ມ.2_ວິທະຍາສາດທຳມະຊາດ_ຄູ່ມື_NatSci

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[qfmu #) s^ad4ko c]t 0=h,6omk’m=]tou;ymtpk g;]kG @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D vtm[y kpsda^ 4kodkog7vjn om0ju v’czoj gxvn d3]dD @D vtmy[kp]da ltot8kj ’M c]t [vdzoq gduf0Bo9kddkog7vnj om0uj v’czoj gxnvd3]dD #D I[a Iwh6 f;h kj dkogdfu czoj foy ws;c,oj pvh o,cu I’foa 9kd.8gh xvn d3]dD II. goNv.o8Qo8= { czoj gxvn d3]d,du kog7vjn omwuj fph vh o1.6j 8gh xvn d3]d X1-6j oA ,vd3]d? ,7u ;k,foa XcI’ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ fao? vao,tsklkoF ,uv5ostr6,l6’F ,ad,kg7nvj og|a’168j ts^vfg;]kD { dkog7vjn om0ju v’czoj gxvn d3]d,su k^ pc[[g-oja G czoj gxvn d3]dg7vjn omcju pdvvd9kddoa czoj gxnvd3]dg7vnj om-uj oq doa g-’yj ,u # c[[7nG czoj gxvn d3]d.8,h tsklt\\f5 -oq doa F czoj gxvn d3]d.8,h tsklt\\f5 -oq d[a czoj mt;[u F czoj mt;u[-qoda[ czoj mt;u[ dkog7vnj om0uj v’czoj gxnvd3]dd+.shgdufczoj fyows;F r6w2]tg[ufF r6F c]t vonj MD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I[6 rk[.ox,B c[[IPo { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daodtdP,v5xtdvof’aj oUG xN,0PoF 8tdP’gs^Qk _W F da[w2F oED { rk-totcdh;.lmqo8+7;k,IhvoD 4hk[+,ucdh; .-hdtxHv’F 4kf s^n =h3]stcmod=wfhD { czoj g9hpohvp lu0k; 0t|kf WF& -a’8uc,af x WF& -a’8uc,afS * czoj D IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D mqf]v’dkog7njvomuj0v’czjogxnvd3]dD { c[’j oda IPogxoa d,j5 { 76cotoe0Ao8vodkomqf]v’dkog7nvj omu0j v’czoj gxnvd3]d8k,dyf9tde.oc[[ 106

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T g,nvj la’gdfI6[ #)D* c]h; gIqklk,kflts^5[wfh;kj czoj fyows; c]t r6w2]tg[uf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ,da gdfu 106j v[g0f-kpcfo0v’czoj gxvn d3]dD 7e8v[0v’7e4k,0=h @ c]t # @D xtgmf]k;gIkq [+wf8h ’A 106j v[g0f-kpcfo0v’czoj gxvn d3]d ltooA 9’jb [+,da ,cu zoj fyows;D #D !? czoj .8h,tsklt\\5f-qodao gIaf.shgduf czoj fyows; c]t r6w2]tg[ufD @? czoj .8h,tsklt\\5fcpd9kddao gIaf.shgdufIvj ’g]yd.8h,tsklt\\5f #? czoj .8h,tskltt\\5f-qo]q’dhv’czoj mt;u[ gIaf.shgdufczoj fyows;F r6 c]t r6w2]tg[ufD V. dkoxtg,uozqoG 7r6 9y k]tok9kkdG { 7;k,loq .98+[fq IPo { dko8v[7e4k, { dko8A’.9 s^n [+8A’.9I;j ,;Pd’ko.od5,j 108

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu #_ vkp5mk’m=]tou;ymtpk c]t -kdfbdfe[ao g;]kG @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’7e;kj <vkp5mk’m=]tou;ymtpk c]t -kdfbdfe[ao< @D I[a I;h6 kj dkodeofq vkp05 v’-oA foy wfvh ’u .lxj t],y kozoq zt]fy m4ju dn c8dcpd0v’[oa fk mkf,o6 de,oa 8trk[]’a luD II. goNv.o8Qo8= { vkp5mk’m=]tou;ymtpk \\kpg4y’ dkolbdlkdPj ;da[vkp50v’|;j p3]d c]t -Aofyo s^n -Aosuo8kj ’M c]t -kdfbdfe[ao Xfossiles? { -kdfbdfe[ao \\kpg4y’ -kdlaf c]t rnfmuwj fh8kpwx g-y’j 4ndma[4q,1j6.osuo8tdvo s^kp]kh oxu c];h dkpgxoa suoD { dkodeofq vkp05 v’-oA foy grojy wfvh ’u .lxj t],y kozoq zt]fy m4ju dn c8dcpd 0v’[oa fk mkf,6o de,ao8trk[]a’lug-aoj G dkd[vo !$ F v6ikouvv,F 38]uvv,DDD dkoc8d cpd0v’[aofkmkf,6ogs^kqj oU ,adgduf0Bo.ome,t-kf 3fp[+0Boda[g’vjn ow0l’yj c;f ]vh ,mk’ovd.fMD 8q;1jk’G ,;olko ! dy3]dik, 0v’v6ikouvv, .og;]kzkj owx !WW ]hkoxu 9tpa’gs^nv rP’c8j _)& dik, c]t 9tdkpgxoa -on !# dik,F gI]vu v, @ dik,D c8dj kodeofq vkp05 v’-oA foy sn^ -kdfdb fe[oa mgju xoa ;my .u \\gj 0kq g9kQ wfvh ’u .ldj koc8dcpd0v’mkf ,6ode,ao8trk[]a’lu C!$D Iv[;Poc8dcpdg7y’j |b’j 0v’ C!$D dq’da[ &(WW xuD { groyj c[’j vkp5mk’m=]touvvdgxao $ la’dkf.spj 7nG la’dkfxt4q,xt4ko F la’dkf -u;t[6IkoF la’dkfmaf c]t la’dkf.\\jD 109

