15กฏหมายพื้นฐานสหพันธรัฐเยอรมัน

39The Federation and the Lallder • (5) Insofar as, in an area within the exclusive competence of the Federation, interests of the Lander are affected, and in other matters, insofar as the Federation has legislative power, the Federal Government shall take the position of the Bundesrat into account. To the extent that the legislative powers of the Lander, the structure of Land authorities, or Land administrative procedures are primarily affected, the position of the Bundesrat shall be given the greatest possible respect in determining the Federation 's position consistent with the responsibility of the Federation for the nation as a whole. In matters that may result in increased expenditures or reduced revenues for the Federation, the consent of the Federal Government shall be required. (6) When legislative powers exclusive to the Lander concerning matters of school education, culture or broadcasting are primarily affected, the exercise of the rights belonging to the Federal Republic of Germany as a member state of the European Union shall be delegated by the Federation to a representative of the Lander designated by the Bundesrat. These rights shall be exercised with the participation of, and in coordination with, the Federal Government; their exercise shall be consistent with the responsibility of the Federation for the nation as a whole. (7) Details regarding paragraphs (4) to (6) of this Article shall be regulated by a law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat. Article 24 [Transfer of sovereign powers >System of collective security] (I) The Federation may by a law transfer sovereign powers to international organisations. (Ia) Insofar as the Lander are competent to exercise state powers and to perform state functions, they may, with the consent of the Federal Government, transfer sovereign powers to transfrontier institutions in neighbouring regions.

(2) t~ U~1I9lqlh::~'lfi'~'iJ::ffl'l:l1rl''U~m'V'l ~l1'W'Uljf~eJ1'iJl.u1~1:IJ .Lm::UUfl11:IJJWH llU1J':i1:IJ flri:IJ ~.:] fll)\" l.u1~1:IJ11 ~l1vr'Ujjf~~eJ'lh1' ~ fI11:IJ U'U ueJ:lJL'U fll)\"~ln~'lJeJU l'lJ19le11'U1'iJeJlhJ119l U'lJeJ':]I9l'U l~eJrleJL'I1' dl~ llft ::a~l':]l1J;i'fl1.h::n'UL'I1'lfi~rl''U~m'V'leJ cl1.:]m1)\"L'U~11\"u llft::L'Uu)\":: l'YIfI'I9l1':] 1 Y1'1tftfl (3) L'U flln::SU.ueJW'V'llVJ)::l111.:]f~ ~l1vr'Ujjf~~eJ.:]mfl U1~1~ fl11:IJI9l flft.:]~ n1l1'U~ l~eJ':]eJ'U UJ1tl9ll9lmflln::l111':]u)\":: l'YIfI'~~J;i'fl'l:lru:: •u • Y1'11u ~:lJu'Hii llft::~l'lmr':]flU \" tlWI'J'l 2S fl.Q'Htil tI'J'~'tr;hnh~ Lflfl iiL'I1' eJ 1 111 J;i'fl fl 0 l1:IJ 1 U)\":: l1 11,:] U)\":: l'YI fl'Y1'11U lU'U ri1 'U l1 ~.:] 'IJ eJ.:] flOl1:1J1 u~l1'W'Ujjf~ t~ U~~lU':]fi'u ll1'UeJfl11fl0l1:IJ1 Ullft ::rleJL'I1'lfi~~'YIB llft ::l1'U1~t~ um'll9l eJ N\"'m'fIlu eJJ clL'Umru1l 'lJ19l'IJeJ'l~l1vr'Ujjf~ .. tll\\?l'J'l 26 OJ . .t.1.C. )df 'HfO'J\\.!'\"\\?IiIl'W'J'~'H, 1H1J_'IJ'~ Lf l f l fll'J''J'flljl (1) fll'jfl)\"::l'hL~~~ II'U1tU:IJ llft::~1~l'ht~u~ l'iJ19l'U1l~eJ)\"Ufl1'U fI11:IJrl':lJvr'Uln~url''U~)\"::l111':]U)\":: l'YIfI'~l':]' t~u l'il'V'll::eJ cl1':]~'ll~eJll9ljU:IJ fl1)\"l'h~'lm1:IJ lU'Ufl1)\"m::l'h~1lJ'I5eJu~1uf~jjn:IJ~qJ llft::lU'Ufl11:IJ~~ 'YI1'lmqJ1 , l~eJfl1)'(Y2i1)~.:f]lm11m:I~J1L9'lI1'lf'lUh1'~IJl'U~erJi1.:~]fuelJ1~~qeJJlfll19)l''YiiJ11ffll1f)~\"Ul19fltm~lml1l1j'j:•9]f~'l:1]'eW'JUejJjffl~lllvUhU:Jl'JU1 vr'll1 19l1:IJ~uqJqJ1il1L'Ufl0l1:IJ1Ulll1':]~l1vr'Ujjf~ tll\\?l'J'l 27 flil ,H \"'Ji 'i1'W1W'\" 'lfttl! l~eJ l~ eJ fll)\"'V'll ru'l56'IJ eJ'llU eJ)\"l1'Uvr':]l1:IJ ~U)\"::fl eJU n'UlU'U fl eJ.:] l~eJ

The Federation and the Lander . 41 (2) With a view to maintaining peace, the Federation may enter into a system of mutual collective security; in doing so it shall consent to such limitations upon its sovereign powers as will bring about and secure a lasting peace in Europe and among the nations of the world. (3) For the settlement of disputes between states, the Federa- tion shall accede to agreements providing for general, comprehen- sive and compulsory international arbitration. Article 2S [Primacy of international law] The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory. Article 26 [Securing international peace] (l) Acts tending to and undertaken with intent to disturb the peaceful relations between nations, especially to prepare for a war of aggression, shall be unconstitutional. They shall be made a criminal offence. (2) Weapons designed for warfare may be manufactured, transported or marketed only with the permission of the Federal Government. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. Article 27 [Merchant fleet] All German merchant vessels shall constitute a unitary merchant fleet.

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The Federation and the Lander . 43 Article 28 [Land constitutions >Autonomy of municipalities] (1) The constitutional order in the Lander must conform to the principles of a republican, democratic and social state governed by the rule of law, within the meaning of this Basic Law. In each Land, county and municipality the people shall be represented by a body chosen in general, direct, free, equal and secret elections. In county and municipal elections, persons who possess citizenship in any member state of the European Community are also eligible to vote and to be elected in accord with European Community law. In municipalities a local assembly may take the place of an elected body. (2) Municipalities must be guaranteed the right to regulate all local affairs on their own responsibility, within the limits prescribed by the laws. Within the limits of their functions designated by a law, associations of municipalities shall also have the right of self-government according to the laws. The guarantee of self-government shall extend to the bases of financial autonomy; these bases shall include the right of municipalities to a source of tax revenues based upon economic ability and the right to establish the rates at which these sources shall be taxed. (3) The Federation shall guarantee that the constitutional order of the Lander conforms to the basic rights and to the provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article. Article 29 [New delimitation of the federal territory] (1) The division of the federal territory into Lander may be revised to ensure that each Land be of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively. Due regard shall be given in this connection to regional, historical and cultural ties, economic efficiency, and the requirements of local and regional planning.

