\ f}, 5f}, g'xG' 5, 5, 5], l5g\\, 5g\\ h:tf ¿kfos kT| oo hf]l8P/ aGb5g\\ . h:tM} vfG5', vfG5f},“ vfG5;\\, vfG5];\\, vfG5f}, vfgx' 'G5, vfG5, vfG5], vflG5g,\\ vfG5g\\ cflb . cf_ ck\"0f{ jt{dfg M clxn]sf] ;dosf] sfos{ f] lg/Gt/tf hgfpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yfnfO{ ck0\" f{ jt{dfg elgG5 . ck\"0f{ jtd{ fgsf] ljm| of wft'df ck\"0f{ kIfaf]ws s[t\\ kT| oo t÷} b}, tf]÷bf] ;“u jt{dfg sfnsf ;xfos lj|mofx¿ 5,' 5f}, 5;,\\ 5f}, 5g\\, 5, 5], l5g\\ cflb hfl] 8P/ aG5g\\ . h:t} M vfb“ } 5,' hf“b} 5f,}“ k9\\b} 5fF}, n]Vg'x“'b} 5, hfb“ } 5g\\, k9\\b} l5g\\ cflb . cf_ k0\" f{ jtd{ fg M clxns] f] ;dodf sfoJ{ ofkf/ ;lsPsf] t/ To;sf] ke| fj eg] /xs] f] a'¹fpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yf k0\" f{ jtd{ fg xf] . o; kIfdf wftd' f Psf÷Psf]÷PsL h:tf st[ \\ k|Too;“u jt{dfgsflns ;xfos lj|mof 5,' 5f}“, 5;,\\ 5,] l5g\\, 5f,} 5g\\ cflb cfp5“ g\\ . h:t} M cfPsf] 5', n]v]sf 5g\\, k9s] L 5], ;'g]sL 5o\\ f}, k9g\\ e' Psf] 5 cflb . != sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf ;ªs\\ t] sf cfwf/df tnsf jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M s_ d}n] ;G' tnf vfPsf] 5' . -;fdfGo jt{dfg_ v_ efO sf7df8fF}df a:5 . -k\"0f{ jt{dfg_ u_ ;fg' 5d5dL gfrL . -ck\"0f{ jt{dfg_ 3_ ;fyL v'a rsrs u5{ . -ck\"0f{ jtd{ fg_ ª_ ltgLx¿ 3/ hfG5g\\ . -k\"0f{ jt{dfg_ r_ /fdrGb| n'uf wG' 5 . -k0\" f{ jtd{ fg_ 5_ p;n] rªu\\ f p8fof] . -k0\" f{ jt{dfg_ h_ xfdL u[xsfo{ u5fF{} . -ck0\" f{ jt{dfg_ ¹_ efGhL dfdf3/ hfg] l5g\\ . -ck\"0f{ et\" _ `_ ltdLn] lxdfn r9o\\ f} . -;fdfGo jt{dfg_ 6_ ltgLx¿ gbLdf gx' fpbF } 5g\\ . -;fdfGo jtd{ fg_ 7_ ;Ltf dfOt hfFb} xg' ] 5] . -ck0\" f{ jtd{ fg_ ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 163

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk != cGt/f{li6o« ¿kdf Voflt kf| Kt sg' } ljb]zL JolQmsf] af/]df kGw| x/km;Ddsf] kl/ro n]v . @= k':tsfnoaf6, lzIfs tyf cleefjsx¿af6 tYox¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L cGt/fl{ i6«o Ifq] df ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg] s'g} Ps JolQmsf] hLjgL nv] . #= tn lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f hLjgL tof/ kf/ M gfd M ca|fxd lnªs\\ g hGd:yfg M ;+oQ' m /fHo cdl] /sf hGdldlt M ;g\\ !*)( km/a/L – cfdfsf] rf8“ } b]xfGt xb“' f ;f}tg] L cfdfsf] x]/rfxdf xs' {s] f – ;fgb} l] v lktfsf ;xof]uL /xs] f – ljBfno hfg gkfP klg 3/d} cWoog u/L k|fKt 1fg xfl;n u/s] f – Ps lbg ;x/df k'Ubf dflg;x¿sf] laj|mL ePsf] bv] L cToGt b'MvL x'g ku' ]sf – o:tf] k|yf x6fpg pgL ltgs} ;]jfdf h'6s] f – ;g\\ !*^) df cdl] /sfsf] /fi6«klt aGg k'us] f – /fi6«klt ePkl5 dflg;sf] a]rlavg / lnnfd lajm| L aGb u/]sf – cdl] /sfsf nf]slko| /fhgt] f / /fi6k« lt d[To' M ;g\\ !*^% clkn| of] klg ofb /fv != bO' { dn' s' aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vfdf :yflkt ;Ldf:tDeaf6 bj' t} km{ bzbz uh rf8} f vfnL 5fl8Psf] hldgnfO{ ‘bzuhf’ elgG5 . @= rGb;| o\" { cª\\lst gk] fnsf] /fli6o« ¹G8fsf l8hfOg/ zªs\\ /gfy l/dfn xg' \\ . #= g]kfndf dfq ;~rfng x'g] cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/sf] vn] sb' kl| tof]lutf xfQLkfn] f] xf] . $= gbLsf] lsgf/ ePh:t} ;d'bs| f] t6 x'G5 . %= jL/ eneb| s'Fj/n] gfnfkfgLsf] n8fOdF f o'4 n8]sf lyP . ^= ;f]n'v'Das' f] xf]6]n Pe/]:6 Eo' ljZjs} ;jf{lws prfOdf /x]sf] xf6] n] xf] . &= ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf ulx/f] / 7\"nf] dxf;fu/ kz| fGt dxf;fu/ xf] . *= g]kfnn] ljZjsf] )=)#, Pl;ofsf] )=# / blIf0f Pl;ofsf] # kl| tzt ee\" fu cfu] 6s] f] 5 . 164 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

kf7 !# lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf] jfbljjfb tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M d x/s] cltl/Qm ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'G5' . ljBfnosf] kf| ªu\\ 0fdf sfo{jm| d x'Fb} 5 . ;lngfn] /fd|f ts{x¿ /flvg\\ . of] ou' lj1fgsf] o'u xf] . ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 165

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M d s] ltdL ;a}sf cufl8 uP/ afN] g ;S5f} < d jfbljjfb eg]sf] s] xf] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < d s:tf] jQmfn] jfbljjfbdf ljho xfl;n ug{ ;S5 < d cfhsf] o'unfO{ lsg lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ou' elgPsf] xfn] f< d s] lj1fgnfO{ clezfk eGg ldN5 < tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M d cfxf ¤ cfh t d klg jfbljjfbdf efu lnFb} 5' . d jfbljjfbdf cl3Nnf] jQmfsf s/' fnfO{ v08g ug{ ;Sg'k5{ x} . d jfbljjfbn] tŒjafw] xg' ] s'/f u'?n] xfdLnfO{ atfpg'eof] . d klxn]klxn] ljåfgx\\ ¿ klg zf:qsf ljifodf jfbljjfb uy{] /] . d afN] g] dfG5]sf] kL7f] klg laS5, gafN] gs] f] rfdn klg laSb}g . d cfhsf] ou' df lj1fgn] lbg b'ug' f / /ft rfu} 'gfsf b/n] k|ult u/]sf] 5 . d ;xL ;bk' ofu] ug{ g;Sg]x¿sf nflu lj1fg clezfk xf] . d lgoldt ug]{ sfd Ps lbg ug{ gkfpFbf cfkmFn} fO{ gdHhf nfUb5 . 166 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

Pscfk;sf] jfbljjfbaf6 leqL s/' f aflx/ cfpF5g\\ . ‘jfbj] fb] hfot] tŒj af]w’ cyf{t\\ ljjfbaf6 g} dn\" s'/f] kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . vf; s/' f hfGg ljjfb x'g' h?/L 5 elgG5 . cfÇgf] s'/fnfO{ alnof] l;4 ug{ tYo, kd| f0f,ts{ cflb k|:t't ubf{ ;xL s/' f s] xf] eGg] hfgs/L ;lhn} kfOG5 . kf| rLg ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿ k/LIff klg o:t} zf:qfyå{ f/f xg' ] u/s] f] s/' f Oltxf;df j0f{g el] 6G5 . u'?s'ndf u?' n] k9fPsf] s/' f Wofgk\"j{s ;g' ]kl5 lzion] s07:y ;'gfpg'kg]{ x'GYof] . o;af6 ljBfyL{sf] 1fg wf/0f ug{ ;Sg] / To;nfO{ k:| tt' ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ki| 6 x'G5 . jfbljjfbn] vf;df JolQmsf] ts{ zlQmsf] kl/ro lbG5 . cfkm\" n] kfPsf] ljifosf kIfdf tsx{ ¿ lbg] tyf cfÇgf kl| tåGåLx¿n] /fv]sf] ts{ jf ljrf/sf] v08g ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fO{ jfbljjfbn] cleJolQm Ifdtf clejl[ 4 u5{ . o; kf7df ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf’] eGg] ljifodf rf/ hgf kl| tofu] Lx¿n] /fvs] f] ts{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tnsf] jfbljjfb sIffdf kfnk} fnf] k9k] l5 ltdLx¿ klg cfÇgf] sIffsf ;fyLx¿ kIf / ljkIfdf aflF 8P/ jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfsf] cfof]hgf u/ M ljBfnodf cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfkcGtu{t jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfsf] cfofh] gf xF'b} 5 . kl| tof]lutfdf sIff ;ftsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;xefuL 5g\\ . sfo{jm| d:yndf ;G' b/ d~r agfOPsf] 5 . d~rsf] bfoflF t/ dfOs /flvPsf] 5 eg] afofFlt/ ;efklt tyf lg0ffo{ sd08nsf ;b:ox¿sf] nflu cf;g agfOPsf] 5 . bzs{ bL3f{sf] 7Ls cufl8 k|ltofu] Lx¿sf] nflu 7fpF 56' o\\ fOPsf] 5 . sfoj{ m| ddf pb3\\ fi] f0f ug{] lhDdf sIff & sf 5fq ej' g kw| fgn] kfPsf 5g\\ . ;do x]g]{ sfddf lzIfs ;/' G] b| vgfn vl6Psf 5g\\ . pb3\\ f]ifs M cfh xfdL ljBfnosf] lgoldt sfoj{ m| dcGtu{tsf] jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf pkl:yt ePsf 5f}F . sfo{j|mddf ljifo /x]sf] 5 ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf’] . d ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofksHo\"nfO{ sfoj{ m| dsf] ;efkltsf] cf;g u|x0f ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub5{ ' . To:t} lg0ffo{ s d08ndf /xgx' 'g] lzIfsx¿nfO{ klg cf;g ux| 0fsf] nflu cg'/fw] ub{5' . ca d sfo{jm| dsf sx] L lgodx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fp5F ' M – jQmfnfO{ af]Ngsf] nflu kfrF ldg]6sf] ;do lbOg] 5, rf/ ldg]6df hgfp 306L aHg] 5 / jQmfn] afsF L /xs] f] Ps ldg]6df cfÇgf] s'/f 6'ªU\\ ofpg'kg{] 5 . zAbf {y pb3\\ f]if0f M pb\\3fi] f ug]{ jf af]Ng] sfd j/bfg M cfzLjf{b, j/ ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 167