III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { I[6 rk[.ox,N c[[IPo { -kdfbdfe[ao-toyf8kj ’ X4hk,u? IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D 76oeg0Qklj6[qfIPo fh;pdko8A’7e4k,g4y’-kdfbdfe[ao 3fp.shoadIPola’gdf -kdfbdfe[ao[k’-toyf XI6[ s^n 0v’9y’4hk,u?D @D 7Qo7;hkdj5,djP;da[dkodeoqfvkp50v’-Aofyo { c[’j oadIPogxaod,5j ]t &{* 7qo grnvj 7Qo7;hk7e4k,f’aj oUG !D oadm=]toulkfwfhdeoqfvkp50v’-Aofyo8kj ’Mco;.fL @D dkoc8dcpd0v’ C!$ ,uco;.fL #D -kdfbdfe[aoc,oj spa’L rq[16j.lL { 76.shz6h8k’|hkc8]j td,5j ]kp’ko c]t I;j ,daolts^5[D #D lbdlkdkoc8dcpd0v’ C!$ { 76.shc8j]td5j,vjkogoNv.o0v’dkoc8dcpd0v’ C!$ c]t la’gdf I6[ #_D! .oc[[IPo c]h;vtmy[kpdkoc8dcpd0v’ C!$D { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[8k,.oxB,c[[IPo $D 7Qorq[-kdfbdfe[ao { 76.shoadIPovkj ogoNv.o0=h @ rhv,la’gdfI6[ #_D@ c]h; 8v[7e4k,G -kdfbdfe[ao c,oj spa’L rq[16j.lL ,u-kdfbdfe[ao.fcfLj { 16xj tgmf]k;gIqkgryoj rq[-kdfbdfe[ao.fcfj c]t rq[16jc0;’.fL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[8k,goNv.oc[[IPoD &D lbdlkdjP;da[dko7Qorq[-kdfbdfe[ao1j6[aofkla’dkfm=]touD { 7.6 soh da IPoldb lkdPj ;d[a dko0tspkp8;q 0v’-;u tlkfzkj o[oa fkl’a dkfm]= to.u o 8k8t]k’ #_D# gxaod5,j 8k,7e4k,fa’j oUG !D la’dkfm=]tou,u9adla’dkf c]t c8]j tla’dkfxkdqf,u-kdfbdfe[ao.fcfLj @D ,uly’j mu,j u-u;yf-toyf.fcfj muxj kdqf0Bo c]t fa[l6o16jc8]j tla’dkfm=]touL { 7.6 szh 8h6 k’|kh c8]j td,j5 ]kp’ko 110

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[qfmu $W dko9af]efa[-Aosuo g;]k @ -qj;3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D la’gdf c]t 9ecod-Aosuo}3’oj suo 16j[=]yg;o.dh7P’3I’IPo s^n [vj o8kj ’M8k, me,t-kfD @D 9ecod]da ltot0v’suo8tdvoD #D vtmy[kpvkp05 v’-oA suo8kj ’M II. goNv.o8Qo8= sou l;j osk^ p9t1.j6 8fh oy c]t gIkq 9t[g+ soa ,oa 3fpd’q D c8gj Ikq lk,kfl’a gdfsou wf1h 8j6 k,4EF zksou F rt]kosou F r6 c]t cs’j vojn M 3fp[w+ f0h f5 sn^ g9ktfoy ]’q wxg]dy D pdq g;oA d]= to[u vj o,du ko g-ktg9vjn ogxoa g;]kpk;okoD suo c8j]t-toyf16jc8j]tcsj’vkf,udkoxtdv[0Bo9kddqdg7Qkc8d8jk’dao g-ajo sou 8tdvogdfu ,k9kd glfsou c8d,oj5 ws,^ koeoE]’q lmj6 tg] sn^ ,tsklt\\f5 c];h m[a 4,q doa gxoa -Aoxqoda[-kdlaf c]t rnfg-yj’c8d8kj ’da[suodikoyfmuj,u]adltot gxao3’oj s^n dhvo0t kf .sp3j rfmuvj kf9trq[168j k,.8hmtg]F rkdrNofyo s^n |hkfyoD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I[6 rk[.ox,B c[[IPoD { suomu,j uIvp-kdfbdfe[ao X4hk,u?D IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D dyf9tdeovdshv’IPoG lbdlksuomu,j u.omhv’4yoj D X4hkgxaowxwfh? { 9afoadIPogxaod5,j ]t &{* 7qo 4hk3I’IPo[+sjk’wd9kd0q’g0fmujgIqklk,kfla’gdfsuowfh 76lk,kfoerkoadIPo wxmafltot 3fp9afgxaod5,j c]t .sh7ecotoe rhv,ma’7e4k,grnvj .shoadIPo,ult8y.odko la’gdfdko8v[7e4k,.sh4nd95f X8v[7e4k,gxaod5j,?D 4hk[+lk,kfwxwfhdvj o-q;j 3,’IPo 112

