ວິທະຍາສາດ ທຳມະຊາດ_NASCI_ ຄູ່ມື

76j,n76 ;ymtpklkfme,t-kf -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu $ IP[IP’3fpG rvo9ao 7e[5orao lD;Dl 7tot;ymtpklkf ,D- IlDfiD 7er5f rq,,tlvo 7tot;ymtpklkf ,D- 7totlbdlklkf ,D- ;kflt|k 7e;q’lk 7tot;ymtpklkf ,D- rtoad’ko[eoko l6omvo cl’l5]ypt;q’ rtoad’ko[eoko lD;Dl 7ervo 9aofk;q’ lD;Dl dq,,afmtpq,lbdlk lults;kj ’ ;ymtw- ,Dl ;P’9ao ,Dl ,yf8trk[]k;{s;Pf f;’xu l5me,t;q’ lD;Dl lD;Dl [5o3I, oaomt;q’ lD;Dl lD;Dl graflt\\vo lu[5ogInv’ lD;Dl lD;Dl ,t3olyo ,klt;q’fu ;q’graf s^;’w- lurao v5fmt9ad d;fcdh3fpG mv’cdh; vklk rvo9ao 7e[5orao ry,g0Qk|hk3fpG 9aomtw] gdufs^hk lumv’ xjkw9-qj’ ;ycvaf cdoj rt9ao [ko.9 ,k]k;q’ 3fpdkoIj;,,nd;fzjko9kdG s5,rao 0aomt;u lD;Dl [ko.9 ,k]k;q’ lD;Dl w-ptdvo xaopkmv’ lD;Dl [5ozq’ lu]kgff lD;Dl lumv’ xkj w9-q’j lD;Dl ;ycvaf cdoj rt9ao lD;Dl mk lvograf lD;Dl [5o-6 ,kf,toulvo -Pj ;-ko37’dko dt-;’lbdlkmydko c]t dy]k lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk 2013



7eoe lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk wfIh [a dko,v[\\kp9kddt-;’ldb lkmdy ko.sh rfa mtoksda^ lf6 F x,B c[[IPoF x,B 7,6j 7n 6 c]t ldnj koIPo{dkolvovonj M3fpltgrktc,oj llnj ’yj r,y muj .-xh tdv[dkoIPo{dkolvo le][a dkoldb lklk,oa grnvj l’jq glu,dkoIPo{dkolvo.sgh xoa wx 8k,s^adl6f c]t [ao]5wfh8k,95fxtlq’0v’sa^dl6fD xB,76j,n;y-k;ymtpklkfme,t-kf-Ao,afmtpq,8Qoxumuluj X,D $? sq;oU wfhIP[IP’0Bbo3fp mu,’korafmtokxB,c[[IPo c]t 7,6j n76;y-k;ymtpklkfme,t-kf 8k,sa^dl6fxt8yI6[dko lbdlklt[a[lhk’0Bo.oxu @WW_D 95fxtlq’grjnv.sh76.-hgxaoco;mk’le]a[dko9afdkoIPo{ dkolvo ;y-k;ymtpklkfme,t-kf.sh[ao]5wfh8k,95fxtlq’muj;k’w;h.osa^dl6fD goNv.o0v’xB,76,j n76sq;oU];,,uG 7ecotoe];,dPj ;da[;ymudkolyflvo;y-k;ymtpklkf me,t-kfle]a[-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk8vo8QoF 7ecotoedPj ;da[dkolvoc8]j tgoNv.o[qfIPo mu]j t[.5 os^adlf6 D f’ja ooha F grnvj .sdh kolvoc8]j tgoNv.o.swh fIh [a zoq fuF dvj ofegouodkolvo786 vh ’ ldb lk7oQ 7;kh 9f5 xtl’q 0v’dkoIPodkolvogovN .oooah .sgh 0khq .91kj ’g]dy g-’yj ;kj dkolvogovN .o oAogrnjv.shoadIPowfhspa’ c]t wfh.o]tfa[.fD ;ymudkolyflvoc8]j tgoNv.omujltg|uw;h.oxB,76,j n76sq;oU [+.sh764n;kj gxao;ymumujlq,[6oc[[ c8.j sh4n;kj gxaorP’;ymu|bj’.os^kp;ymulvomujgsao;kj 9twfhzqogmqkj oAoD fa’j oAoF g;]klvo8q;9y’ 3fpvu’.lgj ’nvj ow0]tf[a 7;k,I[a I06h v’oda IPoF 9eo;ooda IPo8+svh ’F g’nvj ow0vx5 tdvomu,j u s^n skwfh .s7h z6 l6h vox[a xPj o;my lu vo.sgh \\ktl,q d[a g’vnj ow08;q 9’y dPj ;d[a oda IPo c]t vx5 tdvom,uj u 0v’8qooAoD c8gj 4y’1kj ’.fd=fuF ;ymulyflvomuj.-hoAo d=8hv’gxao;ymumujlq’j glu,dko,ul;j oI;j ,0v’ oda IPo.odko7oQ sk7;k,I36h fp380v’oda IPogv’.ssh ^kpgmkjq m9uj ts^kpwfDh xB,76j,n76sq;oU cooj vo;kj 9t,us^kp1kj ’muj[+cmfg\\kt c]t zyfrkf16js^kp1kj ’D fa’j oAoF mu,’kozh6IP[IP’9bj’0=7;k,I;j ,,n9kd76vk9ko c]t zh6mujwfhvkj oF wfhoe.-hma’s^kp 4hkgsao [aosk.f[+cmfg\\kt s^n zyfrkf dt]5oklq’j 7e7yf7egsaowxpa’lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk grjnv9twfhgda[degvqk7egsao0v’r;dmjkow;hgxao0h=,6omujfule]a[dkofafcdh c]t x[a x’5 .sfh u0Bo.ovtok7fq D lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk s;’a 1kj ’p’yj ;kj x,B s;q o9U tgxoa xt3spf le][a 76z6hlvo.odko9afdkoIPo{dkolvo .sh[ao]5wfh8k,95fxtlq’ c]t gxaolj;o|jb’0v’dko rafmtok7;k,Ih6 c]t madlt0t[;odko;ymtpklkf.shcdoj adIPoD lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk

lk]t[ko ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ |hk rkdmu I G dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’Ijk’dkp,to5f .................6 [qfmu ! G dkog8u[.spj c]t dkoxPj ocx’0v’Ikj ’dkpw;|,5j .......................6 [fq mu @ G ]t[[q ln[roa ..................................................................................10 [qfmu # G dkogduf]6d c]t dko;k’czo7v[7q;..........................................13 [qfmu $ G rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao Xr8r? ............................................... 16 [qfmu & G dkolq’j glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf ........................................... 21 rkdmu IIG dkoxjPocx’mkf8jk’M ..........................................................24 [fq mu * G xt8dy ]y py kg7,u .............................................................................24 [fq mu ( G lf6 g7,u ........................................................................................ 29 [qfmu ) G l,q zoq g7,u ...................................................................................32 [qfmu _ G vqd-uc-o c]t vqd-yffk-q’.......................................................... 35 [qfmu !W G I3u fic-o ...................................................................................41 rkdmu IIIG dtclw22hkdq’ .......................................................................... 45 [qfmu !! G dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’dtclw22hkF zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk c]t 7;k,8hkow22hk0v’lkpS dqfgdo3v, ................................ 45 [qfmu !@ G 8volkp8+]Podao c]t 8+0t|kodao ............................................ 48 [qfmu !# G 7;k,8hkow22hk0Boda[7;k,pk;F goNvm|uj hk8af c]t mkfmguj Iaf lkpoew22kh ...............................................................................51 [fq mu !$ G g7vnj ’8kh ow22kh xPj o7kj c]t g7vnj ’8kh ow22kh .og8da oyd ................. 54 [qfmu !& G de]a’w22hkF rt]a’’kow22hk c]t cI’’kodtclw22hk .............. 57 [fq mu !* G dfq gdo1o6 {c]ol .........................................................................60 [fq mu !( G dko.-wh 22kh m4uj nd8vh ’..................................................................62 rkdmu IVG oEF vk-yfF [kg-u c]t gdnv..................................................... 65 [qfmu !) G oE .............................................................................................. 65 [qfmu !_ G vk-yf.......................................................................................... 68 [fq mu @W G [kg-u...........................................................................................72 [fq mu @! G gdvn ............................................................................................. 77

rkdmu VG w22hkc,jgsa^d .............................................................................81 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ [qfmu @@ G m’jq c,gj s^da ...................................................................................81 [fq mu @# G m’jq c,gj s^ad0v’dtclw22kh .......................................................... 85 [qfmu @$ G dko8yfc,gj sa^d c,gj s^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c,gj s^ad ................... 89 [fq mu @&G 3,g8wu 22kh dtcld’q .....................................................................92 [fq mu @* G dkoltmvh oc,gj sd^a w22kh ............................................................. 95 rkdmu VIG w22hkdtcllts^a[ ..................................................................... 98 [qfmu @( G dkodegouf c]t [qf[kf0v’w22hkdtcllts^a[ .......................... 98 [fq mu @) G 3,g8uw22kh dtcllts^[a ................................................................100 [qfmu @_ G 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hklts^a[ .....................102 [qfmu #W G \\=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolq’j w22hkwxwd ...........................................104 rkdmu VIIG g]o ......................................................................................... 107 [qfmu #! G g]oF g]ol;fF g]os^5[ ................................................................ 107 [fq mu #@ G v’q xtdv[mluj e7oa 0v’g]o ......................................................... 110 [fq mu ## G ]da ltot0v’cl’zkj og]o ......................................................... 113 [fq mu #$ G I[6 0v’;fa 4z5 kj og]ol;f ........................................................... 116 [fq mu #& G I[6 0v’;fa 4z5 kj og]os[5^ ............................................................. 118 [fq mu #* G dkogdfu I[6 gm’y 2,u .odvh ’4kj pI[6 ............................................... 121 [qfmu #( G 8k c]t dkog[y’j gsao ................................................................ 123 [qfmu #) G cl’0k;F cl’lu c]t dkocpdcl’lu0k;................................. 127 [qfmu #_ G lu0v’;af45 ................................................................................. 129 [qfmu $WG xt3spf c]t zqoglp0v’cl’................................................... 132 rkdmu VIIIG mkfvq’7tmkf c]t mkfvtoq’7tmkf ............................ 135 [qfmu $! G mkfvq’7tmkf .......................................................................... 135 [qfmu $@ G mkfvtoq’7tmkf...................................................................... 139 rkdmu IXG dko4jkpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao .................................... 143 [fq mu $# G 37i3,3-, ................................................................................ 143 [fq mu $$ G dkoc[’j 9]5 ’a c[[Ida lk ............................................................ 146 [qfmu $& G dkoc[’j 9]5 ’a 3fpmk’d’q ............................................................ 148 [fq mu $* G 7;k,zyfxdq dt8y0v’37i3,3-, ................................................. 152