– s'g} klg jQmfn] lnlvt ;fduL| k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 5g} . – cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ k|:tt' ubf{ c¿ s;}nfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/L cleJolQm lbg kfOg] 5g} . – :ki6 ¿kdf cfÇgf] ljrf/nfO{ ;3fpg] tsx{ ¿ xfpefpsf ;fy k|:tt' ug]{ jQmfn] g} plrt cª\\s kf| Kt ug]{ 5 . ca ljifosf] kIfdf cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug{ cfpFb} 5g\\ km/fh cxdb . km/fh cxdb M ;Ddflgt ;efsf ;efklt Ho\", lgikIf lg0ffo{ s d08n, u'?ju{ tyf d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿, cfh eO/x]sf] jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf ljifosf] kIf cyft{ \\ ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf]’ eGg] ljifodf cfÇgf ts{x¿ k:| tt' ub}{ 5' . cfhsf] ou' lj1fgsf] o'u xf] . cfh lj1fgaf6 cnu ;+;f/sf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g . xfdLn] a:g,] vfg] tyf nufpg] x/]s j:t'x¿ lj1fgs} bg] xg' \\ . dflg;nfO{ c;Eo hª\\unL ou' af6 ;Eo / ;'ljwf ;DkGg jt{dfg ou' df Nofpg] lj1fg g} xf] . lj1fgn] oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf Ifq] df cfzftLt ku| lt u/]sf] 5 . lj1fgs} sf/0f cfh ;;+ f/ ;f3F /' f] ePsf] 5 . kY[ jLsf] Ps 5]paf6 csf{] 5]pdf sx] L 306fdf g} k'Ug ;Dej ePsf] 5 . sl[ ifsf] Ifq] df ePsf] k|ultsf sf/0f pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yosf] If]qdf 7n\" f] ku| lt ePsf] 5 . k|f0f3fts /f]ux¿sf] klg pkrf/ ;Dej ePsf] 5 . cªu\\ kT| of/fk] 0f u//] ;dt] dflg;sf] hLjg /Iff xg' yfn]sf] 5 . ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ePsf] ku| ltn] ;;+ f/sf x/]s 7fpdF f tTsfn ;Dks{ ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 . o/' fk] , cd]l/sfdf ePsf v]nsb' sf sfoj{ |mdx¿ gk] fndf a;/] k|ToIf x]g{ ;lsg] agfPsf] lj1fgn] g} xf] . sDKo6' / / OG6/g6] sf] cfljisf/n] dflg;sf] hLjg w]/} ;xh ePsf] 5 . lahn' Lsf] cfljisf/n] /ftnfO{ klg lbg;dfg ¹ndNn t'NofPsf] 5 . ;'ljwf ;DkGg cfjf;, :jfbcg';f/sf kl/sf/ lj1fgs} pknlAw xg' \\ . ;efklt dxfb] o, xfdL lj1fg lg/kI] f /x]/ cfhsf] ljZjdf sg' } klg s/' fsf] sNkgf ug{ ;Sbg} f}F . lj1fgn] dg{ nfus] f /fu] Lx¿nfO{ Hofg lbG5 . bl[ i6ljxLgx¿nfO{ gh/ lbG5 . kIff3ft eP/ Ps} zAbf {y cleJolQm M egfO kl/sf/ M ljleGg ks| f/ xfpefp M clego, efj eª\\ludf lg/k]If M s'g} s/' fsf] jf:tf g/fVg] bg] M of]ubfg bl[ i6ljxLg M cfvF f gb]Vg] cfzftLt M cfzf u/]eGbf klg a9L kIff3ft M z/L/sf] bfofF jf afofdF Wo] sg' } kf| 0f3fts M kf| 0fnfO{ rf6] k¥' ofpg] vfnsf] cfljisf/ M gofF s'/f kQf nufpg] sfd cªu\\ n] sfd gug]{ /fu] 168 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

7fpFdf /xg] cj:yfdf /x]sfx¿df cfzfsf] ;~rf/ u5{ . xfd|f] hLjgsf] sg' } klg Ifq] lj1fgaf6 c5'tf] /xg ;St}g . kf| rLg sfndf c;Dej dflgPsf tYox¿ lj1fgn] ;Dej u//] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;fgf] l;of]b]lv cfsfzsf] b/\" L gfKg] xjfO{hxfh;Dd ;a} lj1fgs} bg] xg' \\ . lj1fgs} s/0f dflg; r/fh:t} p8g\\ tyf df5fh:t} kf}l8g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . oGqdfgjsf] cfljisf/n] dfgjLo hLjgsf ljleGg cK7o\\ f/f sfdx¿ ;lhn} k/\" f ug{ ;lsG5 . lj1fgn] OGwg cfljisf/ u//] ;EotfnfO{ PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . lj1fgsf] k|ultsf] p2Z] o dfgj sNof0f xf] . lj1fg dflg;nfO{ ;v' L / v';L tN' ofpgsf nflu xf] . -hgfp 306L aH5_ cfhsf] ;l' jwf ;DkGg ou' lj1fgsf] rdTsf/df cfwfl/t 5 . k[YjLsf] cWoog u//] cGtl/If tyf cGo u|xx¿sf] vf]hLdf tNnLg /xs] f] lj1fg rGb|dfnfO{ 3/ / kY[ jLnfO{ cfFug agfpg nfu]sf] 5 . dfgjLo ;Eotf ljsf;sf] cfwf/ lj1fg dflg;sf nflu j/bfg xf] eGb} cfÇgf] egfO 6ª' U\\ ofpF5' . wGojfb . pb\\3fi] fs M cToGt ;'Gb/ tsx{ ¿sf nflu km/fh cxdbnfO{ wGojfb lbFb} ca d ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ /fVg af]nfpFb} 5' ej' g]Zj/ ofbjnfO{ . e'jgZ] j/ ofbj M >4o] ;efsf ;efklt dxf]bo, bw\" sf] bw\" , kfgLsf] kfgL 56' o\\ fpg Gofosf] t/fh' lnP/ a:ge' Psf lgikIf lg0ff{os d08nsf ;b:ox¿ ¤ cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljifosf] ljkIf cyf{t\\ lj1fg j/bfg geO{ clezfk xf] eGg] ljifodf cfÇgf ts{x¿ k|:t't ub}{ 5' . sdn lxnfd] f k'mN5, u'nfa sf8F fdf k'mN5 t/ lj1fg xTof, lx+;f / cftªs\\ df k'mN5 . lj1fgn] dflg;nfO{ nfe] L / :jfyL{ agfPsf] 5 . O{Zj/sf] 7fpF k};fn] lnPsf] 5 . lj1fgn] gftfuf]tf Oi6ldqeGbf wg;DklQ 7\"nf] agfPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs ef}lts ;'ljwfx¿sf] cfljisf/kl5 dfG5]df nf]e a9]sf] 5 . w/] } wg sdfpg], uf8L, aª\\unf hf8] \\g] nfnr a9]sf] 5 . oxL nfnrn] dflg; lj1fgsf] cfljisf/ cfwl' gs xltof/x¿sf] ko| f]uåf/f n'6kf6 dRrfp5F . dfgjLo ;EotfnfO{ wldnf] agfpg] s/' fdf cu|;/ lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf xltof/x¿sf] xf]8afhLn] cfh ljZjel/ cftª\\s kml} nPsf] 5 . JolQmJolQmsf aLrdf, hflthfltsf aLrdf, /fi6«/fi6s« f aLrdf jd} gio a9\\b} 5 . lj1fgn] dflg;nfO{ cf8Da/L / 9fu]F L agfPsf] 5 . lj1fgn] dflg;nfO{ olt Jo:t agfPsf] 5 ls pm cfÇgf ;Gtfg / dftflktfnfO{ ;do lgsfNg ;Sb}g . ;GtfgnfO{ 5fqfjf;df / dftflktfnfO{ j[4f>ddf 5f8] /] wgsf] kl5 bf8} g] agfPsf] 5 cfhsf] dflg;nfO{ lj1fgn] . lj1fgnfO{ zAbf {y ztfAbL M ;o jifs{ f] cjlw efl} ts M kY[ jL, hn, th] , jfo', cfsfz h:tf cGtl/If M k[YjLeGbf aflx/sf] If]q k~rdxfe\"t tŒjaf6 ag]sf] t/fh ' M tfn} g] ;fwg, t'nf] jd} gio M b':dgL ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 169

j/bfg dfGg] d]/f kj\" j{ Qmf ;fyLnfO{ d ;D¹fpg rfxG5' ls lj1fgs} cfljisf/ l6eL / OG6/g]6sf] kl5 dflg;x¿ o;/L nfU5g\\ ls pgLx¿ 3/df rf/] cfPsf] jf cfunfuL ePsf] klg yfxf kfpbF }gg\\ . lj1fgs} cfljisf/ ljleGg ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ tyf snsf/vfgfx¿n] 5f8] \\g] wj' fsF f sf/0f jftfj/0f k|b\"if0f a9]/ ;f; km]g sl7g x'g yfn]sf] 5 . lj1fgn] sl[ ifsf] If]qdf j|mflGt u/s] f] dfGg] d/] f ljkIfL ldqnfO{ lj1fgs} bg] ljleGg /;fogx¿sf sf/0f dfgj :jf:Yodf k/s] f] k|ltsn\" k|efjsf] af/]df hfgsf/L 5g} jf yfxf kfP/ klg a'¹ krfpge' Psf] xf], h] xf];\\ c1fgn] dflg;nfO{ v/fa af6f]lt/ 8f¥] ofp5F . lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/s] f] l¹lnldnLsf] kl5 nfu]/ o;nfO{ oyfy{ dfGg] ed| kfNg] d/] f ljkIfL ldqnfO{ oyfys{ f] w/ftndf cfpg cg/' fw] ub{5' . ;efklt dxfb] o ¤ lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/s] f ljleGg ;fwgx¿n] Psflt/ dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ ;'ljwfo'Qm agfPsf] 5 eg] csfl{ t/ lj1fgs} sf/0f wtL{ cfufdL k':tfx¿sf] nflu ;d:of aGg ku' ]sf] 5 . lj1fgs} sf/0f O/fs, ckmuflg:tfg tyf l;l/of o'4el\" d eO/x]sf 5g\\ . dfG5]sf] ;ae} Gbf 7\"nf] zq' dfG5] g} xg' yfns] f] 5 . ks| l[ tsf] ;G' b/ sfvdf ljr/0f ul//xs] f] dflg;nfO{ lj1fgn] lx+;|s hªu\\ nL hgfj/h:tf] agfPsf] 5 . lj1fgn] dflg;nfO{ bf; agfPsf] 5 . p;sf] l;h{gzLntf vf;] s] f] 5 . ;fgf;fgf hf]836fpsf nflu klg SofNsn' 6] / lyRgk' g]{ agfPsf] 5 . clt ;fdfGo sfdx¿sf] nflu klg pks/0fx¿sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ afWotfdf afRF gk' g{] dflg;x¿sf] kL8f ;fdl\" xs ;d:of ags] f] 5 . -hgfp 306L aH5_ lj1fg ljgfz xf,] ljWj+z xf] . lj1fgn] dflg;nfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 . dflg;sf] l;h{gzLntf gi6 u//] p;nfO{ oGqjt\\ agfPsf] 5 . lj1fg dflg;sf] dflns ag]sf] 5 / dflg;nfO{ r6sLn] afbF /nfO{ grfPh:t} grfO/xs] f] 5 . xfdL o:tf] e'nen' o} fdf kml;/x]sf 5f}F hxfFaf6 lg:sg] ;Defjgf 5}g . lj1fg dflg;sf nflu j/bfg xfO] g† clezfk xf] . olt eGb} d cfÇgf tsx{ ¿sf la6 dfg{ rfxG5' . wGojfb . pb\\3fi] fs M cToGt hf]l;nf ts{x¿sf nflu ej' g]Zj/ ofbjnfO{ wGojfb lbFb} ca ljifosf] kIfdf cfÇgf ts{x¿ /fVg cufl8 lgDTofp5F ' ;'lglw rf}w/LnfO{ . ;l' glw rfw} /L M o; ;Ddflgt ;efsf ;efklt dxf]bo, Gofof;gdf a:g'ePsf lgZkIf lg0ffo{ sx¿, cltlyu0f, u?' x¿, d/] f k|ltåGåL tyf cGo ;fyLx¿ ¤ cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf d ljifosf] zAbf {y kb| i\" f0f M b\"lift kfg{] sfd pks/0f M cf}hf/ j|mflGt M o4' , n8fOF ljWj+z M Wjz+ jf ljgfz kfg{] sfd /;fog M Ps wft'nfO{ csf]{ j:td' f kl/0ft e'ne'n}of M 3'dfp/f] s/' fsfgL Gofof;g M Gofo cGofo 56' o\\ fpg] dflg; a:g] ug]{ lj1fg a¹' krfpg' M a¹/] klg ga'¹h] :tf] ug{' cf;g ed| M zªs\\ f, ;Gb]x k|ltåGåL M ljkIfL l;h{gzLn M /rgf jf l;h{gf ug]{ :jefj ePsf] 170 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