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ9tskg;]k wx8k,s’a^ dw= fh sn^ 4kh 10j6 ’q g0f.d3h I’IPo[,+ u gIkq vkfoerk oda IPowxmfa ltot8k, [vj omugj xao wxwfhD 8q;1jk’7ecotoe c]t 7e4k,G !D grvnj ltf;d.odkoldb lk-oA suogIkq 7;o-vdlt4komcju o;.fL @D la’gdf];,lt4komujoAo c]h;c8h,gvqkI6[mujgsao.og0foAoF 9kdoAo 4hksuo,ao,u ]adltotgxao-AoM s^n gxao3’oj d=c8h,8,nj .lj X4hk.llj u8k,8q;9y’mguj Iqkgsaop’yj fu?F #D ,u-kp suox6o s^n fyofkd[+L ,ao,ulu.fcfLj ,uIvp-kdfbdfe[ao[+LD $D ,uIvpcpd s^n Ivpg]nvj o[+L ,ul;j o37h’ s^n ra[[+L ,ul;j omucj 8dvvd8qd]q’rNo[+L &D 4hk,ao,u]adltotgxao-Ao -Ao.f,uvkp5mguj dkqj cddj ;kj L grktgsfzqo.fL *D c,oj suo-toyf.fL { suo8tdvoG ,uIvj ’Ivp0v’-kdfbdfe[aoF ,u]adltotgxao-Ao,ulults^a[c8d8kj ’dao g-y’j c,oj lu0v’suox6o Xl;j os^kp,ulu0k;?F fyofkd c]t fyofko Xlu0k;F luoE8koF lu2hkF lu0P;FDDD? r=gIqk9ecodwfh c]t gxaoczoj D 4hkgxao3’oj vkfc,oj suodikoyf c88j vh ’gvkq 7o5 ]da ltot0v’sou ,kgpvn ’.ldj vj o9tg;kQ ;kj c,oj sou -tofy .f grktg[’jy 8q;9y’gIqk7yf;kj c,oj -toyfoAo c8gj ,nvj gvqk,kmqf]v’c]h;-E[+c,oj D ovd9kdsuo lv’xtgrfocU ];h p’a ,su ou cxI[6 pvh orkp.8vh o5 str,6 c]t 7;k,foa l’6 gIfa .sgh dfu rt]a’’kol6’ 9’bj gIaf.shsuo[vj ooAo4nds^v, gxvnj pgxao]adltotvonj D @D .oshv’IPoG !? 4kh wfwh xldb lksou ,kd.= sch 8]j td,j5 ,kltg|u c];h 7l6 oq mtokd[a oda IPo3fp v’u 8k, govN .o0v’[fq IPo.ox,B c[[IPomgju \\ktl,q D grvjn .swh f7h e8v[];, c];h c8,h I[6 sou moju da IPoldb lk.lxj ,B D @? 4kh [+wfwh xldb lksuo d+ldb lk.oxB,c[[IPo3fpvkf9twx8k,0oA 8vof’aj oUG c8]j t95 oda IPo9’jq G dD lbdlkI6[ $WD! suofaj’djk;,u]adltotco;.fL 9qj’[vdoEg[u-Aosuomujgdqjk c]t . j d;kj 6rj hv,ma’.shgsfzqoD 0D lbdlk I6[ $WD@ c]h; lq,mP[da[I6[ $WD! ,uvao7ndao c]t 8kj ’ daoco;.fL 7D ldb lk I[6 $WD# l’yj m,uj u-u;yfmguj royj r[q 18j6 k,-oA suo8kj ’M ,u-toyf.fcfLj l,q mP[dko 9af8A’ Ijk’dkp0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfmujgryjorq[16j-Aosuomujgdqjk c]t . jd;jk,ao8jk’ daoco;.fL ’D lts^5[c]h; suo8tdvoc,oj suoco;.fL 113

#? .shoadIPolbdlkI6[ $WD& grnvj .shg0qkg9Qkg0Qk.9;kj .o8q;9y’oAo [aofkczoj suovkf 9t,udkoc8dcpdg]vnj o0Bo{]q’ s^n g]vnj omk’ovol;odaoF gxao37h’F ra[ c]t vonj MD [k’d=]touvkf9t,u-Aosuomuj. jd;jk16jdhv’-Aosuomujgdqjkd;jk Xd=]tousuog]njvo c]t sou 37’h r[a ? $? .shoadIPolbdlkI6[ $WD* grnvj lq,mP[dkodegouf0v’suo8tdvo c]t suodikoyfD 8v[7e4k, 0=h @D 0=h 7 c,oj suo8tdvo -Aosuox6o grkt;kj ,ao,u-kdfbdfe[ao0v’svps^kpxtgrfD l;j ofyofkd9t[+r[q -kdfdb fe[oa s^kp #D c,oj g0f 0 mugj dqkj cddj ;kj grkt,aogxao-Aomu8j yfda[suodikoyfmu1j 6j.ofyoD rkdmu VIII -a[rtpkdvo.ofyo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu $! suo g;]kG @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kpF I[6 Ikj ’0v’sou mgju 7pu r[q gsoa D @D vtmy[kp]da ltot0v’suo9eo;o|’jb D $D [vd7oj5 7kj 0v’suomwuj x.-.h oI[6 c[[8kj ’MD II. goNv.o8Qo8= 37’lkh ’-oA ovdlf5 0v’3]d c,oj gxvn d3]d g-’jy ,lu ;j oxtdv[mlju e7oa gxoa sou D sou f’ja dkj ; gduf9kddko];,dao0v’cImj u8j qdrbd9kdsuoDDDDsuom5d-toyfxtdv[fh;pcIj ! -toyf0Bowx s^n sk^ pd;kj ooA D suoc8]j t-toyf,u]adltotc8d8kj ’dao 7nG I6[Ikj ’F luF 7;k,dhP’F -kF c|ho|k8kj ’ doa D ovdooA 7oq gIkq p’a oe.-sh uo.oI[6 c[[8kj ’Mg0kQ .o;Pd’kodkod+lkh ’ c]t vonj MD 114

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດIII. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I[6 rk[.oc[[IPoF { |a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t gvdtlkovnoj Mmudj Pj ;0hv’D { suom,uj u.omvh ’4oyj D { c;oj 0tspkpD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtokG !? .omvh ’4oyj 0v’oda IPo,usuo-toyf.fcfLj @? suogs^qkj oAorq[gsao16j.lL Xc,oj EF r6F zk c]t .oxkj 37d[k’[vj o? @D 9af9ecod]adltot0v’suo { c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,5j grvjn .sch 8]j td,j5 7oQ 7;kh 8k,dfy 9tde.oc[[IPoG 4kh v’u .lj I6[Ijk’rkpovd0v’suooadIPo9t9af9ecodsuovvdgxao9ad]adltotL XluF 7;k,|kh c|oh F I[6 Ikj ’d,q F pk; c]t ]da ltotvojn M?D ovdooA F 4kh r,= lu t4kom,ju su ou -toyf8kj ’ d=.shoadIPo]q’wxles^;f}lbdlkg[’yj 8q;9y’py’j gxaodkofuD { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[^5 G dPj ;d[a ]da ltot0v’sou mgju 7[u r[q gsoa m;jq wxF rvh ,m’a -U.shgsao;kj G suomurj q[gsaooAo,u]adltot[k’1kj ’7hkp7ndao c]t ,u[k’1kj ’8kj ’dao 8k,]kp]tvPf.ox,B c[[IPoD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkogIfa ;Pd.od,j5 F 7;k,4nd8vh ’ { dkovvd7egsao c]t 7;k,lqo.9F dko4k,{8v[D 115

