ມ.2_ວິທະຍາສາດທຳມະຊາດ_ຄູ່ມື_NatSci

$D mqf]v’dkocpdfh;p;ymu 3di,k38dik2u { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa lv’d,j5 F d,j5 ! gIfa dyf9tde dkog7vnj omu0j v’ 0v’cs^;zkj o 8;q dk’ c]t d,j5 @ gIfa dfy 9tde cpdlou Eg,dy -,b zkj ol0= k; 8k,]kp]tvPf0v’ dkoxt8y[fa dyf9tde.oxB,c[[IPoD { c8]j td,5j ]kp’koF d,5j vonj xtdv[7e7yfgsaoD { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[G zqo0v’dyf9tde lu9kdrnfmujgIqkgsaogxaogoNvfP;S vkf9t,uvq’xtdv[ rP’-toyffP; s^n s^kpd;kj |b’j vq’xtdv[S 8q;]t]kp-toyf 8jk’dao9tcpdmkfwfh8jk’dao mkfc8j]t-toyfg7njvomjuwx.o8q;f6f-a[wfh8jk’dao g-y’j ,ao0Bo1d6j a[7;k,lk,kf.odko4ndf6f-a[0v’mkfoAo c]t 7;k, lk,kf.o dko]t]kp0v’mkfoAo.o8q;]t]kpD { 75 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[ dPj ;da[;ymu 3di,k38dik2uD 8k,xB,c[[IPoD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,shk;sao c]t dkogvqk.9.lj.odkoxt8y[afdyf9tdedkomqf]v’Fdko 7Qo7;hkd5,j c]t dko8v[7e4k,D !D grvnj 9tcpdmkf.f|’jb vvd9kdl’yj l,q xoq c8]j t1kj ’8+wxoUF oda IPo7yf;kj 9tcpd fh;p;ymu.f9’bj 9t4nd8hv’g\\ktlq,F .sh\\kp.l.j oshv’8k8t]k’],5j oUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ -lnj ’yj ;af45lq,xqo dkoltdaffh;p dko]tgsupcsh’ ;ymu 3di,k38dik2u mkf]t]kp { oE\\kddvd { oE,aosv,fvdd5s^k[ { lugs^nv’0v’0U\\Uo @D 9’jq pdq 8;q 1kj ’;my cu pdl’jy ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mguj xoa govN fP; mxuj t-k-oq .omvh ’4ojy 0v’oda IPo wfhoe.-hF gryoj gIafco;.fL #D dkozt]yfoE,aosv,]tgsup9kdrnffh;p;ymultdaffh;p8q;]t]kp9t8hv’7eob’g4y’ xafw9.fcfLj 42

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດrkdmu IV 7;k,cI’ [qfmu !$ ,t3ork[7;k,cI’ c]t 7;k,cI’xtgrf8jk’M g;]k # -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp0v’7;k,cI’F 7;k,cI’cdFj 7;k,cI’fb’f6fF 7;k,cI’sqf 1nfF 7;k,cI’8hko c]t 7;k,cI’c,gj s^adD { vtmy[kpwfh;kj oE|add=c,oj 7;k,cI’1kj ’|b’j D II. goNv.o8Qo8= 7;k,cI’ c,oj xt],y ko2-u dy |’jb g-’jy ltcf’vvdg,vnj ,oa dtm[q .l;j fa 4F5 gIfa .s;h fa 4m5 4ju dn dtmq[xPj ocx’I6[Ikj ’ sn^ xPj ocx’rk;tg7nvj omuDj oE|adc,oj 7;k,cI’xtgrf|b’j D 7;k, cI’cdj c,jo 7;k,cI’dtmq[.lj;af45gIaf.sh;af45g7njvomujwx8k,myf0v’7;k,cI’oAoD 7;k,cI’f’b ff6 c,oj 7;k,cI’dtm[q ]ts;kj ’;fa 4m5 gju Ifa .s;h fa 4|5 ’jb g7vjn om,ju kskvdu ;fa 4|5 ’jb D 7;k,cI’sqf1nfc,oj 7;k,cI’mugj duf9kddkosqf1nf0v’;af458kj ’MD 7;k,cI’8hko c,oj 7;k,cI’mgju dfu 0oB c]t dfu 0;k’dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 4|5 ’bj g7vnj omguj m’y |kh ;fa 4v5 onj D 7;k,cI’ c,gj s^adc,oj 7;k,cI’dtm[q ]ts;kj ’c,gj s^add[a c,gj s^da D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo w,h[aomafF dhvofyo9uj s^n dhvosuoF [A’l6[F ]=-=F lkp1k’1nfF \\kd[koF lkpg-nvdou]q’D mvj oc,gj s^da F gs^ad8txo6 vh pD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[,t3ork[7;k,cI’D !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoe;ymuxt8y[afdyf9tde ! c]t @ .shoadIPog0Qk.9 #? c8]j td5,j gIafdkomqf]v’8k,]efa[ c]t ;ymumu0j Pow;h.o dyf9tde ! c]t @ 43

$? .szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ &? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolts^5[.shwfh;jk 7;k,cI’ c,joxt]y,ko2u-yd|bj’g-yj’ ltcf’vvdg,njv,aodtmq[.l;j af45F gIaf.sh;af45mu4j nddtmq[ xPj ocx’I6[Ikj ’ sn^ xPj o cx’rk;tg7vnj omDuj oE|da d=c,oj 7;k,cI’xtgrf|’jb D @D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokgxaodj5,djP;da[7;k,cI’cdj !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoeoadIPola’gdfI6[ !$D# #? ovd9kdla’gdfI6[ !$D# c]h; .shoadIPogIafdkomqf]v’G { .-hg-nvd,afmvj ow,h c]h;cd,j aowx8k,|hk38t { .-gh -nvd,fa dvh ofyo9uj c]h;cdwj x8k,rNoshv’IPo { -d5 xB,wx8k,|kh 38t $? z8h6 k’|kh d,j5 ]kp’koD &? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolts^5[.shjwfh;jk 7;k,cI’cdj c,jo7;k,cI’dtmq[ .l;j af45F gIaf.sh;af45g7vnj omwuj x8k,myf0v’,ao g-oaj G 7qocd]j =hF -hk’]kdw,hF 7;kpcdj w4F ’q;cddj ;PoF ]qfcd]j qfF DDD *? 76vtmy[kp.shoadIPog0Qk.9;jk .od=]tou.-h7;k,cI’p6h s^n -5d;af45wx d=lk,kf 4n;jkgxao7k,cI’cdjwfhgojnv’9kd;jk;af45oAod=g7jnvomjuwx8k,myf0v’7;k, cI’7dn oa #D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokgxaodj5,djP;da[7;k,cI’fb’f6f !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoeoadIPola’gdfI6[.odyf9tde @ #? c8]j td5,j gIafdkomqf]v’8k,]efa[ c]t ;ymumu0j Pow;h.odyf9tde @ $? .szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD &? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolts^5[.shwfh;jk 7;k,cI’fb’f6fc,jo 7;k,cI’dtmq[ ]ts;kj ’;af45mguj Iaf.sh;af45|’bj g7vnj om,uj kskvud;af45|’bj $D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokgxaodj5,djP;da[7;k,cI’sqf1nf !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoeoadIPola’gdfI6[.odyf9tde # 44

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[qfmu !* g;]k ! -q;j 3,’ dkoltcf’7;k,cI’ ID 95fxtlq’G grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd;ymultcf’7;k,cI’D { ltcf’7;k,cI’wfh4nd8hv’D II. goNv.o8Qo8=D 7;k,cI’c,joxt]y,kog;adg8ug-jy’,uvq’xtdv[g-ajoG dqd0v’g;adg8u1j695fdtmq[0v’ 7;k,cI’F ];’ c]t mfy 0v’g;da g87u ;k,cI’c,oj ];’ c]t mfy 0v’7;k,cI’F 7;k,pk; 0v’g;da g8udeofq 0t|kf0v’7;k,cI’3fp8k,vfa 8kl;j omudj eofq D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo mvj ow,hF g7nvj ’-a’j ]=-=F 4q’fyo-kpF \\kd[koF czoj cxhopk;xt,ko ! c,afD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokgxaodj5,djP;da[dkodeoqf];’F myf c]t 0t|kf0v’7;k,cI’D !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoe;ymuxt8y[afdyf9tde ! .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? c8]j td5,j gIafdkomqf]v’dPj ;da[dko0t|kf c]t myfmk’0v’7;k,cI’8k, muwj fhltg|uw;h.odyf9tde !D $? c8]j td,5j 7Qo7h;ksk7e8v[mwuj fh.shw;h.odyf9tdeD &? .szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD *? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[dPj ;da[dko0t|kf c]t myfmk’0v’7;k,cI’ wffh ’ja .oc[[IPoD 48