kIf cyf{t\\ lj1fg j/bfg xf] eGg] ljifodf cfÇgf wf/0ffx¿ k:| t't ub5{ ' . cfhsf] dflg;sf] hLjg hGdb] ]lv lrtfdf gku' ;] Dd lj1fgaf6 lg/kI] f /xg ;Sbg} . Pp6f afns c:ktfndf hGdG5 . p;nfO{ ;O' { nufP/ /f]ux¿af6 aRg] Ifdtf a9fOG5 . sf]j|mf]af6 ;'? ePsf] lj1fgsf] of]ubfg dflg;nfO{ hLjgko{Gt /xG5 . cfh lj1fgn] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ w]/} ;/n / ;xh agfPsf] 5 . lahn' L, dl] ;gx¿, OlGhg, oftfoftsf t]h ultsf ;fwgx¿ h:t} xjfO{hxfh, /]n, kfgLhxfh, /l] 8of,] l6eL, sDKo6' / h:tf j:tx' ¿n] dfgj hLjg ;l' jwf ;DkGg agfPsf] 5 . lj1fgn] kxf8 k'm6fP/ ;Dd d}bfg agfPsf] 5 . vfn] fdf afFw afwF /] kfgLsf] wf/af6 lah'nL lgsfns] f] 5 . ;db' |df hxfh rnfP/ kY[ jLsf] kl/jm| ddf u/]sf] 5 . ;d'b|df v]tL ug,{] cGtl/Ifdf a:tL a;fpg,] vfgL vf]n/] gofgF ofF j:tx' ¿sf] cfljisf/ ug{] lj1fg dfG5]sf] lxt;} L ePsf] 5 . lj1fgn] cToGt c;xh / bi' s/ dflgg] uGtJo ;u' d ePsf] 5 . wtL{df :yndfu{ / hndfus{ f] k|ofu] u/]/ df]6/, /]n tyf 8'ª\\uf / hxfh Pjd\\ cfsfzdf ljdfg tyf cGtl/Ifdf /s]6 h:tf ;fwgsf] k|ofu] n] ;+;f/sf] b\"/L cToGt sd agfPsf] 5 . lj1fg lyPg eg] dfgj ;Eotf cfh klg hªu\\ nd} ef}tF fl/Fb} x'GYof] . lj1fgnfO{ clezfk eg/] d]/f ljkIfL ldqn] lj1fgsf] hlt ab\\VjfOF u/] klg of] pxfsF f] kfgLdflysf] cfe] fgf] xg' ] k|of; dfq xf] . dv' n] lj1fgnfO{ hlt ufnL u/] klg lj1fgaf6 5'l§P/ Jojxf/df lj1fgaf6 Psl} 5g klg cnu x'g ;lsbF }g . xfdL kfFr ldg6] sf] af6f] lx8F g\\ ufxf| ] dfG5f}F a? cfwf 306f s'//] uf8L r95\\ f}F . xfdLnfO{ bfp/fsf] w'jfFdf eGbf Uof; / lahn' Ldf vfgf ksfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . ljBfnodf xfdL lj1fgs} dlxdf k95\\ f}F . xfdLn] k9\\g] k':ts, n]Vg] sfkL / snd tyf nufpg] kf;] fs lj1fgs} b]g xg' \\ . vfgfdf :jfb lj1fgn] g} lbPsf] 5 . a]df;} dL t/sf/L tyf kmnk\"mnx¿sf] pTkfbg u//] lj1fgn] vfB;ª\\s6 36fPsf] 5 . lj1fgn] dflg;sf] cfo' a9fPsf] 5 . la/fdL xbF' f pkrf/ lj1fgn] g} u/s] f] 5 . dgf]/~hg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, lgdf0{ f nufotsf ljleGg If]qx¿df dxŒjk0\" f{ ku| lt u/s] f] lj1fgn] dfgj hfltsf nflu ;fx}| 7n\" f] u'g nufPsf] 5 . ;efklt dxf]bo ¤ lj1fg cfhsf] kY[ jLsf] uxgf xf] . h;/L gª / df;' cnu xg' ;Sbg} To;u} /L lj1fg / dfgj ;Eotfsf aLrdf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /xs] f] 5 . /ftnfO{ klg lbg;dfg ¹ndNn kfg{ ;Sg] lj1fgn] cfh dflg;x¿nfO{ cGtl/If ko{6gdf cfslift{ ul//xs] f] 5 . afFrG' hn] dfq xfO] g d/k] l5 nf; hnfpgsf nflu klg ljB'tLo dfWodx¿sf] ko| fu] x'g yfn]sf] 5 . h6] ultdf cl3 a9]sf] zAbf {y :yndfu{ M k}bn ofqfsf] af6f] vfB;ªs\\ 6 M efh] g ;fduL| sf] rsf]{ cefj hndfu{ M gbL, ;db' | cflbdf agfOPsf] af6f] cGofG] ofl>t M Pscsfd{ f lge{/ /x]sf] abV\\ jfOF M csfs{ f] lgGbf jf clxt xg' ] s/' f ljB'tLo M ljBt' \\ jf lah'nL;Fu ;DalGwt ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 171

lj1fgsf] k|ultn] ljZjnfO{ rDsfPsf] 5 . d]/f ljkIfL ldqn] lj1fgnfO{ xToflx;+ fsf] sf/0f eGg] hg' sfNklgs ts{ k|:tt' ug'{eof] To;n] dnfO{ xf;F f] p7fof] . vf;df lj1fgn] 9'ªu\\ f k'm6fpg, kxf8 kmf]8g\\ tyf l;hg{ fsf] nx/ Nofpg agfPsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ dfgjs} lj?4df k|of]u ug{' lj1fgsf] bfi] f xf]Og dfgjsf] uNtL xf] . -hgfp 306L aH5_ dflg;n] uNtLsf sf/0f lj1fgsf] b?' kof]u u5{ eg] To;df lj1fgnfO{ ufnL ug]{ xf]Og dflg;sf] sdhf]/L ;Rofpg] s'/f ug{'k5{ . lj1fgn] kb| \"if0f a9fPsf] xf]Og, lj1fg lgld{t j:tx' ¿sf] cgfjZos k|of]uaf6 To:tf] x'g ku' ]sf] xf] . lj1fg dfgjsf] lxtdf ;dlk{t 5 . dfG5] g} o;nfO{ unt ;flat ug{] vn] df nfus] f] 5 . oyfy{df of] ;\"o{nfO{ xTs]nfn] 5S] g'h:tf] xf] . lj1fg j/bfg xf] o;sf] ;bk' of]u u/fF} eGb} d cfÇgf] ljrf/ cGTo ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb . pb\\3fi] fs M ;'lglw rf}w/LnfO{ cfÇgf uxlsnf tsx{ ¿sf] nflu wGojfb lbFb} ca d ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug{ cufl8 lgDTofpFb} 5' dªu\\ nf 3nfgnfO{ . dª\\unf 3nfg M o; jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfsf cfb/0fLo ;efkltHo\", Gofosf] t/fh' lnP/ a:ge' Psf lg0ffo{ s d08nsf ;b:ox¿, cltlyu0f, u'?x¿, d]/f k|ltåGåL tyf cGo ldqx¿ ¤ cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljifosf] ljkIf cyft{ \\ lj1fg clezfk xf] eGg] ljifodf cfÇgf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ub{} 5' . ‘1fg db5{ xfF;/] /fO] { lj1fg db{5’ – gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dn] To;} eg]sf xf]Ogg\\ . lj1fgn] dfG5]sf lj?4 if8\\oGq u5{ clg ?bF ,} lrRofpFb} d5{ . lj1fg dflg;sf] ;xof]uL xf]Og, of] t dflg;sf] zq' xf] . cfh ;Q/L kl| tzt afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfvF f sdhf/] ePsf] 5 . r:df nufP/ ljBfno hfg] gfgLx¿sf] ;ªV\\ of 7n\" f] 5 . of] lj1fgn] lbPsf] r:df j/bfg xf]Og, clezfk xf] . lj1fgn] agfPsf l6eL, sDKo6' /, lel8of] ud] , dfa] fOn cflbsf sf/0f cfh afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfvF f sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . d]/f ljkIfL ldqn] lj1fgn] c:ktfn agfPsfd] f uj{ ug{e' of] . t/ pxfFn] la;{g'eof] c:ktfn hfgk' g{] cj:yf lj1fgn] g} NofPsf] xf] . /;fogsf] cfljisf/ u/]/ dfgj :jf:Yodf k|lts\"n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . vfBfGgdf ld;fj6, t]ndf ld;fj6 cflbn] dfgj :jfyd{ f g/fdf| ] c;/ k/]sf] 5 . Pp6f /fu] sf] pkrf/ ug{ uof] csf]{ /fu] lg:sG5 . o:tf] k|f0f3fts lj1fgnfO{ s;/L j/bfg dfGg ;lsG5 / < zAbf {y b?' kof]u M v/fa pkof]u if8\\oGq M hfn¹]n lgld{t M agfOPsf] ;j+ b] gf M dflg;sf dgdf xg' ] dflds{ cge' l\" t 172 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

