English 4 part 1

Sarah frowned. “3. ______________ (Sarah) know so little about 4. _____________(Nellie),” she said. Ms. Ryan said, “Sarah, 5. _____________ (Sarah) and 6. ______________ (Ms. Ryan)can get a book about Nellie. Then 7. ______________ (Ms. Ryan and Sarah) can read 8._______________ (the book) and learn more about 9. _______________ (Nellie).” John said, “Get the book by Jules Verne, too. 10. _______________ (Jules Verne)wrote Around the World in Eighty Days. 11. _________________ (The book) interestedNellie. 12. _____________ (Nellie) wanted to beat the time of the Verne hero, but Pulitzersaid 13. ______________ (Pulitzer) wanted to send some male reporters instead of 14._____________ (Nellie).” “Did 15. _______________ (the male reporters) get the job?” asked Sarah. “Did Pulitzer give 16. ____________ (the job) to 17. ______________ (Nellie Bly)?”asked Ms. Ryan. John smiled at 18. ______________ (Ms. Ryan and Sarah). “All 19. ________________ (John) will say,” he hinted, “is that Nellie eventually hada parade down Broadway.” “O.k.,” said Sarah. “20. _______________ (Sarah) will play the role of Nellie Bly!”II. Read the selection carefully, then answer the questions that follow. How The Months Got Their Names 3

Have you ever wondered how the April is named for Aprilis, anames of the months originated? Latin word which means to open. In the old calendar, April was the second All twelve names of the months month, but Julius Caesar made it theof the year come from Latin. Some fourth month in the Julian calendar.names belonged to the ancient Romancalendar which set March 1 as the first There are many stories how theday of the year. In 46 B.C., Julius month of May got its name. The mostCaesar, a famous general, who later widely accepted one is that it was namedbecame the emperor of Rome, readjusted for Maia, the Roman goddess of springthe calendar by making January 1 as the and growth. But some authorities sayfirst day instead. that May is short for majores, the Latin word for older men. They believe that January was named for Janus, May was the month sacred to thegod of gates and doors and hence, of all majores, just as June was consideredbeginnings. Janus was represented with sacred to the junioeres (young men).two opposite faces symbolizing the facesof a door. January is the first month of June was the fourth month in thethe year, so when it comes, we look early Roman calendar, and once had 29forward to another year. days. When Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, he gave the month 30 days and February comes from a Roman made it the sixth month. Somecelebration called Februs. It was a feast authorities believe the Romans namedof purification or cleaning. In cold the month for Juno, the wife of Jupitercountries, people do their spring and the goddess of marriage. Otherscleaning after the long winter months claim that the month of June, was takentoward the end of February. It is the only from junior, the Latin word for youngmonth that has only 28 days, but it has men because June was dedicated toone extra day in every leap year. young men in Rome.February had 30 days until the time ofJulius Caesar. Julius took one day off to July, the seventh month of theadd to the month which was later named year, was the fifth month in the ancientafter him. According to tradition, the calendar. They named it Quintilis, whichemperor Augustus Caesar took another means fifth. Julius Caesar was bornday off to add to August, the month during this month. After his death, thenamed after him. Roman Senate renamed the month Julius in his honor. March was the first month in theancient Roman Calendar, and was called August, the eighth month of theMartius. When Julius Caesar revised the year, was in honor of the emperorcalendar, he established January 1 as the Augustus. In the early calendar, it wasbeginning of the year. March then the sixth month and then had only 30became the third month. Its name honors days. Augustus lengthened the month toMars, the Roman god of war. 31 days by taking a day in February. 4

September was the seventh month in the is the Latin word for nine. Because Julyold Roman calendar. Its name comes was named for Julius Caesar, the Romanfrom the Latin Septem meaning seven. It Senate offered to name the eleventhbecame the ninth month in the Julian month for Tiberius Caesar. He refusedcalendar. modestly, saying, “What will you do if you have thirteen emperors?” The name October comes fromthe Latin word eight. October used to be December was the tenth month inthe eighth month. The Roman Senate the old calendar. The first part of itstried to name the month “Antoninus” name, decem, means ten in Latin.after a Roman emperor, “Faustus” after December once had 29 days, but Juliushis wife, and “Tacitus” after a Roman Caesar added two more, making it one ofhistorian, but the people continued to the longer months.call the tenth month of the year, October. - Josefina P. Gabriel In the ancient calendar,November was the ninth month. NovemSee how well you understood the selection by answering the following questions.1. Where do the names of the months come from?2. Who was responsible for making the calendar that we now use?3. March should have been the first month of the year. Explain what happened, making it January instead.4. Was February 28 days in the original calendar? Where did the remaining days go?5. It in the last sentence of the 3rd paragraph refers to a. Janus b. January c. month d. year6. Why did Tiberius Ceasar refuse to name one of the months in his honor?Self-checkI. Before we start the lesson proper, find out if you have satisfactorily answered the questions. Check your own work.1. She 11. It2. it 12. She3. I 13. he4. her 14. her5. you 15. they6. I 16. it7. we 17. her8. it 18. them9. her 19. I10. She 20. I 5

II. 1. All the names of the 12 months come from Latin. Some of them belonged to the ancient Roman calendar. 2. Julius Ceasar 3. Julius Ceasar readjusted the calendar. 4. No, Julius Ceasar took a day and added it to July, then Augustus Ceasar did the same, adding it to August. 5. January 6. He implied that, if there will be 13 emperors it will create a problem because there are only twelve months.If you got a perfect score of :26, rate yourself Excellent 14 – 19 Good20 – 25 Very Good 8 – 13 Fair7 and below, you need to study this Module very carefully. Study Skills Now, you are ready to start. How do you study your lessons? Do you follow a certain technique? Of course, there is no hard or fast rule on the most effective method of studying. You must have developed your own way of preparing for recitations, discussions, reports or examinations when you were attending school. Do you still find your technique effective? Read on to learn about an effective way to study. SQ4R’s Experts endorse one technique which you might find useful. It is known as SQ4R. It standsfor the following: S – Survey. Here, you get a bird’s eyeview of the material. You go over the title, introduction, main heads, subheads and pictures very carefully. Q – Question. Ask questions which you want to be answered. It is advisable to read the set of questions at the end of the story or chapter before you read the material. R – Read. Scan the material for the answers to the questions. Develop the habit of reading fast by focusing your attention on significant ideas.6

R – Recite. Tell yourself orally or mentally the answers to the questions. This is also one way of rehearsing for the class recitation or examination. R – Rite (Write). Write the questions and answers in brief forms. Use abbreviations to save time. Copying the questions and writing the answers are not a waste of time. Your written notes will come in handy in the next step of this study technique. R – Review. Go over your written notes to refresh your memory as often as you can, preferably an hour before entering your class.Activity 1See if you can apply the SQ4R’s in the article you have read. Go back to the selection, How the Months Got Their Names, then, do the exercises that follow.Write your answers in your notebook. Step 1 – Survey 1. What is the whole article about? Copy only the letter of your answer. a. The monthly festivals in Rome b. The legend of the calendar c. The origin of the names of the months d. The names of the Roman emperors 2. Copy the key words in the title: How the Months Got Their Names 3. The article starts with this introduction: Have you ever wondered how the names of the months originated? Pick out the key words. Step 2 – Question Form at least five questions about the selection focusing on the significant ideas. Step 3 – Read Go through the entire article and answer the questions that you have formed. Step 4 – Recite Read aloud the answers to the questions. Step 5 – Rite (Write) Make an outline of the article by following the format below. The first month is done for you. 7