[fq mu $( G dfq gdodkol[n g-vN 0v’mkj o,’a cf] ............................................ 154 [qfmu $) G c-o c]t dko7;[75,dkoltcf’vvd0v’c-o........................ 157 rkdmu XG dkoxjPoI6[ c]t Iadlkrt]a’’ko ....................................... 159 [fq mu $_ G rt]’a ’koI[6 8kj ’M ................................................................... 159 [fq mu &W G dkoxPj oI[6 rt]’a ’ko ............................................................... 164 [fq mu &! G dkozt]fy rt]’a ’kow22kh ......................................................... 166 [fq mu &@ G dkooe.-rh t]’a ’ko .................................................................. 171 rkdmu XIG dkooe.-hmkfg7,u.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5f................... 173 [qfmu &# G 7;k,dhk;|hk c]t [qf[kf0v’mkfg7,u ................................... 173 [qfmu &$ G vao8t]kp0v’mkfg7,u.o-u;yfxt9e;ao...................................... 178 [qfmu && G dkooe.-hmkfg7,umu4j nd8hv’ c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkl’yj c;f]hv, .. 181 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

7ecotoe];, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ID 95fxtlq’0v’dkoIPo{dkolvo;y-k;ymtpklkfme,t-kf le]a[ -Ao,afmtpq,8vo8Qo 95fxtlq’0v’sa^dl6f;ymtpklkf-Ao,afmtpq,8vo8Qo grnvj -;j pz6hIPo,u7;k,I6hF 7;k, g0Qk.9goNv.o;ymtpklkfrNo4koF dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’;ymtpklkfF g8ad3o3]1u c]t la’7q,S rafmtokmadlt0t[;odkomk’;ymtpklkf lk,kfIPo8+-Ao,afmtpq,8voxkpF 3I’IPo ;y-k-u[0Ao8Qo c]t oegvqk7;k,Ih6mujwfhIPowx.-h.odkocdh[aosk.o-u;yfxt9e;aowfhgxaozqoD 95fxtlq’c8]j tfhko,uf’aj oUG fhko7;k,I6hG { I6h c]t g0Qk.90AorNo4kodPj ;da[goNv.oG 2u-ydlkfF g7,ulkfF -u;tlkf c]t ;ymt pklkfdPj ;d[a 3]dD { I6h c]t g0Qk.9dPj ;da[;ymudkoF 0Ao8vo0v’dko7Qo7;hk c]t cdh[aoskmk’;ymt pklkfD fhko7;k,lk,kfG { IPo8+-Ao,afmtpq,8voxkp c]t 3I’IPo;y-k-u[0Ao8Qo8kj ’MD { 7oQ 7yf8fa lyo.9.odkocd[h oa sk1kj ’,u;ywlmfa ;ymtpklkfD { oe.-7h ;k,I6mh wuj fhI[a 9kddkoIPo g0kQ .odko7Qo7;kh c]t cdh[aosk.o-u;yfxt9e ;ao c]t .odkoxtdv[vk-u[wfhgxaozqoD { 7yfw]xj t]y,ko8kj ’M8k,lf6 rNo4koD fhkomafltot7t8yG { -kj ’7yfF -kj ’lq’wlF ./Ij 6hF vqfmqoF xtfyflhk’F ,u;ywoDDD { 7yf c]t 8aflyo.91kj ’,ugsfzqoD { I[a Ilh6 kpleroa ]ts;kj ’;my tpklkf0tc|’dko8kj ’M c]t lkpleroa ]ts;kj ’ ;ymtpklkfF g8ad3o3]1u c]t la’7q,D { gsao75o7kj ;ymtpklkfF -a[rtpkdvome,t-kfDDD { gIaf;Pd s^n cdh[aoskgxao]t[q[0Ao8voD 1