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The Federation and the Lander _ 45 (2) Revisions of the existing division into Lander shall be effected by a federal law, which must be confirmed by referendum. The affected Uinder shall be afforded an opportunity to be heard. (3) The referendum shall be held in the Lander from whose territories or parts of territories a new Land or a Land with redefined boundarie.s is to be established (affected Lander). The question to be voted on is whether the affected Lander are to remain as they are or whether the new Land or the Land with redefined boundaries should be established. The proposal to establish a new Land or a Land with redefined boundaries shall take effect if the change is approved by a majority in the future territory of such Land and by a majority in the territories or parts of territories of an affected Land taken together whose affiliation with a Land is to be changed in the same way. The proposal shall not take effect if within the territory of any of the affected Lander a majority reject the change; however, such rejection shall be of no consequence if in any part of the territory whose affiliation with the affected Land is to be changed a two-thirds majority approves the change, unless it is rejected by a two-thirds majority in the territory of the affected Land as a whole. (4) If in any clearly defined and contiguous residential and economic area located in two or more Lander and having at least one million inhabitants one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections petition for the inclusion of that area in a single Land, a federal law shall specify within two years whether the change shall be made in accordance with paragraph (2) of this Article or that an advisory referendum shall be held in the affected Lander.

(5) fll'j\"-:Jlh::'lmJ~ L~eJ'IHlri1 LL'U::lJ1~eJ-:Jnll1'U~r:hfmLU~ £J'ULLU\"-:J ~ LI:f'UeJt~Unt)l1lJ1ULU'ULU~llJ~ ~\"-:Jfl:: LL'U'ULihJ-:J L-H'U'lfeJUl11eJLl-l nt)l1lJlu eJWI.1l LI:f'UeJoUeJ LI:f'UeJ~ LL~n\\9h-3fl'U L~eJ111~\"-:Jfl:: LL'U'UL~u-:JvhmtlnL~l-l Ln'U '\\I l:feJ-:JoUeJ LI:f'UeJ l11n L~£mb'Ull1q! L-H'U'lfeJUflUoUeJ LI:f'UeJ111LU~ U'ULLU\"-:J~'U~ ~ -:J LLU n fl'U eJ ~Lu LU'UlJ \" i'! .fl1 u1'U 'j::U:: L1\"1I:feJ-:JU nt)l1lJl UI:f'I'1'W'UTIi'! ~eJ-:Jnll1'U~iT'il::l11iifll'jLU~ U'ULLU\"-:J~llJ (2) 'lleJ-:JlJ1~Hd'l11eJLl-l l11n oUeJLl:f'UeJL~i'Ufl11lJ L-H'U'lfeJU~llJU'j::tUfl~1:f1lJ LL,,::a'lleJ-:J (3) 'lleJ-:JlJ1~'j1d 111~'j1 nt)l1lJ1 UI:f'I'1'W'UTIi'!~UfY tY~ fll'j,)~;-:JlJ \"i'!~llJ~ LI:f'UeJ.fl1 u1'Ul:feJ-:JU ml-31l1 n ii nu\" -:J U'j ::'lf1lJ ~ L~ eJ'll eJ ri1 LL'U:: lJ1 LL\" ::Ll-l ~1 ~eJ -:J ii n U\"-:J U'j::'lf1lJ~ L~eJ u'U u'Ufln~eJLU (6) L~ u-:J'fb'Ull1q!l'Ufll'j\"-:JU'j::'lf1lJ~l11eJ1'Ufll'j\"-:JU'j::'lf1lJ~ L~eJ 'lleJ¢h LL'U::lJ1 ~eJ-:Ju'j::neJu~1 UL~u-:J'fb'Ull1ru'lleJ-:J ~\"-3fl:: LL'U'UL~U-:J t~ uii U '\\I oUeJ LLJJi1fl:: LL'U'U l~u-:J~-:Jmh1~eJ-:Jii~1'U1'UeJ riHUtl Ul1rt-:J1'Ua'lleJ-3 ~iiffVlfi \"-:Jfl:: LL'U'U L~ u-:J1'Ufll'j L~eJn;-:Jl:flJ1;nl:f.fl1 ~ LL'Yl'UHllt)'j 'j1 u,,:: Lf\"l u~~'U L~ U1 flU nUMu'j ::'lf1lJ ~ nU~eJ -:J'll eJ Ll\" ::nu\" -:JU'j::'lf1lJ ~ L~ eJ'll eJ ¢h LL'U::lJ1111nll1'U~t~ unt)l1lJ1 UI:f'I'1'W'UTIi'! ~-:JeJ1llUfYfY~~1 Ui1ri1~eJ-:J'lleJ 1'U l~eJ -:J l~ U1fl'ULl-leJlll ~'UJ1fl'U In'Ul1rt-:Jflf-:Jm u1m:: u:: L1m111u (7) f)1'j Lu~ U'U LLU\" -:J ~ 'U L~ U1 flU L'll ~ LL~ 'U'll eJ -:J lJ\" i'!eJlllii N\"L~ t~ uoUeJ~n\"-:J'j::l1i1-:JlJ\"i'!~ L~ U1oUeJ-:J l11eJt~ unt)l1lJ1 Ul:fl1'W'UTIi'!~L~i'u fl11lJ £J'UueJlJ1l1ml9lll:fm1'Umru~ L'll~ LL~'U~-:J~neJ rim u1~fll'j LU~ U'ULLU\"-:J , '\\I iiu'j::'lf1mLl-lln'U 50,000 fl'U vY-:Jd 'j1u\"::lflu~111lu'ULu~llJ~ufYfY~H 1'U nt)l1lJl Ul:fl1'W'UTIi'!~~eJ-:JL~i'Ufl11lJ £J'U UeJlJ1l1nll9lll:f.fl1 LL\" ::111 n l~ U-:J 'fb'Ull1q!'lleJ-3l:flJ1;nl:f.fl1 ~ LL'Yl'UHllt)'j nt)l1lJ1U~eJ-:JUfYtY~111l'Ylfl1Jl\" ,v . c : t t \" ..LL\"::lJllitym'Y.:::l:11.1L] ~CJ'.IQj.I U N\"m::'YlUlJ eJflll:f'lHl1l-:J LL\":: LLI:f~-:Jfl11lJ ll1'U'lleJ-:J~'I'JUmu