Name of the month Origin Meaning / SignificanceJanuary Janus God of gates and doorsFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberStep 6 - Review Try to recall the names of the months, and the meaning or significance of the Latin words, without looking at the table.Self–checkSee how well you fared in this activity. Step 1 – Survey 1. c 2. How, Months, Got, Names 3. you, wondered, how, names, originated Step 2 – Question You are free to answer anything that has something to do with the article. Step 3 – Read Answer your own questions by scanning the article for details. Step 4 – Recite (Did you read aloud the answers to your own questions?) Step 5 – Rite (Write) 8

Origin MeaningFebrusMartius Feast of purification or cleaningAprilis Honors Mars, god of warMaia To open Roman goddess of spring andJuno growthQuintilis Goddess of marriageAugustus FifthSeptem In honor of emperor AugustusOctober SevenNovem Eightdecem Nine TenIf you got 14 correct answers in this activity, that’s a perfect score-100%Congratulations! 10 – 13 is Very Good, 8 – 9 is Good, 6 – 7 is Fair and 5 – belowmeans read more carefully.Activity 2Here is another practice exercise in using the SQ4R’sGet your science textbook, and do as you are told. 1. Read the title of the book. 2. Read the preface or introduction and find out: a. why the author wrote the book b. for whom the book is intended 3. Turn to the table of contents, and fill in the blanks below. a. The book is divided into _________________ units. b. Unit I has ____________ chapters. c. The title of Chapter I is ________________________________________ d. Chapter I has ______________ sub-topics. They are _________________ ___________________________________________________________Let’s move on. . . 9

Reading AdventureA. Words Unlocked While reading, have you ever come across words which were difficult to understand? Whatdid you do to understand them? Did you get a dictionary right away? The dictionary is the best reference material which can help you understand words, however,there are times when you don’t have to refer to it simply because there are clues to the meaningwithin the sentence or the surrounding sentences. Try the following samples. Read each sentence andwrite the words which get you closer to the meaning. Look for a synonym or antonym. The first oneis done for you. Unfamiliar Word Context Clues Cross Checked Meaning wild living spend wastefully1. Then, the younger songot all his possessions andheaded for a distant countryand there squandered hiswealth in wild living.2. When he had nothingleft, a severe famine in thecountry came and he beganto be in need.3. He got so hungry that hewanted to fill his stomachwith the pods that the pigswere eating, but no onegave him anything.4. When he came to hissenses, he remembered hisfather’s servants who hadfood to spare while he wasstarving to death.5. While he was still far, hisfather saw him and wasfilled with compassion forhim. 10

Self–checkDid you find the clues? Now, check if you guessed the meaning of each word correctly. Context Clues 1. wild living to spend wastefully 2. to be in need shortage of food 3. to fill stomach dry fruits or seeds 4. food to spare suffer extreme hunger 5. still far desire to help, pity, mercyRate yourself with the following:5 is Outstanding4 is Very Good3 is Good2 is Fair1 means you have to read more carefullyB. What I know The Bible says that there is more rejoicing in heaven when one sinner repents than over ninehundred nine righteous persons who do not need to repent. (Luke 15:7) God loves people whorecognize that they have done wrong and know how to ask for forgiveness. Why do you think this isso? Will you be happy to see hardened criminals crying to God and asking for forgiveness? Willit matter if a long lost friend who became an enemy comes back and asks you to forgive him/her?How will you deal with that person? Recall at least two quotations or sayings that tell about forgiveness.1. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________2. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 11

Everyone has the right to another chance at life. If someone commits a mistake he/she shouldnot be condemned for doing so. He must be given an opportunity to change for the better and redeemhimself/herself. If the same thing happens to you, of course, you would want to be forgiven, too. The story you are about to read is an example of a parable. A parable is a simple story told toillustrate moral truth. It was Christ’s means of teaching men how to live righteously. He told severalparables to people when He was living here on earth.While Reading Read the selection carefully and find out the lesson it wants to share.The Parable of the Lost Son Luke 15:11-31There was a rich man who had two sons. your son, make me one of your hiredThe younger one said to his father, men.” So, he got up and went to his“Father, give me my share of the estate.” father.So, the father divided his propertybetween them. While he was still far, his father saw him and was filled with compassion Then, the younger son got all his for him. He ran to his son, threw hispossessions and headed for a distant arms around him and kissed him.country and there squandered his wealthin wild living. When he had nothing left, The son told his father all that hea severe famine in the country came and planned to say. But the father ordered hishe began to be in need. So, he went to servants to bring the best clothes and putlook for a job and was hired to feed the it on him. Put a ring on his finger andpigs. He got so hungry that he wanted to sandals on his feet. He further ordered,fill his stomach with the pods that the “Bring the best calf and kill it. We willpigs were eating, but no one gave him have a feast and celebrate, for my sonanything. was dead and is alive again. He was lost and is found.” So, they began to When he came to his senses, he celebrate.remembered his father’s servants whohad food to spare while he was starving Meanwhile, the elder son was into death. He decided to go back to ask the field. When he came near the house,his father for forgiveness and say, he heard music and dancing. He called“Father, I have sinned against God and one of the servants and asked what wasagainst you. I am no longer worthy to be going on. “Your brother has come,” 12

the servant replied, “and your father has celebrate with my friends. But when thiskilled the best calf because he has him son of yours who has squandered yourback safe and sound.” property with prostitutes comes home, you kill the best calf for him!” The elder son became angry andrefused to enter the house. So, his father “My son,” the father said, “youwent out and pleaded with him. But he are always with me, and everything Ianswered his father, “Look! All these have is yours. But we had to celebrateyears I’ve been working hard for you and be glad, because this brother ofand never disobeyed you. Yet, you never yours was dead and is alive again, hegave me even a young goat so I could was lost and is found.”Post ReadingA. Answer the following questions based on the selection you have just read.1. What unusual situation is told in the opening of the story?2. What did the younger son do with his money? Give examples.3. Describe his life after he has used up all the money. Give at least 5 adjectives.4. Why did the father forgive his son so easily?5. What can you say about the reaction of the elder son when he learned about the homecoming of his younger brother?6. Would you be willing to forgive anybody who had done you wrong or had caused you physical or emotional pain?B. Inferring Character Traits Read the following lines taken from the selection. Then, choose the trait that best describesthe character.1. “Father, give me my share of the estate.” c. disrespectful d. envious The younger son is a. helpful b. industrious2. “I am no longer worthy to be called your son.”The speaker isa. proud b. humble c. courteous d. patient3. “My son was dead, and is alive again. c. selfish d. open-minded The father is a. forgiving b. stubborn 13

4. “Look! All these years I’ve been working hard for you and never disobeyed you. Yet, you never gave me even a young goat so I could celebrate with my friends.” The elder son is a. courteous b. helpful c. obedient d. enviousLogical Sequencing The following pictures show the different events in the story you just read. Go back to thereading selection and match the scenes with the parts of the story below. Write the number that willshow the order of events. The younger brother fed the pigs. He got his share of the wealth. The elder son came home angry. He squandered his money. His father welcomed him back.Scene Events in Pictures Events Described in Text No. 14

Self-check Now, it’s time for you to find out if you were able to understand fully well the readingselection given to you. Let’s hope for a good rating.Pre-reading The following are but a few examples of quotations that tell about forgiveness. If you foundsome more, that’s very good. 1. To err is human; to forgive, divine. - Alexander Pope 15

