15กฏหมายพื้นฐานสหพันธรัฐเยอรมัน

The Federal Government . 89 (2) The tenure of office of the Federal Chancellor or of a Federal Minister shall end in any event when a new Bundestag convenes; the tenure of office of a Federal Minister shall also end on any other occasion on which the Federal Chancellor ceases to hold office. (3) At the request of the Federal President the Federal Chancellor, or at the request of the Federal Chancellor or of the Federal President a Federal Minister, shall be obliged to continue to manage the affairs of his office until a successor is appointed.

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 91 VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures Article 70 [Division of powers between the Federation and the Lander] (1) The Lander shall have the right to legislate insofar as this Basic Law does not confer legislative power on the Federation. (2) The division of authority between the Federation and the Lander shall be governed by the provisions of this Basic Law concerning exclusive and concurrent legislative powers. Article 71 [Exclusive legislative power of the Federation] On matters within the exclusive legislative power of the Federation, the Lander shall have power to legislate only when and to the extent that they are expressly authorised to do so by a federal law. Article 72 [Concurrent legislative powers] (1) On matters within the concurrent legislative power, the Lander shall have power to legislate so long as and to the extent that the Federation has not exercised its legislative power by enacting a law.

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 93 (2) The Federation shall have the right to legislate on matters falling within clauses 4, 7, 11, 13 , 15, 19a, 20, 22, 25 and 26 of paragraph (1) of Article 74, if and to the extent that the establishment of equivalent living conditions throughout the federal territory or the maintenance of legal or economic unity renders federal regulation necessary in the national interest. (3) If the Federation has made use of its power to legislate, the Lander may enact laws at variance with this legislation with respect to: 1. hunting (except for the law on hunting licenses); 2. protection of nature and landscape management (ex- cept for the general principles governing the protec- tion of nature, the law on protection of plant and ani- mal species or the law on protection of marine life); 3. land distribution; 4. regional planning; 5. management of water resources (except for regulations related to materials or facilities); 6. admission to institutions of higher education and requirements for graduation in such institutions. Federal laws on these matters shall enter into force no earlier than six months following their promulgation unless otherwise provided with the consent of the Bundesrat. As for the relationship between federal law and law of the Lander, the latest law enacted shall take precedence with respect to matters within the scope of the first sentence. (4) A federal law may provide that federal legislation that is no longer necessary within the meaning of paragraph (2) of this Article may be superseded by Land law.

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures. 95 Article 73 [Matters under exclusive legislative power of the Federation] (1) The Federation shall have exclusive legislative power with respect to: 1. foreign affairs and defence, including protection of the civilian population; 2. citizenship in the Federation; 3. freedom of movement, passports, residency registra- tion and identity cards, immigration, emigration and extradition; 4. currency, money and coinage, weights and measures, and the determination of standards of time; 5. the unity of the customs and trading area, treaties re- garding commerce and navigation, the free movement of goods, and the exchange of goods and payments with foreign countries, including customs and border protection; Sa. safeguarding German cultural assets against removal from the country; 6. air transport; 6a. the operation of railways wholly or predominantly owned by the Federation (federal railways), the con- struction, maintenance and operation of railroad lines belonging to federal railways, and the levying of charges for the use of these lines; 7. postal and telecommunications services; 8. the legal relations of persons employed by the Fede- ration and by federal corporations under public law; 9. industrial property rights, copyrights and publishing;

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 97 9a. protection by the Federal Criminal Police Office against the dangers of international terrorism when a threat transcends the boundary of one Land, when the jurisdiction of a Land's police authorities cannot be perceived, or when the highest authority of an individual Land requests the assumption of federal responsibility; 10. cooperation between the Federation and the Lander concerning a) criminal police work, b) protection of the free democratic basic order, existence and security of the Federation or of a Land (protection of the constitution), and c) protection against activities within the federal territory which, by the use of force or preparations for the use of force, endanger the external interests of the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as the establishment of a Federal Criminal Police Office and international action to combat crime; 11. statistics for federal purposes; 12. the law on weapons and explosives; 13. benefits for persons disabled by war and for depen- dents of deceased war victims as well as assistance to former prisoners of war; 14. the production and utilisation of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the construction and operation of facilities serving such purposes, protection against hazards arising from the release of nuclear energy or from ionising radiation, and the disposal of radio- active substances. (2) Laws enacted pursuant to clause 9a of paragraph (1) require the consent of the Bundesrat.