The Federation and the Lander . 47 (5) The advisory referendum shall establish whether the changes the law proposes meet with the voters ' approval. The law may put forward not more than two distinct proposals for consideration by the voters. If a majority approves a proposed change of the existing division into Lander, a federal law shall specify within two years whether the change shall be made in accordance with para- graph (2) of this Article. If a proposal is approved in accordance with the third and fourth sentences of paragraph (3) of this Article, a federal law providing for establishment of the proposed Land shall be enacted within two years after the advisory ballot, and confirma- tion by referendum shall no longer be required. (6) A majority in a referendum or in an advisory referendum shall consist of a majority of the votes cast, provided that it amounts to at least one quarter of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections. Other details concerning referenda, petitions and advisory referenda shall be regulated by a federal law, which may also provide that the same petition may not be filed more than once within a period of five years. (7) Other changes concerning the territory of the Lander may be effected by agreements between the Lander concerned or by a federal law with the consent of the Bundesrat, if the territory that is to be the subject of the change has no more than 50,000 inhabitants. Details shall be regulated by a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat and of a majority of the Members of the Bundestag. The law must provide affected municipalities and counties with an opportunity to be heard.

(8) lHl'r~fll11'YlU'YI1'Ufll'HlU \\I L'U ~ LL~'U'I11flrl1'UL~L'U L'U~ LLI'1'U~lJ fl~'Ufl\\l~'U~l1uflTr¥h.ufl~fl€!\\l1~ul~~eJ\\lfhi1\\1(1\\1U'YlUi1l~'t'U (2) (1\\1 (7) ;f .dllJ ..,., .., \"'t ;f 'Ufl\\l].Jl~'jl'U L'YlflUl€! LL€!:;].JW\"YI€!'Yl Lmu l'I€!m:;'YlU~fl\\l].J Lflflltf'lHL11\\1 LL€!:; LLtf~\\lml].J L-H'U .ufl~fl€!\\1 ~\\lmh1 ~tJ\\ll~fufll'j~'U6'U~11 Ufll'j€!\\lU'j:;'ll'l].J ~ 't'ULL~€!:;].J€!f~~ L~ U1.utJ\\I 'I11flfll'j'YlU'Yl1'UlJ l'I€!m:;'YlU L'il'Wl :;Ul\\lrl1'U'UtJ\\I .L'U~ LL~'U'UtJ\\I].J€!fiij Lv11t1'U eJlll~lnl'1Ll1lJ fll'j€!\\lU'j:;<tfl].J~ L'il'Wl:;'t'U~'U~ ~\\ll~fu I'I€! m:;'YlU 1~ ul~~tJ\\lt11ml].J't'Url1'U~tftJ\\I'UtJ\\lU'j:;1Ufl~111].JlL~ U.,\\lf.l,U't'U flU€! \\lu_I'j:;<tfl].J \"~'\"~lm'j'jfl';Uf L't\"fU\\I .G..Jl1'U''It1U'J'U'f'l\\l'I'l€!\\lfl:; LL'U'U .f.).tJ LU'U LaU\\I;'Ull'1 11'1 UlJ.utJ LL~ilfl:; LL'U'U LaU\\I~\\lflcil1~tJu\\llJ~1\"'U1'UtJ til \\lilfl U '' jI1l~U\\It''lt:';UL~~'UUtJ1'\\1LI l~1\"lJLau''YUlTlIut~'ll\\]l.flJ:~;uLiL '1Ul'iU1Llalul\\LlL'U'Uflftlj'll1'lj.LJ1~euJtffl'~l\\1l1t'f1f'lU1Df~\"~ LL '.Yufllm~ fllltJ'l~f\\lI'j~ 11'1 U flcil1 ].Jl.ul \\I~'U~tJ \\ll~i'uml].J u'U UtJ].J1l1fltffl1 ~LL'YlmllJtj'j lllVl':il 32 f11111auw'Uin1.Jvhnh~l't'lff (1) 'tl1tf'l11'1'UDi'~~l Lil'Ufll'jtfl'Uml].Ja].Jl'l'Ufinui'~~l\\1U'j:;L'Ylfl (2) ritJ'U L.uTYhtf'UTIai1li1l1~ m:;'YlU~tJ'Wtl ~fll'jruVl LfllJ'UtJ\\I].Jt'li'~'t1'1 ~fl\\llJfll'j'mfllJlm1tJ nU].Jt'lf~t1'UL'U L1t'l1~ L'I1l.J1 :;tf].J

The Federation and the Lander . 49 (8) Lander may revise the division of their existing territory or parts of their territory by agreement without regard to the provisions of paragraphs (2) to (7) of this Article. Affected municipalities and counties shall be afforded an opportunity to be heard. The agreement shall require confirmation by referendum in each of the Lander concerned. If the revision affects only part of a Land's territory, the referendum may be confined to the areas affected; the second clause of the fifth sentence shall not apply. 10 a referendum under this paragraph a majority of the votes cast shall be decisive, provided it amounts to at least one quarter of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections; details shall be regulated by a federal law. The agreement shall require the consent of the Bundestag. Article 30 [Sovereign powers of the Lander] Except as otherwise provided or permitted by this Basic Law, the exercise of state powers and the discharge of state functions is a matter for the Lander. Article 31 [Supremacy of federal law] Federal law shall take precedence over Land law. Article 32 [Foreign relations] (1) Relations with foreign states shall be conducted by the Federation. (2) Before the conclusion of a treaty affecting the special circumstances of a Land, that Land shall be consulted in timely fashion.