[qfmu $@ suo-toyf8jk’M g;]kG # -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vdxtgrf0v’suo c]t ]adltot0v’r;d,aoD @D lts^5[dPj ;da[dkogduf0v’suovad7touF suo-Ao c]t suoxPj oI6[D #D vtm[y kp]da ltot0v’sou vda 7toFu sou -oA c]t sou xPj oI[6 rvh ,m’a pdq 8;q 1kj ’sou m’a # xtgrfwfhD $D vtmy[kp75oxt3spf0v’suovad7touF suo-Ao c]t suoxPj oI6[D &D vtmy[kp;af4t9ad0v’suowfhD II. goNv.o8Qo8= 3fpv’u .l]j da ltotdkogdfu 0v’sou oda m]= to;u my tpklk,kf9ecodsou m1ju g6j m’y gxvn d3]dສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ vvdgxao # r;d.spj 7nG suovad7touF suo8tdvo c]t suoxPj oI6[D suovad7tou gxaosuo mujwfh9kddko];,8q;0v’cIjmuj8qdrbd,k9kdsuo,ad,k g-yj’ gxaosuomusj ^v,]t]kp.o7;k,Ihvo9af 16j.ogxnvd3]dS l;j osuo,ad,kmurj Qo0Bo,k gmy’|hk3]d gvUo;kj G ]k;kD suovad7touc8]j t-toyf,u]adltotc8d8kj ’daowxD 0t|kf0v’rbd suovad7tou9t.spj s^n ovh p0oB d[a w]ptg;]kdkog1oa 8;q 0v’sou ,da ,kD { suo8tdvo gduf9kddkoma[4q,dao 0v’glfsuo,5jo8kj ’MF -kpF fyo c]t -kdrnf lfa gxoa g;]kfoq okoD { suoxPj oI6[ gduf9kdsuovad7tou c]t suo8tdvoxPj ocx’wx3fpzqo9kd7;k,Ihvo c]t cI’dqffaoD { le]a[dkooesuowx.-hxt3spf c,jo0Bo16jda[75o]adltot0v’suoF 95fxtlq’0v’zh6 .-hF I6[Ikj ’ c]t xt]y,ko0v’suoD 116

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດIII. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I[6 rk[.oc[[IPo { |a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t gvdtlkovnoj Mmudj Pj ;0hv’D { suoxtgrf8kj ’M suovad7touF suo8tdvo Xsuo-Ao? c]t suoxPj oI6[ X4hk,u?D { c;oj 0tspkpD { c8]j tdyf9tde.-hg;]k &W okmuD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D 9afc[j’xtgrfsuoG { .shoadIPoc8j]td5j,la’gdf8q;1jk’suo sn^ I6[rk[ c]h;lbdlkgvdtlko djP;da[ dkoc[’j xtgrf0v’suo X8k,dkodegouf? rhv,ma’pqd8q;1kj ’suoc8]j txtgrfD { 76 .shoadIPo8k’|hkc8]j td5,j ]kp’ko c]t I;j ,daosk0=hlts^5[];,D @D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[suovad7touG { c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D { 7e4k,7Qo7;hkG !? suovad7tou ,u8Qodegoufco;.fL @? suovad7tou ,u]adltotco;.fL rhv,ma’pqd8q;1kj ’ #? 7o5 xt3spf0v’sou vda 7tou 4kh gxoa wxwf7h s6 k8;q 1kj ’sou f’ja dkj ;,k.soh da IPog[’jy p’jy gxoa dkofDu { .sh8q;cmod,5j 0Bo]kp’ko c]t c]dxPj o7e7yfgsaooedaoD { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[G T suovad7tougduf9kddkog1ao8q; c]t c0’8q;0v’suo,ad,kmIuj hvog-’yj 16j rkp.ogxvn d3]dD T 0t|kf0v’rbdsuovad7tou9t.spj s^n ohvp0Boda[w]ptg;]kdko g1ao8q;0v’ suo,ad,kF 4hksuo,ad,kg1ao8q;-hk9twfhrbddhvo.spDj T le][a dkooegvkq sou ,k.-oh oA 7c6 otoe;kj 8vh ’r9y k]tok8k,7o5 l,q [fa sn^ ]da ltot0v’sou F 9f5 xtl’q 0v’z.6h -h c]t dko.-mh wju fxh t3spfl’6 lf5 7Gn .-lh tf;d c]t moq okoD 117

{ le]a[dkooegvqksuowx.-h.shgxaoxt3spfoAo 76.shoadIPo7yfgv’ c]t 8nj,.lj 8k8t]k’ 8+wxoUG 9f5 xtl’q dko.-h -tofy sou mgju ]vn d gsfzoq mgju ]vn dpvh o { suoxtfa[vk7ko sou dikofy { phvo,urbdc;;;k;F l;p’k,F c0’ c]t { x6rNoF lhk’4t|qo sqomk’ { suo[k-k] mqomko8+dko05c8d { suo[k-k]c0’ c]t { oe,kgIafg7nvj ’xtfa[gvh { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD moq mko8d+ ko0c5 8d c]t g7nvj ’.-h.ogInvo7q;D { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[suo8tdvo Xsuo-Ao? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .sch 8]j td,j5 dtdP,dkomfq ]v’ dyf9tdeG dkoma[4q, c]t dkogdufsuo-AoD vx5 tdvoG 9eo;o}d,5j ]kpdko #WWcm3 !D oE @D suo,oj5 g7’yj d;foEf,nj x^kl8yd.spj #D -kp g7y’j d;foEfn,j x^kl8yd.spj $D fyo]tvPf g7y’j d;foEfn,j x^kl8yd .spj &D g9ph |’a lrn ,y ! czoj *D d;foEf,nj x^kl8yd.spj ! d;f { 7v6 tm[y kpdkodtdP,f’ja oGU 8fa d;foEf,jn F dP,0-U kp c]t foy 1kj ’]tg7’jy |’jb 0v’ d;foEfn,j D 118