lj1fgn] dfgjLo ;j+ ]bgf df/s] f] 5 . dfG5]nfO{ ck/fwL agfPsf] 5 . 3fts xltof/x¿sf] cfljisf/ u/]/ qf; / cftª\\s km}nfPsf] 5 . lj1fgn] agfPsf] k/df0f' adsf sf/0f hfkfgsf gfuf;fsL / lx/fl] ;df h:tf ;x/x¿ Wj:t eP . cd]l/sfsf] l6j\\ g 6fj/df cftªs\\ jfbL cfjm| d0f eof] . cfh ;+;f/s} 6fpsf] b'vfOsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 /fli6«o ;'/Iff . lj1fgs} sf/0f cfh x/]s /fi6s« f] ;'/Iff vr{ a9\\b} uPsf] 5 / ljsf; vr{ 36\\b} uPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f a]/f]huf/L / ul/aL a9\\b} 5 . dfG5s] f lj?4sf] 3[l0ft v]n v]Ng] lj1fgnfO{ s;/L j/bfg eGg ;lsG5 . j]bn] xfdLnfO{ sd{ u/ / nfdf] cfo' afrF eG5 t/ lj1fg d]l;g tyf pks/0fx¿ agfP/ dflg;nfO{ sdhf]/ t'NofpbF } 5 . dfG5]nfO{ efjzG\" o agfpg] lj1fg clezfk xf] . ;efklt dxfb] o ¤ ef}lts pks/0fx¿ ljgf dflg; cToGt l;h{gzLn lyof] . p;sf] sNkgf cToGt ah] f8] lyof] . Tof] sNkgfn] dflg;nfO{ leGrL, sfn] Da;, ufuL{ tyf lksf;f] h:tf] ljlzi6tf lbPsf] lyof] . lj1fgn] dflg;nfO{ ;'ljwf lbof] . wg ;DklQ g} ;a}yf]s x'g\\ eGg] kf7 k9fof] . dfgjLo dN\" oeGbf w/] } dfly k;} f 5 eGg] l;sfof] / To;s} kl5 bf}8fof] . xltof/sf sf/vfgfx¿n] lj1fgnfO{ j/bfg dfGnfg\\ . dflg;nfO{ bf; agfpg] pks/0f pTkfbsx¿n] lj1fgnfO{ j/bfg eg]/ 3fs] fpnfg\\ t/ oyfy{ Tof]eGbf w]/} 6f9f 5 . ;+;f/df cfdfsf] b\"w hlt kljq / :j:y c¿ sx] L x'bF g} Yof] . cfh lj1fgn] agfPsf /;fogx¿sf sf/0f cfdfsf] b\"w;dt] bl\" ift bl] vg yfns] f] 5 . /f]u / cf}ifwLsf] Jofkf/ u/]/ dfgj :jf:Yodfly vn] af8 ug]{ lj1fg xfdLnfO{ rflxPg . cfh xfdLnfO{ :j:y xfjf tyf :j:y kfgLaf6 jl~rt ug]{ lj1fg rflxPg . cDnjiff{ tyf bl\" ift xfjfsf sf/0f 3/aflx/ lg:sg 8/fpgk' g]{ cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] lj1fg rflxPg . -hgfp 306L aH5_ cfh lj1fgsf kh' f/L j}1flgsx¿ g} k[YjL dfgj hLjgsf nflu c:j:y xbF' } 5 eGg yfn]sf 5g\\ . dfG5]nfO{ k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf afFRg glbg], tflnsfdf cfa4 u/fpg,] p;sf] l;hg{ Ifdtf gi6 kfg,]{ p;nfO{ /fu] sf] l;sf/ agfpg,] nfe] nfnr a9fpg] lj1fg clezfk xf] . lj1fgnfO{ j/bfg dfGg' eg]sf] dfgj cl:tTjdfly kx| f/ ug{' xf] . olt eGb} d cfÇgf ts{x¿ 6'ª\\Uofp5F ' . wGojfb ¤ zAbf {y k/df0f' M ;a}eGbf ;fgf] tŒj jf wft' kh' f/L M kh\" f ug]{ JolQm :j:y M lg/f]uL cfa4 M ;+nUg jl~rt M e'mSofOPsf] jf 7luPsf] cl:tTj M sg' } klg j:t'sf] x'gfsf] efj ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 173

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M kT| of/fk] 0f, cfljisf/, bl[ i6ljxLg, if8o\\ Gq, lgld{t, cGof]Gofl>t, ljB'tLo @= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M kIff3ft, ztfAbL, a¹' krfpg', ed| , ljWjz+ , abV\\ jfO,F ;j+ ]bgf, efjzG\" o #= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M k|f0f, kl| tåGåL, l;hg{ zLn, b?' kof]u, ;ªs\\ 6, t/fh', jd} gio, lg/kI] f, k/df0f', $= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M != c_ jl~rt cf_ j+lrt O_ al~rt O{_ jlGrt @= c_ laB'tLo cf_ ljB'lto O_ ljB'tLo O{_ ljBt' LP #= c_ kb| \"z0f cf_ kb| \"ifg O_ kb| i' f0f O{_ kb| i\" f0f $= c_ Gofof;g cf_ Gofofzg O_ Gofofifg O{_ Gofozg %= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M o'bw\\ cvfB :j:y dT[ o' vfB cf;F ' ef}lts zflGt hGd c:j:y wgL cfWoflTds xf;F f] ul/a 174 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M cleJolQm ;+nUg xfpefp cfzLjf{b b]g egfO pks/0f klxrfg cfa4 cfh} f/ cl:tTj ofu] bfg j/bfg clego k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M s_ jfbljjfb sfo{jm| ddf ;~rfns / ;efklt sf]sf] /x]sf 5g\\ < v_ kIfaf6 / ljkIfaf6 afN] g] jQmfx¿ sf]sf] x'g\\< u_ lj1fgn] sg' If]qdf cfzftLt k|ult u/s] f] 5 < 3_ lsg dflg;x¿ cfunfuL ePsf] klg yfxf kfpbF }gg\\< ª_ jftfj/0f k|b\"if0f lsg ePsf] xf] < @= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g\\, lrg]/ n]v M s_ kIfsf] tkma{ f6 af]Ng] jQmfx¿n] lj1fgnfO{ kz| ;+ f u/]sf 5g\\ . v_ jfbljjfbdf % hgf jQmfx¿ ;xefuL 5g\\ . u_ ;efkltn] sfo{j|md ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\\ . 3_ cd]l/sfsf] l6j\\ g6fj/df cftª\\sjfbL cfj|md0f ePsf] xf] . ª_ dflg;sf] sNkgf cToGt a]hf8] lyof] . ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 175

#= kf7sf] cfwf/df ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ sf]============================ cfljisf/n] /ft klg ¹ndn ePsf] 5 . -OG6/g]6, lah'nL_ v_ gftfuft] feGbf ============================ wg;DklQ 7\"nf] agfPsf] 5 . -lj1fgn,] 1fgn]_ u_ dflg;n] ;Gtfg / dftflktfsf nflu ;d]t============================ lgsfNg ;Sb}g -;do,k;} f_ 3_ lj1fg ========================= af6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . -sfj] |mf], wf]j|mf]_ ª_ ==============sf] sf/0f dflg; 3/aflx/ lg:sg klg 8/fO/x]sf] 5 . -clws jiff{, cDn jiff{_ $= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M s_ lj1fgn] ubf{ dflg; sh] :t} kfl} 8g ;kmn ePsf] 5 < v_ ef}lts ;'ljwfn] dflg;df s] a9s] f] 5 < u_ o'4sf sf/0fn] O/fs, O/fg, ckmuflg:tfg s:tf] el\" d ag]sf] 5 < 3_ lj1fg gePsf] eP dfgj ;Eotf cfh sxfF efFt} fl/Fb} x'GYof] < ª_ lj1fgn] agfPsf] l6eL, sDKo'6/, df]afOn cflbsf sf/0fn] afnaflnsfdf s] c;/ k/s] f] 5 < %= sg' jQmfsf] egfO xf] < s_ lj1fgsf] k|ultsf] p2]Zo dfgj sNof0f xf] . v_ dfG5s] f lj?4sf] 3l[ 0ft vn] v]Ng] lj1fgnfO{ s;/L j/bfg eGg ;lsG5 < u_ cfh lj1fgn] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ w/] } ;/n / ;xh agfPsf] 5 . 3_ lj1fgn] dflg;nfO{ olt Jo:t agfPsf] 5 ls pm cfÇgf ;Gtfg / dftflktfnfO{ ;do lgsfNg ;Sb}g . ^= efj lj:tf/ u/ . s_ lj1fgn] dflg;sf] cfo' a9fPsf] 5 . v_ ef}lts pks/0fx¿ljgf dflg; cToGt l;hg{ zLn lyof] . &= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M s_ lj1fgnfO{ lsg j/bfg elgPsf] xfn] f < v_ lj1fgnfO{ clezfk eGg ;lsg] cfwf/x¿ ss] ] xg' \\ < 176 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

u_ :jf:Yosf] Ifq] df lj1fgn] u/s] f /fdf| sfdx¿ s]s] xg' \\ < 3_ lj1fgsf] cfljisf/n] ubf{ l;hg{ f u/]sf ;d:ofx¿ ss] ] xg' \\ < ª_ dflysf] jfbljjfbdf ltdLnfO{ s;sf ts{ dg k¥of] / lsg < *= s] lj1fg cfhsf] o'udf j/bfg ;flat ePs} 5 t < cfÇgf] ts{ b]pm M tnsf] sljtf Wofg lbP/ k9 M afns aa'/f] låh zs' gfd, x'F d k/]sf] 5' lkhF /fdf . dsg x/] ¤ lzj ¤ zflGt / rg} , ;kgfaLr klg /lte/ 5}g .. d/] f afGwj, afa' / cfdf a:5g\\ jgsf Ps sg' fdf . sfl] ;t kfv] F\" dgsf] tfk, ub}{ lkFh/faf6 lanfk .. cfF;' aufO{ slxn] ?G5', slxn] d'bft{ N' o d xG' 5' . slxn] kfun;l/ pkmG| 5,' sj] n jgsf ;'v ;D¹G5' .. kmnkm\"n vfO{ lgTo /dfO,{ jgdf lkmg{] aa'/fnfO{ . ljlwn] kf¥of] lkFh/fleq, sd{ x/] ¤ lzj ¤ xG' 5 ljlrq .. nv] gfy kf8} o\\ fn ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 177

c= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M låh, lkFh/f, zflGt, kfv] \"F, pkm|G5,' ljlw, db' f{t'No cf= 7Ls egfOdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M s= lkhF /fdf k/s] f] ;'ufn] ;kgfdf klg zflGt / r}g kfPsf] 5g} . v= lkhF /fdf y'lgPsf] ;'ufn] dgsf] tfk kfV] g kfPsf] 5 . u= ;u' fn] jgsf ;'vx¿ ;lD¹P/ kfunh:t} plk|mG5 . 3= ;'uf jgdf a:bf lgTo /dfpg] uYof{] . ª= ;'ufnfO{ ljlwn] lkhF /fleq kf¥of] . O= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M != sf] lkhF /fdf k/]sf] 5 < @= ;u' fsf sf]sf] gft]bf/ jgsf] s'gfdf a;]sf 5g\\ < #= d'bft{ 'No xg' ' eg]sf] s] xf] < $= ;'uf s] vfP/ lgTo /dfpYF of] < %= sd{ s:tf] x'G5 < ;g' fO ;Lk -ki[ 7 @@# df lbOPsf] sljtf_ lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M s= s:tf dflg;nfO{ j1} flgs elgG5 < v= Go6' g ;fg}b]lv s]s:tf s'/fdf tNnLg bl] vGy] < u= 6l] n:skn] s] sfd u5{ < 3= Go6' gn] s] bv] k] l5 pgsf] dgdf lh1f;f pTkGg eof] < ª= u'?Tjfsif0{ f an eg]sf] s] xf] < 178 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