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Fede ral Legislation and Legislative Procedures. 99 Article 74 [Matters under concurrent legislative powers] (1) Concurrent legislative power shall extend to the following matters: 1. civil law, criminal law, court organisation and procedure (except for the correctional law of pretrial detention), the legal profession, notaries, and the provision of legal advice; 2. registration of births, deaths and marriages; 3. the law of association; 4. the law relating to residence and establishment of foreign nationals; 4a. (repealed) 5. (repealed) 6. matters concerning refugees and expellees; 7. public welfare (except for the law on social care homes); 8. (repealed) 9. war damage and reparations; 10. war graves and graves of other victims of war or despotism; 11. the law relating to economic matters (mining, industry, energy, crafts, trades, commerce, banking, stock exchanges and private insurance), except for the law on shop closing hours, restaurants, game halls, display of individual persons, trade fairs, exhibitions and markets;

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 101 lla. (repealed) 12. labour law, including the organisation of enterprises, occupational health and safety, and employment agen- cies, as well as social security, including unemploy- ment insurance; 13. the regulation of educational and training grants and the promotion of research; 14. the law regarding expropriation, to the extent relevant to matters enumerated in Articles 73 and 74; 15. the transfer of land, natural resources, and means of production to public ownership or other forms of public enterprise; 16. prevention of the abuse of economic power; 17. the promotion of agricultural production and forestry (except for the law on land consolidation), ensuring the adequacy of food supply, the importation and exportation of agricultural and forestry products, deep-sea and coastal fishing, and preservation of the coasts; 18. urban real estate transactions, land law (except for laws regarding development fees), and the law on rental subsidies, subsidies for old debts, home building loan premiums, miners' homebuilding and home- steading;

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 103 19. measures to combat human and animal diseases which pose a danger to the public or are communi- cable, admission to the medical profession and to ancillary professions or occupations, as well as the law on pharmacies, medicines, medical products, drugs, narcotics and poisons; 19a. the economic viability of hospitals and the regula- tion of hospital charges; 20. the law on food products including animals used in their production, the law on alcohol and tobacco, essential commodities and feedstuffs as well as protective measures in connection with the marketing of agricultural and forest seeds and seedlings, the protection of plants against diseases and pests, as well as the protection of animals; 21. maritime and coastal shipping, as well as navigational aids, inland navigation, meteorological services, sea routes, and inland waterways used for general traffic; 22. road traffic, motor transport, construction and mainte- nance of long-distance highways, as well as the collection of tolls for the use of public highways by vehicles and the allocation of the revenue; 23. non-federal railways, except mountain railways; 24. waste disposal, air pollution control, and noise abate- ment (except for the protection from noise associated with human activity); 25 . state liability; 26. medically assisted generation of human life, analysis and modification of genetic information as well as the regulation of organ, tissue and cell transplantation;

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures. 105 27. the statutory rights and duties of civil servants of the Lander, the municipalities and other corporations of public law as well as of the judges in the Lander, except for their career regulations, remuneration and pensions; 28. hunting; 29. protection of nature and landscape management; 30. land distribution; 31. regional planning; 32. management of water resources; 33 . admission to institutions of higher education and requirements for graduation in such institutions. (2) Laws enacted pursuant to clauses 25 and 27 of paragraph (1) shall require the consent of the Bundesrat. Article 74a (repealed) Article 75 (repealed)

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures. 107 Article 76 [Bills] (1) Bills may be introduced in the Bundestag by the Federal Government, by the Bundesrat, or from the floor of the Bundestag. (2) Federal Government bills shall first be submitted to the Bundesrat. The Bundesrat shall be entitled to comment on such bills within six weeks. If for important reasons, especially with respect to the scope of the bill, the Bundesrat demands an extension, the period shall be increased to nine weeks. If in exceptional circumstances the Federal Government on submitting a bill to the Bundesrat declares it to be particularly urgent, it may submit the bill to the Bundestag after three weeks or, if the Bundesrat has demanded an extension pursuant to the third sentence of this paragraph, after six weeks, even if it has not yet received the Bundesrat's comments; upon receiving such comments , it shall transmit them to the Bundestag without delay. In the case of bills to amend this Basic Law or to transfer sovereign powers pursuant to Article 23 or 24 the comment period shall be nine weeks; the fourth sentence of this paragraph shall not apply.