(3) (;111U1(;1~l.J{l1~ijell'Ul\\Jl'ufll1(;1 'J1flt)11lJ1 U l.J{l1~fll\\J LoUTvll ff'Ufiatyf\\J1flu1~\\9l1 ,nh:: L'Ylfrl~L(;1 Uf111l.J u'U Ufll.J'U fl.:J1~1J1{1 LL\";.:Jffl1-W'Ujj1~ OJ 'nJ'll 'l H l n (1) 'b'11 Lum~'U'YJflfl'U1'U'YJfll.J{l1~~fll.Jija'Ylfi LL{I ::l1Ul~'Yll.:Jfll1L~fl.:J ... ~ Ll1l.Jfl'Ufl'U (2 ) 'b'11 LUfl1~'U'Ylflfl'Uija'YlfiLVh LYiul.Jfl'U1'Ufll1¢il1.:J1911 LLl1U.:Jl1Ul~ • 11'b'fll1(;11l.Jf111l.JffllJ11(1 f•lruffl.JU~ LL{I::LUll1l.Jlu1'U'Yll.:Jm:jh'l'Ufl.:J(;1'U ¢il1.:J1911(L3Ll)1Uf.l:Jll111U~11Yu,ai1'1Y'lbf'fill'1Wm~lf1l~f'lUaL'LY{Il:f:ia,'YYillf~i'1Yul11.'U:JfflllT1H~1fUl.:1J1'bf'lfl1llij1a1'lYJ~l\"f'iU1f'lUcifflllU1 \" U.flfl{l cifll.JllJ(1\"fl Lfll LmUU L'W11:: L11(;1 LL\";.:J fll'j .f111l.J L~ U1oUfl.:J1'Ufrlff'Ul (;11l.J flt)l1l.Jl Ul.Jl11'b''U (5) flt)l1l.Jl U~11 'I 'j:: Lii uu1'U fll1fl1U ~l.J ~ LL{I fll1UiiU~l1Ul~ 11'b'fll1~fl '1rll U'I i1'111rl'fl fl11~uii u~ ~U \\9l fl fl'Ul.Jl1 'U fl11U1:: fl flU fll;'W \"'1~'l1 34 fll1\"'11J~~lllfln~~dJ~'t1ih~'l1'lHln l11fl~flfl{l1(;1 1'Ufll1UiiU~l1Ul~11'b'fll1ml.J~(;1'Ul~1ul.J flU11l.J1U {I :: LLlJLIri9rli1l'1UUl'~j1l1''bb''ffllll111'1U~fflll'11(;U11'UU\\.9l:fJllU'•fUl'fUlf{ll'~lf1f~l~l'.\"hJ fl11l.J1U ~19l L~flfll1¢i''1flrll11'l1 (;1fl ~1 '1~flflmr'U LU'Ul1rl'fl 1'Umru ~ LU'Ufll1m::i\\1f111l.J ~19lLI9lU L\\J(;1'Ull1~flLI9lUlh ::l.Jl'YlL~'ULrlflflcil'1~l ULL'j'l .1~f'll1.:fJfl'll1Ju'Ul9al'fYi'lUfiL1'fUlfflllfl1f11'rUl Lfldlu1fLl~UufLl~~lfll'1lUfhla~'Ul~\"l1ml.J:':YYli1l9{l1L:L:'LYllJ'lU9ll1~fliy';Jlld'b'l9flrLl'b{'UlU~jj1'jl.J

The Federation and the wilder . 51 (3) Insofar as the Lander have power to legislate, they may conclude treaties with foreign states with the consent of the Federal Government. Article 33 [Equal citizenship >Public service] (1) Every Gennan shall have in every Land the same political rights and duties. (2) Every Gennan shall be equally eligible for any public office according to his aptitude, qualifications and professional achievements. (3) Neither the enjoyment of civil and political rights, nor eligibility for public office, nor rights acquired in the public service shall be dependent upon religious affiliation. No one may be disadvantaged by reason of adherence or nonadherence to a particular religious denomination or philosophical creed. 4) The exercise of sovereign authority on a regular basis shall, as a rule, be entrusted to members of the public service who stand in a relationship of service and loyalty defined by public law. (5) The law governing the public service shall be regulated and developed with due regard to the traditional principles of the professional civil service. Article 34 [Liability for violation of official duty] If any person , in the exercise of a public office entrusted to him, violates his official duty to a third party, liability shall rest principally with the state or public body that employs him. In the event of intentional wrongdoing or gross negligence, the right of recourse against the individual officer shall be preserved. The ordinary courts shall not be closed to claims for compensation or indemnity.

lJl~'Jl 3S fl11lJ'lbuL't1~f)nl.:.lfl.g'HlJlfHU'l~nHtJflfl'Jf)~ fl11lJ 'lf1U L'H~f)1'U'J~'H .-h~ Ln~ftu-rhr&l (l) 11'111 U.:J1'U'lJfl'H111l~\\,!jjf~ ll\" ~l.J\"f~~fl.:Jl'l1f111l.J'lh Ull1~ fl'I'll-:J fltjl1l.J1U ll\" ~'YI1.:JUflfnfl.:J llrln'Ull\"~n'U (2) l~flfmn111fl~'UvJfI11l.JJ'Uf1.:J ll\" ~fI11l.Jt1.:Jll l1ull~fl Ut11D11ru~ . .11'1 UlU 'W1 ~1'U fllru~11 Ulll.:J \" l.J\" f~fl1 'il'IJ flllf1 \"1 fllll\" ~~.:J ell 'U1 Uf111l.J , o IV 0 I <V IV ~I .c:t, t1~mfl'il1flflfl.:Jfl1\".:J1'l111'il1'l1~ l1'U'lI1 Ulll'l'U lll1.:Jt111'W'UD1~ l'Wfl'll1 Ull1\"fl n1~.:J~111'il'IJfl.:JI?l'U l'Ufllru~~111'il'IJfl.:JI?l'U'lJt11l.J11f1Vi1.:J1'U1?l1l.JfI11l.Jfll ~1'I'lIflll'IJfl.:JI?l'U'~111flt11l.J11f1Vi1.:J1'U'~~1Uf111l.JU1flrl1111fl111fl'lJ'~fll IV.c:t, 0 IV 0 I Q..I Q,.I fl fl.:J'YI'W l11fl 'ill fl flfl.:Jfl1\".:J 1?l111'il1'l1~ l1'U'lI1 Ulll'l'Ullmt111'W'UD1~ (3) fll.:1J1l.fJl\"ffi~um.fylhfrl~i'1Y1I1l.~:.J:DJnll..JJ\"'flI~1~11f1~m•l)1lrl~\"lll1ll1l?.•:lJrltfl1'11'1l1~l'fUllD'lffl~'Ufl11'I'1il1i.:UJ~'1f'll1 l'lJl?llll'l'U'IJ f~1J1\" lll1.:Jl.J\"f~il'ln1~.:J~111'il l~fll'l1l.J\"f~~'Ui.:Jfll1'~ ll\"~fl1'ilil'ln1~.:J .'lJfl.:Jmb £Jl'U fl fl.:Jn1~.:J~111'il1?l1~ l1'U'lI1 £I lll'l'U lll1.:Jt111~'UDf~111flflfl.:J'I'i''W . . .l~flt1'1111t1'U'U.:J1'U~111'il m I?llfl11~ f~1J1\" lll1.:Jt111~'UM~'I11l.J11~1?l1l.l .111f1d~fl.:Jflfl £Jfll~fl'~I?l\"fll'll1m l~fl1~t1fl1l1£Jfl1fl.:J ll,,~'lJi11'Umrull'1 ~fl.:JfIfl £Jfll~\"fl'l'i''UVi~fl'U1?l11 £J'\\r'U~h'Uw'U'u ll~1 \" , <V <V lJl~'Jl 36 lJfl~lfl'J'lJf)~'H'U1U~1'U'if'H'W'UD'J~ q .. . . . . \"1'1Ll..1,l\"..f.lfl'il1fl'YIfll.JCI~1~'1L'Ut~1.l.'1Jtl1'U.J'YIll1m~t1l.J (1) .u111'l1fl11~'~fllfl11i1~1.:J1I'1£Jl1U1£J.:J1'Ut1.:Jt11'11'U1~~1lt111~'UDf~ '\".J1Jj\"'~' .., I'IU llf1f1\"'Y1 Ll'll11fl1111'il1.:J .. .l1U1 u.:J1'U~'Ul'Ul~~1lt111~'UDf~ 11'1£Jl1~flll~11'l1l~flfl'ill fll.J\"f~~l1U1 £J.:J1'U \" 'I1'UVi1.:J1'Ul'l1