2. Forgive and forget.3. We read that we ought to forgive our enemies; but we do not read that we ought to forgive our friends. - Cosimo de’ Medici4. The stupid neither forgive nor forget; the naïve forgive and forget; the wise forgive but do not forget. - Thomas SzaszPost Reading Your understanding of the story is perfect if your answers to the above questions are as close,if not, exactly the same as the answers below.A. 1. The younger son asked for inheritance even while the father was still very much alive. 2. He spent it on wild living. Examples: womanizing, drinking alcohol, gambling and other worthless things. 3. Miserable, wretched, undesirable, pitiful, inadequate, unfortunate, unhappy, uncomfortable or other words that are of the same meaning as the above. Refer to a dictionary for more words. 4. Because he loved his son too much. 5. Any response is acceptable, however, you have to use your better judgment. 6. Like number 5, any response will do. But if you were to follow God’s teachings, as the parable teaches, you should learn to forgive just as God has forgiven you.B. 1. c. disrespectful - It was not the right time to talk about inheritance. Only the father can decide to do so.2. b. humble - Accepting that one has done wrong is an act of humility.3. a. forgiving - Accepting a person in spite of the wrong he has done is being forgiving.4. d. envious - Desire to have what another person has is a manifestation of envy.The correct sequence is 2, 4, 5, 3, 1You don’t need to copy the exact description. You just have to make sure that it revolves around the original text.Your rating: 20 is the Perfect Score. Congratulations for an Outstanding Work! 17 – 19 Very Good 13 – 16 Good 10 - 12 Fair 9 and below means you should study harder by devoting more time to your modules. 16

Language Focus In speaking or writing, it is not good to repeat words over and over again. You will soundboring and uninteresting. You can improve your speech or writing by replacing nouns with pronouns.Do these activities:Activity Read the following dialog carefully. You will find underlined words that actually replacenouns found in the sentence that come before it or within the sentence itself. In the first line, can you tell what word was replaced by it? If your answer is wallet, you got itright. Now, try the remaining 10 items.Shane: Es-jay, did you see my wallet? I think it was stolen from me.Es-jay: Are 1. you sure? Think carefully. When did you last have it?Shane: I remember getting it from my bag when I paid for the photo copy of the book. There was a group of guys who were teasing each other. I even got angryAndrew: because one of the boys stepped on 2. my toe. May be 3. they purposely tried toShane: catch my attention so that they can get my wallet.Andrew: Excuse me, Miss (looking irritated).Shane: What brings you here again? You see, 4. he is the guy I was telling you about.Andrew: He stepped on my toe!Es-jay: Yes, and I think I said, “I’m sorry.” I just came to give you 5. your wallet. YouGuys: left it beside the Xerox copier.Andrew: So, you found it?James: Yes, I did. And this time I think you owe 6. us an apology because I heard you say that my friends and I got your wallet on purpose.Shane: I believe him. He won’t be here if they really planned on getting that wallet ofAndrew: 7. yours. (The other boys are seen approaching.)Shane: What’s taking you long, bro? Nothing. It’s just that I am waiting for an apology because the lady here happens to have thought of us as thieves. Is that so? Fine, let us go. 8. We might just be wasting our time here. In the first place, you should have not bothered returning it to her personally when you can just give it to the center for lost and found. Alright, I’m sorry, really sorry for having thought of you as bad guys. Could we be friends? 9. Your apology is accepted provided that you and your friend will agree to join us in the canteen for snacks. Why not? 10. We are starving to death. 17

Self-checkHere are the correct answers. Check your work.1. Shane 6. boys2. Shane 7. Shane3. boys 8. boys4. one of the boys 9. Shane (Andrew)5. Shane 10. Shane, together with Es-jay 10 correct answers is Outstanding 8 – 9 is Very Good 6 – 7 is Good 4 – 5 is Fair which means you need more practice. 3 and below means you have to concentrate on the succeeding exercises.Personal pronounsStudy the following table showing the subject and object forms of personal pronouns1st person Subject Plural Object Plural2nd person we us3rd person Singular you Singular you I they me you them you he / she / it him / her / itNow do the following exercises.Activity 1.Choose the correct pronouns and write your answers in your notebook. 1. Are (they, them) coming to see you today? 2. Have Mary and (she, her) written the story? 3. Peter and (he, him) cut the tall grass in front of the Old building. 18

4. Susan and (she, her) are cousins. 5. Could Anna and (I, me) arrange the flowers for the offering? 6. Marie and (she, her) attend the student conference every year. 7. When did Ferdinand and (she, her) return from Saudi Arabia? 8. Either my cousin or (she, her) will go with you to the party. 9. Mother and (I, me) went window shopping at Plaza Fair yesterday. 10. Cathy and (they, them) are neighbors at Greenwoods Subdivision.Activity 2.Change the italicized nouns to pronouns in the objective case. 1. Is this medal for Anita? __________________________________ 2. Have you given the new students copies of the school rules and regulations? __________________________________ 3. Who taught the boys that song? __________________________________ 4. Our actions must be strange to Carina and Hannah. __________________________________ 5. The catechist taught Jose the morning prayer. __________________________________ 6. The principal sent for Mr. Cruz and Miss Pecson. __________________________________ 7. He offered Mario and me some cookies. _________________________________ 8. We saw the accident yesterday. __________________________________ 9. The noise came from behind Rex and Marie. __________________________________ 10. The staff artist drew the editorial cartoon. __________________________________ 19

Activity 3. Give a pronoun in place of the italicized words. Example: Archie ate all the bananas. Answers: Archie ate them. 1. One of the male dancers did the break dance. __________________________________ 2. The group leader divided the assignment among the members. __________________________________ 3. Would you like to sit between Cathy and Carmen? __________________________________ 4. May I accompany Carlos, our new classmate? __________________________________ 5. Three girls and one boy did not pass the periodical test. __________________________________ 6. Mila will be in the laboratory room. __________________________________ 7. The patient is talking to Dr. Jesus Cunanan, the lung specialist. _________________________________ 8. Gilbert sent me flowers as a birthday present. _________________________________ 9. We develop new ways to identify and classify living things. _________________________________ 10. Our science teacher taught us what makes up a system. ______________________________________________ After doing Activities 1 – 3, you can say that: When a pronoun is used as a subject, it is in the nominative case. She is my cousin. They need help. In the objective case the pronoun is used as an object of a verb or an object of a preposition. Examples: The man saw me. Give the envelope to him. 20

Self-CheckCheck your answers against this key. Notice that an explanation is given after the answer.Activity 11. they - 3rd person, subjective, plural2. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female3. he - 3rd person, subjective, singular, male4. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female5. I - 1st person, subjective, singular6. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female7. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female8. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female9. I - 1st person, subjective, singular10. they - 3rd person, subjective, pluralActivity 21. her - 3rd person, objective, singular, female2. them - 3rd person, objective, plural3. them - 3rd person, objective, plural4. them - 3rd person, objective, plural5. him - 3rd person, objective, singular, male6. them - 3rd person, objective, plural7. them - 3rd person, objective, plural8. it - 3rd person, objective, singular, no gender9. her - 3rd person, objective, singular, female10. it - 3rd person, objective, singular, no genderActivity 3 1. He - 3rd person, subjective, singular, male 2. them - 3rd person, objective, plural 3. them - 3rd person, objective, plural 4. him - 3rd person, objective, singular, male 5. They - 3rd person, subjective, plural 6. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female 7. him - 3rd person, objective, singular, female 8. He - 3rd person, subjective, singular, male 9. them - 3rd person, objective, plural 10. He/She- 3rd person, subjective, singular, general 21