@= sfi] 7saf6 5fg/] vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls zAb e/ M s_ Go'6gsf] hGd ;g\\ =============== df la|6]gdf ePsf] lyof] . -!^&@, !^^@_ v_ laxfgLn] =============== ;ª\\s]t u5{ . -/ftsf], lbgsf_] u_ Go'6gn] ;?' df kfgL38L, w\"k38L =============== / agfPsf lyP . -jfo3' §, kfgL3§_ 3_ =============== df al;/xs] f] j]nfdf Go'6gn] ¿vaf6 :ofp ¹/s] f] bv] ] . -au}Frf, 5t_ ª_ rGb|df =============== lt/ cfslif{t x'g] u5{ . -kY[ jL, ;o\" {_ Jofs/0f ;Lk OR5fy{ jQmfn] OR5f u/s] f] dg;fo ks| 6 u5{ eg] To:tf] dg;fo ks| 6 ug{ ko| f]u ul/g] lj|mof OR5fys{ x'G5g\\ . OR5fy{s lj|mofdf stf{sf] k'?ifsf] cfwf/df ¿kfos k|Toosf] k|of]u ul/G5 . stf{ ¿kfos kT| oo lj|mof d p“m af]n,“\" x]¿,“ a9,“\" k9,“\" nv] \"“ xfdL cf“} vfcf“}, a;f},“ hfcf“}, a;f,“}+ k9f}“ t“ P;\\ uP;\\, k9];,\\ nv] ;] \\, af]n;] \\ ltdL÷x¿ P ;g' ,] uP, k9,] eP, x]/] tkfO+{÷x¿ gx' fc] f];\\ hfg'xfc] f];,\\ k9g\\ 'xf]cf];\\,n]Vg'xf]cf;] \\ pm÷/fd÷;Ltf cf;] \\ n]vf];\\, k9f];\\, af]nf;] ,\\ afn] f;] \\ pgL÷;Ltf pmg\\ k9\"g,\\ n]v\"g,\\ afn] g\" \\, a;\"g\\ pgLx¿ pmg\\ k9g\" ,\\ nv] \"g\\, af]ng\" ,\\ a;g\" \\ ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 179

!= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ OR5fys{ agfpm M s_ d klg ltdL;Fu} cfp5F ' . v_ alxgLn] skfn sf]/L . u_ xfdL gofF kf7 k9\\5fF} . 3_ d ltdLnfO{ lstfa lbG5' . ª_ tF jL/]Gb|gu/ kU' g] 5;\\ . r_ pgLx¿ ;x/ hfG5g\\ . 5_ km\" n k'mN5 clg af:gf rN5 . h_ 5f]/f] c;n dfG5] aGg] 5 . ¹_ pgLx¿n] k'm6an lhT5g\\ . `_ ;/:jtL gof“ nu' f lsG5] . 6_ efO sfddf dg nufp5“ . 7_ cfdf vfgf ksfpg'xG' 5 . 8_ ufs] 0f{n] k;n /fVof] . 9_ ltdL snfsf/ aG5f} . l;h{gfTds ;Lk != jfbljjfb tsx{ ¿sf] vn] xf] . o;df h;n] cfk\"mn] afN] g] ljifosf kIfdf pTs[i6 ts{ lbg ;S5, p;}n] ljho kf| Kt u5{ . cfkm\" nfO{ af]Ng lbOPsf] ljifonfO{ kl' i6 ug{] clg ljkIfL ;fyLn] k;] u/s] f] tsn{ fO{ v08g ug]{ snf o;df x'g' h?/L 5 . jfbljjfbdf cfÇgf] s'/f /fv]/ dfq xF'b}g . csf{sf] s'/f ;'g/] To;sf] v08g ug]{ Ifdtf klg xg' 'k5{ . o;/L ts{ k|:tt' ubf{ lzi6 efiffsf] ko| f]u ug'{k5{ . ufnLunfh] sf] efiff o;df dfGo xbF' g} . dof{bfk0\" f{ 9Íaf6 ljkIfLnfO{ unt / cfk\"mnfO{ ;xL l;4 ug{] snf jfbljjfbdf cfjZos xG' 5 . @= tnsf aFb' fx¿ k9 clg jfbljjfb n]v M ;xl/of hLjgeGbf ufpnF ] hLjg a;] – ufpF :jR5 / x/fe/f x'g], – ufpdF f :jR5 lkpg] kfgL, tfhf xfjfkfgL, :jR5 vfgf kfOg,] – ufpnF ]df cfTdLotf xg' ], ;xl/of dflg;h:tf] k};fsf] kl5 gbf}l8g,] – cfTdLotf, ;f}xfb{tf tyf k]|d g} ufpnF s] f] ljz]iftf, – ;x/sf dflg;x¿df cfTdLotf g/x]sf], – ;x/df x/s] rLhsf] cefj /x]sf], 180 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

– ;x/df aQL, kfgL, ;/;kmfO,{ xl/ofnL, :jR5 vfgs] /' f s]xL gkfOg,] – cfkt\\ljktd\\ f ;fy lbg] dflg; gkfOg], – a;fj] f;sf ufpF nflu clt pkoQ' m /x]sf] . #= dfly -@_df lbOP h:t} ‘aneGbf al' 4 7\"nf’] eGg] ljifosf kIfdf a'Fbfx¿ tof/ kf/ . $= tnsf ljifodf jfbljjfb nv] M s_ 5f]/LnfO{ ;DklQeGbf lzIff rflxG5 v_ kfqfe] Gbf leQ]kfqf] a;]  eu\" f]n;DaGwL sx] L /fr] s hfgsf/Lx¿ M  kY[ jL cfÇgf] cIfdf ^^=% l8uL| sf] sf]0fdf 9lNsP/ 3l' d/x]sf] x'G5 .  kY[ jLnfO{ ! l8uL| sf0] f kf/ ug{ $ ldg6] nfU5 .  k[YjLsf] 5fof rGbd| fdf kbf{ rGb| ux| 0f nfU5 .  rGb| u|x0fsf] cjlw a9Ldf $ 306f;Dd /xG5 .  kY[ jLn] ;o\" {sf] kl/j|mdf ug{ #^% lbg nfU5 .  rGb|dfn] kY[ jLsf] kl/jm| df ug{ @* lbg nfU5 . ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 181

kf7 !$ ?v / dfG5] sljtf – k|eftL ls/0f tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;an} ] k9 M ¿vn] dflg;nfO{ zLtntf kb| fg u5{ . dflg;n] ¿vaf6 w/] } kmfObf lnG5 . xfdLn] jI[ f/fk] 0f u¥ofF} . xl/of] jg gk] fnsf] wg xf] . 182 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff &

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M d ¿v la?jfsf] dxŒj s] 5 < d dflg;n] lsg ¿v sf65\\ < d ¿vaf6 dflg;n] s]s:tf] kmfObf lnPsf] xG' 5 < d ¿v ePg eg] s] x'G5 < d dflg;n] ¿vaf6 s] s'/f l;Sg'k5{ < d s] ¿vljgf klg dflg; afRF g ;S5 < tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M d xfdLn] cfÇgf] hGdlbgdf gofF ¿v /f]Kgk' 5{ . d ¿v / dflg;sf aLrdf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /xs] f] 5 . d xfdLn] ¿vaf6 c¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug]{ afgL l;Sg'k5{ . d ¿vn] dflg;nfO{ ;xgzLn aGg] k/]| 0ff lbG5 . d ¿vljgf dflg;sf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . d kzk' IfLx¿ klg ¿vdf cfl>t x'G5g\\ . d dfG5]n] hlt rfx] klg ¿v¹}F x'g ;Sbg} . ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 183

¿v / dfG5] sljtf ke| ftL ls/0fn] n]vs] f xg' \\ . logL uhn, sljtf tyf lgaGw nV] 5g\\ . pgsf cj?4 unfx¿, ljrf/sf eUgfjzi] f, lgaGw / /rgflzNk nufotsf s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\\ . pgsf ljleGg kqklqsfdf nv] /rgfx¿;dt] k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . ltdLh:t} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu sljtfx¿ nV] g] ls/0fsf /rgfdf b]zkd]| , ks| l[ tk]d| h:tf efjgfx¿ ks| 6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ¿v / dfG5] sljtfdf ¿vsf] pksf/L :jefjsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . dflg; nufotsf k|f0fLx¿sf] enfOsf nflu ¿v ;dlk{t x'G5 . kz'kIfLsf nflu cf>o, dflg;sf nflu kmnk\"mn, 3fF;, bfp/f tyf sf7kft lbg] ¿vsf] dxŒj ga¹' /] dflg; hyfefjL ¿v sf65\\ . o:tf] sfo{n] jftfj/0fdf c;/ kf5{ . jftfj/0f lalug| ' eg]sf] dflg;sf nflu xflg x'g' xf] eGg] s'/f sljtfdf JoQm ePsf] 5 . ¿v / dflg;nfO{ t'ngf u/]/ dflg;sf] :jfyL{ :jefj tyf ¿vsf] TofuL efjgfsf] rrf{ o; sljtfdf ul/Psf] 5 . sljtf no xfn]/ jfrg u/ . yk s'/f sIffdf lzIfsn] l;sfpg'x'g] 5 . kf| 0fLsf] kf| 0f xf] ¿v dfG5] st[ £g bf; xf] ;[li6sf] dn\" xf] ¿v dfG5] ctK[ t Kof; xf] . Tofusf] dl\" t{ xf] ¿v ¹'Sb}g slxNo} tn aG' b5 hfn dfG5]n] hfGb}g ¿v So} 5n . t;' f/f,] zLt yfKnfd] f vk] ]/ ¿v xf:“ b5 lz/df u|Lidsf] wk\" yfk]/ ¿v af“Rb5 . hfGb}g lsg dfG5n] ] b'Mv v]Kg agL ?v rfxG5 lsg kf]N6fdf ;d6] g\\ dfq pm ;'v < 184 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

hfGb5 lng dfG5]n] hfg]g slxNo} lbg zAbf {y s[t£g M c¿n] u/]sf] ;xofu] jf u'g lal;{g] ¿vn] af8“ \\5 ;j:{ j dfG5] ;Qm}g rfl] vg . JolQm kmnkm\" n xb'“ } zfvf lbG5 ;Dk0\" f{ hLjg cfkm\" l/Qf] x'“b} ¿v dfG5]sf] e5{ hLjg . bf; M gf]s/ ctK[ t M ;Gt'i6 gxg' ] kzk' IfLx¿ ;f/f ¿vd} e/ kb5{ g\\ yfKnf] M lz/, 6fpsf,] lgwf/dflysf] efu ¿vnfO{ ;hfP/ ¿vd} 3/ ub{5g\\ . u|Lid M udL{ 5xf/L w\"kdf lbG5 ¹/L jifft{ df klg zfvf M xfuF f xf:“ b5 ¿v kmf“8]/ dfG5] of] ljhoL agL . kIfL M r/f] aifft{ M jiff{, kfgL kg{] sfd 3ft3} ft 5 dfG5]df ¹'6sf] v]n v]Nb5 ljhoL M lhTg,] ljho xg' ] u'6km' 6 u/L cfkm}“ gdL7f] b'Mv ¹]Nb5 . ;[li6 M l;h{gf :jfy}{:jfy{ 5 dfG5d] f csfs{ f] vf:] 5 hLjg kfN] 6f] M sg' } j:t' yfKg cl3 ;fl/Psf] sk8f s7} ¤ ;St}g dfG5]n] rfx/] ¿v¹}“ x'g . ;j:{ j M ;Dk0\" f,{ hDd} u6' km6' M u6' jf ;dx\" agfP/ k'm6\\g] sfd != tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M :jfy,{ kz'kIfL, ;j:{ j, d\"lt{, Kof; @= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M gdL7f,] :jfy,{ ljho, hLjg, l/Qf] #= cy{ nv] M kIfL, ljhoL, a;f{t, 3ft, uL| id $= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M ¹/L, ;f/f, l/Qf,] ljhoL, gdL7f] ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 185