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Federal Leg islati on and Legislati ve Procedures . 109 (3) Bundesrat bills shall be submitted to the Bundestag by the Federal Government within six weeks. In submitting them the Federal Government shall state its own views. If for important reasons, especially with respect to the scope of the bill, the Federal Government demands an extension, the period shall be increased to nine weeks. If in exceptional circumstances the Bundesrat declares a bill to be particularly urgent, the period shall be three weeks or, if the Federal Government has demanded an extension pursuant to the third sentence of this paragraph, six weeks. In the case of bills to amend this Basic Law or to transfer sovereign powers pursuant to Article 23 or 24 the comment period shall be nine weeks; the fourth sentence of this paragraph shall not apply. The Bundestag shall consider and vote on bills within a reasonable time. Article 77 [Legislative procedure >Mediation Committee] (1) Federal laws shall be adopted by the Bundestag. After their adoption the President of the Bundestag shall submit them to the Bundesrat without delay. (2) Within three weeks after receiving an adopted bill, the Bundesrat may demand that a committee for joint consideration of bills, composed of Members of the Bundestag and of the Bundesrat, be convened. The composition and proceedings of this committee shall be regulated by rules of procedure adopted by the Bundestag and requiring the consent of the Bundesrat. The members of the Bundesrat on this committee shall not be bound by instructions. When the consent of the Bundesrat is required for a bill to become law, the Bundestag and the Federal Government may likewise demand that such a committee be convened. Should the committee propose any amendment to the adopted bill, the Bundestag shall vote on it a second time.

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 111 (2a) Insofar as its consent is required for a bill to become law, the Bundesrat, if no request has been made pursuant to the first sentence of paragraph (2) of this Article or if the mediation proceed- ing has been completed without a proposal to amend the bill, shall vote on the bill within a reasonable time. (3) Insofar as its consent is not required for a bill to become law, the Bundesrat, once proceedings under paragraph (2) of this Article are completed, may within two weeks object to a bill adopted by the Bundestag. The time for objection shall begin, in the case described in the last sentence of paragraph (2) of this Article, upon receipt of the bill as readopted by the Bundestag, and in all other cases upon receipt of a communication from the chairman of the committee provided for in paragraph (2) of this Article to the effect that the committee's proceedings have been concluded. (4) If the objection is adopted by the majority of the votes of the Bundesrat, it may be rejected by a decision of the majority of the Members of the Bundestag. If the Bundesrat adopted the objection by a majority of at least two thirds of its votes, its rejection by the Bundestag shall require a two-thirds majority, including at least a majority of the Members of the Bundestag. Article 78 [Passage of federal laws] A bill adopted by the Bundestag shall become law if the Bundesrat consents to it, or fails to make a demand pursuant to paragraph (2) of Article 77, or fails to enter an objection within the period stipulated in paragraph (3) of Article 77, or withdraws such an objection, or if the objection is overridden by the Bundestag.