Activity 4. Using Possessive Pronouns A pronoun that shows ownership is in the possessive case. The table below shows the personal pronouns in the possessive case. Possessive Determiners Possessive Pronouns1st person Singular Plural Singular Plural2nd person my our mine ours3rd person your your yours yours their theirs his/her/its his/hersThis is my book. This book is mine.Rey is our friend. Rey is a friend of ours.Remember that the possessive pronouns its, his, yours, hers, theirs, and oursare NEVER written with the apostrophe. The following activity will require you to use pronouns that express ownership. Read thesentences carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct possessive pronouns. 1. There’s a wallet on top of the piano. It is not ___________________. I have my wallet in my bag. Whose is it? 2. That ruler is not ___________________. Your ruler is with Carmelita, your friend. She kept it for you yesterday. 3. Here’s ___________________ dictionary. Thank you for letting me use it. 4. Mila, is that ___________________ ball pen? Kindly return it to me. 5. So, you’re a friend of Lola Norma. I am a granddaughter of ___________________. 6. Why did you laugh at Mario? ___________________ answer was correct, wasn’t it? 7. That puppy is kind of cute. ___________________ eyes are pathetic-looking. 8. They have submitted ___________________ report on time. 9. “Give us this day ___________________ daily bread and forgive us ___________________ sins.” 10. The girl slightly raised ___________________ skirt when she crossed the flooded street. 11. Arsenio gave all ___________________ savings to the fire victims. 12. Look at ___________________ eyes and tell me the truth. 13. I have submitted ___________________ paper. Have you submitted ___________________? 14. The old tree is dying; ___________________ branches are brittle; and ___________________ leaves are turning brown. 15. My neighbors are moving to ___________________ new house. 16. The participants are now taking ___________________ seats. 17. The lady guest of honor is about to begin ___________________ speech. 18. Here’s my contribution. Where’s ___________________, Cecille? 19. Can I borrow ___________________ typewriter, Dingdong? 22

20. Call Maybelle. These keys are ___________________. They are the keys to ___________________ locker.Activity 5. Pronoun VariationsFill in the blank with the correct pronoun. Example: It isn’t my bag. The bag isn’t mine. The bag doesn’t belong to me. 1. The house is theirs. It’s ___________________ house. The house belongs to ___________________. 2. I’m sure the book belongs to him. The book is ___________________. It’s ___________________. 3. Those costumes are not ours. They are not ___________________ costumes. The costumes don’t belong to ___________________. 4. Hey, that’s my umbrella. That umbrella belongs to ___________________. That’s ___________________. 5. I think this calculator is yours. Isn’t this ___________________ calculator? The calculator belongs to ___________________.Self-checkCheck your answers now. The explanation is given right after the answer.Activity 41. mine - 1st person, singular, possessive pronoun2. yours - 2nd person, singular, possessive pronoun3. your - 2nd person, singular, possessive determiner4. my - 1st person, singular, possessive determiner5. hers - 3rd person, singular, possessive pronoun6. his - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 23

7. its - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 8. their - 3rd person, plural, possessive determiner 9. our, our - 1st person, plural, possessive determiner 10. her - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 11. his - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 12. my - 1st person, singular, possessive determiner 13. my, yours - 1st person, singular, possessive determiner/2nd person, singular, possessive 14. its, its pronoun 15. their - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 16. their - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 17. her - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 18. yours - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 19. your - 2nd person, singular, possessive pronoun 20. hers, her - 2nd person, singular, possessive determiner - 3rd person, singular, possessive pronoun/ 3rd person, singular, possessiveActivity 5 determiner 1. theirs, them 2. his, his - 3rd person, plural, possessive pronoun, 3rd person, plural, objective 3. our, us - 3rd person, singular, possessive pronoun/same 4. me, mine - 1st person, plural, possessive determiner/1st person, plural objective 5. your, you - 1st person, singular, objective/1st person singular, possessive pronoun - 2nd person, singular, possessive determiner/ 2nd person, singular, objectiveReflexive Pronouns A pronoun that reflects the action of a verb on the subject is called a reflexive pronoun. Thereflexive pronouns are shown in this table.1st person Singular Plural2nd person3rd person myself ourselves yourself yourselves herself, himself, itself themselvesI myself made this. (The subject of the verb and the reflexive pronoun refer to the same person.)I made this myself. (The reflexive pronoun reflects the action of a verb on the subject.) 24

Activity 6Complete these sentences by adding suitable reflexive pronouns. The first one is done for you. 1. The excursionists were enjoying themselves at Boracay Beach. 2. I ________________________ decided to do the job. 3. What can they do to help ___________________________________ ? 4. Did you finish the assignment _______________________________ ? 5. We ____________________________, cannot promise you anything. 6. The farmers did the harrowing of the field ______________________. 7. The cat hurt _________________________ while catching the mouse. 8. Stevenson convinced ______________________ that he could do the assigned task. 9. He did the repair of the typewriter ____________________________. 10. The two brothers gathered the firewood ________________________.Self-check There are more to check. The clue to the correct response is given.The noun or pronoun to be replaced are:1. themselves excursionists2. myself I3. themselves they4. yourself you5. ourselves We6. themselves farmers7. itself cat8. himself Stevenson9. himself He10. themselves two brothersActivity 7. Using Indefinite Pronouns Some pronouns do not refer to any definite noun, but still they take the place of nouns. These are called indefinite pronouns. The following are indefinite pronouns:. anything somebody nobody everybody anyone someone no one everyone anybody something nothing everything Everyone is invited. There’s nobody home. Tell the news to everybody 25

Fill in the blank with the correct indefinite pronoun.1. We all want the best of ______________________.a. something b. everything2. Please don’t tell this to ______________________. a. anyone b. nobody3. ______________________ will like you if you are grouchy.a. Everybody b. Nobody4. I saw ______________________ creep by the window.a. something b. anything5. ______________________ is trying to fool you.a. Everything b. Someone6. Are you sure you didn’t forget ______________________?a. anything b. everything7. ______________________ can stop me from leaving the club.a. Nothing b. Everything8. ______________________ looks happy today.a. Anybody b. Everyone9. ______________________ will be given a chance to recite.a. Everybody b. Everything10. Do you know ______________________ who can help us?a. no one b. somebodySelf-check The answers here require you to think hard and recall related experiences. Hope you got them allright.1. everything – covering all aspects in life2. anyone – meaning, not a single person3. Nobody – meaning, no person will do4. something – no definite object 26

5. Someone – no definite person6. anything – not a single object7. Nothing – definitely no object is present8. Everyone – every single person9. Everybody – each person10. Someone – no definite personActivity 8 In addition, we have this to say: This, these, that, and those are also pronouns. They point out thenoun they refer to. They are called demonstrative pronouns. This and thesepoint out things near the speaker while that and those point out things farfrom the speaker.Fill in the blanks with the correct demonstrative pronouns. 1. You see the pile over there? ______________________ is the trash we got from the room. 2. ______________________ is my report. Kindly go over it. 3. Did you hear the witness’ statements? ______________________ are fabricated stories. 4. Let me tell you ______________________: I don’t intend to pay for a lousy service. 5. Look at the earrings I’m wearing. ______________________ are the only jewels I have. 6. Look at ______________________ handkerchief. It has a unique design. 7. Do you see the group of girls by the shed? ______________________ are students from our school. 8. I saw several rows of seedlings on my way here. Are ______________________ yours? 9. ______________________ are pretty doilies. Who made them? 10. He told you I loved him? ______________________ is ridiculous!Self-check You’ll have to see this other activity before we have the last one. Did you see the clues? Theyactually lead you to the answers.(location with reference to the speaker)1. that over there, far from the speaker2. This go over it, near the speaker 27