%= dflysf] sljtfaf6 xf:F b5 – afFRb5 h:tf cgk' f| ;o'Qm kfFr hf8] L zAb vfh] /] n]v . ^= tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ lrÅg nufpm s_ t'iff/f ] t;' f/f] t'zf/f] v_ k+5L k+IfL kIfL u_ ljhoL aLhlo lahoL 3_ ;a;{ f ] ;j{:j zj:{ j &= z'4 kf/]/ n]v M k;'kIfL zf/f ¿vd} e/ kb{5g\\ . *= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M st[ £g sg' } j:t' yfKg cl3 ;fl/Psf] sk8f k|f0f lgwf/dflysf] efu kfN] 6f ] gf]s/ yfKnf] ug' lal;{g] JolQm bf; Hofg, hLjg zfvf ;Gt'i6 gxg' ] ctK[ t xfFuflaFuf (= tnsf] cgR' 5]b k9/] lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M xfdL ul/anfO{ g'gsf] l9sf];d]t hf]xf] ug{ slt d'l:sn k5{ . xfdf| ] 3/df df;s' f] rfS] 6fs] f] t s/' } 5f8] f,F} rfdnsf] u]8f;] Dd ;dodf pknAw xF'b}g . wgL dflg;x¿ eg] eftsf] l;tf;] uF crf/sf] lkTsfs] f] :jfb lnG5g\\ clg ;k' f/Lsf] s'8\\sf] 6f]Sb} v]tsf] ;'sf]{df a;]/ 3fdsf] ¹N' sf] tfK5g\\ . cr]n xfdL ul/an] bw\" sf] ts' f{]sf] t :jfb lng kfPgfFk} fPgf}F, kfgLsf] l56f;] d]t Kof; nfus] f jn] f lkpg gkfpg] eof}F . /fHon] y}nf–] y}nL afs] /] ul/asf] 3/b}nfd] f k};fsf] sGrf] afF8\\b} /fxt lbg] lbg slxn] cfpnf < !)= dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 n3'tfjfrL zAb vf]h]/ pQ/kl' :tsfdf ;f/ M s_ df;s' f] n3'tfjfrL zAb =========================== xf] . - sGrf,] rf]S6f] _ v_ ;k' f/Lsf] n3t' fjfrL zAb ========================== xf] . -s8' \\sf], rf]S6f]_ u_ bw\" sf] n3t' fjfrL zAb ============================== xfO] g . -ts' f],{ l56f]_ 3_ k};fsf] n3'tfjfrL zAb ================================= xf] . -l;Ssf, sGrf_] 186 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M s_ ;[li6sf] d\"n s] xf] < v_ kzk' IfLx¿ sd] f e/ kb5{ g\\ < u_ dfG5n] ] s;sf] hLjg vf]:5 < 3_ ¹'6sf] v]n s;n] v]N5 < ª_ cfkm\" l/lQP/ ¿vn] s] ub{5 < @= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M s_ ¿v s;/L xfF:5 < v_ ¿v lsg pksf/L xG' 5 < u_ dfG5] s;/L b'Mv ¹N] b5 < 3_ dfG5n] ] s] ug{ hfgs] f] 5 < ª_ ¿v lsg slxNo} ¹'Sb}g < #= 5f6] s/Ldf pQ/ b]pm M s_ ¿v / dfG5]df s] s:tf] leGgtf kfOG5 < v_ ‘dfG5] lsg ¿v h:tf] x'g ;Sb}g < u_ dfG5]sf ljzi] ftf ss] ] xg' \\ < 3_ ‘¿v / dfG5’] sljtfn] lbg] d\"n ;Gb]z n]v . $= JofVof u/ M s_ hfGb5 lng dfG5n] ] hfg]g slxNo} lbg ¿vn] af8“ \\5 ;j{:j dfG5] ;Qmg} rf]lvg . v_ t';f/f,] zLt yfKnfd] f v]k/] ¿v xf:“ b5 lz/df uL| idsf] wk\" yfk]/ ¿v af“Rb5 . ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 187

%= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M ¿v / dflg; sljtfn] ¿v / dflg;sf aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ s;/L k|:tt' u/]sf] 5 < ;lj:tf/ n]v . tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M jghª\\un / kf| 0fLsf aLrdf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 . kf| 0fLx¿dWo]df ;j>{ i] 7 kf| 0fL dflgg] dflg;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 3fF;, bfp/f, kmlgr{ / cflbsf nflu jghª\\un geO{ x'Fb}g . :jR5 xfjf, kmnkmn\" cflb klg dflg;n] jghª\\unaf6 g} k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . jghª\\unsf] ljgfz eof] eg] af9Lklx/f] hfg,] v8/] L kg],{ cltj[li6 xg' ] nufotsf ;d:ofx¿ cfOnfU5g\\ . csfl{ t/ dflg;ljgfsf] jghª\\unsf] klg s]xL cl:tTj xF'b}g . jghª\\un km8F fgL lgoGq0fsf nflu r]tgfd\"ns sfoj{ m| dx¿ dflg;n] g} Nofpg] u5{ . dflg;sf] cl:tTj ;/' lIft /xs] fn] g} jghªu\\ ndf ljljwLs/0f cfPsf] xf] . ¿vla?jf /f]k/] x/fe/f hªu\\ nsf] l;h{gf klg dflg;n] g} u/s] f] xf] . To;}u/L hªu\\ nL hgfj/ / jghª\\unsf aLrdf klg gª / df;'sf] h:tf] ;DaGw /xs] f] 5 . jghªu\\ nljgf hª\\unL hgfj/x¿ ;/' lIft /xg ;Sbg} g\\ eg] tL hgfj/ljgfsf] jghªu\\ nsf] klg sx] L dxŒj xF'bg} . kIfLx¿ hª\\unsf ¿vx¿df cfÇgf] u8'F agfP/ a;]sf x'G5g\\ . jghª\\unsf] cefjdf ltgLx¿sf] klg larNnL x'G5 . jghª\\unaf6 kf| Kt x'g] :jR5tf, zLtntf / clS;hgn] dflg; nufot ;Dk0\" f{ ;hLj k|f0fLx¿nfO{ afRF g ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . To;n} ] of] ;;+ f/df hLj, hgfj/ / dflg;sf ;fydf jghª\\unsf] cl:tTj klg clgjfo{h:t} ePsf] 5 . c= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M cGof]Gofl>t, ;j>{ ]i7, jghª\\un, cltjl[ i6, lgoGq0f, rt] gfdn\" s, clS;hg, cl:tTj cf= 7Ls egfOdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M s= jghª\\un / dflg;sf aLrdf cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGw /xs] f] 5 . v= jghª\\un ljgfz ePdf cltj[li6 xG' 5 . u= hª\\undf ljljwLs/0f cfpg'sf] sf/0f hªu\\ nL hgfj/ xg' \\ . 3= kIfLx¿n] ¿vdf cfÇgf] uF8' agfp5F g\\ . ª= :jR5tf, zLtntf / clS;hg dflg; nufot ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ rflxG5 . O= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M != dflg;nfO{ sg' s'g sfddf jghª\\unsf] cfjZostf kb{5 < @= dflg;n] hª\\unsf] cl:tTj s;/L ;'/lIft /fvs] f] 5 < 188 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

#= hgfj/ / jghª\\unsf aLrdf s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 < $= kf| 0fLx¿nfO{ s] s'/fn] afRF g ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 < %= ss;sf] cl:tTj clgjfoh{ :t} ePsf] 5 < ;g' fO ;Lk -k[i7 @@# df lbOPsf] sljtf_ lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M s= j;Gtsf] pbo xbF' f s] ks| 6 xG' 5 < v= j;Gt Ct'sf] cfudgdf s] vN' g yfN5g\\ < u= czfs] s;/L a9\\g] u5g{ \\ < 3= j;Gtdf s]n] cftF kufNg ;Sbg} < ª= j;Gtdf as'Nnfx¿sf] ;dx\" s:tf] rfndf lx8F \\5g\\ < @= sfi] 7saf6 5fg/] vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls zAb e/ M s j;Gtsf] pbo xFb' f ============================== sd x'Fb} hfG5 .-zLt, jiff_{ v_ j;Gt cfpbF f tnfpdf =============================== km'Ng yfNb5g\\ .-;/fh] , u'nfa_ u_ j;Gtdf afbnn]================================ agfpbF g} g\\ .-kmn, bn_ 3_ j;Gtdf lzlz/sf] lz/ ====================== xG' 5 .-j/, k/_ Jofs/0f ;Lk k/|] 0ffy{ lj|mof stf{ cfkmF}n] sfd u/]sf] ga'¹fP/ c¿ s;s} f] k|]/0ffaf6 sfd u/s] f] a¹' fpg] ljm| of k|/] 0ffy{s lj|mof xf] . k/]| 0ffys{ lj|mof k]|/0ffy{ wfta' f6 aGb5 . ;fdfGo wft'df ‘cfp’ hf]l8Pkl5 aGg] wft' k]/| 0ffy{ wft' xf] . ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 189

tnsf] pbfx/0f x]/ M vf ± cfp ˜ vj' fp k9\\ ± cfp ˜ k9fp vn] \\ ± cfp ˜ v]nfp k|/] 0ffy{ wft'df ¿kfos k|Too -5, of,] g] 5_ hfl] 8P/ k]|/0ffy{ ljm| of aG5g\\ . tnsf] pbfx/0f x/] M k9fp ± 5f} ˜ k9fp5F f} k9fp ± of} ˜ k9fof} k9fp ± g] 5f} ˜ k9fpg] 5f} k|/] 0ffy{ ljm| of k|ofu] ePsf] jfSo k/]| 0ffy{s jfSo xf] . k|]/0ffy{ jfSodf stf{ :jodn\\ ] sfd ubg{} / k|]/s stf{sf] k/]| 0ffaf6 sfd ;DkGg ub{5 . ;lD¹gk' g{] s/' f k|/] 0ffy{s lj|mof k|of]u ePsf] jfSodf stf{ :jon+ ] sfo{ gu/L s;}n] kl]| /t u/s] f] x'G5 . ck|]/0ffys{ nfO{ k/]| 0ffys{ agfp“bf lgDg s/' fx¿df Wofg lbgk' b5{ M → ck|]/0ffys{ jfSosf] ;'?df k|/] s stf{ yKg] . /f]uL a:of] – 8fS6/n] /fu] LnfO{ a;fP . → ck|]/0ffy{s jfSosf] stf{nfO{ kl|] /t sd{ agfpg] M 5f/] f] eft vfG5 . – d 5f/] f]nfO{ eft vj' fp5“ ' . → k|/] s stfc{ g;' f/ ljm| ofsf] ¿kfog ug]{ M xl/ sljtf ;'G5 . – u'? xl/nfO{ sljtf ;'gfpgx' 'G5 . → ;fdfGo wft'df cfp÷ofp hf]8/] k]/| 0ffys{ wft' agfpg] M → ck|]/0ffy{s jfSodf /xs] f] sfn, kIf, efj cflbdf kl/jt{g gug]{ M → wftd' f cfp÷ofp kT| oo yKbf klg k|/0] ffy{s aGbg} eg] wftd' f ‘g’ yk/] ‘nufp’ yKg] M aa' f sfofn{ o hfg'xG' 5 . cfdf a'afnfO{ sfofn{ o hfg nufpgx' 'G5 . → k|/] 0ffy{ ;a} sfn, kIf, k?' if / cfb/sf jfSodf x'G5 . != tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ k]/| 0ffy{s jfSodf kl/jtg{ u/ M s= d kf7 k9\\5' . v= pgLx¿ kzk' ltgfysf] bzg{ u5g{ \\ . u= efO /fd/| L gfR5 . 3= d'gf lbgx'“ v]lN5g\\ . 190 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