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III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { I6[rk[.oc[[IPo;ymtpklkfme,t-kf ,D$ { |a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t gvdtlkovnoj Mmudj Pj ;0hv’D { 3xlg88u kj ’Mmdju Pj ;roa d[a govN .o[fq IPoD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok\\qfshv’djP;da[dkog8u[.spj { py’ c]t -kp ,udkog8u[.sp7j nco;.fL 7ndao s^n 8kj ’daoL 4hk8kj ’dao,uco;.fL @D xt8y[af8q;9y’djP;da[7;k,c0’cI’0v’Ijk’dkppy’ c]t -kp { gIqk9t,u;ymumqflv[7;k,c0’cI’0v’py’ c]t -kpco;.fL Xfb’g-nvdF ,afc0o c]t vonj M?D lts^[5 G 7;k,c0’cI’0v’py’ c]t -kpc8d8kj ’doa D 7;k,c0’cI’ mk’Ikj ’dkp0v’-kps^kpd;kj py’F rhv,daooAogrf-kp c]t py’d=,u 7;k,lqo.9 c8d8kj ’dao c]t vnoj MD #D 7Qo7;hkd5j,dkoxjPocx’ c]t dkoxa[8q;0v’Ijk’dkp py’ c]t -kp { c[’j oadIPovvdgxao @ d5j, py’ c]t -kp8kj ’daoD { 7oQ 7;hk8k,7e4k,f’aj oUG !D w;|,j5 xtg-uod[a dkoxPj ocx’fkh o.fcfLj @D dkoxPj ocx’f’ja dkj ;,uzoq dtm[q 8+-u;yf7nco;.fL #D oda IPor[q [oa sk-u;yffkh o.fs^kpmluj f5 L $D 4hkoadIPorq[[aoskfhko.f|’bj 9t,u;ymucdhw0 s^n xa[8qogv’co;.fL 4hkxbdlk9txbd lk.zL &D oda IPo7;oIej IPogvkq ]da ltotofy wlmfju .u fcfLj X7e4k,o8U vh ’.soh da IPomd5 d,j5 wfh 7oQ 7;kh ?D { .szh 86h k’|kh d,j5 0Bo]kp’koD oda IPod,j5 vonj xtdv[7egsoa D { 786 ’A 7e4k,rkps’a^ 9[q dko]kp’koG oda IPop’y c]t oda IPo-kp,du koxPj ocx’ 7kh p7dn oa [L= ,vu oa .f8kj ’doa 3fp.soh da IPowfch ]dxPj odoa c]t 9t,du kox[a 8;q 8g+ sf dkof’aj dkj ;oAoco;.fL oadIPo9txt8y[afwfh[+L { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[8k,7e4k, c]t lq,mq[.oxB,c[[IPoD *D .s7h o6 erkoda IPog/ydmda ltdkollnj ko{gxoa zg6h ;kQ mfuj u c]t gxoa z26h ’a mfuj uD 7

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768A’7e4k,g9kt9U,G ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { zg6h ;kQ ,7u ;k,Ilh6 db co;.f g,vjn wfgh ;kQ 8k,lt[kp 3fp.-,h n c]t mkj mwu xrvh ,doa c]t z26h ’a ,u7;k,Ilh6 db co;.fg,vnj wf4h k,7noD 76la’];,7no # 0Ao8vofa’j oUG !? .odkoloq mtok8kj ’/kj p8kj ’g;kQ 3fp[+,.u z2’a 9tgIfa .sdh koloq mtok[+wfIh [a zoq D @? .odkoloq mtokzg6h ;kQ [+wf.h -mh kj mk’xtdv[ c]t z26h ’a [+wf4h k,F zg6h ;kQ [+wfvh tm[y kp [aoskg]ydg-’yj c]t zh62a’[+lk,kfg0Qk.9wfh1kj ’]tvPfD #? c80j Ao8vomu # .odkolqomtokskdzh6g;Qkwfhxt8y[af8qo8k,lt[kpF wfh.-hmkj mk’ vtm[y kpwxoe 9tgIfa .s,h 7u ;k,ltf;dm9ju tvtm[y kpF l;j oz26h ’a lk,kf8’A 7e4k, g9kt9U,wfh -;j p.sgh 0khq .9[oa skwffh u 4nd8vh ’ c]t -fa g9oD f’ja ooA F gIkq 9tgsoa wf;h kj G dkolljn komfju 8u vh ’,du koxtlkodoa m’a lv’mk’ ]ts;kj ’zg6h ;kQ c]t z26h ’a rvh ,m’a .-hmafltotmkj muxtdv[D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkogIfa ;Pd.od,j5 F { dkovvd7egsao c]t 7;k,lqo.9D { 8v[7e4k,mkh p[fq IPoD 7;k,Igh6 r,ju g8,u G { vkf,uoadIPolqo.9G dkog8u[.spjoE|ad9t7q’muj1j6vkp5 @W xuF c8jdkp @W xu d=,u[k’7qooE|advkfgruj,0BovudF oAoc,jophvodkoIa[xtmkovkskos^kpd;jk 7;k,8vh ’dko0v’Ikj ’dkp c]t g,vnj vkpg5 r,uj 0Bodkoltl,q vksko .oIkj ’dkp 9ts^kp0oB D { dkog8u[.sp0j tspkp8;q 0v’py’ c]t -kpmluj ’a gdfgsoa rkpovd9eo;o|’bj G T vkp5 * gfvn o gfda wfIh [a dkogvkq .9.l]j Ph ’f96 kdr+c,1j kj ’.d-h fy gIfa .s]h d6 ,lu 05 trk[ c0’cI’fu c]t .spwj ;D T vkp5 @{$ xuIkj ’dkpc0’cI’F xkdg;QkwfhF c]oj F ,u7;k,1kdI6hF 1kdgsaoF 1kdwfhF ,ad,u7e4k, c]t IPdIhv’7;k,lqo.99kdr+c,Dj T vkp5 *{_ xuw]ptoUc,jodyos^kp c]t ovos^a[fuD g,njvdhk;g0Qkl6jw;|5j,lk; ,udkoxPj ocx’mk’fhkoIkj ’dkp 3fpltgrkt|hk ,u8,5j ly; c]t vnoj MD T vkp5 !!{@$ xu c,oj w]ptmugj xao|5,j lk; ,udkoxPj ocx’s^kp1kj ’D T 7;k,c8d8kj ’0v’py’ c]t -kpmugj saowfh9kdrkpovd,uG -q’zq,F |hk8kF -kp,u |;fF 7=svpF oq,F lt3rdF vtw;pt;tgrf c]t ovdoAopa’,udkoxPj ocx’fhko vk]q, c]t 9yf.9vnoj MD 9