3. Those witness’ , far from the speaker 4. this Let me tell, the speaker himself/herself 5. These I’m wearing, the speaker herself has them 6. this Look at, the speaker is showing it 7. Those by the shed, the speaker is far 8. those on my way, the speaker has passed the place 9. These are pretty…- near the speaker to be able to appreciate the design 10. that He told you…, The speaker was somewhereActivity 9. that was why she didn’t hear it said. Another kind of pronouns are those used as questions words such as -who, what, which, whom or whose. These are called interrogative pronouns.Complete the following dialogs with the appropriate interrogative pronouns. 1. A. ______________________ of these books are Maria’s? B. The ones with plastic cover. 2. A. ______________________ is leaving for abroad? B. Augusto. 3. A. ______________________ are you afraid of? B. Snakes and lizards. 4. A. ______________________ got my umbrella? B. Paula. 5. The messenger left these letters. ______________________ are these? B. Mine. 6. A. Jose looks dejected. ______________________ did you tell him? B. That I don’t love him anymore. 7. A. ______________________ do the Lopezes help? B. The orphans. 28

Self-checkSee if you got the correct answers. The explanation is inside the parentheses. 1. Which – (indicating a choice) 2. Who – (requiring a person for an answer) 3. What – (answer has to be a thing) 4. Who – (answer has to be a person) 5. Whose – (asks for the owner) 6. What – (is asking for a reason) 7. Whom – (the answer is a beneficiary of the help from the Lopezes.)Check your Final Rating for Language Focus For 92 – 90 Outstanding 74 – 89 Very Good 58 – 73 Good 42 – 57 Fair which means you need more time for your studies. 41 and below means you have to study pronouns more.Write Thing A person is always in need of affirmation, a manifestation that one is loved, cared for andwanted. The absence of this, dampens the spirit, and sometimes leads to frustration ordisillusionment. However, is action enough to satisfy the person of this need? The answer is “NO.” A personwants to be told most of the time. When was the last time you told your parents you love them? When was the last time youtold your friend how important he/she is to you? This time, you will have to write a letter telling thatyou care for the person you are writing to. You may write to your mom or dad, a special friend oranybody close to your heart. Pay close attention to the pronouns you will use. Write your letter in your notebook. After you have written your draft refer to the following guide questions to help you improveyour work. Content 1. Did you say what you feel about the sendee? (the receiver of the letter) 2. Did you cite instances when you tried to show your true feelings for the person? 29

3. Did you tell how he/she reacted to your demonstration of affection? 4. Did you mention how much you are willing to give or give up in his/her favor?Organization 1. Was the main idea stated in the paragraph? 2. Did you support the main idea with details? 3. Did you use appropriate words to link one sentence to another?Structure 1. Did you use appropriate pronouns to replace the nouns? 2. Did you see to it that the number of the subject agrees with the verb? 3. Did you use the appropriate tense of the verb?Posttest You are almost done with this Module. Now, let us see the totality of what you have learned.I. Fill in the blanks with pronouns chosen from the box below. You can use the pronouns more thanonce. The first sentence is done for you. Making FriendsSome people find ___________it_________ difficult to make friends with strangers because1._____________________ do not know how to begin. 2.______________________ is easy to breakthe ice, if 3.______________________ really want to. Here is one way of doing4.______________________. Suppose 5.______________________ find6.______________________ seated beside a stranger in the Metrorail. If7.______________________ has a watch, ask 8.______________________ the time. If9.______________________ have a watch, just tell 10.______________________ that11.__________________________________ forgot to wind 12.______________________. Then 13.______________________can talk about the Metrorail, its advantages and disadvantages. Show thatyou are interested in what 14.______________________ is saying by nodding or shaking15.______________________ head or by just smiling. In the course of16.______________________ conversation 17. ______________________ can ask18.______________________ name, where 19. ______________________ lives or where20. ______________________ studies. In that way, 21.______________________ trip will not beboring and 22. ______________________ knows? It might be the beginning of a beautifulfriendship. 30

you it yourself he your theyits him what his who whomshe herII. Everyday ExpressionsThe following are idiomatic expressions with the verb look.Choose one which can replace the underlined word or group of words in the sentences.look up look into look forwardlook after look out look up to1. I admire people with integrity.2. The Congress continues to investigate on the unexplained wealth of the official.3. “Please take care of your baby sister while I am away,” Mother reminded me.4. If you come across a difficult word while reading, refer to the dictionary.5. My mother wishes to see that I become an executive of a big company.6. While the thieves were inside ransacking the house, one was at the front door, on guard for anybody who might arrive. 31

III. Reading Read the love letter carefully. Then answer the questions that follow. A Love Letter Dear Vicky, I wrote to let you know how much you mean to me. Yesterday I saw you walking and laughing with your friends and I hoped that soon you’d want me to walk along with you, too. I love you so I painted you a sunset to close your day; likewise, I whispered a cool breeze to refresh you. I waited but you never called. However, I just kept on loving you. Last night, I saw tears trickling down your cheeks. I knew you were hurt and unhappy; consequently, I wanted so much to comfort you. Unfortunately, you didn’t think of Me or ask for My help. To ease your pain, I spilled moonlight onto your face and made the stars burn their brightest, but you were so filled with self-pity, you didn’t even notice me. This morning, I exploded a brilliant sun into glorious morning to cheer you up. But you woke up late and rushed off to school unaware of it. My sky became cloudy and My tears were the rain. I love you, I truly and really care. I try to essay the intensity of My love not only in the silence of the green meadows but also in the splendor of the blue sky. The wind whispers My concern throughout the treetops; in addition, I spill it into the vibrant colors of all the flowers. I shout My love to you in the thunder of the great waterfalls; furthermore, I compose love songs for the birds to sing to you. I warm you with the clothing of My sunshine and I perfume the air with Nature’s sweet scent. My love for you is deeper than any ocean and it is greater than any need in your heart. If you’d only realize how much I love and care. My Father sends His love. I want you to meet Him- He cares, too. So, please call on Me soon. No matter how long it takes, I’ll wait because I love you. Most sincerely, Jesus 32

1. Point out passages in the letter showing Vicky’s indifference to the letter sender.2. Read the lines showing how the writer felt.3. (For 3 pts.) Read lines to show that the sender is a. caring b. patient c. loving4. (For 2 pts.)At what point in the letter did you feel that the letter sender is not an ordinaryperson? Explain your answer.5. (Please answer but this will not have a point anymore.) At what point in the letter did you feelthat it is, in fact, addressed to you? How did you feel at this point?Self-checkAre you excited to find out how you fared? We will soon find out.I. Language Focus1. they 12. yours2. It 13. you3. you 14. he /she4. it 15. your5. you 16. your6. yourself 17. you7. he / she 18. his / her8. him / her 19. he / she9. they 20. he / she10. them 21. your11. you 22. whoII. Everyday Expressions1. look up to – meaning to give special recognition2. look into – to verify search the truth3. look after – to see that everything is okay4. look up – to search for5. look forward – to wait with excitement6. look out – to watch and give warningIII. Reading The answers to the questions are all in the text. They may or may not be directly stated, but take acloser look and you’ll see that some answers are implied. 33