The Federation and the Lander . 53 Article 3S [Legal and administrative assistance and assistance during disasters] (1) All federal and Land authorities shall render legal and administrative assistance to one another. (2) In order to maintain or restore public security or order, a Land in particularly serious cases may call upon personnel and facilities of the Federal Border Police to assist its police when with- out such assistance the police could not fulfil their responsibilities, or could do so only with great difficulty. In order to respond to a grave accident or a natural disaster, a Land may call for the assistance of police forces of other Lander or of personnel and facilities of other administrative authorities, of the Armed Forces, or of the Federal Border Police. (3) If the natural disaster or accident endangers the territory of more than one Land, the Federal Government, insofar as is necessary to combat the danger, may instruct the Land governments to place police forces at the disposal of other Lander, and may deploy units of the Federal Border Police or the Armed Forces to support the police. Measures taken by the Federal Government pursuant to the first sentence of this paragraph shall be rescinded at any time at the demand of the Bundesrat, and in any event as soon as the danger is removed. Article 36 [Personnel of federal authorities] (1) Civil servants employed by the highest federal authorities shall be drawn from all Lander in appropriate proportion. Persons employed by other federal authorities shall, as a rule, be drawn from the Land in which they serve.

,, (2) flO'lUn tlii dl tl1fim1'tifl1'j'YI111'j~eJ\\lVi1Jl'HU1f)\\lfl1'j LLD\\I LLtI fl 'i:f'l1l~\\lD1lLtl~~(lfl LL(l::fl11~1J\\l1fl11fl~l9leJtJijfl1fl'IJeJ\\llh::'ti1'ti'Ut'U~(lflJ'U (l) l11fl~(lflLll'i:f1m'jfltlilllil\\?l1~.ueJ ~flvr'U\\?ll~flO'l1~l tI~'Ul1'U .:~ ..d oJ Q.I oJ I Q.I oJ o.q 'U'I1'jeJflO'l1~l tI eJ'U'lJeJ \\I'i:f'l1'W'UD'jl 'jlU1(l LL'\\1\\1'i:f'l1'W'UD'jleJ11J W11 L'U'Ufl1'j\\?l1~ ~'U\\?leJ'U~ ~1 LU'U L~mr\\lfi'1Jtl1~(lfltlilU~\\?l1~'\\1'Li1~'IJ eJ\\I\\?l'U ~\\ld lWi tI fl11~ ~'U(t2l)eJ~L'~IeJJe1J\\\\?l1•l~~'til:'fjf:l1:'i:f\\lrlt'Ufl1'jtlil1J1i\\?l1~~lmfl1'jU\\lfi'1JJ'U f l 1J1(l LL'I1 \\I 'i:f'l1vr'UDfl'l11eJ~1 LL'YI'UijihlBeJ eJ mhrl'\\I fi1J~ (l1l LL(l ::m11 tI \\11 'U'IJ eJ \\I ~(l1~l1\\\"1'11~\\?l

The Federation and the Lander . 55 (2) Laws regarding military service shall also take into account both the division of the Federation into Lander and the regional loyalties of their people. Article 37 [Federal execution] (1) If a Land fails to comply with its obligations under this Basic Law or other federal laws, the Federal Government, with the consent of the Bundesrat, may take the necessary steps to compel the Land to comply with its duties. (2) For the purpose of implementing such coercive measures, the Federal Government or its representative shall have the right to issue instructions to all Lander and their authorities.

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The Bundestag . 57 III. The Bundestag Article 38 [Elections] (1) Members of the German Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal and secret elections. They shall be repre- sentatives of the whole people, not bound by orders or instructions, and responsible only to their conscience. (2) Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority may be elected. (3) Details shall be regulated by a federal law. Article 39 [Electoral term >Convening] (1) Save the following provisions, the Bundestag shall be elected for four years. Its term shall end when a new Bundestag convenes. New elections shall be held no sooner than forty-six months and no later than forty-eight months after the electoral term begins. If the Bundestag is dissolved, new elections shall be held within sixty days. (2) The Bundestag shall convene no later than the thirtieth day after the elections. (3) The Bundestag shall determine when its sessions shall be adjourned and resumed. The President of the Bundestag may convene it at an earlier date. He shall be obliged to do so if one third of the Members, the Federal President or the Federal Chancellor so demand.

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The Bundestag . 59 Article 40 [Presidency> Rules of procedure] (1) The Bundestag shall elect its President, Vice-Presidents and secretaries. It shall adopt rules of procedure. (2) The President shall exercise proprietary and police powers in the Bundestag building. No search or seizure may take place on the premises of the Bundestag without his permission. Article 41 [Scrutiny of elections] (1) Scrutiny of elections shall be the responsibility of the Bundestag. It shall also decide whether a Member has lost his seat. (2) Complaints against such decisions of the Bundestag may be lodged with the Federal Constitutional Court. (3) Details shall be regulated by a federal law. Article 42 [Public sittings >Majority decisions] (1) Sittings of the Bundestag shall be public. On the motion of one tenth of its Members , or on the motion of the Federal Government, the public may be excluded by a two-thirds majority. The motion shall be voted upon at a sitting not open to the public. (2) Decisions of the Bundestag shall require a majority of the votes cast unless this Basic Law otherwise provides. The rules of procedure may permit exceptions with respect to elections to be conducted by the Bundestag. (3) Truthful reports of public sittings of the Bundestag and of its committees shall not give rise to any liability.