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D mqf]v’ c]t vtryxkpdjP;da[dkoltcf’7;k,cI’ !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? c8]j td5,j gIafdkomqf]v’dPj ;da[dkoltcf’7;k,cI’8k,muwj fhltg|uw;h.oc[[ IPoD #? .szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD $? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[.shwfh;kj dko1nfvvd0v’]=-=g7njv’-’aj gxaovaf8kl;j o da[7;k,cI’mujdtmq[.l;j af45D f’aj oAoF 7;k,cI’gxaoxt]y,kog;adg8umuj,uG ];’F myf c]t 0t|kfD &? 7v6 tmy[kp;ymultcf’7;k,cI’.soh da IPog0kQ .98k,f’aj oUG { 95fdqd0v’g;adg8u ltcf’g4y’95fdtmq[0v’7;k,cI’.l;j af45D { ];’ c]t myf0v’g;adg8u ltcf’g4y’];’ c]t myf0v’7;k,cI’D { 7;k,pk;0v’g;adg8u8k,,kf8kl;j omudj eoqf.sh ltcf’g4y’0t|kf0v’7;k, cI’D @D lbdlk c]t xt8y[afdkoltcf’7;k,cI’gxaodj5, !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? c8]j td5j,lbdlk c]t lqomtokdaog4y’;ymultcf’7;k,cI’.lcj 8]j t;af45.oc8]j t d=]tou Xc8Ij 6[ !*D${!*D( .oxB,c[[IPo?D #? deoqf.shc8]j td,5j ltcf’7;k,cI’.l;j af458kj ’dao 8q;1kj ’d5,j mu !F ltcf’7;k, cI’dtmq[.lj8h6|j;p|jb’8A’1j6rNoshv’IPoS dj5,mu @F ltcf’7;k,cI’dtmq[.lj \\kddhP’|;j p|b’j c0;o16dj a[’kj 0v’,aoS d5,j mu #F ltcf’7;k,cI’dtmq[.lmj vj o w,mh duj e]’a cd0j oB 8k,roN rP’go’U DDD $? z6h8k’|hkc8]j td5j,]kp’kodkoltcf’7;k,cI’0v’d5j, 3fpc8h,I6[ltcf’16j dtfkoD &? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daory9k]tokdkoltcf’7;k,cI’0v’c8j]tdj5,rhv,ma’ cdwh 07ezyf0v’c8]j td,j5 D 49

VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ l’a gdf9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIfa dkomfq ]v’ c]t dkovvd7e7yfgsoa 0v’oda IPo { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7egsaolqomtok.od5j, c]t lqomtok];, { zoq dkog/dy ltcf’7;k,cI’0v’c8]j td,5j { zoq dkocd[h fq g/dy sfa m.uj sgh xoa ;Pd[kh oD [qfmu !( ,;olko c]t oE|ad g;]k # -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { vtmy[kpdkodtmq[g-’yj dao c]t dao]ts;kj ’;af45D { gduf,t3ork[dPj ;d[a 7;k,vB’8B’0v’;fa 4D5 { [vdwfh,;olko c]t ,;olko9egrkt0v’;af45D { [vdwfoh E|da 0v’;fa 4D5 II. goNv.o8Qo8=D dkodtm[q doa ]ts;kj ’;fa 45 lv’ s^n s^kp1kj ’ ];h oc];h c8cj ,oj dkodtm[q g-’yj doa c]t daoD ;af45[+g7njvomuj,u7;k,vB’8B’radF ;af45g7njvomuj,u7;k,vB’8B’g7njvomujD ,;olko0v’;af45 c,oj xt]y,komduj eofq 7;k,vB’8B’0v’;fa 4o5 oA D ,;olko9egrkt0v’mkf|’bj c,oj ,;olko 0v’|bj’sq;|j;p[=]y,kf0v’mkfoAoD oE|ad0v’;af45|jb’c,jo7;k,cI’fb’f6f0v’|j;p 3]ddtmq[.l;j af45oAoD oE|ad,u];’c,oj ];’8A’ c]t ,umyfc8gj my’]q’]5,j D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvoD \\kd[Fu g-vn dovh pF 9vdcd;h -tofy fP;doa F Ik’ovh ppk;xt,ko &W -’a 8cu ,fa F czoj g9ph c0’|kF ]6dfy’j F \\kd[u1k’F \\kd[ugsa^dF oEF gdnvF fyo-kpF -y’zk’D 50

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດIVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D dkomqf]v’ lqomtokdjP;da[7;k,cI’dtmq[g-yj’dao c]t dao0v’ ;af45 !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoe;ymuxt8y[afdyf9tde ! .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? c8j]td5j,gIafdkomqf]v’djP;da[dkodtmq[g-yj’dao c]t dao ]ts;jk’;af45 8k,0Ao8vo c]t ;ymu muwj fhltg|uw;h.odyf9tde ! .oc[[IPoD $? z8h6 k’|kh c8]j td,5j ]kp’koD &? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[dPj ;da[dkodtmq[dao]ts;kj ’;af45 .shwfh0=hlts^5[;kj dkodtmq[dao]ts;kj ’lv’ s^n s^kp;af45 ]h;oc8cj ,oj dkodtmq[g-yj’dao c]tdaoD @D mqf]v’lkmyfF lqomtok];,djP;da[7;k,vB’8B’0v’;af45D !? .shoadIPovklklt\\ad0BogIafmqf]v’lkmyf 8k,0Ao8vo c]t ;ymu8k,dyf9tde @ .oc[[IPoD @? oda IPovklklt\\da xt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’8k,7ecotoe0v’7D6 #? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolqomtoklts^5[dPj ;da[7;k,vB’8B’0v’;af45F 3fp76.-h7e 4k,oe8q;1kj ’G { gxoa sp’a \\kd[mu dju ’Y ]’q 8k,Ik’F g,vjn g7vjn omwju xlf5 Ik’-oa c];h 9’jb lk,kfg7vjn om8ju + wx8k,roN rP’vdu L { phvospa’\\kd[umjudY’]q’8k,Ik’mjupk; c]t l6’gmqjkdao c]h;g7jnvomju8+wx8k, rNorP’dPh ’9’bj wxwfwh dd;kj g7nvj omuwj x8k,rNorP’mu3j Ipfyo-kp.lLj { ly’j mugj Iaf.sh;af458kj ’MIadlkrk;t9tgvUo;kj co;.fL #D mqf]v’lkmyfF lqomtok];,djP;da[,;olko0v’;af45 !? .shoadIPovklklt|ad @ 7qo 0BogIafmqf]v’lkmyf8k,0Ao8vo c]t ;ymu8k, dyf9tde # .oc[[IPo @? oda IPovklklt\\da xt8[y fa dkomfq ]v’8k,dko-;j pgs^nv0v’76 #? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolqomtoklts^5[djP;da[,;olko0v’;af45D 3fp76.-h 7e4k,oe8q;1kj ’G { phvospa’\\kd[u1k’ Xg[qkd;kj ? dtmq[.l\\j kd[ugsa^d X|add;kj ?F \\kd[ugsa^d9bj’ g7vnj opkh p|vh pd;kj L 51

{ c,oj spa’gIaf.shdkodtmq[g-y’j dao c]t dao ]ts;kj ’;af45lv’1kj ’ gdufzqo8kj ’dao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ co;ooA L $D mqf]v’lkmyfF lqomtok];,djP;da[,;olko9egrkt0v’;af45 !? .shoadIPovklklt\\ad @ 7qo 0BogIafmqf]v’lkmyf 8k,0Ao8vo c]t ;ymu8k, dyf9tde $ .oc[[IPoD @? oda IPovklklt\\da xt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’8k,7ecotoe-;j pgs^nv0v’7D6 #? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolqomtoklts^5[djP;da[,;olko9egrkt0v’;af453fp76 .-h7e4k,oe 8q;1kj ’G { ;af45-toyf8kj ’dao.oxt]y,kogmkqj dao s^n [=]y,kfgmkqj dao gxaospa’9b’j |ad8kj ’daoL { grnvj xP[mP[7;k,|da 0v’;fa 485 kj ’M9t.-vh oa .fgxoa gdoL &D vtryxkp];,djP;da[oE|ad0v’;af45 !? 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa vtrxy kpdPj ;d[a oE|da 0v’;fa 45 3fp7p6 dq xkdfq dko8dq 0v’ ;fa 485 kj ’M s^n xvj p;fa 4|5 da [k’1kj ’.soh da IPog[y’j c];h .-h 7e4k, 4k,oda IPo;kj gxoa sp’a ,oa 9’bj 8dq ]’q 8k,mk’-nlj |6j kh fyoL @? 7v6 tmy[kp.soh da IPo8k,7elts^[5 0v’mkj ooy;g8yo .soh da IPog0kQ .9D *D mqf]v’lkmyfdjP;da[];’ c]t myf0v’oE|ad !? .shoadIPovklklt|ad @ 7qo 0BogIafmqf]v’lkmyf8k,0Ao8vo c]t ;ymu8k, dyf9tde & .oc[[IPoD @? oda IPovklklt\\da xt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’8k,7ecotoe-;j pgs^nv0v’76 #? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolqomtoklts^5[djP;da[];’ c]t myf0v’oE|ad.sh wfh0=hlts^5[;kj ];’0v’oE|ad;af45 c,oj ];’8A’lkdda[|hkfyo c]t ,umyfc8gj my’ ]’q ],j5 Xmyf-Ug0kQ sk9f5 .9dk’0v’|;j p3]d?D $? 7v6 tmy[kp;ymultcf’oE|da 0v’;fa 4f5 ;h pg;da g8uoE|da .soh da IPog0kQ .9D &? 76.sh0=h,6ooE|ad0v’;af45[k’1jk’ c]h;.shoadIPo9eo;o|jb’c8h,I6[;af45c8j ]t1kj ’rhv,ltcf’g;adg8uoE|adrhv, 3fp.shzh6|b’j ltcf’.l;j af45vao|b’j D @D lqomtok];,djP;da[dkorq;rao]ts;jk’,;olkoF oE|ad c]t dkoxjPocx’oE|adgmy’|hk3]d !? .shoadIPolbdlk0=h,6odjP;da[dkorq;rao]ts;jk’,;olkoF oE|ad c]t dko xPj ocx’oE|da gm’y |kh 3]dD 52