)J1Vl'il 79 !.\"1 \",: '\" J; fll'itUl t'Ut'W)JtVl)Jfl-t)'I1)J1U'W'U!1'U (1) tl0'l1lJ1tJ~tJ~ltJd'il::LLm'IJL~lJL~hll~nlll9lt~tJtl0'l1lJ1tJ~tlTl1tJ~ il tJ'1.\":J'i5~ \"'1\"~,,,\": L.~.lJ Jf tJJ'Wf tJ~ltJtJJ ' ' 1 .. ll'il.:J b'l1lltl t'IJ'I1'HH'WlJ LtJil'l11'IJil.:JtlO'l1lJ1 btJmru 'lJil.:J~tJfid'qJqJ1'i::'I111.:J1h.,:: L'VlrY~ L~ tJ1flU<Uil~tl\".:Jd'tJ~m'W tll'j\",)ml1 v <V .q CJ)4 ~ CIt. 0 0 Q..I ,'lJeJ~tl\".:J~tJ~m'W tll'i~tJ~~illtJ1'il\".:JmlJm~U'lJeJ.:J !}W~fl'ieJ.:J 'I1'iil ~ B~tJ fi d'qJ qJll::'I1 1 1.:J 1h:: L'Vl rY~ ii~tJ L~ eJ rl.:J L~1lJ tlllU il.:J fltJ ~'I1'W'tJ ~lD1'iruf~ tll'iL~lJ~eJtJ¢hltJtlO'l1lJ1 tJ~tJ~lm~eJ111111Ln~m1mr~ L'iltJ11 U'VluqJt1T~'IJ eJ.:J tlO'l1lJ1 tJ~tJ~ltJdhii~ ff'VlfiltJ tll'i L<U1111ll\"::tlnii~\" U.:Jfi'ul~~tJfid'qJqJ1i.:Jtlrl11 (2) tl0'l1lJ1 tJ llm'IJ L~lJ L~lJtl0'l1lJ1 tJ~tJ~ltJd~il.:J1Mum1lJ L'I1tJ'i5ilU ~1 tJfl:: IItJtJ LatJ.:J~eJ.:JltJ~llJ'IJ eJ.:J~lJ1~mHl1 ~ll'VltJ111l0'i ll\"::fl:: LLtJtJ LatJ.:J ~eJ.:JltJ~(l3l)J'ltJlillm.:•Jm11''IllJ~Lm~lJ L~lJtl0'l1lJ1 tJ~tJ~ltJd~ii ~\"111111Ln~tll'illu.:J LLVtl ~'I1'W'tJDf~il eJ tl111 LutJlJ\"f~ 'I1~il~m::'VlUI9l iltll'iiirl1tJ~1lJltJtll'i LLm'IJ , , <V .q,q IV ~ ,<v CIt. CIt. <I!t.ci L'WlJ L~lJ~llJ'I1\"tltl1'i'IJeJ.:J m::U1tJtll'itJ~UqJqJ~ mil'Vlm::'VlU~eJ'I1\" tltll'i ~tl1'l1tJ~111tJlJ1~'i1 1 ll\"::lJ1m1 20 UillJ1~ill'iltJillJfU1~ )J1Vl'il 80 o OJ fll'ieH)flfl-t)'I1)J1U~lVlU'if)-3 (1) 'Q..iI ~U1\" LL'II1.:J~'I1Q'..IWtJD'<Vi~ 'IVi~lJtJmL.oL=i'I1.I :J~'I1'<WV tJD'IiV ~ mi~l'\"i'\" ~U1\" , ll'l1.:J lJ\"f~ ill'il1~fulJeJu ~ltJ1'il'il1tl tl0'l1lJ1 tJll1~'i1 tl0'l1lJ1 tJci1imeJ.:J L'neJ'I11 n1~1t'1l1•11t'Ji:~:1~t.J:tJlf0f'l1lllJ\"1::t'JIJ eJU L'IJ~'IJ il.:J ~ltJ1'il~1~fUlJ eJui.:J tlrl11111 LutJ111 ~llJ~ tl0'l1lJ1 tJci1imil.:J lll9l\" ::uuu~eJ.:J'i::~U'Vltlt)'I1lJ1 tJ~ il1fltJ LUtJ~ltJltJtll'i~'i1 'I11tltlt)'I1lJ1 tJuqJt1T~ll1iitl1'ilJ ilU ~ltJ1'il'li1.:J1~

Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 113 Article 79 [Amendment of the Basic Law] (1) This Basic Law may be amended only by a law expressly amending or supplementing its text. In the case of an international treaty regarding a peace settlement, the preparation of a peace settlement, or the phasing out of an occupation regime, or designed to promote the defence of the Federal Republic , it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of making clear that the provisions of this Basic Law do not preclude the conclusion and entry into force of the treaty, to add language to the Basic Law that merely makes this clarification. (2) Any such law shall be carried by two thirds of the Mem- bers of the Bundestag and two thirds of the votes of the Bundesrat. (3) Amendments to this Basic Law affecting the division of the Federation into Liinder, their participation on principle in the legislative process, or the principles laid down in Articles 1 and 20 shall be inadmissible. Article 80 [Issuance of statutory instruments] (1) The Federal Government, a Federal Minister or the Land governments may be authorised by a law to issue statutory instru- ments. The content, purpose and scope of the authority conferred shall be specified in the law. Each statutory instrument shall contain a statement of its legal basis. If the law provides that such authority may be further delegated, such subdelegation shall be effected by statutory instrument.