{ .-gh 9ph |’a lnry,grvnj 7oq 0U-kp c]t fyo.sgh 0kQ doa c];h 9’jb gm]’q .od;fx^kl8ydmduj P, w;oh oA rvh ,m’a l’a gdfvoa .f9tgdufdko8dq 8tdvodvj odoa 8k,]ef[a D { lts[5^ zoq dkomfq ]v’G mkf ]ef[a dko8dq 8tdvo !D suo,5oj ! @D 0U-kp @ #D fyo # { 768A’7e4k,3fpvu’8k,c[[IPogrnvj sk0=hlts^5[G suo,5oj gxaovaofa[! mu8j qd8tdvo dvj o\\6Fj @ gxao0U-kp c]t # c,oj fyoD { 8tdvo0t|kf.spmj ,uj u,;olkos^kp9t8qd8tdvow;d;kj l’yj m,uj u,;olko|hvp { dkoltl,q 0v’8tdvo0t|kf8kj ’M rk.s8h tdvogduf0Bogxoa -oA MD { lqomtok 75oxt3spf0v’suo-Ao 9f5 xtl’q dko.-’h ko sou mgju ]vn d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { gIafgxaosuo]a[,uf { suo-kp gsfzoq mgju ]vn d { gIafdecr’ { l]u kc]’ { -kF ]a[,uf.sh7q,wfh { sou o,U lu cu f’xoq feF l;p’k,F { gIfa gxaosuodhvoohvpxtl,q gIaf { suox6o c0’ c]t moq mko 7vodiuf { lk,kfpvj pgIfa .sgh xoa dvh o ovh pwfDh #D 7Qo7;hkdj5,djP;da[suoxjPoI6[ sq;0=hoUoadIPo9twfhlbdlkF mqf]v’dkoxjPocx’0v’mkfg,njvwfhIa[7;k,Ihvo c]t cI’dqffao grnvj oewxl76j ;k,g0Qk.9dkogdufF ]adltot c]t xt3spf0v’suoxPj oI6[D dyf9tdeG dkoxjPocx’0v’mkfg,njvwfhIa[7;k,Ihvo c]t cI’dqffaoD { .soh da IPoxt8[y fa gxoa d,j5 { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daodtdP,l’yj m,uj u.o]kpdko c]t g9hp\\a’lnry,w;h];j ’|hkD 119

]kpdko 9eo;o}d,j5 !D foy |P;0t\\kf # cm x $ cm x 0,5 cm ! dvh o @D foy |P;0t|kf @ cm x $ cm x 1 cm ! dvh o #D w,9h U,c0;h s^n w,dh kh orkh ;F s^n w,wh zgj sk^q & voa $D w,0h fu w2 ! voa &D w,[h oa mfa @ voa *D 8tdP’gsk^Q gdkQ l[y rvh ,f;h p-f5 8,Q D ! -f5 { cotoedvj odkomfq ]v’f’ja oGU g;]kgzkq foy |P;c];h [7+ ;ogvkq ,9n [a 3]fgrktfoy p’a Ihvo16j c]t la’gdfwxrhv,D { 3Ipglfw,h.lj[=]yg;ofyo|P; c]t goajo.shw,hoAo8yfda[fyoF c8j1jk.shw,h]q’.ofyoD 9kdooA .-[h oa mfa [[u foy |P;m’a lv’0kh ’g0kQ D { 76 c]t oadIPolts^5[zqodkomqf]v’8k,8k8t]k’8+wxoUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]da ltot0v’foy |P; l’jy mlju ’a gdfgsoa wfh lu dvj ogzkq s’a^ gzkq 7;k,c0’ ,lu ou E8kovvj o lou E8kocf’ govN foy g,vjn dfq f;h pw,[h oa mfa |P;F c|oh c0’ c|oh F c8dgxoa cs’ glfw,mh dju t9kpdoa 1m6j ;jq wx9tIP’8;q 0t|kodoa D { fyo|P;g,vnj 4ndgzkq 9txPj o9kdlou E8ko gxoa lou E8kocf’ { 7;k,Ihvork.shoE]tgsupwx9kdfyo|P; 9bj’rk.shfyo,ugoNvc0’F c|ho c]t vkf9tc8dcs’D { g,vnj fyo|P;4ndcI’vfa glfw,hmduj t9kp16mj ;jq wx9t9fa IP’8q;doa c[[0t|kodoa D c]t lts^5[3fpvu’.lgj onhv.o[qfIPorhv,D { suoxPj oI6[gduf9kdsuovad7tou c]t suo8tdvoxPj ocx’wx3fpzqo9kd 7;k,Ihvo c]t cI’dqffaoD 120

{ 4hksuovad7tou c]t suo8tdvo,ulj;oxtdv[s^kp1jk’F g,njv4nd7;k,Ihvo c]t cI’dfq foa 9txPj ocx’wxgxoa sou xPj oI[6 D { le][a dkooesou xPj oI[6 wx.-xh t3spf c,oj 0oB 1d6j [a 7o5 l,q [fa 0v’sou F 9f5 xtl’q 0v’z6h .-hF I6[Ikj ’ c]t xt]y,ko0v’fyoD &D ;af4t9ad0v’suo 7.6 soh da IPovkj o c]t 7oQ 7;kh 8k,.ox,B c[[IPo grvjn .swh f0h lh= ts[5^ ;kj G 7;k,Ivh o c]t cI’dqffao,uzqork.shsuovad7touF suo8tdvo c]t suoxPj oI6[gdufdkoxPj ocx’ltrk[wx,k c]t \\6o;Powfhf’aj I6[D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG dkogIaf;Pdgxaod,5j F dkomqf]v’F dkolts^5[ c]t ]kp’koD ltgs^up7e4k,.oc[[IPo0=h @G ]}f ]kpdko -tofy 0v’sou ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດgsfzoq !D .-.h odkod+lkh ’ sou dikofy ,7u ;k,c0’moq mko8+dko]p5h sPh o @D suoxtf[a vk7ko suovvj o c;;;k;F l;p’k, #D suole][a 0fa sou re,ly ,7u ;k,-k7dn [a g9ph dtfkf-kp $D sou le][a g7vjn ’.-.h ogIvn o sou wo ,7u ;k,c0’ 121