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The Bundestag . 61 Article 43 [Right to require presence, right of access and right to be heard] (1) The Bundestag and its committees may require the presence of any member of the Federal Government. (2) The members of the Bundesrat and of the Federal Government as well as their representatives may attend all sittings of the Bundestag and meetings of its committees. They shall have the right to be heard at any time. Article 44 [Committees of inquiry] (1) The Bundestag shall have the right, and on the motion of one quarter of its Members the duty, to establish a committee of inquiry, which shall take the requisite evidence at public hearings. The public may be excluded. (2) The rules of criminal procedure shall apply mutatis mutan- dis to the taking of evidence. The privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications shall not be affected. (3) Courts and administrative authorities shall be required to provide legal and administrative assistance. (4) The decisions of committees of inquiry shall not be subject to judicial review. The courts shall be free to evaluate and rule upon the facts that were the subject of the investigation.

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The Bundestag . 63 Article 45 [Committee on the European Union] The Bundestag shall appoint a Committee on the Affairs of the European Union. It may authorise the committee to exercise the rights of the Bundestag under Article 23 vis-a.-vis the Federal Government. It may also empower it to exercise the rights granted to the Bundestag under the contractual foundations of the European Union. Article 45a [Committees on Foreign Affairs and Defence] (1) The Bundestag shall appoint a Committee on Foreign Affairs and a Defence Committee. (2) The Defence Committee shall also have the powers of a committee of inquiry. On the motion of one quarter of its members it shall have the duty to make a specific matter the subject of inquiry. (3) Paragraph (1) of Article 44 shall not apply to defence matters. Article 45b [Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces] A Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces shall be appointed to safeguard basic rights and to assist the Bundestag in exercising parliamentary oversight over the Armed Forces. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. Article 45c [Petitions Committee] (1) The Bundestag shall appoint a Petitions Committee to deal with requests and complaints addressed to the Bundestag pursuant to Article 17. (2) The powers of the Committee to consider complaints shall be regulated by a federal law.

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The Bundestag . 65 Article 45d [Parliamentary Control Panel] (1) The Bundestag shall appoint a panel to scrutinise the intelligence activities of the Federation. (2) Details shall be regulated by a federal law. Article 46 [Immunities of Members] (1) At no time maya Member be subjected to court proceedings or disciplinary action or otherwise called to account outside the Bundestag for a vote cast or for any speech or debate in the Bundestag or in any of its committees. This provision shall not apply to defamatory insults. (2) A Member may not be called to account or arrested for a punishable offence without permission of the Bundestag, unless he is apprehended while committing the offence or in the course of the following day. (3) The permission of the Bundestag shall also be required for any other restriction of a Member 's freedom of the person or for the initiation of proceedings against a Member under Article 18. (4) Any criminal proceedings or any proceedings under Article 18 against a Member and any detention or other restriction of the freedom of his person shall be suspended at the demand of the Bundestag.

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The Bundestag . 67 Article 47 [Right of refusal to give evidence] Members may refuse to give evidence concerning persons who have confided information to them in their capacity as Members of the Bundestag, or to whom they have confided information in this capacity, as well as evidence concerning this information itself. To the extent that this right of refusal to give evidence applies, no seizure of documents shall be permissible. Article 48 [Candidature >Protection of membership >Remuneration] (1) Every candidate for election to the Bundestag shall be entitled to the leave necessary for his election campaign. (2) No one may be prevented from accepting or exercising the office of Member of the Bundestag. No one may be given notice of dismissal or discharged from employment on this ground. (3) Members shall be entitled to remuneration adequate to ensure their independence. They shall be entitled to the free use of all publicly owned means of transport. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. Article 49 (repealed)

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The Bundesrat • 69 IV. The Bundesrat Article 50 [Functions] The Lander shall participate through the Bundesrat in the legislation and administration of the Federation and in matters concerning the European Union. Article 51 [Composition >Weighted voting] (1) The Bundesrat shall consist of members of the Land governments, which appoint and recall them. Other members of those governments may serve as alternates. (2) Each Land shall have at least three votes; Lander with more than two million inhabitants shall have four, Lander with more than six million inhabitants five, and Lander with more than seven million inhabitants six votes. (3) Each Land may appoint as many members as it has votes. The votes of each Land may be cast only as a unit and only by Members present or their alternates. Article 52 [President >Decisions >Rules of procedure] (1) The Bundesrat shall elect its President for one year. (2) The President shall convene the Bundesrat. He shall be obliged to do so if the delegates of at least two Lander or the Federal Government so demand.

70 · 1W1l:1fll (3) f11'Ji~~'Uh'IJtl,n\\•>lh\"fll'h1~tml1l~tJ-:J~h ,nJ1fl 1•\\9lJ~fl1lU'U ~nll1'U~.ufJ1r-:Jfi'1J f11nh:;'tilJ f11'Jlh:;'tilJ'lJtl-:J1\\9lJaflllU'Ufll'J'lh:;'tilJt~ tJ 'U \"..\" \" 'tlJ•li1JJ't~lJ-ul:N~Jl't\\JU(9t3lJ'lf~Ullm1)l•\\>i91-t:elJ'mJU.Q)~~nmm~'rt)fu~11tt'1JJU'ff1Jl'1~lU1fll'1'~J:Ui;'tl~lJl~.1''hfUUhi't:U1l;J~~'~'ttllJi1J-•lfe:JlJJl-t'U:l~tJ'tl~WJ•-mtl:nniJ~lJJfl~1lI1>N1'1~H•\\t:J•9;J1lmn'lJJ''aur~f~~ltellJe1JlllhU~l'~JUW-f1:1'J1J~'lf:lil5in1~~~f'1U(1t2'~J) lJllU'Ulflru'l1'nll1'U~ (4) ~lJl~fll1~eJi1ll'YI'U~'U'UeJ-:Jf~1J1~ II'I1-:JlJ~f~eJl ~Vill1iil~t'U f1 ru:;fl 'J'JlJlBf11 'J'IJ tl -:J1•\\9lJ ~m'~ ~lJl;fl'Utl -:Jf~1J1~ II'11 -:J~mi'Uiif~ UeJlJ~~'YIB lL~:; lri eJ'~f1J flU . . .1~e\\J9-l:JJ'~UfelJlUe~JllJJ1;~fll1'iIiJlt~l-:tJ'Uf~1f1J1l'~JIlI.'uIl11-1:lJJa1lh1:V;¥''tiU•liJi'fU~tUlt-l:l•JJ1~\\~9'lYJI~Bm;llll~~-::;Jf1llr~u::;;mll'J~l~J-1:BJfm1l1l'JJ . . .ll1'U'U eJ -:J~'U lri eJt~ n'~ f~1Jl~ II'11-:J~l1V¥'Uiif~~tl-:J 'Jl tJ -:Jl'Utl11\\9lJ ~fll'YI'Jl1J , Cil 0 q, q I '0 mf11'J~ll'U'Ufl~f11'J\\9l1-:J' 'Utl-:J\\9l'UeJ tJl-:J~lJ1lalJtl