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures • 115 (2) Unless a federal law otherwise provides, the consent of the Bundesrat shall be required for statutory instruments issued by the Federal Government or a Federal Minister regarding fees or basic principles for the use of postal and telecommunication facilities, basic principles for levying of charges for the use of facilities of federal railways, or the construction and operation of railways, as well as for statutory instruments issued pursuant to federal laws that require the consent of the Bundesrat or that are executed by the Lander on federal commission or in their own right. (3) The Bundesrat may submit to the Federal Government drafts of statutory instruments that require its consent. (4) Insofar as Land governments are authorised by or pursuant to federal laws to issue statutory instruments, the Lander shall also be entitled to regulate the matter by a law. Article 80a [State of tension] (1) If this Basic Law or a federal law regarding defence, including protection of the civilian population, provides that legal provisions may be applied only in accordance with this Article, their application, except when a state of defence has been declared, shall be permissible only after the Bundestag has determined that a state of tension exists or has specifically approved such application. The determination of a state of tension and specific approval in the cases mentioned in the first sentence of paragraph (5) and the second sentence of paragraph (6) of Article 12a shall require a two-thirds majority of the votes cast.

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Federal Leg islation and Legislative Procedures . 117 (2) Any measures taken pursuant to legal provisions by virtue of paragraph (1) of this Article shall be rescinded whenever the Bundestag so demands. (3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this Article, the application of such legal provisions shall also be permissible on the basis of and in accordance with a decision made by an international body within the framework of a treaty of alliance with the approval of the Federal Government. Any measures taken pursuant to this paragraph shall be rescinded whenever the Bundestag, by the vote of a majority of its Members, so demands. Article 81 [Legislative emergency] (1) If, in the circumstances described in Article 68, the Bundestag is not dissolved, the Federal President, at the request of the Federal Government and with the consent of the Bundesrat, may declare a state of legislative emergency with respect to a bill, if the Bundestag rejects the bill although the Federal Government has declared it to be urgent. The same shall apply if a bill has been rejected although the Federal Chancellor had combined it with a motion under Article 68. (2) If, after a state of legislative emergency has been declared, the Bundestag again rejects the bill or adopts it in a version the Federal Government declares unacceptable, the bill shall be deemed to have become law to the extent that it receives the consent of the Bundesrat. The same shall apply if the Bundestag does not pass the bill within four weeks after it is reintroduced.

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Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures . 119 (3) During the tenn of office of a Federal Chancellor, any other bill rejected by the Bundestag may become law in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article within a period of six months after the first declaration of a state of legislative emergency. After the expiration of this period, no further declaration of a state of legislative emergency may be made during the tenn of office of the same Federal Chancellor. (4) This Basic Law may neither be amended nor abrogated nor suspended in whole or in part by a law enacted pursuant to paragraph (2) of this Article. Article 82 [Certification >Promulgation >Entry into force] (1) Laws enacted in accordance with the provisions of this Basic Law shall, after countersignature, be certified by the Federal President and promulgated in the Federal Law Gazette. Statutory instruments shall be certified by the agency that issues them and, unless a law otherwise provides, shall be promulgated in the Federal Law Gazette. (2) Every law or statutory instrument shall specify the date on which it shall take effect. In the absence of such a provision, it shall take effect on the fourteenth day after the day on which the Federal Law Gazette containing it was published.

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The Execution of Federal Law and the Federal Administration . 121 VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and The Federal Administration Article 83 [Execution by the Lander] The Lander shall execute federal laws in their own right insofar as this Basic Law does not otherwise provide or permit. Article 84 [Lander administration >Federal oversight] (1) Where the Lander execute federal laws in their own right, they shall provide for the establishment of the requisite authorities and regulate their administrative procedures. If federal laws provide otherwise, the Lander may enact deviating regulations. If a Land has enacted a law pursuant to the second sentence, subsequent federal laws regulating the organisation of authorities and their administrative procedure shall not be enacted until at least six months after their promulgation, provided that no other determination has been made with the consent of the Bundesrat. The third sentence of paragraph (2) of Article 72 shall apply accordingly. In exceptional cases, owing to a special need for uniform federal legislation, the Federation may regulate the administrative procedure with no possibility of separate Land legislation. Such laws shall require the consent of the Bundesrat. Federal laws may not entrust municipalities and associations of municipalities with any tasks.