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@? .soh da IPo9eo;o|’bj ]kp’kozoq dkoldb lkm8uj oq gd[a dewfDh #? 7I6 ;j ,d[a oda IPoloq mtoklts^[5 .swh f8h k,goNv.omu0j Pow;.h oc[[IPo VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIfa dkomfq ]v’ c]t dkovvd7e7yfgsoa 0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7egsaomulj qomtokda[\\6j c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’76D [qfmu !) 7;k,cI’I5d46 g;]kG @ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { 9ecod7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf c]t 7;k,cI’I5d46dY’D { [vdzqofu c]t zqoglp7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf c]t 7;k,cI’I5d46dY’D { Ioh6 e.-7h ;k,cI’Id5 4.6 sgh dufxt3spfD II. goNv.o8Qo8= 7;k,cI’mugj duf0Bo]ts;kj ’rNodtmq[.l;j af45g7njvomujwxgmy’rNooAogvUo;kj 7;k,cI’ Id5 4D6 7;k,cI’Id5 4g6 dfu 0oB 1|6j kh 8fy cxt]ts;kj ’;fa 4|5 ’bj g7vjn omgju 9vn f8k,wx8k,|kh 0v’vdu ;af45|b’j c]t dufdAodkog7nvj omugj vUo;kj 7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvfD 7;k,cI’mguj duf0Bo16]j ts;kj ’ |hk8yfcxt0v’;af45|b’j dY’16gj my’;af45vnoj c]t dufdAodkog7nvj omu0j v’;af45g7njvomuj oAogvUo;kj 7;k,cI’Id5 4d6 Y’D myf0v’7;k,cI’Id5 4g6 ;]k.fd=xUomyfd[a myfg7vnj om0uj v’;fa 415 l6j tg\\uD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvoD 38tF mvj ow,hF g-nvdohvpF ]=hohvpF dhvofyo9ujF lkp1k’1nf s^n ]=-=D 53

IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D lqomtok];,grjnvoeg0Qklj6[qfIPo 7l6 oq mtokd[a oda IPo 3fp.-7h e4k,oeg-oja G { g;]kpkj ’ s^n 0uj]qf4u[ wx8k,|hkmk’,njogxaoco;.fL { g;]k0uj]qf4u[mujshk,[+dyofu s^n [+,ushk, lk,kf9vfdtmaosaowfh[+L { .o-u;yfxt9e;oa oda IPogsoa dkoId5 4]6 ts;kj ’;fa 4s5 p’a cfLj zoq mugj duf9kddkoId5 46c8]j td=]tougxaoco;.fL @D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokgxaodj5,djP;da[7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoe;ymuxt8y[afdkomqf]v’8k,dyf9tde ! .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? c8j]td5j,gIafdkomqf]v’djP;da[7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf 8k,mujwfhltg|uw;h.o dyf9tde !D $? c8]j td5,j 7Qo7;hksk7e8v[muwj fh.shw;h.odyf9tde !D &? .szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD *? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,doa lts^[5 dPj ;da[7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf.shwfhf’ja goNv.oc[[IPoD @D mqf]v’ c]t vtryxkpgxaodj5,djP;da[7;k,cI’I5d46dY’ !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoe;ymuxt8y[afdkomqf]v’8k,dyf9tde @ .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? c8]j td,j5 gIfa dkomfq ]v’dPj ;d[a 7;k,cI’Id5 4d6 ’Y 8k,mwju flh tg|wu ;.h odfy 9tde @ $? c8]j td,j5 7oQ 7;kh sk0=lts^[5 dPj ;d[a 7;k,cI’Id5 4d6 Y’D &? .szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD *? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^[5 dPj ;da[7;k,cI’I5d4d6 Y’.shwfhf’ja goNv.oc[[IPoD \\kpgsfG .odkomfq ]v’dPj ;d[a dkoId5 4d6 Y’F 4kh [+,u]o=h vh p.sgh Ifa dyf9tdexP[mP[f’ja oUG !? .-gh -vn d8.+ l]j -= = sn^ lkp1k’1fn cdmj vj ow,h sn^ dvh ofoy 9wuj x8k,|kh foy D l’a gdfdko 1nfvvd0v’lkp1k’ s^n ]=-=D @? cdmj vj ow,h s^n dvh ofyo9uvj oa gfu, c8gj vkq mvj ow,oh vh pd,q s^n xvh ’w,xh vj ’;k’]Po.lj |hkfyodvj oD la’gdf dko1nfvvd0v’lkp1k’ s^n ]=-=D 54

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[zqofu c]t zqoglp0v’7;k,cI’I5d46 !? c[’j oda IPogxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? c8]j td,j5 ldb lkgoNv.odPj ;d[a zoq fu c]t zoq glp0v’7;k,cI’Id5 4D6 #? z8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD $? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolts^5[djP;da[zqofu c]t zqoglp0v’7;k,cI’I5d46.sh wfh0=hlts^5[ f’aj goNv.oc[[IPoD $D lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[dkooe.-h7;k,cI’I5d46 !? c[’j oda IPogxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? c8]j td,j5 ldb lkgoNv.odPj ;d[a dkooe.-7h ;k,cI’Id5 4D6 #? z8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD $? 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[5^ dPj ;d[a dkooe.-7h ;k,cI’Id5 46 8k,govN .oc[[IPoD @D lqomtok];,mq[m;o[qfIPo 76 c]t oadIPolqomtokI;j ,dao3fp76.-h7e4k,G { 7;k,cI’Id5 4g6 duf0Bo1.6j lL { .og;]kgIqk3po\\kd[koF \\kd[ko8qd.dhMoAo c,oj phvo,u7;k,cI’I5d46 sn^ [+L { 7oq z|h6 ’jb rt]kf],Q 0k7ojq D ooA pvh o7;k,cI’Id5 4[6 +L { 9qd0v’r+g4Qk7e[+g0QkF grnvj 1kd.shg0Qkfu]k;gvqkwx/qoD dko/qo9qd0v’r+g4Qk7e oe.-dh koId5 4s6 p’a L { g,vnj oda IPo7oa s^’a F oda IPo.-,h ngdkq D dkogdkq .-dh koId5 4s6 p’a L { oadIPog7upwfhoe.-h7;k,cI’I5d46[+L .-hgIafspa’L { oadIPoz6h|b’j g;Qk;kj g;]k0uj]qf4u[F g,njv8hv’dko9vf 8hv’[u[shk, grnjv.sh8uo]qf I5d46.lj |hkmk’ 9b’j 9vfwfhD 4k,;kj oadIPoz6hoAog;Qk4nd s^n [+L 9q’j vtmy[kp { 7;k,cI’co;.f gryoj 9’bj gvUo;kj 7;kcI’I5d46dY’L { .oxt9e;aoF oadIPowfhgsaog7jnv’,n s^n g7jnv’9adspa’cfj mjuoe.-hs^addko0v’ 7;k,cI’I5d46L 7v6 tm[y kplts[^5 govN .om’a \\fq [fq IPo.soh da IPoD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIfa dkomfq ]v’ c]t dkovvd7e7yfgsoa 0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7egsaomulj qomtokda[\\6j c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’76D 55

[qfmu !_ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkola’];,7;k,cI’ g;]k # -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp0v’7;k,cI’rkdl;j oF 7;k,cI’la’];,D { [vd;ymudkol’a ];,7;k,cI’m,uj u];’ c]t myfvoa fP;doa F ];’fP;doa c8mj yfd’q dao0hk,daoF ];’ c]t myf 8afdaoD II. goNv.o8Qo8= 7;k,cI’|b’j mujdtmq[.l;j af45|bj’ g-yj’zqodkodtmq[gmqkj da[lv’ s^n s^kp7;k,cI’muj dtmq[.lj;af45oAorhv,dao gvUo;jk 7;k,cI’la’];,0v’lv’ s^n s^kp7;k,cI’oAoD 0t|kf0v’7;k,cI’la’];,0v’lv’7;k,cI’muj,u];’ c]t myffP;daogmqjkda[zqo[;d 0t|kf0v’lv’7;k,cI’rkdl;j oD 0t|kf0v’7;k,cI’l’a ];,0v’lv’7;k, cI’m,uj u ];’fP;doa c8mj fy d’q doa 0kh ,doa gmkqj zoq ][q 0t|kf0v’lv’7;k,cI’rkdl;j oD 0t|kf0v’ 7;k,cI’la’];,0v’lv’7;k,cI’8afdao gmqjkda[0t|kf0v’glAogoaj’9v,0v’I6[lujc9 0t|ko mulj v’0kh ’c,oj lv’g;da g8u7;k,cI’rkdl;j oD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo 38ho-y’F lkpg-nvdF ]=-= s^n lkp1k’1nfF [aomafF ;q’cs;oF \\kd]JvdohvpMF g7njv’cmd 7;k,cI’ X4hk,u?F ;af45|ad-toyffP;daoF 0k8A’ rhv,7ko IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[dkola’];,7;k,cI’,u];’ c]t myfvaofP;dao !? c[’j oda IPogxoa d,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q d[a 9eo;ovx5 tdvomu,j uD @? 7c6 otoe;ymuxt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’.soh da IPog0kQ .9D 56

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#? c8j]td5j,gIafdkomqf]v’djP;da[dkola’];,7;k,cI’muj,u];’ c]t myfvao fP;dao8k,muwj fhltg|uw;h.odyf9tde ! .oc[[IPoD $? c8]j td5,j 7Qo7;hksk0=hlts^5[zqodyf9tdeD &? z6h8k’|hkd5,j ]kp’koD *? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[dPj ;da[dkola’];,7;k,cI’mu,j u];’ c]t myf vaofP;dao.shwfh;kj 7;k,cI’la’];,,u7kj gmqkj da[zqo[;d0v’lv’7;k,cI’ rkdl;j o @D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokdkola’];,7;k,cI’muj,u];’fP;daoc8j myfdq’dao0hk,dao !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoeoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o c]t la’gdfI6[.odyf9tde @ .oxB,c[[IPoD #? oadIPolbdlkgoNv.o c]t la’gdfI6[.odyf9tde @F $? z8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD &? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[.shwfh;kj 7;k,cI’la’];,,u7kj gmqkj da[zqo]q[0v’ lv’7;k,cI’rkdl;j oD #D mqf]v’lkmyf c]h; lqomtok];,djP;da[dkola’];,lv’7;k, cI’8afdao !? g]nvdgvqkoadIPovklklt\\ad @{# 7qoD @? cotoe;ymuxt8y[afdyf9tde # .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? oadIPovklklt\\adxt8y[afdyf9tde # rkp.8hdko8yf8k,-j;pgs^nv0v’761jk’ .d-h yfD $? .soh da IPo9eo;o|’bj vtmy[kpzoq 0v’dyf9tdeD &? 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[^5 .swh f;h kj 7;k,cI’l’a ];,0v’lv’7;k,cI’8fa doa c,jog;adg8ultcf’g4y’glAogoaj’9v,0v’I6[ljuc90t|ko g-jy’0hk’0v’,aoc,jo g;da g8lu v’7;k,cI’rkdl;j oD 57