1. Vicky’s indifference is very well reflected in the first three paragraphs.2. The letter sender’s feelings were all expressed in the last two paragraphs.3. Caring: Patient: LovingParagraph 1, Lines 1, 2 Paragraph 1, Line 3,4 Paragraph 1, Line 5 2, 1- 5 4, 1,2,4,5 4, 4 3, 1 -3 53 4, 34. Give yourself 2 points if your answer is “from the first paragraph and 1 point ifyour answer is at other points in the letter.Explanation: When the letter sender said, I love you so I painted you a sunset to close your day. I whispered a cool breeze to refresh you To ease your pain, I spilled moonlight onto your face and made the stars burn their brightest I exploded a brilliant sun into glorious morning to cheer you up.It can be implied that he is not an ordinary person.5. Answers may vary at this point. The important thing is you are sensitive to the message that this letter is meant for all of us human beings. It’s a letter sent by God to remind us of His selfless love. Are you excited to move to another Module? Have you computed your total score? Let’s usfind out if you are ready.Your score 35 is Outstanding 27 – 34 is Very Good 19 – 26 is Good 11 – 18 is Fair. Congratulations! You have completed another module. 10 and below, I’m sorry but you have to review this Module before you proceed to another one. See you again.NOTE: This module helped you learn more from life. The next module will help you learn muchmore from life by becoming a discriminating and analytical learner. 34

Before you put aside this module, spend some time reflecting on what you have learned fromit. Use this format in your reflective journal. What I think of the activities in this module How I liked themThings I Did (Very much) (Just fine) (Not so much because)What I liked best 35

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Module 4A Discriminating and Analytical LearnerOverview Purposeful learning requires discriminating and analytical reading and thinking because of theexplosion of knowledge and information brought about by modern technology. You should learn todiscriminate whether or not the information at hand suits your purpose. You must also be able todistinguish whether it is a fact or an opinion, a bias or propaganda and whether it is relevant orirrelevant to the topic at hand. This module focuses on helping you become a discriminating and analytical learner. Aftergoing through this module you will hopefully be able to answer the question: Will the information athand help me form good judgment and make me arrive at a wise decision?Objectives FACT? OPINION? After working on the activities in thismodule you will be able to: 1. identify from several meanings that which fits context 2. recognize synonyms of words 3. determine the main idea of a material read 4. distinguish fact from opinion and relevant from irrelevant ideas 5. make inferences and predictions 6. describe a Filipino tradition, a routine or a scientific fact 7. express on-going action 8. transcode linear information to text 9. write a personal reflection on friendship/honesty 10. demonstrate understanding of idioms with hold by using them in sentences. 1

Instructions 1. Do not write anything on this module as several students will be using it. Do all your work in your notebook. Be sure to label your work by the module number and title. Keep a separate notebook for your Reflective Journal. 2. Read each section carefully. If you have not read the first two sections, go over them first. 3. Each module begins with a brief introduction or Overview followed by a list of Objectives you are expected to learn. 4. Before working on the activities, answer the Pretest first. Find out how well you did by checking your answer against the answers given under the Self-Check of the pretest. 5. As you work on the activities, try to relate them to the objectives of this module. What skill or strategy does the activity develop? 6. After each activity go over the Self-Check that follows to find out how well you fared in that activity. Pay attention to the items you missed. Learn from your mistakes. 7. After working on all the activities take the Posttest.Now take the pretest. Please do your best.PretestI. Choosing from several meanings Write the letter of the meaning which best fits each sentence containing the underlined word. Choose from the list below: a. identify b. a sharp end c. a small mark or dot d. the main idea e. a particular time f. an item 1. I missed the point of your story. 2. At that point, the child fell asleep. 3. He answered the argument point by point. 4. The pencil has a sharp point. 5. Marlon forgot to add the decimal point.II. Getting the main idea and picking out the irrelevant sentence. Read the paragraphs below then write the letter of your answers to the questions that follow. 6. Young lion cubs can be as affectionate as kittens. If you hold one of them on your lap it will relax comfortably in your arms, almost as if it were a baby. Pat it on the head or stroke its fur 2

and you will hear it purr and wait for you to do it again. If mama lioness is near, she will be growling softly to warn you to be careful with her affectionate baby. But the cub will pay no attention. It just wants you to go on patting it. The paragraph is about a/an a. domesticated lion cub b. troublesome lion cub c. affectionate lion cub7. Blossoms sprouted everywhere, growing from stems that sprang up from the ground and out of tree trunks. Rizza had never seen so many plants before! These growths were shaped like the green plants of Earth, but they were in totally different colors. The leaves were red and orange and the flowers were streaked with pinks and yellows, browns and blues. The paragraph describes a. earth b. plants c. colors8. Leonardo da Vinci is best known as a painter, but he was also a sculptor and a musician. He was a talented engineer and inventor and an important figure in the history of science. Leonardo da Vinci was a man of many talents. The paragraph is chiefly about the a. many talents of Leonardo da Vinci. b. well-known paintings of Leonardo da Vinci c. contributions of Leonardo da Vinci to science.9. 1) Antonio always gives people the impression that he is tired. 2) Because he was requested by his mother to close the main door, he hurriedly obeyed. 3) His pace was as fast as a turtle’s with broken limbs. 4) Some people always walk slowly. 5) He appeared to have had a hard day’s work, and the first impression everybody in the family got upon seeing him was a picture of exhaustion and fatigue. Which sentence does not belong to the paragraph? a. Sentence 2 b. Sentence 4 c. Sentence 510. 1) The santa cruzan is a Maytime street pageant. 2) It recalls the searching and finding of the true cross by St. Helena and Constantine. 3) It is sponsored by the National Press Club. 4) Prominent ladies or popular movie stars in elegant ternos walk underneath flowered arches. 5) Each participant plays the role of a Biblical character. 6) The glow of candles and luces and the smell of sampaguitas lend beauty to a truly enchanting summer ritual. 3

What sentence does not belong to the paragraph? a. Sentence 5 b. Sentence 2 c. Sentence 3III. Write the letter of the correct verb form to complete the sentence.11. Green plants _________ food by means of photosynthesis.A. made B. make C. is making D. does make12. Photosynthesis _________ water and carbon dioxide into a sugar.A. combines B. do combine C. combine D. is combining13. Green plants _________ carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.A. is absorbing B. does absorb C. absorb D. absorbs14. The plants _________ water from the soil through the roots.A. takes B. are taking C. does take D. take15. Light _________ the energy for photosynthesis.A. supply B. supplies C. do supply D. are supplying16. Chlorophyll _________ it possible for green plants to use the energy of light.A. do make B. made C. are making D. makes17. Green plants _________ oxygen to the atmosphere.A. is returning B. does return C. returns D. return18. Photosynthesis _________ within the leaves of green plants specifically within thechloroplasts.A. occur B. are occurring C. occurs D. do occur19. Green plants _________ the sugar they make into a starch.A. converts B. convert C. does convert D. is converting20. Plants also _________ fats and proteins.A. synthesize B. is synthesizing C. does synthesize D. synthesizesIV. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in parenthesis.21. The earth _________ (be) the fifth largest planet in space.22. It _________ (rotate) on its axis and _________ (revolve) around the sun as it23. _________ (move) through space along with the sun.24.25. Geologists _________ (believe) the earth to be about 4.6 billion years old.26. The earth _________ (consist) of the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.27. The lithosphere _________ (be) the solid part of the earth which _________28. (consist) of the crust, mantle and core.29. The earth _________ (have) a magnetic field and ________(exert) the force of30. gravity. 4