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The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration . 123 (2) The Federal Government, with the consent of the Bundesrat, may issue general administrative rules. (3) The Federal Government shall exercise oversight to ensure that the Lander execute federal laws in accordance with the law. For this purpose the Federal Government may send commissioners to the highest Land authorities and, with their consent or, where such consent is refused, with the consent of the Bundesrat, also to subordinate authorities. (4) Should any deficiencies that the Federal Government has identified in the execution of federal laws in the Lander not be corrected, the Bundesrat, on application of the Federal Government or of the Land concerned, shall decide whether that Land has violated the law. The decision of the Bundesrat may be challenged in the Federal Constitutional Court. (5) With a view to the execution of federal laws, the Federal Government may be authorised by a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat to issue instructions in particular cases. They shall be addressed to the highest Land authorities unless the Federal Government considers the matter urgent. Article 85 [Execution by the Lander on federal commission] (1) Where the Lander execute federal laws on federal commission, establishment of the authorities shall remain the concern of the Lander, except insofar as federal laws enacted with the consent of the Bundesrat otherwise provide. Federal laws may not entrust municipalities and associations of municipalities with any tasks.

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The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration . 125 (2) The Federal Government, with the consent of the Bundesrat, may issue general administrative rules. It may provide for the uniform training of civil servants and other salaried public employees. The heads of intermediate authorities shall be appointed with its approval. (3) The Land authorities shall be subject to instructions from the competent highest federal authorities. Such instructions shall be addressed to the highest Land authorities unless the Federal Government considers the matter urgent. Implementation of the instructions shall be ensured by the highest Land authorities. (4) Federal oversight shall extend to the legality and appro- priateness of execution. For this purpose, the Federal Government may require the submission of reports and documents and send commissioners to all authorities. Article 86 [Federal administration] Where the Federation executes laws through its own administrative authorities or through federal corporations or institutions established under public law, the Federal Government shall, insofar as the law in question contains no special provision, issue general administrative rules. The Federal Government shall provide for the establishment of the authorities insofar as the law in question does not otherwise provide.

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The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration • 127 Article 87 [Matters] (1) The foreign service, the federal financial administration, and, in accordance with the provisions of Article 89, the administra- tion of federal waterways and shipping shall be conducted by federal administrative authorities with their own administrative substructures. A federal law may establish Federal Border Police authorities and central offices for police information and communications, for the criminal police, and for the compilation of data for purposes of protection of the constitution and of protection against activities within the federal territory which, through the use of force or acts preparatory to the use of force , endanger the external interests of the Federal Republic of Germany. (2) Social insurance institutions whose jurisdiction extends beyond the territory of a single Land shall be administered as federal corporations under public law. Social insurance institutions whose jurisdiction extends beyond the territory of a single Land but not beyond that of three Lander shall, notwithstanding the first sentence of this paragraph, be administered as Land corporations under public law, if the Lander concerned have specified which Land shall exercise supervisory authority. (3) In addition, autonomous federal higher authorities as well as new federal corporations and institutions under public law may be established by a federal law for matters on which the Federation has legislative power. When the Federation is confronted with new responsibilities with respect to matters on which it has legislative power, federal authorities at intermediate and lower levels may be established, with the consent of the Bundesrat and of a majority of the Members of the Bundestag, in cases of urgent need.

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The Exec ution of Federal Laws and the Federa l Admi nistrat ion. 129 Article 87a [Armed Forces] (1) The Federation shall establish Armed Forces for purposes of defence. Their numerical strength and general organisational structure must be shown in the budget. (2) Apart from defence, the Armed Forces may be employed only to the extent expressly permitted by this Basic Law. (3) During a state of defence or a state of tension the Armed Forces shall have the power to protect civilian property and to perform traffic control functions to the extent necessary to accomplish their defence mission. Moreover, during a state of defence or a state of tension, the Armed Forces may also be authorised to support police measures for the protection of civilian property; in this event the Armed Forces shall cooperate with the competent authorities. (4) In order to avert an imminent danger to the existence or free democratic basic order of the Federation or of a Land, the Federal Government, if the conditions referred to in paragraph (2) of Article 91 obtain and the police forces and the Federal Border Police prove inadequate, may employ the Armed Forces to support the police and the Federal Border Police in protecting civilian property and in combating organised armed insurgents. Any such employment of the Armed Forces shall be discontinued if the Bundestag or the Bundesrat so demands.