@D lqomtok];, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 76I;j ,da[oadIPolqomtok 3fp.-h7e4k,G { 7;k,cI’muj7qode]a’p6h]=hdtmq[.l]j =h c]t 7;k,cI’dtmq[.l;j af45mucj 0;ofh;p g-nvd,u];’ c]t myf7ndao s^n [+L 9q’j vtmy[kpD { oadIPolv’7qoc0j’daofb’g-nvd xkdqf;jk z6hmulv’-totz6hmu|bj’D 7;k,cI’ mjuoadIPolv’7qooAodtmq[.ljg-nvd,u];’ c]t myf7ndao[+L phvospa’L 7;k, cI’l’a ];,0v’7;k,cI’muoj da IPolv’7oq ooA dtm[q .lgj -nvdgxoa co;.fL { grnjvxhv’dao[+.shglqklaopko3m]tla[l6’]Q, grjyogIafco;.fL ,aodjP;da[7;k, cI’mu,j umyf8afdao[+L phvospa’L 76vtmy[kp c]t pqd8q;1jk’.shoadIPog0Qk.9djP;da[dkola’];,7;k,cI’muj,u];’ c]t myffP;daoF ];’fP;dao c8mj yfdq’dao0hk,dao c]t 7;k,cI’8afdao8k,goNv.o[qfIPo 0v’c[[IPoD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIfa dkomfq ]v’ c]t dkovvd7e7yfgsoa 0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7egsaomulj qomtokda[\\6j c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’76D 58

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu @W 7;k,cI’f5ofjP’ g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp0v’7;k,cI’fo5 fPj ’D { oe.-h7;k,cI’f5ofPj ’vtmy[kprk;t15foY’ c]t rk;tg7njvomujlt\\Oltg\\u0v’ ;af45D { I6hoe.-h7;k,f5ofPj ’.shgdufxt3spf II. goNv.o8Qo8=D lv’7;k,cI’f5ofPj ’dao c,oj lv’7;k,cI’muj,u0t|kfgmqkj dao rhv,dtmq[.l;j af45 vaofP;dao 8k,];’fP;dao c8,j umyfdq’dao0hk,daoD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ;af45|ad mujlk,kf,afshvpwfhD lkpg-nvdohvpMF 0k8A’F \\kd]Jvd c]t da[w2D IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D mqf]v’ c]t lqomtokdjP;da[lv’7;k,cI’f5ofjP’dao !? c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D @? 76cotoe;ymuxt8y[afdyf9tde ! .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? c8]j td5j,gIafdkomqf]v’djP;da[lv’7;k,cI’f5ofjP’dao 8k,mujwfhltg|uw;h.o dyf9tde !D $? c8]j td,5j 7Qo7;hksk7e8v[mwuj fh.shw;h.odyf9tdeD &? .szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 0oB ]kp’koD *? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[dPj ;da[lv’7;k,cI’f5ofPj ’daowfh;kj lv’7;k, cI’f5ofjP’dao c,jolv’7;k,cI’mju,u0t|kfgmqjkdao rhv,dtmq[.lj;af45vao fP;dao 8k,];’fP;dao c8,j umyfdq’dao0hk,daoD 59

@D lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[dkooe.-h7;k,cI’f5ofjP’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !? 76vtoerkdkovtryxkp3fp.-h7e4k,oe 8q;1kj ’G { .oxt9e;aoF oadIPogsaoxkdqfdkospa’cfmj ujltcf’.shIh6;kj c,oj dkooe.-h7;k, cI’fo5 fPj ’LD { .og;]k0U]qf9ad c]t ]qf4u[c,oj .-h7;k,cI’f5ofPj ’ s^n [+L @? 7v6 tmy[kpc8]j txkdfq dkomupj dq 0Bo.odkovtryxkp .soh da IPog0kQ .9D @D lqomtok];, !? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolqomtok3fp.-h7e4k,G { ,hk38|b’j 8kj ’g7nvj ’wxwfh !WW c,af g7nvj ’8qd]q’mk’0hk’g[nhv’|b’j F oadIPo7yf ;kj gxoa pvh osp’a L { gxaospa’ \\kdxoyj ]q,9’bj xoyj wfhfuL { g;]kgIkq c[dw,]h epk;g,vnj .sgh 7’yj dk’0v’w,-h [nj kj 9’jb Ilh6 db g[kq d;kj pvh osp’a L { .o-u;yfxt9e;ao oadIPogsaogryoj oe.-h7;k,f5ofPj ’gIafspa’cfLj @? 7v6 tm[y kplts[^5 dPj ;d[a 7;k,cI’fo5 fPj ’.soh da IPo8k,govN .oc[[IPoD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIfa dkomfq ]v’ c]t dkovvd7e7yfgsoa 0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7egsaomulj qomtokda[\\6j c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’76D 60

rkdmu V 7;k,fao [qfmu @! ,t3ork[7;k,fao g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { 9ecod cI’fao c]t 7;k,faoD { vtmy[kpwfh;kj goNvmu|j hk8af ,u[qf[kfl=k7ao8+da[7;k,faoD { I6ho=k.-h c]t cdhw0[aoskdPj ;da[7;k,fao.o-u;yfxt9=k;aoD II. goNv.o8Qo8= 7;k,faoc,oj xt]y,komugj duf9kdoE|ad s^n 7;k,cI’fao.lgj oNvm|uj hk8afm4uj ndoE|ad s^n 7;k,cI’foa .lDj .od=]toucI’foa gmkjq doa c8gj oNvmumj 4uj ndfoa 8kj ’doa F 7;k,foa mguj duf0Bo9t8kj ’ daoD .od=]toucI’fao8kj ’dao c8gj oNvmumj 4uj ndfaogmkqj daoF 7;k,faomguj duf0Bod=9t8kj ’daoD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dhvofyo9uFj 2v’oEF 9vdcdh;-toyffP;dao _ |;j pF fyo-kpF czoj cxho IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D mqf]v’lkmyf c]h;lqomtok];, !? 7.6 soh da IPoc8]j t7oq ldb lkgovN .odPj ;d[a dkoxt8[y fa dfy 9tde 8vomu ! c]t 8vomu @ .oc[[IPoD @? 76cotoedkoxt8y[afdyf9tde 8vomu ! c]t 8vomu @ .shoadIPog0Qk.9 #? g]vn dgvkq oda IPo vklklt\\da # 7oq xt8[y fa dkomfq ]v’lkmfy 8k,dfy 9tde 0oA 8vo !D zh6vnjoM la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo Xle]a[76-;j pgs^nvoadIPoxt8y[afdyf9tde?D $? g]nvdgvqkoadIPovklklt\\ad # 7qo X[+gvqkzh6mujxt8y[af0Ao8vo !? xt8y[afdkomqf ]v’lkmfy 8k,dfy 9tde0oA 8vo @D zv6h onj M l’a gdf c]t [oa mdb zoq Xle][a 7-6 ;j pgsv^n oda IPoxt8y[fa dyf9tde?D &? .shoadIPo9eo;o|b’j X1kj ’|hvp & 7qo? ]kp’kozqodkola’gdfD 61

*? .soh da IPomuoj ’ja 1c6j 8]j t38t oe.-zh oq dkol’a gdf0v’r;d8oq -;j pdoa 8n,j g7nvj ’\\kp ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gmqkj da[ <=< F.spdj ;kj <>< c]t ohvpd;kj <<< .l.j o8k8t]k’D (? .shoadIPo8k’|hkc8]j t38t9eo;o|bj’ Xxt,ko & 38t? ]kp’kodko8nj,g7njv’ \\kp.l8j k8t]k’D )? 7I6 ;j ,d[a oda IPoI;j ,doa vtrxy kpzoq dfy 9tdem’a lv’8vo grvnj .slh ts[5^ wf;h kj 7;k, foa c,oj xt]y,ko2u-ydmulj tcf’zqodkodtmq[7;k,cI’.lj |b’j s;q |;j pgoNvmuDj @D cdh[qfg]d8q;1jk’ !? .shoadIPovklklt\\ad0Bocdh[qfg]d8q;1jk’mju.sh.o[qfIPo 1j6dtfkoD le]a[76 -;j pgsvn^ oda IPoD @? 7v6 tm[y kp;my cu d[h fq g]d8;q 1kj ’.soh da IPomd5 7oq g0kQ .9D #D lqomtok];,dkooe.-h7;k,fao.o-u;yfxt9e;ao !? 76oegvqklt4kotdko8q;9y’.o-u;yfxt9=k;ao,kg]qkj .shoadIPoIh69adD sa^’9kdg]qkj c8]j tg]nvj ’c];h .s7h 46 k,g4y’gsfzoq mugj ryoj gIfa 7nf’ja .og]nvj ’mugj ]kjq ooA D 8;q 1kj ’G T gxaospa’g0a,spy[g7vnj ’F 8tx6F gsa^d-uDDD groyj 9’yj gIaf.shxkp,aocs^,L T rhkF ,ufF 0;ko [+g0Qkgxaospa’groyj 9’bj s^a[r;d,ao.lsj uosa^[L X7e8v[c8]j t7e4k, .sh[aombd.ldj tfkogvqkw;h? @? 7I6 ;j ,d[a oda IPovtrxy kp lt4kotdko8kj ’M c]t 7e8v[0v’oda IPo grvnj lts[5^ .shwfh;kj dkomujgryjogIafco;oAo c,oj grnjvs^5fzvj o7;k,fao]q’ s^n gruj,7;k,fao0Bo 8;q 1kj ’G T mk’gxao8q, gryoj gvqkcxho;k’.lj c,oj dkos^5fzvj o7;k,fao T grnvj lda s^da I;Q .sgh 0kQq g]ydwfh gryoj cs^,sd^a I;Q ooA glpdvj oD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { 7;k,lt\\ad.9 grnvj xt8y[afdyf9tdeD { 7;k,gvqk.9.lxj t8y[afdyf9tde0v’oadIPoc8]j t7qoD { dko,ul;j oI;j ,0v’oadIPo.odkolqomtokD { 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’dkocdh[qfg]d8q;1kj ’ c]t [qfg/ydsafmu.j shgxao;Pd[hkoD 62