Self-check Here are the answers to the questions. Did you get them all right? Check your answers andfind out how you fared.I. Choosing from several meanings1. d 3. f 5. c2. e 4. bII. Getting the main idea and picking out the irrelevant sentence.6. c 8. a 10. c7. b 9. bIII. Using correct verb form11. b 16. d12. a 17. d13. c 18. c14. d 19. b15. b 20. aIV. Completion21. is 26. consists22. rotates 27. is23. revolves 28. consists24. moves 29. has25. believe 30. exerts Perfect score is 30. Did you get a perfect score? That’s great! Congratulations! Nevertheless, study the module well so as to improve your skills. If you scored between 22 to 29, very good! Keep it up. You will find the module very helpful in enhancing your skills. If you scored between 14 to 21, you did just fine. Work on the module well and read moreand more so you will do better. If you scored 13 or lower that’s alright. Read, read and read. Study the module thoroughlyand do all the activities well to improve your score. Good luck. 5

Words Unlocked While reading, you may come across words that are new to you. Do not ignore these words,they may be very important to the meaning of what you are reading. First, try to figure out theirmeaning from context clues. Second, look for clues in the prefixes, suffixes and stems. In this wayyou may be able to work out enough meaning for the word to permit you to get on with your reading.This portion of the module will develop your skill to do that.A. Choosing the Correct Meaning In the dictionary, the word forge, which is used in the selection you are about to read, hasseveral meanings.Match the italicized word in A with its correct meaning in B. Remember to write letters only. A B1. A forge should always install an anti- a. to imitate illegally pollution device to protect the environment. b. an apparatus in which metal is heated2. Left along a deserted road, the wounded hold- and softened before shaping up victim tried to forge ahead. c. to heat3. The habitual absentee tried to forge his mother’s d. to move forward with difficulty signature on the excuse letter. e. a furnace or industrial plant where4. The blacksmith placed the iron rod in the forge.5. Ana, Luisa and May agreed to forge a lasting metal is heated and refined f. to invent, devise or proceed in order to friendship.6. Remember to forge the metal first or you can deceive g. to form or make never shape it.7. The dishonest cashier planned to forge an alibi for his actions.B. Using synonymsSynonyms are words with the same meaning. The word in each circle has four synonyms around it. Connect each synonym to the encircledword. filthy hidesoiled dirty irregular deceive cheat trickspotless stained unclean dupe oppose outwit 6

upright fair deceitful tricky honest reliable truthfulSelf-check Now check your answers against those below to find out how you fared.A. 1. e 3. a 5. g 7. f 2. d 4. b 6. cB. filthy deceive tricksoiled dirty dupe outwit stained reliable cheat unclean fair upright honest truthful Perfect score is 19. Perfect? Hats off to you! You learn fast. Did you score 15-18? Very good! Keep up the good work. Did you score 11-14? Good! But there is still so much room for improvement. Continue reading. Did you score 10 or lower? Well, that’s okay. Keep on reading so you will do better next time. Happy reading!Reading AdventurePre-reading Honesty between or among friends is important, isn’t it? How would you feel if you found outthat your friend cheated on you? Why? 7

Look at the title of the selection you are about to read. Guess what literary type it is. Write yourguess in your notebook. Be able to explain your answer.While Reading Now read the selection. It is divided into five segments. After each segment, answer thequestions in the boxThe Crow and the Sparrow Once upon a time a sparrow “Then the one who wins will eatmade friends with a crow. One day the other,” said the crow.when they were hunting for food, thecrow spied some red peppers that The sparrow laughed andwere spread out on a mat to dry. agreed for he thought the crow was“Look at those peppers,” said the joking. Friends do not eat each other.crow to the sparrow. The sparrow ate each pepper fairly, but the crow cheated. For each pepper that “Let’s see who can eat the he ate, he hid three more under the matmost.” without the sparrow’s seeing. “All right!” answered thesparrow.1. Why did the sparrow agree to the bet?2. How did the crow cheat?3. Will the crow cash in on the bet? Continue reading to find out. “I’ve won! Now I’m going to “River! River!eat you!” said the crow. Give me water To wash my beak, Then at last the sparrow To make myself neat,realized that the crow was serious. The sparrow to eat!”“All right,” he said, “I’ll keep my The river replied: “You wantpromise. But before you eat me you water? Very well, but everyone saysmust wash your beak for everyone you eat nasty things. If you want toknows that you’re a dirty bird and eat wash your beak in my water, you mustlots of nasty things.” get a pot to put it in and then you can have as much water as you like.” So the crow went to the riverand cried. 8

4. What condition did the sparrow give before allowing himself to be eaten by the crow? Why?5. Why did the river refuse to give water to the crow?6. What do you think will the crow do? The crow went to the potter in Bring me some clay and “I’ll make you the village and cried: a pot.” “Potter! Potter! Make me a pot The crow went to a field and To fetch some water. began digging up clay with his beak. To wash my beak, To make myself neat, The earth said: “The whole The sparrow to eat!” world knows that you eat rubbish and The potter replied: “You want nasty things. I cannot allow you to diga pot? Very well, but I have no clay. up my clay unless you use a spade.”7. Why can’t the potter give the crow a pot?8. What did earth require from the crow?9. What do you think will the crow do? The crow went to the village To wash my beak,blacksmith, who was working on a To make myself neat,wheel. The crow said to him: The sparrow to eat!” “Blacksmith! Blacksmith! The blacksmith replied: “You Make me a spade want a spade? Very well, but you see I To dig some clay, have no fire in the forge. If you want To make a pot, me to make a spade, you must bring To fetch some water, me some fire.”10. Who do you think will the crow approach next?11. Do you think that somebody will give the crow’s request? 9

The crow went to a farmer’s The farmer’s wife replied:house nearby. The farmer’s wife was “You want fire? Very well, but howcooking rice in the courtyard. The will you carry it?”crow cried: “You can put it on my back,” “Dear farmer’s wife! said the crow. Give me fire To make a spade The farmer’s wife put the fire To dig some clay, on the crow’s back and immediately To make a pot, his feathers burst into flames. The To fetch some water, greedy crow was burnt to ashes. But To wash my beak, the honest sparrow lived to a ripe old To make myself neat, age. The sparrow to eat!” - Retold by Ashraf SiddiguiPost ReadingA. Scanning for Details Sometimes, you read only those parts of a reading material that will give you theinformation you need. One way of doing this is through scanning. This way you hunt-skip-read search as little as possible. You move your eyes rapidly over the page, reading as littleas possible. You move your eyes rapidly over the page, looking for the information you need. Now scan the selection for answers to the following questions. 1. Who are the characters in the story? Which of them is the cheat? 2. What was the bet? 3. When did the sparrow realize that the crow meant what he said? 4. How did the sparrow save himself? 5. Whom did the crow approach and for what? Show sequence by writing the events in the flow chart. Sparrow wanted crow to clean his beak. 10