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The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration . 131 Article 87b [Federal Defence Administration] (1) The Federal Defence Administration shall be conducted as a federal administrative authority with its own administrative substructure. It shall have jurisdiction for personnel matters and direct responsibility for satisfaction of the procurement needs of the Armed Forces. Responsibilities connected with pensions for injured persons or with construction work may be assigned to the Federal Defence Administration only by a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat. Such consent shall also be required for any laws to the extent that they empower the Federal Defence Administration to interfere with rights of third parties; this requirement, however, shall not apply in the case of laws regarding personnel matters. (2) In addition, federal laws concerning defence, including recruitment for military service and protection of the civilian population, may, with the consent of the Bundesrat, provide that they shall be executed, wholly or in part, either by federal administrative authorities with their own administrative substructures or by the Lander on federal commission. If such laws are executed by the Lander on federal commission, they may, with the consent of the Bundesrat, provide that the powers vested in the Federal Government or in the competent highest federal authorities pursuant to Article 85 be transferred wholly or in part to federal higher authorities; in this event the law may provide that such authorities shall not require the consent of the Bundesrat in issuing general administrative rules pursuant to the first sentence of paragraph (2) of Article 85.

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The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration . 133 Article 87c [Production and utilisation of nuclear energy] Laws enacted under clause 14 of paragraph (1) of Article 73 may, with the consent of the Bundesrat, provide that they shall be executed by the Lander on federal commission. Article 87d [Air transport administration] (1) Air transport administration shall be conducted under federal administration. Air navigation services may also be provided by foreign air navigation service providers which are authorised in accordance with European Community law. (2) By a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat, responsibilities for air transport administration may be delegated to the Lander acting on federal commission. Article 87e [Rail transport administration] (1) Rail transport with respect to federal railways shall be admini tered by federal authorities. Responsibilities for rail transport administration may be delegated by a federal law to the Lander acting in their own right. (2) The Federation shall discharge rail transport administra- tion responsibilities assigned to it by a federal law, above and beyond those regarding federal railways. (3) Federal railways shall be operated as enterprises under private law. They shall remain the property of the Federation to the extent that their activities embrace the construction, maintenance and operation of the tracks. The transfer of federal shares in these enterprises under the second sentence of this paragraph shall be effected pursuant to a law; the Federation shall retain a majority of the shares. Details shall be regulated by a federal law.

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The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration . 135 (4) The Federation shall ensure that in developing and maintaining the federal railway system as well as in offering services over this system, other than local passenger services, due account is taken of the interests and especially the transportation needs of the public. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. (5) Laws enacted pursuant to paragraphs (1) to (4) of this Article shall require the consent of the Bundesrat. The consent of the Bundesrat shall also be required for laws regarding the dissolution, merger or division of federal railway enterprises, the transfer of tracks of federal railways to third parties, or the abandon- ment of such tracks, or affecting local passenger services. Article 87f [Posts and telecommunications] (1) In accordance with a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat, the Federation shall ensure the availability of adequate and appropriate postal and telecommunications services throughout the federal territory. (2) Services within the meaning of paragraph (1) of this Article shall be provided as a matter of private enterprise by the firms succeeding to the special trust Deutsche Bundespost and by other private providers. Sovereign functions in the area of posts and telecommunications shall be discharged by federal administrative authorities. (3) Notwithstanding the second sentence of paragraph (2) of this Article, the Federation, by means of a federal institution under public law, shall discharge particular responsibilities relating to the firms succeeding to the special trust Deutsche Bundespost as prescribed by a federal law.

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The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration . 137 Article 88 [The Federal Bank> The European Central Bank] The Federation shall establish a note-issuing and currency bank as the Federal Bank. Within the framework of the European Union, its responsibilities and powers may be transferred to the European Central Bank, which is independent and committed to the overriding goal of assuring price stability. Article 89 [Federal waterways> Administration of waterways] (1) The Federation shall be the owner of the former Reich waterways. (2) The Federation shall administer the federal waterways through its own authorities. It shall exercise those state functions relating to inland shipping which extend beyond the territory of a single Land, and those functions relating to maritime shipping, which are conferred on it by a law. Insofar as federal waterways lie within the territory of a single Land, the Federation on its application may delegate their administration to that Land on federal commission. If a waterway touches the territory of several Lander, the Federation may commission that Land which is designated by the affected Lander. (3) In the administration, development and new construction of waterways, the requirements of land improvement and of water management shall be assured in agreement with the Lander. Article 90 [Federal highways] (1) The Federation shall be the owner of the former Reich motorways and hjghways.

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