[qfmu @@ 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^; g;]k G @ -;jq 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { vtmy[kpwfh;kj 16mj 5dmuj.o0v’cs^;,u7;k,faoD { vtmy[kpwfh;jk 0v’cs^;dtmq[7;k,fao.lj;af45muj95j,16j.o0v’cs^;oAo8k,m5d myfm5dmk’ c]t ,umyf8A’lkdda[goNvmmuj 4uj nddtmq[D { 0Pol6f7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^; X p = hω s^n P=Pgh? rhv,ma’[vd7;k, \\kpc8]j t8;q vda lvo.olf6 D { cd[h fq g]ddPj ;d[a dko7yfxt]y,ko8kj ’MdPj ;d[a 7;k,foa wfDh II. goNv.o8Qo8= md5 m.uj o0v’cs;^ ,7u ;k,foa D 7;k,foa .o0v’cs;^ 0oB d[a ]tf[a g]dy c]t oE|da 9egrktສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0v’0v’cs;^ D ;fa 4m5 9ju ,j5 1.6j o0v’cs;^ 4dn 0v’cs;^ dtm[q 7;k,foa .lmj d5 mfy 8k,];’8’A lkdd[a goNvmmuj 4uj ndfoa D 0v’cs^;-toyffP;doa 1]6j tf[a g]ydfP;doa ,u7;k,foa gmkqj doa D 0v’cs^;-toyf 8jk’dao1j6.o]tfa[g]ydmujcojovovaofP;dao,u7;k,fao8jk’dao8k,oE|ad9egrkt0v’0v’ cs;^ ooA MD III . lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo vkj ’cdh;F m+cdh; s^n m+ PVCF czoj la’dtlu[k’ s^n czoj x^kl8yd[k’F 9vdx^kl8yd.lF 8tx6g[u !F m+I6[vadlvo38v5p XU?F m+1k’.lF 9;pF czoj 1k’1nf[k’M s^n x6,gxQkF oEme,tfkF oEgdnvF d;foEfnj,gxqkj DDDD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D mqf]v’lkmyf c]h;lqomtok];,djP;da[7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^; !? 7.6 soh da IPoc8]j t7oq ldb lkgoNv.odPj ;d[a dkoxt8y[fa dyf9tdemu ! .oc[[IPoD @? 76cotoedkoxt8y[af dyf9tde ! .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? g]nvdgvqkoadIPovklklt\\ad # 7qo xt8y[afdkomqf]v’lkmyf 8k,dyf9tde !D zh6vnoj M la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo Xle]a[76-;j pgs^nvoadIPoxt8y[afdyf9tde?D 63

$? .soh da IPo9eo;o|’bj X1kj ’|vh p & 7oq ? ]kp’kozoq dkol’a gdfD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ &? .shoadIPo9eo;o|bj’ Xxt,ko ( d5j,? ]kp’kpzqodkola’gdfD *? 7d6 [a oda IPoI;j ,doa vtrxy kpzoq dfy 9tdegrvnj .slh ts[5^ wf;h kj .o0v’cs;^ ,7u ;k,foa D @D mqf]v’lkmyf c]h;lqomtok];,djP;da[7;k,faoda[]tfa[g]yd0v’ 0v’cs^; !? 76.shoadIPoc8j]t7qolbdlkgoNv.odjP;da[dkoxt8y[afdyf9tdemu @ 8vomu !{# .oc[[IPoD @? 76cotoedkoxt8y[af dyf9tde @ .shoadIPog0Qk.9D #? g]nvdgvqkoadIPo vklklt\\ad # 7qo xt8y[afdkomqf]v’lkmyf 8k,dyf9tde @ 8vomu !D zh6vjnoMla’gdf c]t [aombdzqo Xle]a[76-j;pgs^nvoadIPoxt8y[af dyf9tde?D $? g]nvdgvqkoadIPovklklt\\ad # 7qo -;j pdao xt8y[afdkomqf]v’lkmyf8k,dyf 9tdemu @ 0Ao8vo @ X[+gvqkzh6mujxt8y[af0Ao8vo !?D zh6vnjoM la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo Xle ]a[76-;j pgs^nvoadIPoxt8y[afdyf9tde?D &? .shoadIPo9eo;o|bj’ ]kp’kozqodkola’gdf 3fpc8]j t8vo.sh1kj ’|hvp # 7qo ]kp’koD *? 76I;j ,da[oadIPovtryxkpzqodyf9tdema’ @ 8vo grnjv.shlts^5[wfh;kj G T 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;-toyf|jb’16j]tfa[g]ydvaocojovo|jb’ gmqjkda[zqo76o ]ts;kj ’ 7;k,g]yd da[ oE|ad9egrkt0v’0v’cs^;oAoD T 16]j tfa[g]ydgmkqj dao .o0v’cs^;8kj ’daoF ,u7;k,fao8kj ’daoD T 7;k,foa gru,j 0Bo8k,];’g]yd0v’0v’cs^;D T 16.j o]tfa[g]ydfP;daoF 7;k,faomujdtmq[.ljfhkogmy’ c]t fhko]5j, 0v’;af45 czoj rP’[k’ gmkjq doa D 64

7;k,I6hgruj,g8u,le]a[76G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8k8t]k’,;olko9egrkt0v’;fa 4[5 k’1kj ’ X7yfgxao g/cm3? vkdkf oE,oa oE xk^ l8dy oE oE1k’ oE gsda^ cs^; vfa ],q fy[ g-vnj , WF WW! WF _@& !F WWW !F !(W !F @*W !F #$W !F #)W (F )!W VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { dkovklklt\\ad xt8y[afdyf9tdeD { 7;k,gvkq .9.lxj t8y[fa dyf9tde0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { dko,lu ;j oI;j ,0v’oda IPo.odkoloq mtokD { 7;k,4nd8vh ’0v’dkocd[h fq g]d8;q 1kj ’ c]t [fq g/ydsfa m.uj sgh xoa ;Pd[kh oD 65

[qfmuj @# 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;dtmq[.lj0hk’ c]t rNo0v’vjk’ g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { mqf]v’1A’1nowfh;kj 0v’cs^;dtmq[7;k,fao.l0j hk’ c]t rnf0v’rk-tot[ao95D 7;k,faomuj0v’cs^;dtmq[.l0j hk’ c]t rnf0v’rk-tot[ao95 0Boda[]tfa[l6’0v’ 0v’cs^;.orkt-totoAoD { pqd8q;1kj ’dPj ;da[dkooe.-hdkodtmq[7;k,fao.l0j hk’ c]t rnf0v’rk-tot[ao 9.5 o8;q 9y’D { cd[h fq g]ddPj ;d[a dko7fy w]7j ;k,foa m0uj v’cs;^ dtm[q .l0j kh ’ c]t rfn 0v’rk-tot [oa 9D5 IID goNv.o8Qo8= ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0v’cs;^ dtm[q 7;k,foa .l0j kh ’ c]t rfn 0v’rk-tot[oa 9D5 7;k,foa m0uj v’cs;^ dtm[q .lrj No0v’rk-tot[ao95 [+0Boda[I6[Ikj ’0v’rk-tot[ao95 c80j Boda[goNvmujrNo0v’rk-totD 7;k,faomuj0v’cs^;dtmq[.l0j hk’ c]t rnf0v’rk-tot[ao95 gIaf.shgduf7;k,cI’dtmq[.lj 0hk’ c]t rnf0v’rk-tot[ao958k,];’8A’lkdda[goNvmumj u7j ;k,faooAodtmq[.l1j 6mj 5d95f1kj ’ lt\\ej ltg\\u c]t gru,j 0Bo8k,]tfa[g]yd0v’0v’cs^;.ork-tot[ao95D IIID lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo dt85do=hkfn,j muj,u[=]y,kf[ao95 ! ]yf s^n .-hdt85dcx[-u @ ]yfF czoj 1k’1nf[k’ Xs^n x6, gxQk ?F gsa^d-uohvpF lkp1k’1nfF ltdavfgm[F o=hkme,tfk IVD dyf9td=kdkoIPo{dkolvo !D mqf]v’lkmyf c]t lqomtok];,djP;da[7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;dtmq[ .ljrNork-tot[ao95 !? 76lqomtokda[oadIPo 3fplhk’[aosk;kj .o[qfdvj owfhIPoIh6c]h;;kj 7;k,fao0v’ 0v’cs^;0Bod[a ]tf[a l’6 0v’0v’cs^;D c8oj da IPo7yf;kj G T 0v’cs^;9tdtmq[7;k,fao.lrj No0v’rk-tot[ao95 s^n [+L 66