[qfmu @ ]t[q[ln[rao g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D vtmy[kpl;j oxtdv[ c]t |hkmu0j v’]t[q[ln[raoD @D vtmy[kpdko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’D #D [vdrtpkfm,ju da gdfu 0oB d[a ]t[[q l[n roa D $D xt8y[[af1kj ’4nd8hv’dPj ;da[dkoIadlkvtokw,vtw;pt;tgrfD II. goNv.o8Qo8= dkoIPoIh6 c]t me7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[vtw;pt;tgrf gxaolyj’9egxaole]a[m5d7qo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ grnjvlk,kfoewx.-hgxaoxt3spfg0Qk.o-u;yfxt9e;ao c]t xt8y[af8qo.sh4nd8hv’ma’gdufzqo fucdlj 05 trk[vudf;h pD dkol[n roa gxoa 0t[;odkofe]’q 7’q 106j v’l’jy m,ju -u ;u fy grvjn [.+ slh o6 roa D vtw;pt;t mlju e7oa .o]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’ c,oj I;pw0mj ugj Iaf|hkmuzj t]yf95]a’ln[rao s^n 95]a’w0Dj l;j ovtw;pt;t ln[raogrf-kp c,oj vaomt mugj Iaf|hkmuzj t]yfvtl59yD dkoxt8ylqomy0v’ @ 95]a’ ln[raofa’j dkj ; c,oj 16j[=]yg;oxud,qf]6d0v’grfpy’D 95]a’w0mj uwj fhIa[dkoxtlq,c]h;9tg7nvj o,k/a’8q;16j[=]yg;o zt|’a ,fq ]d6 grvjn g8[u .sp8j w+ x.o,fq ]d6 0v’grfp’y gxoa g;]k _ gfvn oF d9= t7vfvvd,kF c8sj kd ;kj 9]5 ’a w0[j +wfIh [a dkoxtl,q d[a vtl95 y 9]5 ’a w0dj =lts^kp8;q wx c]t zt|’a ,fq ]d6 m|uj k0Bo grvnj ]= dko/a’8q;0v’95]a’w0mj wuj fhIa[dkoxtlq,d=9tlts^kp c]t s^5fvvddkpgxaoxt9egfnvoD rtpkfm,ju da gdfu d[a ]t[[q l[n roa -kp c]t p’y ,su k^ prtpkf 4kh gIkq skd0kfdkovtokw, 8oq gv’ c]t s^ud]P’9kddko,urfb 8ydelPj ’8+dko8yfrtpkfgsk^jq ooA D ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’,to5fG w;9tg]uoraoDDDDDDDDdko,ugrfleraoDDDDDDDDDDdkoxt8ylqomy DDDD8;q vvj oDDDDDDDDdko7vfDDDDDDDDDdkog8[u .spGj 9kdmk]dq g8[u .spgj 0kQ lwj6 ;gfda F w;|,j5 c]t w;z.6h spDj III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I6[rk[.oc[[IPo;ymtpklkfme,t-kf ,D$ { 3xlg88u kj ’Mmrju ;q roa d[a govhn .o[fq IPoD { [af7e-nvj tw;pt;t8kj ’M0v’Ikj ’dkpgrfpy’ c]t -kpD { g9hpczoj .spFj [ydg2yf c]t ltdJvfD 10

IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D oeg0Qkl6j[qfIPo { .shoadIPo[vd-nj c]t .shgsfzqolafmulj 6oraowx9kd3]doUL phvospa’wf3oglqk9b’j lo6 roa L X38.spgj dou wxF vkdkf0v’3]dxPj ocx’dtmoa soa F dkol[n roa .sdh egofu ]d6 c8]j t7’A .-gh ;]kfoq oko?D { laf-toyf.fvvd]6dwfhw; c]t ,u9eo;os^kpL X|6F c,’w,hF ,qf c]t vnoj M?D @D c0j’0aodao8yf[af7e sn^ 0PodjP;da[vtw;pt;tln[raogrfpy’ c]t -kpD ;ymumu !G { I6[rk[]t[q[ln[raopy’ c]t -kpD { 716 kp[fa 7e-vjn tw;pt;t8kj ’M.soh da IPo9eo;o|’jb z]6h t[fa F l;j ooda IPomgju svn^ gxoa zl6h ’a gdfdkoD { 768yfI6[vtw;pt;tln[raogrfpy’ c]t grf-kp .ldj tfko s^n ;k’gmy’38t[vj omuj g\\ktlq,grvnj .shoadIPowfh8yf[af7evtw;pt;tgrfpy’{-kp.sh4nd8hv’D { 9kdoAo 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daod;fg[’yj 7;k,4nd8hv’D { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oGU !? ]t[q[ln[raogrf-kpxtdv[,u9adlj;oL c8j]tlj;oxtdv[,uspa’cfjL Xovd c]t .oDDD? @? ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’xtdv[,u9adlj;oL c8j]tlj;oxtdv[,uspa’cfjL Xovd c]t .oDDD? #? oadIPopy’ c]t -kp7;oIPoI6h]t[q[ln[raog-y’j dao c]t dao[+L phvospa’L { ;Pd[hkoG oadIPoc8h,gvqk]t[q[ln[raoma’lv’grf 7n grfpy’ c]t -kpD ;ymumu @G { 0=vklklt\\ad ({!W 7qoF ]Pogxao @ c4;16|j hkdtfkoD { .shoadIPo @ 7qo vvdwx0PoIkj ’dkppy’F Ikj ’dkp-kp.ldj tfko sn^ g9hpczoj .spDj #D 7Qo7;hkd5j,dko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’ { .shoadIPo7Qo7;hk0=h # dko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’.oxB,c[[IPo |hkmu !!D { 786 ’A 7e4k,G !? zp6h y’g],ju gxoa xt9egfnvog,vjn vkp95 da xLu 11

@? .o-;j ’gxaoxt9egfnvoF dvj ogxaoxt9egfnvo,uvkdkoco;.fL ,ul’yj .f7;ogvqk.9.lgj xoa ryglfL #? 4hkxt9egfnvo,k[+xqddt8y7;ogIafco;.fL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[3fplq,mq[.oxB,c[[IPoD $D .shoadIPo8A’-njlt4kotdko c]t lts^5[ { .shoadIPovkj o7ela[m.uj shoU c]t 0Po8,nj .l[j vj os;kj ’.sh4nd8hv’da[0=h7;k,D 95]a’w0j vtl59y rkp.o 8q;vvj o dkoln[rao ,ugrflerao w;zh6.spj dkoxt8ylqomyD 7vfvvd,kD dkoxt8ly oq mgy dfu 0oB 1Dj6 DDDDDDDDDDDDD Ikj ’dkp0v’zp6h ’y .o]ts;kj ’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD vtl95 gy 0kQ lIj6 kj ’dkp0v’zp6h ’y c];h vtl95 dy 9= t]vp wxr[q DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD c89j t,Du DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDrP’9]5 ’a fP;gmkjq ooA g0kQ wxxtl,q d[a w0j c]t gdfu gxoa 8;q vvj o0oB gvoU ;kj DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD8;q vvj o 9tg8u[.spj .oIkj ’dkp0v’zh6gxaoc,j 9qoIvfxt,ko @)W ;ao sn^ _ gfvn oDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD c]t g8[u .spj c]t g0kQ lwj6 ;9tg]ou roa 7n DDDDDDDDDD g-’jy rvh ,mDju DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDwfDh ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 0=h7;k,0hk’gmy’ 9t16j.odv[ $ ]jP, ltgs^upG dkoxt8ylqomygduf0Bo 16j rkp.o Ikj ’dkp0v’grfpy’.o]ts;kj ’ dkoln[rao vtl59yg0Qk l6Ij kj ’dkp0v’zh6py’ c]h; vtl59yd=9t]vp wxrq[ da[95]a’w0j c89j t,u vtl59y rP’95]a’ fP;gmqkj oAog0Qkwxxtlq,da[w0j c]t gdufgxao8q;vvj o0Bo gvUo;kj dkoxt8ylqomyD 8;q vvj o9tg8u[.sp.j oIkj ’dkp0v’zg6h xoa c,9j oq Ivfxt,ko @)W ;oa s^n _ gfnvo d=9t7vfvvd,k c]t g8u[.spgj 0Qkl6wj ;9tg]uorao 7n w;zh6.spj g-y’j rhv,muj ,ugrflerao wfhD &D 7Qo7;hkd5j,dkoIadlkvtokw, c]t dkos^ud]P’rtpkfmujgduf0Boda[]t[q[ ln[raoD { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 p’y -kp8kj ’doa D { 7.6 sch 8]j td,j5 0PodPj ;d[a dkoIda lkvtokw,]t[[q vtw;pt;t8oq gv’F rtpkf c]t ;ymus^ud]P’9kdrtpkff’aj dkj ;D s^a’9kdoAo 76 c]t oadIPorhv,daolts^5[D IV. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkoxt8y[afdyf9tdeF dko8v[7e4k,D { 7;k,loq .9F dkogIfa ;Pd}zoq ’ko0v’d,5j D 12