[qfmu $# cIjmkf8jk’ g;]kG @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp0v’cImj kfc8]j txtgrfD { lts^5[dPj ;da[]adltot];,0v’cImj kfc8]j txtgrfD { vtmy[kp7o5 xt3spf0v’cImj kfxtgrf8kj ’MD { [vd7oj5 7kj 0v’cImj wuj x.-.h oI[6 c[[8kj ’MD II. goNv.o8Qo8= cImj kf-tofy 8kj ’M,u ]da ltotmk’2-u dy c]t g7,8u kj ’doa gxoa 8oQ c,oj lFu 7;k,c;;;k; 0v’z;y F I[6 Ikj ’ c]t 7;k,c0’cdoj 0v’cIDj v’u 8k, ]da ltot c]t 7o5 xt3spf0v’cI9j ’jb wfh 9afc[’j vvdgxao @ xtgrf.spj 7nG cIxj tdv[suo c]t cIvj 5flkstdeD cImj kf8kj ’Mgsq^jkoU,u 7o5 xt3spf8f+ kh oglf4tdfy c]t -;u fy dkogxoa 16j 0v’xt-k-oq gIkq ,k.omd5 ,oN DU f’ja ooA F r;dgIkq m5d7qo7;oIadlk c]t vto5]adD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { I[6 rk[.oc[[IPo { |a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t gvdtlkovnoj Mmudj Pj ;0hv’D { cImj kfm,uj u.omvh ’4oyj D { c;oj 0tspkp IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok !? .omvh ’4ojy sn^ c0;’moju da IPovkwl1,6j [u c+ I-j tofy .fcfLj cIgj skjq^ ooA gdfu 1.6j lL Xc,oj EF r6F zk c]t .oxkj 37d[k’[vj o? @D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[xtgrf0v’cIjmkf { c[’j oadIPovvdgxaod5,j grvnj .shc8]j td,5j 7Qo7;hkcImj a’lv’xtgrf7nG 122

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!D ]adltot];,0v’cIxj tdv[suo c]t cIvj 5flkstde,uco;.fL @D lbdlkI6[ $#D# czo;kf0t[;odkozt]yf c]t zt]yf8traooE,ao xu38i]P,D 4hkvu’.lIj 6[Ikj ’rkpovd 0v’suo oadIPo9t9af9ecodsuovvdgxao9ad]adltotL XluF 7;k,|hkc|hoF I6[Ikj ’dq,F pk;F c]t ]adltotvnoj M?D { ovdooA F 4kh r,= lu t4kom,ju su ou -tofy 8kj ’ d.= soh da IPo]’q wxles;^ f}ldb lkg[’jy 8;q 9’y p’yj gxoa dkofDu { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts^[5 G dPj ;d[a ]da ltot0v’suomguj 7upr[q gsoa m;jq wxF rvh ,m’a -U.shgsao;kj G suomurj q[gsaooAo,u]adltot[k’1kj ’7hkp7ndao c]t ,u[k’1kj ’8kj ’dao 8k,]kp]tvPf.ox,B c[[IPoD { dkooe.-ch Imj kf8kj ’MooA 7l6 oq mtokd[a oda IPo;kj g7upgsoa groyj .-gh 0kQ .o;Pd’ko .fcfjL V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkogIfa ;Pd.od,j5 F 7;k,4nd8vh ’ { dkovvd7egsao c]t 7;k,lqo.9F dko4k,{8v[D 7;k,I6hgruj,g8u,le]a[76G g-nhvgru’-kdfbdfe[ao s^n 2=-u] Xfossil fuel? ,u 4kj osuoF xu38i]P, c]t dkl me,t-kf 8hv’.-hg;]kgxao]hkoxud;jk9tgdufgxaog-nhvgru’grnjv,k.-hxt3spfwfhD ,to5f wfh05f7Qo0Bo,k .-gh xoa g;]ksk^ plfa 8t;fa ,kc];h S 3]d9t0kfrt]’a ko2-= ]u .o[-+ kh oFU ,du koxtg,ou ;kj xt],y ko xu38i]P,.o3]dmulj k,kf.-hwfhvudxt,ko &W xuF l;j o4kj osuo,u.sh.-h vudxt,ko )W{_W xuD xtgmfmujde]a’rafmtok,udko.-hg-Nvgru’9kd2no c]t 4jkod=gxao[aoskg-ajodaogrktxjkw,h 0v’3]ds^f5 ]’q 1kj ’w;;k c]t d;kj m9uj txd6 .s.h spj 0Bo,kd=.-gh ;]kfoq D xt]y,koxkj w,mh suj ^f5 ]’q d+.sgh dufvm5 dq dtwr.o]tf/6 oq \\kpgsfG dkoIPd-nGj oE,aofy[ s^n oE,aoxu38i]P, dkomcuj I-j toyf|’jb ,us^kplu8kj ’doa ooA d=pvh o,ulkog9nvxoq c8d8kj ’doa D 123

rkdmu IX ]adltot0v’oE [qfmu $$ ]adltotmqj;wx0v’oE g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd]adltotm;qj wx0v’oE { vtmy[kp7;k,\\kp95fdhk,0v’oEF 95fgxnvj p0v’oEdhvo c]t 95f2qf0v’oED II. goNv.o8Qo8= oEc,oj mkfcs^;F [+,uluF [+,udyoj F [+,u]qf-kfF Iadlk]tfa[gmqkj dao.olv’ s^n s^kprk-t otm]ju ;j ’doa F ,du koxPj ocx’I[6 Ikj ’8k,l’jy [oa 9F5 ws9^ kd[vj ol’6 wxsk[vj o8ej D 9f5 2fq 1j6 !WW 95fdhk, c]t 95fgxnvj pc,oj W , ,u[=]y,kfohvpl5f0v’oEc,oj 95f2qf16j $ . ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ . III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo dkodtdP,djvodkomqf]v’ le]a[dyf9tde !G dkolezafoE Xla’gdfluF fq,dyoj c]t -u,]qf-kf? ]kpdko 9eo;o}d,5j !D 9vdcdh;.l ! |j;p @D oEltvkf WF& ]yf 124