ª= efOx¿ ;dfrf/ ;'G5g\\ . r= rfnsn] df6] / xfS“ 5 . 5= efO kfv] /f hfG5 . h= pgLx¿n] k;} f a¹' ] . ¹= alxgL vfgf vflG5g\\ . `= ljBfyLx{ ¿ ux[ sfo{ u5{g\\ . 6= d hfr“ kl5 /fd|f;] “u sDKo'6/ l;S5' . 7= pT;j ;x/ uof] . l;hg{ fTds ;Lk != xl/of] jg zLifs{ df sljtf nv] ]/ b]vfpm . @= k|s[lt;uF ;DalGwt s'g} zLifs{ df sljtf nV] g] ko| f; u/ . @)!^ ;Ddsf ;fkm v]nx¿ M jif{ cfofh] s ljh]tf ef/t ;g\\ !((& gk] fn ef/t ef/t ;g\\ !((( ef/t ef/t dflNbE; ;g\\ @))# aªu\\ nfbz] ef/t ef/t ;g\\ @))# kfls:tfg cÇuflg:tfg ef/t ;g\\ #))* >Lnªs\\ f / dflNbE; ;g\\ @))( aª\\unfbz] ;g\\ @)!! ef/t ;g\\ @)!# g]kfn ;g\\ @)!^ ef/t ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 191

kf7 !% ay8{ ] lukm\\6 syf –/Tgdl0f g]kfn tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M d}n] t ;fyLnfO{ hGdlbgdf pkxf/ lbPF lg . xfdLn] ;fyL;Fu ldn/] gofF sfd u¥of}F . hf8F /S;L lkpg' /fd|f] s'/f xfO] g . 192 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff &

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M d sn' t eg]sf] s] xf] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < d ltdLn] s;}nfO{ hGdlbgdf pkxf/ lbPsf 5f} < d 5f/] f5f/] Ln] klg afafcfdfsf g/fd|f s'/fnfO{ ;'wfg{ ;S5g\\ t < d ltdL cfÇgf] afafnfO{ slt dfof u5f{} < d ltdL ;fyLx¿;uF ldn/] s:tf] sfd ug{ dg k/fp5F f} < d s] hfF8/S;L vfg' /fd|f] s/' f xf] < tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M d s'ntdf lx8F s] f dflg;nfO{ xfdL ;'wfg]{ k|of; u/f}F . d hGdlbgsf] cj;/df lbOg] pkxf/ ;an} fO{ Kof/f] nfU5 . d cfk\"mnfO{ k/s] f] ;d:of ;fyL;Fu eGgk' 5{ . d ;fyLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;d:of k/s] f] j]nf ;3fpg ;S5g\\ . d hfF8/S;Ln] 3/kl/jf/df snx lgDTofp5F . d w'dk| fg / dBkfgn] SofG;/ xg' ;S5 . d cfxf ¤ afafn] t xfdf| ] sfdsf] kz| ;+ f ug'{eof] lg . ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff & 193

zAbf {yay8{ ] luÇ6 syfsf n]vs /Tgdl0f g]kfn x'g\\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf syf, sljtf cflb ljwfdf snd rnfpg] /Tgdl0fn] ltdLh:tf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu klg syfx¿ nV] g] u5{g\\ . pgsf] ;Fu;Fu} syf;ª\\ux| ks| flzt 5 . k:| t't ay{8] luÇ6 syfdf Pp6L aflnsfn] cfÇgf afafsf] sn' tnfO{ ;w' fg{sf nflu u/s] f] k|of;nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . ltdLhq} aflnsf cfÇgf afafsf] v/fa k|j[lQn] jfSs ePkl5 afafnfO{ ;'wfg{ gofF pkfosf] vfh] Ldf nfus] L l5g\\ . To;sf nflu pgsf ;fyLx¿n] klg ;xofu] u/s] f 5g\\ . syfdf afafn] cfÇgL 5f/] L / 5f/] Lsf ;fyLx¿n] cfkm\" nfO{ ;'wfg{ u/]sf] ko| f;kl| t s[t1tf JoQm u/s] f] b]vfOPsf] 5 . ltdL klg syf k9 / yk s/' f a¹' . :sn' df l6lkmgsf] 306L nfUgf;fy} ;fyLx¿ sb' \\b} plkFm| b} rf}/df v]Ng ku' ] . t/ cfh k|z+;f cfPsL lyOg . kz| +;fnfO{ vf]Hb} pgLx¿ sIff sf]7fdf k;] . pm sfkLdf k]lG;nn] lrq agfP/ a;s] L /lx5] . ;fyLx¿n] glhs} uP/ x]/] . k|z;+ fn] afaf, cfdf, cfÇgL alxgL / cfÇgf] klg lrq agfPsL /lx5 . To;df /ª ug{ afFsL lyof] . t/ lrq k|:6} a'l¹g] lyof] . lrqdf kz| +;fsf afaf n8g\\ nfu]sf lyP . cfdf afafsf] 5]pdf a;]/ ?bF } lyOg\\ . pgsf] skfn kms' s] f] lyof] . ;fgL alxgL cfdfsf] sfvaf6 e'OdF f ¹g{ nfus] L lyO{ . ;fyLx¿n] c¹} lgofn]/ x]/] . k|z;+ fsf] afafsf] 5]pdf bO' { j6f af]tnx¿ nl8/xs] f lyP . df;'sf 6'jm| fx¿ Kn]6af6 ¹/]sf lyP . lrp/f / ufh/sf 6j' m| fx¿ otfptf 5l/Psf lyP . Tof] lrqdf ;fyLx¿n] yk Pp6f s'/f klg bv] ] . k|z+;fsf cfFvfaf6 ¹/s] f cfF;'n] lrq cfwfpwL lehs] f] lyof] . ;fyLx¿ Psl5g rk' nfu] . kz| ;+ f klg afn] s] L lyOg . pgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ g/fd|f] nfUof] . lgofn]/ M ulxl/Fb} x/] /] 194 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

Psl5gkl5 alGbtfn] ;f]wL, ‘kz| +;f ltdLnfO{ s] ePsf] 5 < eg, xfdL s] ;xofu] ug{ ;S5f} ltdLnfO{ <’ l/ldzfn] egL, ‘ltdf| ] lrq x/] /] xfdLn] s'/f al' ¹;SofF} . ltdf| ] afafn] /S;L lkP/ dfd';Fu ¹u8f u/]sf] s/' f ltdLn] xfdLnfO{ lsg eg]gf} <’ kz| +;fn] cfvF fsf cfF;' k5' L . eO' dF f cfFvf y'kf/L . lgx/' ]sf] 6fpsf] p7fO{ . clg ;fyLx¿nfO{ egL, ‘dfd'n] geGg' eGg'efsf] 5 . To;n} ] .’ olt egk] l5 pm rk' nfuL . alGbtfn] ;fw] L, ‘ltd|f] afafn] /S;L vfg yfns] f] slt eof] <’ ‘d ;fgf] xbF' fbl] v’, k|z+;fn] hjfkm lbO{ . ‘/S;L vfPkl5 afafn] ltdL| dfd';Fu ¹u8f ugx{' G' 5 xf], k|z+;f <’ cfzLn{ ] ;f]wL . ‘xf] . t/ d]/f] dfdn' ] of] s'/f s;n} fO{ klg geGg' eGg'efsf] 5 .’ ‘lsg <’ lvGg x'Fb} l/ldzfn] ;fw] L . ‘c¿n] yfxf kfof] eg] xfdf| ] OHht hfG5 c/’] k|z;+ fn] c¹} 6fpsf] p7fPsL lyOg . l/ldzfn] 7n\" f] :j/n] egL, ‘wt\\ ¤ ;fyLx¿nfO{ geGg] s/' f klg sxLF x'G5 ;+;f/df . d]/f] dfd' t ;a} s'/f cfÇgf ldNg] ;fyLnfO{ eGg'k5{ eGg'x'G5 . ltdLn] cl:t g} xfdL;Fu ltd|f] 3/sf] ;d:ofaf/] egs] L eP clxn];Dd o;sf] ;dfwfg lgl:s;SYof] .’ alGbtfn] pT;s' xF'b} ;fw] L ‘s;/L l/ldzf <’ ‘xfdLx¿ ;a}n] of] s/' f 3/df cfÇgf dfd' afafnfO{ egf}F . ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿af/] ;f]wfF} . d]/f afafn] eGg'ePsf] cfhefl] n dfgj clwsf/ eGg] ;:+ yf klg xG' 5g\\ /] . ltgLx¿n] ;xofu] u5g{ \\ /] . clg efl] n l6lkmgdf rf}/df a;]/ ;Nnfx u/fF}nf .’ ;an} ] ‘n’ eg] . kz| ;+ fnfO{ klg l/ldzfsf] s'/f 7Ls} nfUof] . pgLx¿ k9\\glt/ nfu] . ef]lnkN6 l6lkmgsf] ;dodf kz| +;f / p;sf ;fyLx¿ rf/} df hDdf eP . alGbtf, cfzL{, l;ld|sf ;an} ] cfcfÇgf cfdfafaf;Fu u/]sf] s/' fsfgL ;'gfP . clGtddf l/ldzfn] egL, ‘d/] f] dfd'n] eGg' ef’sf] . To;/L /S;L vfg,] s'ntdf nfUg] dflg;nfO{ dfofn] dfq ;w' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 /] . To;sf] nflu Pp6f pkfo ug'k{ 5{ .’ zAbf {y lvGg M bM' vL, lrlGtt pT;'s M sg' } sfds'/fkl| t rf;f] jf ?lr sn' t M v/fa afgLJoxf]/f b]vfpg] ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff & 195