[qfmu # dkogduf]6d c]t dko;k’czo7v[7q; g;]k $ -q;j 3,’D I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D vtmy[kp0t[;odkoxt8ylqomy c]t dko/a’8q;0v’w0Dj @D [vdw]pt4rn k c]t dkoIda lkl05 trk[0v’c,.j ow]pt4rn k c]t rkps’a^ gdfu c,oj ,u7;k,le7aoD #D Ia[I6h c]t vtmy[kpxtgrf7;k,zyfxqddt8y0v’dko4nrkwfhD $D vtm[y kpxtgrfdko7,5 degofu F rvh ,m’a [vdzoq fu c]t zoq Ikh p0v’dko7,5 degofu D II. goNv.o8Qo8= dkoxt8ly oq my \\kpg4’y dkod+degofu 0v’-;u fy 3fpm8ju ;q vtl95 0y v’grf-kp g0kQ wxxtl,q ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ d[a w00j v’grfpy’D .odko,ugrfleroa c8]j t7’A ooA .ooEvtl95 y0v’grf-kp9t,u 8;q vtl95 ygxoa 9eo;osk^ pIvh p]kh o8;q F c8,j ru P’vtl95 my ,ju 7u ;k,l,q [o6 c]t g7vjn omwju fwh ;d;kj gmkjq ooA lk,kf wxg4y’w0wj fhdvj o c]t lk,kfg9ktgxnvdw0gj rnvj g0QkwxI;j ,da[cdoj g-y’j ,umkfde,trao0v’ /kj ppy’D g,vnj wfwh 0xj tl,q grfc];h 9tlkh ’mkf7;[7,5 w0wj ;gh rvnj [+.svh tl95 y8;q vonj g9ktg0kQ ,k.o w0wj fDh 9kdooA F 9]5 ’a xtl,q grfwfgh 7vjn om]ju ’q wx8k,m+ c]t .og;]kg7vjn om,ju oa dc= [’j 9]5 ’a gr,ju 0oB 3fp.-hg;]k * sk ( ;ao9b’j gdkt8yf16jzt|a’,qf]6d mu|j koh5, c]t g8u[.sp1j 6,j qf]6d 9qoIvf @)W ;ao9b’j 7vfvvd,kD dko4nrkzyfxqddt8ylk,kfgdufwfhf’aj oUG 4hkw0mj uxj tlq,c]h; skdg7vnj o8q;-hk s^n m+,qf]6d 8[u d9= t/’a 8;q 1[6j ]= gy ;omg+ voU ;kj 4rn k ovd,fq ]d6 sn^ []= gy ;ovojn MF g,vjn |]+ d6 .sp0j oB d9= trk.smh ,+ fq ]6dc8drk.sh,ug]nvfvvd,k c]t gdufdkos^5]6drkp.o @{# gfnvoD 4hkw0xj tlq,grfg7nvj o]q’,ksk,qf]6dw;gduowxF zt|a’,qf]6dpa’[+maorhv,mu9j t.shw0xj t lq,grf,k/a’8q;wfhF ,aod=9ts^5fvvdwxmk’xkd,qf]6d rk.shpy’oAo[+lk,kf4nrkwfhD ovdoAovkdkomujgxao]6d/kc/fIj;,w0j|j;pfP; c]t 8jk’w0jd=9af1j6.ovkdkozyf xqddt8y0v’dko4nrkD ltoAoF .ow]ptdko4nrkzh6gxaoc,dj =7;ogvqk.9.llj 50trk[.shfuD dko;k’czo7v[7q;c,oj ,u7;k,le7aos^kp8+da[c,pj y’ c]t 7v[7q;grkt9tgIaf.sh l05 trk[0v’zg6h xoa c,cj 0’cI’fu c]t wfgh [’jy cp’]d6 ovh pmgju xoa vtok7fq 0v’-kf,7u o5 otrk[D 13

III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { I6[rk[.oc[[IPo;ymtpklkfme,t-kf ,D$ { |a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t gvdtlkovnoj Mmudj Pj ;0hv’D { 3xlg88u kj ’Mmdju Pj ;roa d[a govN .o[fq IPoD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D 768A’7e4k,lqomtokdkoc8j’’ko !? pvh ogsfzoq .frk.s7h oq l;j os^kpc8’j ’koL @? dkoc8’j ’ko\\kpg4’y sp’a L Xdkog],ju 8oQ -;u fy 7lj6 ,q ]fq m,ju 7u ;k,I[a zfy -v[I;j ,doa ? #? oadIPo9tg]nvd76j7v’co;.fL gxaospa’9b’j g]nvdco;oAoL Xry9k]tok[5d7t]ydF rbf8ydeF oyfwl.97=0v’g0qkg9Qk?D @D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[dko4nrk { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 D { 76.shoadIPolbdlkI6[rk[dkoxt8ylqomyF dkog7njvomuj0v’w0j .oc[[IPo|hkmuj !$F !& 9kdoAo8v[7e4k,G !? dkoxt8yloq myc,oj sp’a L @? 95]a’xtlq,grfc[’j 8q;c]h;wx/a’8q;16.j lL #? |+]6dmduj e]a’g8u[.sp1j 6.j omhv’c,wj fhIa[mkfvkskoco;.fL $? |+]6dwfh,udkog8u[.spgj xaoc8]j tw]pt7nco;.fL c]t ,uvkp5lej .f9’bj 7vfvvd,kL &? c,pj y’4nrk7;oIadlkl50trk[0v’8qogv’co;.fcfj 9’bj 9tgIaf.sh]6dg8u[.spLj { .szh 86h k’|kh d,j5 ]kp’koF d,j5 vonj xtdv[7e7yfgsoa D { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[D #D lqomtokdjP;da[dko7vf]6d { 786 ’A 7e4k,G !? c,4j nrk,uvkpw5 f9h da gfnvo9’jb 7vf]d6 vvd,kL @? oEoq,c,,j u7;k,le7ao8+]6dohvpco;.fL gxaospa’9’bj 7;o.sh]6ddyooq,c,8j A’c8,j N gduf9qoIvf vkp5 @ xu s^n s^kpd;kj oAoL #? 4kh [+.s]h d6 dyoo,q c,9j tgxoa co;.fL { .szh 86h k’|kh d,j5 ]kp’koF d,j5 vonj xtdv[7e7yfgsoa D 14