The Bundesral • 71 (3) Decisions of the Bundesrat shall require at least a majority of its votes. It shall adopt rules of procedure. Its meetings shall be open to the public. The public may be excluded. (3a) For matters concerning the European Union the Bundesrat may establish a Chamber for European Affairs, whose decisions shall be considered decisions of the Bundesrat; the number of votes to be uniformly cast by the Lander shall be determined by paragraph (2) of Article 51. (4) Other members or representatives of Land governments may serve on committees of the Bundesrat. Article S3 [Attendance of members of the Federal Government] The members of the Federal Government shall have the right, and on demand the duty, to participate in meetings of the Bundesrat and of its committees. They shall have the right to be heard at any time. The Bundesrat shall be kept informed by the Federal Govern- ment with regard to the conduct of its affairs.

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The Joint Committee . 73 IVa. The Joint Committee Article 53a [Composition >Rules of procedure] (1) The Joint Committee shall consist of Members of the Bundestag and members of the Bundesrat; the Bundestag shall provide two thirds and the Bundesrat one third of the committee members. The Bundestag shall designate Members in proportion to the relative strength of the various parliamentary groups; they may not be members of the Federal Government. Each Land shall be represented by a Bundesrat member of its choice; these members shall not be bound by instructions. The establishment of the Joint Committee and its proceedings shall be regulated by rules of procedure to be adopted by the Bundestag and requiring the consent of the Bundesrat. (2) The Federal Government shall inform the Joint Committee about its plans for a state of defence. The rights of the Bundestag and its committees under paragraph (1) of Article 43 shall not be affected by the provisions of this paragraph.

l'i:U1~ 5 th~fil'tnfi'U~ bb~\\i~l'i~'Ufi1~ c>9 ., lnvl'n 54 fll'HijeJflvl-3 1n~fll':ivln-3vhtt'tnl-3'UeJ-31.h~D1Ul~tJ~ , ..,.., ...tt'H-3f;f'H'WUD':i~ (1) U'j ~ D1'U 1TI lJ ~ LL li .:J ff 11'W'U Di'~ ~ eJ .:J l-J 1 ~ 1fl fll 'j L~ eJ fl i.:J1~ fJ ~ lh ~'lIl-JLl1tti ffl1'W'UDi';'i t~ fJlJJ ii fl1 'jeJflU 'jl fJ 'lIl1 LfJ eJ 'j11'U ~ ii ~'Yl TI •u ~ ~.:Jfl ~ LL 'U 'U La fJ.:JL 'U fll 'j L~eJ fli.:J fffll ~ LL'Yl'U 'jl'l;lt)'j LL~ ~ii eJl ~fl'jlJ~~lJU .ci eJl-Jiifl ruffl-JlJll~~ ~l~i'lJfl1'j L~eJfl i.:J L~'UU'j~Dl'U1TIlJ~ LLli.:Jffl1'W'UDi';'i ~ (2) U'j~Dl'U1TIlJ~ LLli.:Jffl1'W'UDi'~ii11'j~fl1'j¢11'j.:J l'il LLml.:Jml1~~ Y, 'I1'lU 1~ fJell ~l~i'lJ L~eJfli.:JL'I1'¢11'j.:Jl'il LLml.:J~~ ~ml'Ul~JJ Lfi'U11i1.:J1l'j~ (3) ~u'j~~l-JLm1iffl1'W'UDi'~U'j ~ fleJlJ~1 fJffl.J1~fl'IJeJ.:Jffm ~LL'Yl'U 'jll:1t)'j LLrI ~ffl-Jl~fl~l-Jl~lflfl1'j L~eJfli.:J1~ fJi'~ffm'IJeJ.:Jl-J~i'~ml.Jlr~rl1'U 'lJeJ.:J~l'U1'U~LL'Yl'UL'U~l'U1'U~ Ll'hn'U (4) ~\"u'j~~l-JLmYffl1'W'UDi'~~eJ.:J,r~u'j~~l-JmfJL'Uffll-J~lJ1'UfieJ'U .... ~'Uff~11'j~fl1'j¢11'j.:J~h LL11'll.:J'lJeJ.:JU'j~Dl'U1TIlJ~ LLli.:Jffl1'W'UDf;'i l1~eJL'Umru ~ ~~lWfl'\\U0o1~1lLLf1l1l''Ui,l.:JL'LU~l1'U'll.':YJ!ln.j:JJe'U'J'UL1lV11'Uj~'~je~J.D:lJ',Ur~fUf'mj~~9'1lLILl•'Y-Jll'UJJ'ilLlf:1i't)U'jffL~lilJ-'JU~g~1,lJLq1''jUf'Jlfrl_1UIJ'jL~~Ll~-1J'UW'U (5) ml.:J~lfl~'Uq~11'j~'lJeJ.:JNlfJil~l1fYqj~ 'j~fJ ~ L1m~'j~'4l1L'U u'j~lfJfl LL'jfl'IJeJ.:J (4) J' v.c:! ~.d ~v LL 'Yl'U'ill:1t)'j q 'lJeJ.:Jl-Jl\\01'jl'U Ll1 L'jl-J'U1J Ll-JeJffm L'jfJfl u'j~'lI•l-Jflf.:J LL'jfl .LL~ ~ tJ.:JlJJii ~ffl1m'jl fJL~l~flJ La f.J...:J.ul.:Jl.J1fl L'I1'1Jflfl~~l~flJfl LL'U'U LafJ.:J , l-Jlfliiff~L'U\" ... f'lj1l'fjJ~.~:~JfLl~~fLJL\\'0U1L'U'I1'LLa~f'J.U:lJUf\\lf0.1:1Jl~e-JJl~UtlLl~l'1U'Um\"~~Lf'U1flJt)lL1~el-JJfllif.J:fJfl1'W'UDf~ .(7)

The Federal President. 75 V. The Federal President Article S4 [Election> Term of office] (1) The Federal President shall be elected by the Federal Convention without debate. Any German who is entitled to vote in Bundestag elections and has attained the age of forty may be elected. (2) The term of office of the Federal President shall be five years. Re-election for a consecutive term shall be permitted only once. (3) The Federal Convention shall consist of the Members of the Bundestag and an equal number of members elected by the parliaments of the Lander on the basis of proportional represen- tation. (4) The Federal Convention shall meet not later than thirty days before the term of office of the Federal President expires or, in the case of premature termination, not later than thirty days after that date. It shall be convened by the President of the Bundestag. (5) After the expiration of an electoral term , the period specified in the first sentence of paragraph (4) of this Article shall begin when the Bundestag first convenes. (6) The person receiving the votes of a majority of the members of the Federal Convention shall be elected. If after two ballots no candidate has obtained such a majority, the person who receives the largest number of votes on the next ballot shall be elected. (7) Details shall be regulated by a federal law.