le]a[dyf9tde @G dkomqf]v’ 95fgxnvj p0v’oEdhvo ]kpdko 9eo;o}d,5j 1. oEdvh o[fq #W cm3 2. 9vdcd;h .l ! |;j p 3. g7vnbj ’;afcmdv5ostr6, ! vao 4. cm’j cd;h le][a 7oq ! vao 5. 0k8ah’ c]t g7nvj ’9a[s^vfmqf]v’ ! -5f *D 8tdP’gs^qhk 90O ! vao le]a[dyf9tde # G dkomqf]v’ 95f2qf0v’oE 9eo;o}d,5j ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]kpdko &W cm3 ! |;j p 1. oEdvh o[fq ! vao 2. 9vdcd;h .l ! vao 3. g7vnjb ’;afcmdv5ostr6, ! -5f 4. cm’j cd;h le][a 7oq ! vao 5. 0k8ah’ c]t g7nvj ’9a[s^vfmqf]v’ *D 8tdP’gs^qhk 90O IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[dyjo c]t ]qf-kf0v’oE { 76cotoe.shoadIPogvqkv5xtdvo c]t oEmujc8j]td5j,wfhgvqk,k c]h;.shoadIPo la’gdfluF fq,dyoj c]t -u,]qf-kf0v’oE X8hv’gxaooEmulj tvkf? { 7.6 szh 8h6 k’|kh c8]j td,j5 ]kpzoq 0v’dyf9tdeD { 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts^[5 7e8v[m4uj nd8vh ’D @D mqf]v’djP;da[95fgxnjvp0v’oEdhvo vtmy[kpdvj odkomqf]v’ 76cotoeoadIPodPj ;da[G 125

!D ;ymu.-h c]t ;ymuvkj o7kj ;afcmdv5ostr6,D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @D dko8yf8ah’g7vnj ’mqf]v’f’aj I6[mu $$D@ .oxB,c[[IPoD #D ;my cu 8,h gloha ltcf’dkoxPj ocx’vo5 str,6 0v’oEF dko8’ha cdo c]t dkoxPj o,kf 8kl;j ogmy’cdoovo c]t cdo8’ha [+9egxoa .sgh mkjq doa d=wfDh c89j f5 8fa doa 9t8vh ’g],uj 9kd9f5 lo6 ltg\\Du 8;q 1kj ’zoq dkomfq ]v’ okmumuj @ $ * ) !W !@ !# v5ostr6, W W W ! @F) & * X? 8q;1kj ’G dkoc8h,glAoltcf’ 126

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D dkomqf]v’djP;da[95f2qf0v’oE 76.shoadIPoc8]j td5,j 8yf8A’g7nvj ’mqf]v’fa’j I6[mu $!D# .oc[[IPoc]h;g]u,j gIafdko mqf]v’ c]t [aombdzqoD vtmy[kps^a’dkomqf]v’ 9kd0=,h o6 dkomfq ]v’F 7I6 ;j ,d[a oda IPovtmy[kpgrvnj .slh ts^[5 wf;h kj G { .og;]kmujoEdhvogxnjvpv5ostr6,[+xjPocx’F v5ostr6,muj;afcmdwfh8ts^vfw]pt oEdvh ogxvjn pc,oj 9f5 gxvjn p0v’oEdvh oD { g,vnj oEdvh ogxvnj p\\fq vo5 str,6 9tl’6 0ohb g]nvh pMF g,vnj g4y’9f5 2fq c];h vo5 str,6 [+xPj o cx’X7’q m?ju D { v5ostr6,muoj E g]u,j 2qfgvuho;kj G 95f2qf0v’oED { 95fgxvnj p0v’oEdhvo c]t 95fdhk,0v’oEc,oj v5ostr6,fP;dao X8k,]kp]tvPf .ox,B c[[IPo?D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkovvd7e7yf7egsoa .og;]kloq mtokD { 7;k,g0kQ .9.odko7oQ 7;kh gxoa d,j5 D { lk,kfgIafdkomqf]v’ c]t lts^5[zqo0v’dkomqf]v’wfh4nd8hv’D 0=hcotoegruj,g8uj, !D dko-vdsk9f5 gxvjn p0v’oEdvh o oadIPoc8]j td5,j vkf9twfh7kj v5ostr6,8kj ’daoD 767;ovtmy[kpI;j ,daodPj ;da[lkgsf 8kj ’Mmju vkf,zu oq 8d+ komfq ]v’g-oja G oEdvh o[l+ tvkfF dkovkj o7kj g7vjn ’;fa cmdvo5 str,6 [4+ dn ;ymuF 75otrk[0v’g7nvj ’;afcmdv5ostr6,[+fu c]t dko7qooEdhvo.og;]kgIafdkomqf]v’ [+lt\\ej ltg\\uD ltoaho 768hv’vtmy[kp.shoadIPoI6h;kj 4hk1kdwfh7kj 0v’v5ostr6,cooj vo7;o xt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’s^kpgmvnj c];h gvkq 7kj ltg]pj 9’jb 9twf7h kj mcuj ooj vod;kj D 127

[qfmu $& oEvjvo{oEdtfhk’ c]t ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd]adltot0v’oEvvj o c]t oEdtfhk’wfhD @D vtmy[kplkgsfmruj k.shgdufoEdtfhk’F ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’D #D mqflv[sk7;k,dtfhk’0v’oEfh;p;ymu’kj pMwfhD $D 9ecodvq’xtdv[0v’oEdtfhk’-;qj 7k; c]t oEdtfhk’4k;voD II. goNv.o8Qo8= { ly’j ;af45 sn^ mkf[k’1kj ’g,nvj ]t]kp.ooEc]h;gIaf.sh]adltot0v’oE,udkoxPj o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cx’F mkfgs^qjkoAowfhcdjmkfG CaCl2, CaSO4, Ca(HCO3)2, MgSO4, c]t Mg(HCO3)2. .odkoxPj ocx’]da ltot0v’oEf’ja dkj ;ooA grojy wfch [’j vvdgxoa lv’ xtgrf7nG oEvvj o c]t oEdtfhk’ g-y’j .ooEdtfhk’ wfhc[’j gxaolv’-toyf7nG oEdtfhk’-q;j 7k; c]t oEdtfhk’4k;voD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo dkodtdP,djvodkomqf]v’G !D le]a[dyf9tde !G dkomqf]v’ ;ymumqflv[ oEvvj o c]t oEdtfhk’ ]kpdko 9eo;o}95 !D s^vfmqf]v’ * s^vf @D s^vf1vf ! vao #D oElt[6 &WW cm3 $D oE XoExtxk s^n oEltvkfFoE/qoF oElhk’F &WW cm3 oEsh;p? !WW cm3 &D mkf]t]kp CaCl2 s^n MgSO4 128