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດT 4hk0v’cs^;dtmq[.lrj No0v’rk-tot[ao95 ,aodtmq[co;.fL @? 76.shoadIPoc8]j t7qolbdlkgoNv.odPj ;da[dkoxt8y[afdyf9tde ! c]t dyf9tde @ .oc[[IPoD #? 76cotoedkoxt8y[af dyf9tde ! c]t @ .shoadIPog0Qk.9D $? g]nvdgvqkoadIPovklklt\\ad # 7qo xt8y[afdkomqf]v’lkmyf 8k,dyf9tde !D zh6vnoj M la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo Xle]a[76-;j pgs^nvoadIPoxt8y[afdyf9tde?D &? g]nvdgvqkoadIPovklklt\\ad # 7qo -j;pdaoxt8y[afdkomqf]v’lkmyf8k,dyf 9tde @ X[+gvqkzh6mjuxt8y[af0Ao8vo !?D zh6vjnoM la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo Xle]a[76 -;j pgs^nvoda IPoxt8y[fa dyf9tde?D *? .shoadIPo9eo;o|bj’ ]kp’kozqomulj a’gdfwfh 3fpc8]j tdyf9tde1kj ’|hvp.sh # 7qo wfh]kp’koD (? 76da[oadIPoI;j ,daovtryxkpzqodyf9tdema’ @ dyf9tde grnjv.shlts^5[wfh;kj G T 0v’cs^;dtmq[7;k,fao.lrj No0v’rk-tot[ao95D T 7;k,faomju0v’cs^;dtmq[.ljrNo0v’rk-tot[ao95 0Boda[]tfa[l6’0v’0v’ cs^;.ork-tot[ao95D T 7;k,foa m0uj v’cs;^ dtm[q .lrj oN 0v’rk-tot[oa 95 [0+ oB d[a I[6 Ikj ’0v’rk-tot c80j oB d[a govN mruj oN D @D mqf]v’lkmyf c]h;lqomtok];,djP;da[0v’cs^;dtmq[7;k,fao.lj0hk’ 0v’rk-tot[ao95 !? 7l6 oq mtokd[a oda IPo grnvj oeg0kQ l[6j oa sk.o[fq IPo 3fp.-7h e4k,G T .o-u;yfxt9e;aooadIPogsaoxkdqfdkovao.fmujltcf’.shIh6;kj 0v’cs^;dtmq[ 7;k,fao.lj0hk’0v’rk-tot[ao95L XgvqkoE.lj4q’1k’F 4q’1k’8b’vvdwx mk’0hk’oeS g;]kgvqkoE.ldj t4a’mu,j uI6I;qj 16mj k’0hk’F oEr5’j vvdDDD? T dkodtmq[7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;dtmq[.l0j hk’0v’vkj ’9tgxaoco;.fL XdkolqomtokoU [+9egxao8hv’lts^5[7egsao0v’oadIPo? @? 7.6 soh da IPoc8]j t7oq ldb lkgoNv.odPj ;d[a dkoxt8y[fa dyf9tde # .oc[[IPoD #? g]nvdgvqkoadIPovklklt\\ad # 7qo -j;p76xt8y[afdkomqf]v’lkmyf8k,dyf 9tde #D zh6vnjoM la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD $? .soh da IPo9eo;o|’bj ]kp’kozoq dkol’a gdf 3fp1kj ’|vh p.sh # 7oq wf]h kp’koD 67

&? 76I;j ,da[oadIPovtryxkpzqodyf9tde # grnjv.shlts^5[wfh;kj G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ T 0v’cs;^ md5 -tofy m[ju oa 9.5 ork-tot8kj ’MF ,oa dtm[q 7;k,foa .l0j kh ’0v’rk-tot T dkodtmq[7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;.lj0hk’0v’rk-tot1j6c8j]t95fmju,u7;k,l6’ 8jk’dao c,jo8jk’dao7nG 16j95fmju]tfa[oEl6’gmjqk.f Xoa[c8j95foAog4y’|hkoE? s^n g]ydgmqkj .f Xoa[c8|j hkoE]q’g4y’95foAo? c,oj 7;k,faodtmq[.lh0hk’rk-totd= pyj’.spgj mkqj oAo c]t dq’dao0hk,D T 7;k,faomju0v’cs^;dtmq[.lj0hk’0v’rk-tot[ao95 gIaf.shgduf,ucI’fao.lj 0hk’0v’rk-totF cI’fao9t.spj sn^ ohvp 0Boda[goNvmjumuj4ndfao XgoNvmjuohvp gduf,u7;k,fao.spj c]t dq’dao0hk,?D #D lqomtok];,g4y’dkooe.-h0v’cs^;dtmq[7;k,fao.ljrNo c]t 0hk’rk-tot[ao95D !? 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,dao lqomtok 3fp76vkf9t.-h7e4k,oe 8q;1kj ’G T .ofhkodko-qo]txtmkoF gryjolhk’/kp co;.fL phvospa’9b’j gIafco;oAoL T .odkolhk’g0jnvoF grjyolhk’laog0jnvo c]t 4ko0v’g0jnvoco;.fL gIafco; ooA grvnj sp’a L @? 76vtmy[kpdkooe.-hdjP;da[7;k,faodtmq[.ljrNo c]t 0hk’rk-tot[ao95.o8q; 9y’.shoadIPoIh69ad c]t g0Qk.9D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .98d+ [a dkoIPoD { dko,ul;j oI;j ,.odkogIfa dy9tdeD { 7;k,4nd8hv’ c]t ,ugsfzqo .odkovvd7egsaoD { dkocd[h fq g]dm.uj sgh xoa ;Pd[kh oD { zoq dkod;fdk[fq gdkqj .o-;jq 3,’IPo[fq 8+wxD 68

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{ 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[5^ G 8;q 1kj ’.o|v’,u xkmvuj kwloEgxoa cs’j^ m1uj Fj6 xkdoy rfn c]t lfa oEgxoa vkskoD ovdooA p’a 8vh ’dkovo5 str,6 c]t cl’DDD grvjn dkofe]’q -;u fy D { 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolqomtok grnjv.shlts^5[wfh;jkg0Qk.9djP;da[]t[q[oyg;f \\kpg4y’dkorq;raog-yj’dao c]t dao]ts;jk’d5j,lyj’mju,u-u;yfmjuvkwl16j.ocs^j’mju 1f6j P;dao c]t rq;raoda[l’yj c;f]hv, mu[j +,u-u;yfg-’yj ];,g0Qkdaogxao]t[q[|’bj D @D la’gdfI6[djP;da[vq’xtdv[0v’]t[q[oyg;f { 76.shoadIPola’gdfI6[m’qj ok c]h;[vd;kj .om’qj okxtdv[fh;pspa’cfLj { 76lqomtokda[oadIPoG .omq’j okxtdv[,u fyoF oEF cl’DDD rnf g-aoj G sphk8kj ’MF laf g-aoj G 7;kpF 8adc8oDDD { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[5^ .o]t[[q ogy ;f|’jb 9t8vh ’xtdv[f;h plv’v’q xtdv[roN 4ko7Gn d,j5 l’jy m,uj -u ;u fy c]t d,j5 0v’l’jy m[uj ,+ -u ;u fy D s’a^ 9kdooA .soh da IPog[’jy czo;kf v’q xtdv[]t[[q oyg;f8+wxoU grvnj .soh da IPog0kQ .9D 4hk9tg[’yj 37’lhk’0v’]t[q[oyg;fc]h; rkp.o]t[q[oyg;f|’bj Mxtdv[fh;pl’yj 8kj ’M f’ja oGU ]t[[q oyg;f ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ d,5j l’yj ,u-u;yf l’yj c;f]hv,mu[j +,u-u;yf d,5j l’yj ,u-u;yf \\kpg4y’ d,5j mu,j u-u;yf8kj ’M ly’j c;f]hv, \\kpg4y’vq’xtdv[ mvuj kwl1rj6 kp.o]t[[q ogy ;f vkf9t,|u ’jb m[uj +,-u ;u fy g-oja G vkdkfF cl’F oEF foy F -tofy sn^ sk^ pd;kj |’jb -tofy 0oB wxD cImj kfDDDgxoa 8oQ D { 76vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,;kj G ,to5f c,oj l;j o|’bj 0v’]t[q[oyg;f c]t ,udkogr’yj rkvq’ xtdv[8kj ’M0v’]t[q[oyg;f grnvj dkofe]q’-u;yfS 9eo;oxt-kdvogru,j 0Bo c]t dyf9tde8jk’M0v’,to5f]h;oc8j,ulj;omjugIaf.shgdufdkome]kp -a[rtpkdvo me,t-kf c]t ly’j c;f]hv,g-y’j gxaolkgsfmujgIaf.shglp7;k,f5ofPj ’0v’]t[q[ ogy ;fD f’ja ooA F r;dgIkq md5 7oq 8vh ’-;j pdoa Ida lk7;k,fo5 fPj ’0v’]t[[q ogy ;fmluj ,q [o6 w;.h s]h d6 s^ko8+wxD 79