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The Federal President. 77 Article 55 [Incompatibilities] (1) The Federal President may not be a member of the government or of a legislative body of the Federation or of a Land. (2) The Federal President may not hold any other salaried office, or engage in any trade or profession, or belong to the management or supervisory board of any enterprise conducted for profit. Article 56 [Oath of office] On assuming his office, the Federal President shall take the following oath before the assembled Members of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat: \"/ swear that / will dedicate my efforts to the well-being of the German people, promote their welfare, protect themfrom harm, uphold and defend the Basic Law and the laws of the Federation, perform my duties conscientiously, and do justice to all. So help me God.\" The oath may also be taken without religious affirmation. Article 57 [Substitution] If the Federal President is unable to perform his duties, or if his office falls prematurely vacant, the President of the Bundesrat shall exercise his powers.

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The Federal President . 79 Article 58 [Countersignature] Orders and directions of the Federal President shall require for their validity the countersignature of the Federal Chancellor or of the competent Federal Minister. This provision shall not apply to the appointment or dismissal of the Federal Chancellor, the dissolution of the Bundestag under Article 63 , or a request made under paragraph (3) of Article 69. Article 59 [Representation of the Federation for the purposes of international law] (1) The Federal President shall represent the Federation for the purposes of international law. He shall conclude treaties with foreign states on behalf of the Federation. He shall accredit and receive envoys. (2) Treaties that regulate the political relations of the Federation or relate to subjects of federal legislation shall require the consent or participation, in the form of a federal law, of the bodies responsible in such a case for the enactment of federal law. In the case of executive agreements the provisions concerning the federal administration shall apply mutatis mutandis. Article 59a (repealed) Article 60 [Appointment of civil servants >Pardon >Immunity] (1) The Federal President shall appoint and dismiss federal judges, federal civil servants , and commi ssioned and noncommissioned officers of the Armed Forces, except as may otherwise be provided by a law.

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The Federal President . 81 (2) He shall exercise the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation. (3) He may delegate these powers to other authorities. (4) Paragraphs (2) to (4) of Article 46 shall apply to the Federal President mutatis mutandis. Article 61 [Impeachment before the Federal Constitutional Court] (1) The Bundestag or the Bundesrat may impeach the Federal President before the Federal Constitutional Court for wilful violation of this Basic Law or of any other federal law. The motion of impeachment must be supported by at least one quarter of the Members of the Bundestag or one quarter of the votes of the Bundesrat. The decision to impeach shall require a majority of two thirds of the Members of the Bundestag or of two thirds of the votes of the Bundesrat. The case for impeachment shall be presented before the Federal Constitutional Court by a person commissioned by the impeaching body. (2) If the Federal Constitutional Court finds the Federal President guilty of a wilful violation of this Basic Law or of any other federal law, it may declare that he has forfeited his office. After the Federal President has been impeached, the Court may issue an interim order preventing him from exercising his functions.

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The Federal Government . 83 VI. The Federal Government Article 62 [Composition] The Federal Government shall consist of the Federal Chancellor and the Federal Ministers. Article 63 [Election of the Federal Chancellor] (1) The Federal Chancellor shall be elected by the Bundestag without debate on the proposal of the Federal President. (2) The person who receives the votes of a majority of the Members of the Bundestag shall be elected. The person elected shall be appointed by the Federal President. (3) If the person proposed by the Federal President is not elected, the Bundestag may elect a Federal Chancellor within fourteen days after the ballot by the votes of more than one half of its Members. (4) If no Federal Chancellor is elected within this period, a new election shall take place without delay, in which the person who receives the largest number of votes shall be elected. If the person elected receives the votes of a majority of the Members of the Bundestag, the Federal President must appoint him within seven days after the election. If the person elected does not receive such a majority, then within seven days the Federal President shall either appoint him or dissolve the Bundestag.

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The Federal Government . 85 Article 64 [Appointment and dismissal of Federal Ministers >Oath of office] (1) Federal Ministers shall be appointed and dismissed by the Federal President upon the proposal of the Federal Chancellor. (2) On taking office the Federal Chancellor and the Federal Ministers shall take the oath provided for in Article 56 before the Bundestag. Article 65 [Power to determine policy guidelines >Department and collegiate responsibility] The Federal Chancellor shall determine and be responsible for the general guidelines of policy. Within these limits each Federal Minister shall conduct the affairs of his department independently and on his own responsibility. The Federal Government shall resolve differences of opinion between Federal Ministers. The Federal Chancellor shall conduct the proceedings of the Federal Government in accordance with rules of procedure adopted by the Government and approved by the Federal President. Article 65a [Command of the Armed Forces] (1) Command of the Armed Forces shall be vested in the Federal Minister of Defence. (2) (repealed) Article 66 [Incompatibilities] Neither the Federal Chancellor nor a Federal Minister may hold any other salaried office, or engage in any trade or profession, or belong to the management or, without the consent of the Bundestag, to the supervisory board of an enterprise conducted for profit.

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The Federal Government . 87 Article 67 [Vote of no confidence] (1) The Bundestag may express its lack of confidence in the Federal Chancellor only by electing a successor by the vote of a majority of its Members and requesting the Federal President to dismiss the Federal Chancellor. The Federal President must comply with the request and appoint the person elected. (2) Forty-eight hours shall elapse between the motion and the election. Article 68 [Vote of confidence] (1) If a motion of the Federal Chancellor for a vote of confidence is not supported by the majority of the Members of the Bundestag, the Federal President, upon the proposal of the Federal Chancellor, may dissolve the Bundestag within twenty-one days. The right of dissolution shall lapse as soon as the Bundestag elects another Federal Chancellor by the vote of a majority of its Members. (2) Forty-eight hours shall elapse between the motion and the vote. Article 69 [Deputy Federal Chancellor >Term of office] (1) The Federal Chancellor shall appoint a Federal Minister as his deputy.

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