6. What happened to the crow at the end?B. True or False Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Explain your answer. 1. The sparrow never thought that the crow was serious about the bet. 2. The crow cheated because he really wanted to eat the sparrow. 3. The river had a valid reason for not giving the crow water. 4. The earth gave clay to the crow but it was not enough for a pot. 5. The blacksmith’s request for fire from the crow was only an alibi. 6. The housewife really intended to burn the crow. 7. The sparrow was honest and trusting. 8. The crow was not only a cheat but he was also stupid.C. Reacting to the Story Answer the following questions. 1. What kind of friend was the crow? Do you know of people like him? 2. Would you like a friend like the crow? Why or why not? 3. What is the lesson of the fable?Self-check Now check your answers against the answers below to find out how you fared.While Reading 1. Because the sparrow thought that the crow was only joking. 2. For every pepper he eats, he hides three under the mat without being seen by the sparrow. 3. Yes. 4. That the crow washes its beak first. 5. Because the river did not want its water to get dirty. 6. The crow will go to the potter for a pot. 7. Because he has no clay to be made into a pot. 8. That the crow use a spade in digging for clay. 9. The crow will go to the blacksmith. 10. The crow will approach somebody who is cooking – the farmer’s wife. 11. Yes. 11

Post ReadingA. Scanning for details 1. The sparrow and the crow. The crow cheated. 2. The bet was who can eat the most. 3. When the crow won. 4. By asking the crow to wash its beak first 5.Sparrow wanted crow He went to the He went to theto clean his beak. river for water. potter for pot.He went to the He went to the He went to thefarmer’s wife for fire. blacksmith for spade. earth for clay. 6. The crow was burned to death.B. True or False 1. T. Friends don’t eat each other. 2. T. Crows are predators. 3. T. Its water will become dirty because the crow’s beak is dirty. 4. F. The earth did not give any clay to the crow. 5. T. There was no fire on his forge and he needed it to make a spade. 6. F. The farmer’s wife placed the fire on the crow’s back at his instruction. 7. T. He trusted the crow and ate each pepper honestly. 8. T. He told the farmer’s wife to put the fire on his back which caused his death.C. Reacting to the Story 1. The crow is dishonest. (Name some people like the crow.) 2. (The expected answer is No. Any explanation will do provided that it supports your answer.) 3. A dishonest intention will never succeed.Write Thing You have read the ideas of the author about friendship. Surely, you have your own. How about jotting them down. 12

In your Reflective Journal notebook, write a paragraph on your ideas of friendship. You may use the questions below as guide. 1. How would you define friendship? 2. What is your idea of a friend? 3. What qualities would you want in a friend?Skills Enhancer Two basic reading skills essential to comprehension are getting the main idea of a paragraphand distinguishing relevant from irrelevant ideas in a material read. A third higher level skill isdistinguishing fact from opinion. You should master these skills if you are to become adiscriminating and analytical learner.Getting the Main Thought/Idea In reading, it is important to know how to find the meaning of each paragraph or its mainthought. This main thought may be directly stated or it could be implied in the paragraph. When itis directly stated the sentence that gives the main thought is called the topic or key sentence. Itunlocks the meaning of the paragraph for the reader. Key SentenceTry the paragraph that follows. There are many ways that vegetables may be classified or grouped together. They may be grouped by color, such as red, yellow or green. They may be classified according to the part of the plant they represent, such as root, the stem, or the leaf. They may be grouped according to the season of the year during which they’re planted. They may be classified according to the way they react to temperature – that is, their reaction to heat and cold. The first sentence gives you the paragraph meaning or main thought. It tells you thatvegetables can be grouped together in many different ways. All the other sentences help to explainthis main thought, even though each one is different from the others. 13

Ways of grouping/classifying vegetablesColor Plant Part Season Planted Reaction to Heat and ColdHere are some guides to help you find the main thought of a paragraph. 1. Read the whole paragraph carefully. 2. While reading, try to see what the sentences have in common. 3. State to yourself what that common meaning is. 4. Look for a sentence that states this meaning or the main thought of the paragraph. 5. Look for clues which helped you find the main idea of the paragraph.Do the following exercise.Exercise 1. There are five paragraphs in this exercise. After each paragraph three topics arelisted. Pick out the letter of the topic that tells best what the paragraph is about. Then find thesentence that states the main idea of the paragraph and write it in your notebook. 1. Three types of ants, each with a different task to perform, live in an ant colony. There is usually only one queen ant. She lays the eggs. The male ants fertilize the queen’s eggs. Female ants or workers do such things as gathering food, defending the colony from enemies and caring for the young ants. The paragraph is about a. the queen ant b. kinds of ants in a colony c. workers defending the colony Key sentence : _______________________________________________________ 2. Our country’s interest in bicycling is growing. Bicycle racing, both indoors and outdoors, is a fast growing sport. Some people join clubs that have racing teams. Others join clubs that plan tours. These tours may be as short as neighborhood circuits or as long as cross- country trips. More and more people of all ages are taking these bike tours. 14

The paragraph is about a. taking a cross-country bike tour. b. reasons for joining a bike club. c. the growing popularity of bicycling. Key sentence : _______________________________________________________3. The dictionary is a very important reference. As a student, knowing how to find information in it in the shortest time possible is necessary. The words in the dictionary are arranged alphabetically. It is then important to know whether a certain letter is at the beginning, middle or end of the alphabet so no time will be wasted. The paragraph is mainly about a. how words are arranged in a dictionary. b. the dictionary as an important reference. c. getting information in the shortest time possible. Key sentence : _______________________________________________________4. Herbs, which are flowering plants, have several interesting uses. The leaves, seeds and even the underground roots can be used as spices when cooking. Fragrances for perfume and soap often come from herbs. One of the most interesting and perhaps the oldest, use of these plants is for making medicines. Ancient people believed that herbs had the power to heal sickness. The paragraph is about a. the uses of herbs. b. medicine made from herbs. c. cooking spices from herbs. Key sentence : _______________________________________________________5. Bamboo is one of the most useful grasses in the world. In fact, it may be more like a tree than like a grass. It has leaves as thick as trees. It can be used to make fences, houses, ladders, toys, umbrellas and rafts. Its leaves are used as food for animals or to make paper. From the stem are made buckets, water pipes, flutes and flowerpots. The juice from bamboo is turned into medicine and the young stems are eaten as vegetable. There are literally hundred of uses for bamboo. The paragraph is about the a. many uses of bamboo. b. similarities of the bamboo and a tree. c. different parts of bamboo. Key sentence : _______________________________________________________ 15

Self-check Check your answers against this key to correction. 1. b Key Sentence: Three types of ants, each with a different task to perform, live in an ant colony. 2. c Key Sentence: Our country’s interest in bicycling is growing. 3. b Key Sentence: The dictionary is a very important reference. 4. a Key Sentence: Herbs, which are flowering plants, have several interesting uses. 5. a Key Sentence: Bamboo is one of the most useful grasses in the world.Differentiating Relevant from Irrelevant Ideas in a Paragraph A relevant idea is something that belongs or is a part of the whole. It may be a detail or asentence that supports the main idea to form a unified and coherent composition. On the other hand, an irrelevant idea is something that does not belong to the group. It is“odd man out” and destroys the coherence and unity of a composition. Look at the picture of a woman winnowing rice. The fallen chaffs are the irrelevant ideas.Those that remain are the main and relevant ideas. relevant ideas... .. irrelevant ideas 16