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[qfmu @_ [qf[kf0v’lyj’mju,u-u;yf.o]t[q[oyg;f g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd[qf[kf0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yf.o]t[q[oyg;f @D vtmy[kp7;k,\\kp0v’z6hzt]yfF z6h[=]y3rd c]t z6hpvj plts^kp #D pqd8q;1kj ’z6hzt]yfF z6h[=]y3rd0Ao! F @ c]t 8+Mwx $D 0Po8vj ’3lvh ksko c]t czo;kflkp.pvksko 0v’lfa 8kj ’M mu,j udkor;q roa doa II. goNv.o8Qo8= .o]t[[q ogy ;f|’jb M vkf,lu ’jy m,uj -u ;u fy -tofy fP; sn^ sk^ p-tofy vkwl1Ij6 ;j ,doa F dko1Ij6 ;j ,ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ doa 0v’l’jy m,uj -u ;u fy f’ja dkj ; lk,kf9fa gxoa 37’xtdv[lkh ’mk’-;u trk[m,uj [u fq [kf c]t 7;k, le7aoc8d8kj ’daoD rnf gxaovkskog],uj 8Qo0v’l’yj ,u-u;yfF rnfgxaoz6hzt]yfvkskoD lyj’mju,u-u;yfmju[+lk,kflhk’vkskogv’wfh c8j8hv’vkwldyolyj’mju,u-u;yfvnjogxaovksko gvUo;kj z6h[=]y3rdD dko4kj pmvfrt]a’’ko9kdrnfl6lj afdyornf c]t l6lj afdyolaf gvUo;kj 8jv’3lhvkskoD .o]t[q[oyg;f|bj’M ,udko4jkpmvfrt]a’’kos^kpmyfmk’rk.shgduf,us^kp8jv’3lh vkskoF lyj’mju,u-u;yfmjugxao8jv’3lhvksko|bj’vkf9tgxaolj;o0v’vud8jv’3lhvkskovnjo s^n gxaolj;o0v’vuds^kpM8jv’3lhvksko gIqkgvUodkorq;rao0v’s^kpM8jv’3lhvkskooU;jk lkp.pvkskoD lyj’mju,u-u;yfmujgIaf|hkmujpjvp-kdlyj’mju,u-u;yfvnoj .shdkpgxaomkfmju9egxao8=dj ko9tg]uo g8u[.sp0j v’rnf gvUo;kj G z6hpjvplts^kpD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo [af7e s^n [afI6[rk[-n0j v’laf c]t rnf-toyf8kj ’MD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[z6hzt]yf { 768A’7e4k,G ly’j muj,u-u;yfwfhvksko,k9kd.lL { s’a^ 9kdooA 7.6 soh da IPogIfa dfy 9tde!G les;^ fvksko0v’lfa 3fp7c6 8,h 8k8t]k’ 8+wxoU.ldj tfkoc]h;.shoadIPo0Po-n0j v’lafF vkskoF cs^’j vksko0v’laf c8]j t 81

-toyf X,k9kdrnf s^n laf? .l.j o8k8t]k’ fa’j oUG -nlj af vkskomujdyo cs^j’muj,k0v’vksko |6F xkF g0QkDDD !D c,; rnf laf @D g0Qk |F6 xk #D $D &D { 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolts^5[G 9kddkolbdlk.o0=h,6o8k8t]k’gsao;kj laf[k’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ -tofy doy vksko7dn oa c]t [k’-tofy doy 8kj ’doa S vksko0v’lfa ,cu s’j^ ,k9kdrfn c]t 9kdlafS laf[k’-toyfd=dyoc8rj nf c]t [k’-toyfd=dyoma’rnf c]t lafgxao vkskoD { g;Qk];,c]h; rnfgxaovkskog]u,j 8Qo0v’ly’j ,u-u;yfoa[ma’laf c]t 7qoD rnflk,kf zt]yfvkskowfhfh;p8qogv’.ome,t-kf 3fpvkwlrt]a’’ko9kdcl’8kg;ao fa’j oAo rnf9b’j gxao z6hzt]yfD @D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[z6h[=]y3rdF 8jv’3lhvksko c]t lkp.pvksko { c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q { 761kp[afI6[laf sn^ -n0j v’laf .shd5,j ]txt,ko ({) [afgrnvj [vd;kj lafc8]j t-toyf fa’j dkj ;dyospa’gxaovksko c]t ,aopa’gxaovksko0v’laf-toyf.fvud c]t 0Po 8vj ’3lhvksko0v’laf 3fp9af]efa[8k, dko[=]y3rd0v’lafD { c8]j td,j5 ]kp’koF rvh ,m’a 0Po8vj ’3l0h v’vkskomduj ,5j 8oq wf7h oQ 7;kh .ldj tfkoD { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[ laf-toyf8kj ’Movd9kd9tdyornfgxaovkskoc]h; [k’-toyfpa’8hv’dyolafvnjovudDlyj’mju,u-u;yf.fmju[+lk,kflhk’vkskogv’wfhF r;d,oa 9egxoa 8vh ’wfIh [a vksko9kddkodoy l’jy ,-u ;u fy vojn gvoU ;kj z[h6 ]= 3y rdD z[h6 ]= 3y rd ,udkodyo8+doa gxoa ]ef[a 7n z[h6 =]y3rdvoa f[a !F @ c]t 8+Mwxdkpgxoa 8vj ’3lhvkskoD { 7o6 erkoda IPolts[^5 dPj ;d[a 8vj ’3lvh ksko.ldj tfko c];h oerkoda IPoloq mtok grnvj oewxl76j ;k,g-nvj ,3p’0v’s^kpM8vj ’3lh c]t lhk’gxaoczo;kf0v’lkp.p vkskoD { 76vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,.shoadIPog0Qk.9;kj .o]t[q[oyg;f |b’j M ,udko4kj pmvfrt]a’ ’kos^kpmyfmk’rk.sgh duf,us^kp8vj ’3lvh kskoD l’yj mu,j u-u;yf mugj xoa 8vj ’3lvh ksko 82

|’jb vkf9tgxoa l;j o0v’vud8vj ’3lvh kskovonj s^n gxoa vudl;j o|’jb 0v’s^kpM8vj ’3lh vkskogIqkgvUoG dkorq;rao0v’s^kpM8vj ’3lhvkskooU;kGj lkp.pvkskoD #D lqomtok];,djP;da[z6hpjvplts^kp 768A’7e4k,G T rnfF laf c]t 7qomuj8kpwxc]h; wx16.j lL T .o]t[q[oyg;f 4hk[+,uly’j muj,u-u;yffa’j dkj ; c]h;9tgxaoco;.fL { 76.shoadIPola’gdfI6[ @_D& z6hpvj plts^kp c]h;.shoadIPovtmy[kp { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[G .o]t[[q ogy ;f|’jb M g,vjn l’jy m,uj -u ;u fy 8kpc];h 9t,du kogokjq gxvjn pzr5 ’a wx ooA dp= vh o;kj ,u l’jy m,uj -u ;u fy vojn vdu mguj Ifa |kh mpuj vj p-kdl’jy m,uj -u ;u fy gsk^jq ooA .sdh kpgxoa mkfm9uj egxoa 8+dko9tg]uog8u[380v’rnf g-y’j gvUo;kj G z6hpjvplts^kpD z6hpvj plts^kp,u16mj 5dsqo cs’j .ooEF vkdkf c]t fyoD g-aoj G 9er;d95]t-u[F gsafDDD .o]t[q[oyg;f 4hk[+,uz6hpvj plts^kp c]h;3]d0v’gIqkd=9tg8a,wxfh;p-kdrnfF laf c]t 7qomu[j +gokqj gxvnj p c]t fyod=9tglvnj ,ltrk[D X76c8h,czo;kf8+wxoUgrvnj .shoadIPog0Qk.98,nj ?D rt]’a ’ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດz[h6 ]= 3y rd zzh6 t]fy -kdglf rnf c]t laf mkfvtoq’7tmkf z6hpvj plts^kpmkfvq’7tmkf V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkol’a gdf7;k,loq .9D { 7;k,g0kQ .9.odkogIfa dyf9tdeD { dkovtm[y kp.odko7oQ 7;kh d,j5 { dko0Po8vj ’3lhvksko c]t dko8v[7e4k,D 83

[qfmu #W dkorq;rao0v’lyj’mju,u-u;yfmju16jIj;,dao g;]k ! -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D vtmy[kpdkorq;rao0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yf-toyffP;D @D vtmy[kpdkorq;rao0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yf s^kp-toyfmu1j I6j ;j ,daoD #D pdq 8;q 1kj ’dkor;q roa 0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yfc8]j tc[[D II. goNv.o8Qo8= lyj’mju,u-u;yf16Ij j;,dao,udkorq;raog-y’j dao c]t daofh;p s^kpI6[c[[7nGdko16jIj;,dao c[[wfIh [a xt3spfoedoa D dko1Ij6 ;j ,doa c[[gr’jy rkvkwldoa F dko1Ij6 ;j ,doa c[[gvvjn pv’u gdvN d6oF dko1I6j ;j ,daoc[[dk/kdF dko1I6j ;j ,daoc[[cd’j cph’dao c]t dko1I6j ;j ,daoc[[dko ]kj gpvjn D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I[6 rk[dkor;q roa 0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yf IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[dkorq;rao0v’lyj’mju,u-u;ufmjuvkwl16jIj;,dao 768A’7e4k,G T ly’j muj,u-u;yf16Ij ;j ,daoovd9kd9t,udkorq;raodao.ofhko8vj ’3lhvksko c]h; pa’,u dkor;q roa doa c[[.fvudL { 76.shoadIPogIafdyf9tde la’gdfI6[.oxB,c[[IPo c]h;8v[7e4k,G T l’yj mu,j u-u;yf-toyf fP;doa 1Ij6 ;j ,doa .j oI[6 ,udkor;q roa doa co;.fL zoq fu c]t zoq glp 0v’dkorq;rao daogxaoco;.fL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[G { l’jy m,ju -u ;u fy -tofy fP;doa mvuj kwl1Ij6 ;j ,doa gxoa d,j5 vkf,mu ’a zoq fu c]t zoq glpD zoq fdu 7= Gn dkolhk’7;k,g0A,c0’ c]t 7;k,xvfwrrkp.od5,j c]t zqoglp7nG vkfgduf 7;k,0afcph’govnj ’9kd0kfc7ovksko s^n c0’j 0ao7;k,gxao.sprj kp.od,5j D 84