@D ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ dkodtdP,dvj odkomfq ]v’G @? le]a[dyf9tdeG dkomqf]v’ ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ ]kpdko 9eo;o}95 !D mkf]t]kpdko-uvv,d^=iq; (CaCl2) 2. mkf]t]kpdko-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf Ca(HCO3)2 30 cm3 3. oEdoja 30 cm3 4. ok8iuvv,dkd3[oaf (Na2CO3) 500 cm3 2g IV. dyf9tdelnjdkoIPo{dkolvo !? dkomqf]v’G ;ymumqflv[oEvjvo c]t oEdtfhk’ vtmy[kpdjvodkomqf]v’G !D .shdP,oElt[63fpgvqklt[6dhvo8afgxao8vj oohvpMxt,ko 5g, ]t]kp.ooEdaojສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 500cm3. c8sj hk,gvqk lt[6/5oj s^n lt[6mu,j umkfcdh7;k,dtfhk’0v’oExqo16oj eD @D g;]kloaj s^vfmqf]v’.shloaj fh;p7;k,cI’lt\\ej ltg\\uD #D rkps’^a mluj oja s^vfmfq ]v’c];h .sxh tw;h ! okmuF s’^a 9kdooha .s;h fa cmd7;k,l’6 0v’ /vflt[6c8]j ts^vfD 7c6 otoeoda IPodP,s^vfmfq ]v’ d,j5 ]t $ s^vf c];h [oa 9o5 Edoja s^n oE/oq xtl,q oElt[F6 oExtxkxtl,q oElt[F6 oE/oq m[ju oa 9d5 ko-vu v,di=^ ;q xtl,q oElt[F6 oE/oq [oa 9,5 kgp-vu v,-o5 2fa xtlq,oElt[6D s^a’9kdoAolaoj c8]j ts^vfF xtw;h ! okmu c]h;;afcmd7;k,l6’0v’2v’lt[6 c8]j ts^vfD sv^ fmu l’jy m[ju oa 915 .j6 osv^ f 7;k,l’6 0v’/vflt[s6 ’a^ 9kdxtw;h 1 okmu ! oExtxk xtl,q oElt[6 @ cm3 @ oE/oq xtl,q oElt[6 @ cm3 # oE/oq m[ju oa 9d5 ko-vu v,di=^ ;q xtl,q oElt[6 W cm3 $ oE/oq m[ju oa 9,5 kgp-vu v,-o5 2fa xtl,q oElt[6 W cm3 129

8q;1jk’zqodkomqf]v’G vtmy[kps^a’dkomqf]v’G rkps^’a wfzh oq dkomfq ]v’c];h F 7o6 erkoda IPovtmy[kpgrvnj .slh ts^[5 wf;h kj G !? oEmugj Iaf.shlt[6gxao2v’s^kpgvuho;kj oEvvj o c]t oEmugj Iaf.shlt[6gxao2v’|hvp gvuho;jk oEdtfhk’D @? oEdtfhk’ c,oj oEmu,j udko-uvv,d^=iq;F dko-uvv,-5o2afF dko-uvv, Iu3fidkd 3[oafF ,kgp-uvv,d^=iq;F ,kgp-uvv,-5o2af c]t ,kgp-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf ]t]kp1oj6 eD !D dkomqf]v’G ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ 7o6 egvkq 7;k,Idh6 Pj ;d[a oEvvj o{oEdtfkh ’,kvtm[y kpI;j ,d[a oda IPo grvjn .soh da IPoIh6 dPj ;da[oEmuj .-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao s^n g7uprq[;kj ,aoc,oj oEvvj o s^n oEdtfhk’D vtmy[kpdjvodkomqf]v’G !D .soh da IPodP,g7vnj ’\\kp8yf.lsj ^vfmfq ]v’c8]j ts^vfgrvnj [+.ssh ’^q doa D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @D 7c6 otoe.soh da IPo;kj g;]kloja sv^ fmfq ]v’8vh ’loja f;h p7;k,cI’lt\\ej ltg\\u doa .om5dMs^vfD grkt;kj 7;k,cI’.odkoloaj ,uzqo8+7;k,l6’0v’2v’lt[6D #D dko;afcmd7;k,l6’0v’2v’lt[6.sh;afcmd @ s^n # 7ah’c]h;gvqk7kj ltg]pj D $D .s7h l6 kmyf;ymu9[a s^vfmfq ]v’ c]t ;ymugzkq s^vfmfq ]v’.ocx;w23fpgvkq xkds^vf mqf]v’xyjowxmk’g[nhv’muj[+,u7qo16jD 4hkmkf]t]kp2qfcI’7;ogvqks^vfmqf]v’ vvd9kdcx;w2|vh p|’jb dvj oc];h 9’jb l[n 8+8,hq vdu D 8q;1jk’zqodkomqf]v’G s^vfmu zoq dkol’a gdf ]kpdko oE-5f Xd? oE-5f X0? dko-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf Xdko-uvv,d^=i;q ? !D .loj Elt[6 [g+ xoa /vf [g+ xoa /vf @D 8qh,c]h;.loj Elt[6 gxoa /vf [g+ xoa /vf #D .loj k8ivu v,dkd3[ofa gxoa /vf gxoa /vf 130

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດvtmy[kps^a’dkomqf]v’G vu’8k,0=,h o6 9kddkomfq ]v’8;q 9y’ 7I6 ;j ,d[a oda IPovtmyxkpgrvnj .s0h =lh ts^[5 G !D oEdtfhk’c[’j vvdgxaolv’-toyf7nG oEdtfhk’-q;j 7k; c]t oEdtfhk’4k;voD @D oEdtfhk’-q;j 7k;lk,kfcdhw0fh;pdko8qh, s^n fh;pdko8n,j ok8iuvv,dkd3[oafF lj;ooEdtfhk’4k;vo lk,kfcdhw0wfhfh;p;ymu8nj,ok8iuvv,dkd3[oafrP’ 1kj ’fP;D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoG 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkovvd7e7yf7egsoa .og;]kloq mtok { lk,kfgIfa dkomfq ]v’wf4h nd8vh ’ { lts[^5 zoq 0v’dkomfq ]v’wf4h nd8vh ’ 131

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