‘s] pkfo l/ldzf’, cfof{n] ;f]wL . ‘xfdL ;an} ] b'Ob{ O' { j6f sn/ kk] / lsGg] . To;df /S;L vfbF f ss] ] g/fd|f] xG' 5 eGg] s'/f 7\"nf cIf/n] nV] g] . clg tL ;a} sn/ k]k/nfO{ k|z+;fn] 3/sf] a7} s sf]7fsf] leQfdf 6flF ;lbg] . an] s' f afaf cfPkl5 pxfnF ] Tof] b]Vgx' g' ] 5 .’ ‘clg k|z;+ fnfO{ ufnL u/]/ lk6g\\ e' of] eg] lg <’ alGbtfn] xQgkQ ;fw] L . ‘d/] L dfdn' ] eGg' ef’sf] Tof] bv] ]/ ls t k|z+;fsf afafn] /S;L vfg 5f8] \\g'xG' 5 . gq eg] dfdn' fO{ ufnL ug'x{ 'G5 . t/ kz| +;fnfO{ lk6g\\ x' 'Gg /] .’ ‘clg olt ubf{ klg /S;L vfg 5f8] g\\ e' Pg . dfd'nfO{ lk6\\g 5f8] \\g'ePg eg] lg <’ l;lds| fn] k|Zg u/L . ‘d/] L dfd'n] To;sf] klg pkfo atfpg'ePsf] 5 . Tof] d kl5 eG5' .’ ‘clg sn/ k]k/df rflxF s] n]Vg] lg <’ alGbtfn] ;f]wL . ‘cfk\"mn] hfg]sf s/' f cfkmF} nV] g] . ghfgs] f] xN] y l6r/nfO{ ;f]Wg] . x'Gg <’ k|z;+ f v;' L eO{ . pgLx¿ ;a}n] sn/ k]k/ lsg] . hfg]sf s'/fx¿ cfkm}F n]v] . afFsL xN] y l6r/;Fu ;fw] ] . sx] L lbg kl5 kz| +;fn] tL sn/ k]k/x¿ lnP/ uO{ . ;fyLx¿;Fu ePsf] ;a} s/' f cfdfnfO{ egL / wdfwd sf7] fsf] leQfdf 6fF;L . a]n'sf ;ft ahl] t/ p;sf afaf 3/leq k;] . pgn] /S;L vfP/ cfPsf lyP . t/ cfvF f b]Vg] cj:yfd} lyP . leq k:gl] alQs} leQfdf /ª\\lurªu\\ L sfuhx¿ b]v]/ s] /x5] egL 5]pd} uP/ x]g{ yfn] . sn/ kk] /df o:tf] nl] vPsf] lyof] . ‘/S;L vfg] afgLn] 3/kl/jf/ lau|G5’ ‘/S;L vfg] dflg;nfO{ SofG;/ x'G5’ ‘/S;L vfg] dflg;nfO{ ;dfhn] xn] f u5{ .’ olt;Dd k9]kl5 pgn] tL k]k/ RofTg yfn] / s/fP, ‘s;n] 6f;F ]sf] of] leQfdf < leQfdf kmfx] f]/ kfg{] sf] xf] <’ k|z+;f 8/n] ?g nfuL . cfdf sf]7fleqaf6 aflx/ cfOg\\ / 5f/] LnfO{ ;dfltg\\ . kz| +;fsf afan' ] cfdfnfO{ xsfb{} eg] — ‘oqf] kmfx] f]/ u?Ghn] tn}F ] lsg ufnL gu/s] L 5f/] LnfO{ < 5f]/L ltdLnfO{ s;n] l;sfof] o:tf] ug{ < ltdLn] cfOGbf o:tf] gug\"{ x} .’ k|z;+ f w'?w'? ?g yfnL . cfdfn] p;nfO{ ;dflt/lxg\\ . p;sL ;fgL alxgL klg kz| ;+ fsf] 5p] df pleP/ 196 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\\vnf sIff &

zAbf {y?g yfnL . k|z+;fsf afafnfO{ 5f/] L /f]Psfd] f cln g/dfOnf] nfUof] . ef]lnkN6 ;fyLx¿nfO{ kz| ;+ fn] 3/df ePsf] ;a} s/' f atfO{ . l/ldzfn] egL, ‘ca xfdL d]/L dfd'n] eGge' Psf] csf{] tl/sf ckgfcfF} <’ h7] !) ut;] Dd s'/] pgLx¿n] . ha Tof] lbg cfof,] pgLx¿ ;a} rf/} ah] kz| +;fsf] 3/ k'u] . kz| +;fsL cfdf;uF s]xL a]/ ;Nnfx klg u/] . clg a}7s sf]7fsf leQfel/ /ªl\\ urª\\uL an] g' x¿ ;hfP . /ªu\\ Lg sfuhx¿ 6f;F ] . clg aLrdf 7n\" f cIf/n] n]v,] ÅofkL ay{8] afaf ¤¤ a]ns' f ;f9] 5 ah]lt/ k|z+;fsf afaf cfOku' ] . 9f]sf 9s9s ugf;{ fy k|z;+ f / ;fyLx¿ afafnfO{ lng 9fs] fd} uP . ;a}n] Ps :j/df eg] ‘ÅofkL ay8{ ] 6' o', ÅofkL ay{8] l8o/ kfkf, ÅofkL ay8{ ] 6' o' .’ olt eg/] pgLx¿n] pkxf/ klg lbP . lhNn k/] kz| +;fsf afa' . cfh klg pgn] /S;L vfP/} cfPsf lyP . d'v uGxfO/x]sf] lyof] . cK7\\of/f] dfGb} cFWof/f] cg'xf/ agfP/ pgn] ‘Yofª\\So'’ eg] . kz| ;+ fsL cfdfn] klg >Ldfg\\nfO{ pkxf/ lbOg\\ . pgL sx] L klg af]n]gg\\ . pgsf cfFvf leQfdf 7fl] sP . ;a}lt/ x]/] clg 5j] s} f] ;f]kmfdf yrSs a;] . ;a} hgf gafl] nsg} pgnfO{ xl] //xs] f lyP . k|z;+ fsf afa'n] 5f/] Lx¿n] lbPsf] luÇ6 vfn] /] x/] ] . Tof] luÇ6 Pp6f /ftf] l6 ;6{ lyof] hf] k|z;+ fsL cfdfn] pgLx¿sf] ljjfxsf] s/' f l5g]kl5 lbPsL lyOg\\ . pgnfO{ k'/fgf lbgsf] ;D¹gf eof] . pgn] cfFvfel/ cf;F ' kf/] . lhNn kg'{ M cGof]ndf kg{', 5Ss kg'{ ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\\ nf sIff & 197

zAbf {yclg k|z+;fsL cfdfn] lbPsf] luÇ6 klg vf]n] . ljjfx xg' 'cl3 klxnfk] N6 sfnf] r:df luÇ6 lbPsL lyOg\\ pgn] . Tof] bV] g]lalQs} pgsf el/Psf cfFvfaf6 cf;F 'sf bfgf ¹g{ yfn] . a]ns' fsf] ;ft aHg nfus] f] lyof] . k|z;+ fsf ;fyLx¿n] eg,] ‘afaf xfdL hfG5f}F .’ kz| ;+ fsf afafn] la:tf/} xft p7fP / xNnfpFb} ‘afOafO{’ eg] . k|z;+ fsL ;fgL alxgLn] klg xft xNnfO{ . ef]lnkN6 :sn' df ;fyLx¿;Fu kz| +;fsf] e]6 eof] . e]6\\gf;fy ‘xfdL lxF8k] l5 afafn] s]xL eGg'ef] ls’ eg]/ pgLx¿n] ;fw] ] . kz| +;fn] egL, ‘ltdLx¿ lxF8k] l5 w]/}a/] ;Dd dnfO{ / alxgLnfO{ ;dft/] ?g'ef] clg cfdfnfO{ cuF fnf] xfn/] ?ge' f] . cfh laxfg ltdLx¿nfO{ lbg\" eg]/ of] lr7L lbg'ePsf] 5’ . pgLx¿n] lr7L vfn] ] . l/ldzfn] k9L . lr7Ldf nl] vPsf] lyof], ‘Kof/f 5f]/Lx¿ ¤ ltdLx¿n] hGdlbgdf dnfO{ hLjg pkxf/ lbof} . d / d]/f] kl/jf/sf] nflu of] cdN\" o 5 . o;sf] u'g d slxn] ltg{ kfpnF f < cfh olt eG5' ;a} 5f]/Lx¿sf] ho xf];\\ .’ lr7L ;'g]/ kz| ;+ f / p;sf ;fyLx¿n] Pscsf{sf cfvF fdf x/] ] / d:' s'/fpg yfn] . /S;L vfg] afgLn] 3/kl/jf/ lau|G5 . /S;L vfg] dflg;nfO{ SofG;/ xG' 5 . /S;L vfg] dflg;nfO{ ;dfhn] xn] f u5{ . d':s/' fpg M xfF:g, v;' L x'g cd\"No M w]/} dN\" o kg{], d\"No tf]Sg g;lsg] u'g M enfO, lxt, sNof0f 198 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M kz| +;f, 306L, ljjfx, cfof{, cIf/, leŒff @= cy{ n]v M ug' , pT;s' , sn' t, lhNn kg'{, cd\"No #= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M lvGg xg' ', t/, OHht, /,] cfk\"m $= z4' kf/]/ nv] M s_ cWof/f], /u+ Lr+uL, cf;', lhag v_ ef]lnkN6 ;fyLx¿nfO{ k;| +;fn] 3/df eosf] ;a} s/' f atfO{ . %= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nv] M cK7o\\ f/f,] ;d:of, k|z;+ f, OHht, hGd ^= dflysf] syfdf a÷j / P÷o sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfrF kfrF j6f zAb vf]h/] n]v . &= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M pkxf/ ulxl/Fb} x/] ]/ lvGg dflg; lgofn/] sf;] n] L dfgj a7} s a:g] sf]7f /ª\\uLg b'MvL a}7ssf]7f /ªl\\ uPsf] ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \\vnf sIff & 199

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M s_ lrqdf s;sf afaf n8\\g nfus] f lyP < v_ k|z;+ fn] sn/kk] / sxfF 6fF;L < u_ k|z+;fsL cfdfn] s;nfO{ pkxf/ lbOg\\ < 3_ /S;L vfg] dflg;nfO{ s;n] xn] f u5{ < ª_ kz| ;+ fsf] afafn] xft p7fP/ s] eg] < @= tnsf egfO ss;sf x'g\\ < lrg . s_ dfdn' ] geGg' eGge' fsf] 5 . v_ clg sn/ k]k/df rflxF s] nV] g] lg < u_ ;a} 5f]/Lx¿sf] ho xf;] \\ . 3_ ltdLx¿ lxF8]kl5 w/] }a]/;Dd dnfO{ / alxgLnfO{ ;dft/] ?g'ef] . #= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M s_ k|z;+ fn] ss;sf lrq agfPsL /lx5] < v_ s'ntdf nfUg] dflg;nfO{ su] /L ;w' fg{ ;lsG5 < u_ ;fyLx¿n] kz| ;+ fnfO{ sn/ k]k/ sxfF 6f:F g] ;Nnfx lbP < 3_ sn/ kk] / bv] k] l5 k|z+;fsf afafn] s] u/] < ª_ k|z;+ fsL cfdfnfO{ k/' fgf lbgsf] s;/L ;D¹gf eof] < r_ lr7L ;'g/] kz| +;f / p;sf ;fyLx¿n] ss] ] u/] < $= 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ bp] m M s_ k|z+;fsf afafn] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ s;/L b'Mv lbPsf lyP < v_ ;fyLx¿sf aLrdf k|z+;fn] ss] :tf] ;Nnfx u/L < u_ sn/ kk] /df ss] ] nl] vPsf] lyof] < 3_ k|z;+ fsf afafn] lr7Ldf ss] ] n]v]sf lyP < %= efj lj:tf/ u/ M s'ntdf nfUg] dflg;nfO{ dfofn] dfq ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . 200 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\\ nf sIff &