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D la’gdfI6[dkorq;rao]ts;jk’lyj’mju,u-u;yf-toyf8jk’dao { 76.shoadIPolbdlkdyf9tde!G lyj’mju,u-u;yfs^kp-toyf16jIj;,dao,udkorq;raodao co;.fL { 76 pdq 8;q 1kj ’lfa -tofy 8kj ’M m1uj Ij6 ;j ,doa c];h .soh da IPo[vd;kj lfa f’ja dkj ; ,du kor;q roa doa c[[.fL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[G dko16Ij ;j ,dao0v’ly’j muj,u-u;yfs^kp-toyf .ocs^’j muj 1fj6 P;doa ,udkor;q roa doa s^kpI[6 c[[ g-oja G T wfzh oq xt3spfoedoa D T gr’jy rkvkwldoa T gvvjn pv’u gdvN do6 T dk/kd T cd’j cp’h doa T ]kj gpvjn V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkovtm[y kp { pdq 8;q 1kj ’dkor;q roa 0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yf8k,I[6 c[[8kj ’M { dko8v[7e4k, !D odq d[a 8oQ w,,h udkor;q roa doa c[[.fL @D c,mj vh ’1.j6 oIkj ’dkp0v’7oq gxoa dkor;q roa c[[.fL #D 4hkoadIPo1I6j ;j ,da[7qovonj 8qogv’7yf;kj 1kd ,udkorq;raodao c[[.fL 85

[qfmu #! xafw9oyg;f,uzqoltmhvo8+Ijk’dkpmju,u-u;yf g;]k @ -qj;3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vdxafw98kj ’M mu,j u8+Ikj ’dkp0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yfD @D mfq ]v’rylf6 xfa w9mu,j uzoq ltmvh o8+Ikj ’dkp0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yfD #D pqd8q;1kj ’ dkoxa[8q;0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yfD $D [vdgsfzoq 0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yf.odkox[a 8;q D II. goNv.o8Qo8= xafw9muj9egxaole]a[Ikj ’dkp,u-u;yfwfhcdGj oEF vkdkfF cl’F v5ostr6, DDDD ly’j muj,u-u;yf ,u7;k,8hv’dkoxafw98kj ’daoD l’yj mu,j u-u;yf,udkoxa[8q;grvnj 7;k,1]6j vfD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { rnfF d;f1k’F fyoF oED { I[6 rk[mduj Pj ;0vh ’d[a [fq IPoD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[xafw9mju9egxao8+Ijk’dkp0v’lyj’mju,u-u;yf { 768A’7e4k,G ,uxafw9spa’cfj muj9egxao8+Ikj ’dkpmuj,u-u;yfL { 7.6 soh da IPol’a gdfI[6 |v’oE.oxB,c[[IPo c];h 8v[ 7e4k,G T .o|v’,uly’j muj,u-u;yf-toyf.f vkwl16Lj T ly’j muj,u-u;yf.o|v’ ,udkorq;raodao s^n [+ co;.fL T ]adltot0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yfvkwl1.6j o|v’gxaoco;.fL T ltrk[0v’oE gxaoco;.fL { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[5^ 4kh oE0oj5 cl’9t[l+ k,kflvj ’wfgh ]dy D ltooA F g,vjn oE.l cl’d=9tlvj ’zkj owx.ooEwfhg]yd c]t rnf16rj NooE d=lk,kflhk’vkskowfhfuD 86

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D 7Qo7;hkdj5,djP;da[xafw9oEF cl’lts;jk’ c]t v5ostr6, { c[’j oadIPovvdgxao # d5j,F c8]j td5j,7Qo7;hk 7nG d5j, ! oEmu,j uzqo8+rnf d5,j @ cl’muj,u8+rnf d5,j # v5ostr6,muj,u8+rnf c]t laf { c8]j td,j5 ]kp’ko { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[ rnfc8]j t-toyf8hv’dkocl’[+7ndao [k’-toyf8hv’dkocl’s^kpF [k’-toyf8hv’dko cl’|hvp g-’yj gIqk9tgsaornf[k’-toyflk,kfx6d1.6j oI,qj d=lk,kf9tg]uog8u[.spwj fhD ]tfa[7;k,g0A,0v’cl’g\\ktlq,da[rnfc8]j t-toyfD dkop5[ c]t [ko0v’fvdw,h c]t .[w,dh 0= oB d[a cl’D dkov[q rtp[q D dkosoa mfy 0v’8oQ w,h g-oja G 8oQ fvd8kg;oa c]t g[ph w,h c,oj grvjn xojy skcl’DDD lfa -tofy 8kj ’M 8vh ’dkocl’c8d8kj ’doa 8;q 1kj ’G xk roN gd[u 8k,xdq dt8cy ];h 9tvvd w0.j ogfnvo85]kc84j hkwfhIa[cl’1kj ’g\\ktlq, d=lk,kfvvdw0.j ogfnvoly’skwfhD g\\Aomtg] vtw;pt;tlkh ’9]5 ’a l[n roa ,du ko0tspkp8;q .spj g,vjn gfvn og8,a f;’F gmkq mtg] lou E8ko9tlkh ’ 9]5 ’a ln[roa g,vnj g4y’gfnvogr’a D l’yj mu,j u-u;yf c8]j t-toyflk,kf1w6j fh.ov5ostr6,mujg\\ktlq,da[-toyf0v’,aogv’D .ocs’j^ oEF vo5 str,6 9t[x+ Pj ocx’sk^ pxko.fF g4’y 9tc,oj ]tf|6 k; oEd[= c+ 0’8;q \\fq oE1mj6 k’rNod=p’a gxoa mu1j vj6 kwl0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yfwfDh v5ostr6,16j[qd9t,udkoxjPocx’s^kpd;jk.ooEF laf c]t rnf lj;os^kp9egxao 8hv’s^q[s^ud8+dkoxPj ocx’fa’j dkj ;g-y’j gvUo;kj dko9elyo lafg]nvfg1aol;j os^kp,udko2ad8q; g,vjn vkdkf|k; 3fps[q^ sdu^ 1.j6 8dh vh osou F 8k,Ivpc8d sn^ decr’ 8;q 1kj ’G dtxv,F ’F6 99ju Ph ,DDD laf[k’-toyfs^q[|uwx16cj s’j vnoj 8q;1kj ’G oqdD l;j ornf ,ad9t2ad8q;.oI6[c[[ 0v’g,afF cdoj c]t ltx=D #D lkmyfdkox6drnf.od;f9e]v’ { 7c6 otoe;ymudkoxd6 rnf.od;f9e]v’ { 9kdooA cotoeoda IPowxxt8[y fa dfy 9tde;Pd[kh o rvh ,m’a [oa mdb c8]j t;oa grvjn ,k ]kp’ko8k,7e4k,f’ja oUG !D g,nvj gvqkd;fwxxtw;h @ ;aoF 9tgdufspa’0Bo.od;fL 87

@D ly’j mujgduf0BooAo,k9kd.lL c]t gduf0hbo wfhco;.fL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #D l’jy m,uj -u ;u fy .od;f 8vh ’dkoxfa w9sp’a cfj .odko9tg]ou g8[u 38 c]t wf,h k9kd.lL $D s^a’9kdxyfd;fw;hxt,ko ! vkmyf rnf.od;f9tgxaoco;.fL grktgsf.fL &D lts^5[dkorq;rao0v’ly’j muj,u-u;yf da[ly’j c;f]hv, .od;fwfhco;.fL *D skdxP[3]d0v’gIqk da[l;o9e]v’.od;f 9tgxaoco;.fL V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkogIfa dyf9tde { dkogIfa ;Pd[kh o { dko8v[7e4k,G !D rnf8hv’dkoxafw9.fcf.j odkofe]q’-u;yfL @D ly’j muj,u-u;yf fe]q’-u;yf.oltrk[c;f]hv,wfhco;.fL 88

[qfmu #@ dkorq;rao]ts;jk’lyj’muj,u-u;yfda[lyj’c;f]hv,muj[+,u-u;yf g;]k ! -qj;3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’xt-kdvoD @D vtmy[kplkgsfmurj k.sxh t-kdvoxPj ocx’D #D 7yfw]7j ;k,|kc|oh 0v’xt-kdvo.o[=]yg;o.f|’jb D $D [vdzoq dtm[q 9kddkogr,ju 0oB 0v’xt-kdvoD II. goNv.o8Qo8= lyj’mju,u-u;yf vkwl16j.olt4komjufP;dao .ow]ptg;]k.f|bj’ gvUo;jk xt-kdvoD 7;k,|kc|ho0v’xt-kdvo gIqklk,kf7yfw]j8k,l6f7n gvqk9eo;oxt-kdvoma’\\qf.o goNvmuj s^n [=]y,kfmujdeoqfsko.sh 9eo;ogoNvmuj s^n [=]y,kfD g,vnj xt-kdvogr,uj 0Bo9tl’qj zqodtmq[8+-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfF l’yj c;f]hv,F oE c]t l05 trk[0v’7oq gIkq D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { w,h[aomafcmd[=]yg;omulj es^;f { 4q’1k’grnvj gda[8q;1kj ’ rnf c]t lafD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[7;k,\\kp0v’xt-kdvo { 7.6 soh da IPogIfa dfy 9tdeG l’a gdfI[6 rk[c];h 8v[7e4k,;kj .oI[6 ooA ,lu ’yj m,uj -u ;u fy -toyf.fcfvj kwl16j c]t lt4komuj16.j lL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[ ly’j muj,u-u;yf vkwl16.j olt4komujfP;dao .ow]ptg;]k.f|b’j gvUo;kj xt-kdvoD 8q;1jk’G xt-kdvo7qo.o8q;g,nv’F xt-kdvo3I’IPoF xt-kdvo8Qolk]uF xt-kdvo 8da c8oDDD 89

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