{ 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ $D lbdlkI6[rk[7;k,zyfxqddt8y.og;]k4nrk { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 D { 7.6 soh da IPoc8]j td,5j ldb lkI[6 rk[ c]t goNv.o[fq IPo8k,.oxB,c[[IPo |kh !*F !(F !)D c]h;8v[7e4k,G !? 7;k,zyfxqddt8y0v’c,j.og;]k4nrk,uco;.fL pqd8q;1jk’7;k,zyfxqddt8y.o c8]j t-toyfL ovdooA oda IPoI;h6 ymuvonj vud.soh da IPog;kQ ,kD { .szh 86h k’|kh d,j5 ]kp’koF d,j5 vonj xtdv[7e7yfgsoa D { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[D &D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[dko;k’czo7v[7q; c]t dko75,degouf { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 D { 7.6 soh da IPoc8]j td,5j ldb lkI[6 rk[ c]t goNv.o[fq IPo8k,.oxB,c[[IPo |kh !_F @W dPj ;da[dko;k’czo7v[7q; c]h;8v[7e4k,G !? gxaospa’9’bj 8hv’,udko;k’czo7v[7q;L c]t c,oj .zgxaozh6;k’czoL @? ;ymu75,degouf,u9ad;ymu 7n;ymu.fcfLj #? .o7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo oadIPo7yf;kj ;ymu.ffud;kj dao s^n ;ymu.ffumulj 5fL c]t le][a xtgmf]k;0v’gIkq 9egxoa [+8vh ’,udko7,5 degoufL { .szh 86h k’|kh d,j5 ]kp’koF d,j5 vonj xtdv[7e7yfgsoa D { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkogIfa ;Pd.od,j5 D { dkovvd7egsaoF 7;k,g0qhk.9 c]t 7;k,lqo.9D { ,v[;Pd[kh o 15

[qfmu $ rtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraoXr8r? g;]k # -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’7e;kj gv9wv;Fu 3]dgvf c]t ]t[[q r,6 8kh omko0v’Ikj ’dkpD @D vtmy[kpdkome]kp]t[q[r6,8hkomko 0v’g-Nv gv9wv;uD #D 9ecodglAomk’8yf8+ c]t [+8yf8+0v’g-hnv gv9wv;uD $D [vdrbf8ydelPj ’ c]t [5d7qomluj Pj ’8+dko8yfg-nhv gv9wv;uD &D ,ult8y c]t lk,kfs^ud]P’9kdrbf8ydemluj Pj ’8+dko8yfg-nhv gv9wv;uD IID goNv.o8Qo8= 3]dgvfgxaortpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraomujIhkpcI’-toyf|bj’muj7qogIqkI6h9adfuF c8jg4y’ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ xaf95[aopa’[+mao,u;ad-yoxhv’daogmnvj ma’Mmuwj fhmqf]v’,kc]h;c8[j +wfhzqoD ltoAoF ,kf8tdko mulj e7ao.odkoxhv’dao c]t 7;[75,d=7ndko.sh7;k,I6hF gzupczdj Pj ;da[ glAomk’8yf8+F dko me]kp]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’g-Nv3]dgvfD 4hk,u7qo8yfg-nhv9toezqoltmhvom8uj k,,k8+zh68yf g-nhvgv’F 7v[7q; c]t la’7q,D ltoAoF r;dgIqkm5d7qo7;o,ult8y c]t su^d]P’9kdrbf8yde mrju k.s8h fy g-vhn 3]dgvfD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I6[rk[8kj ’M.oxB,c[[IPo;ymtpklkfme,t-kf ,D$ { |’a lnry,F ;k]tlkoF -ufudPj ;d[a dkoxvh ’doa 3]dgvfD { 3xlg8Fu czoj r[a 8kj ’MD { g-nvd2k’pk; !W c,afD { g9hp A4{!* .[F [af7evkdko0v’rtpkf16dj yf9tde #D III. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtokrtpkf8jk’M { rtpkfw0hs;af muoj adIPoI6h,u9ad-toyfL Xw0hs;afme,tfkF w0hs;af @WW_?D { rtpkfw0hs;af c]t rtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraortpkf.f IhkpcI’d;kj daoL 16

{ rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao,u-toyf.fcfLj -toyf.fIhkpcI’dvj o\\L6j ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { c,oj d,5j 7qo.flPj ’8+dko8yfg-Nvrtpkff’aj dkj ;L dyf9tde !G g8Ao]e]t[q[r6,8hkomko X#W okmu? { dkodtdP,G 76dtdP, g9hp gvluj !* .[ grnvj gIafxhkp s^n |hkdkdrtpkf3fp0Po -nrj tpkf.lj .[]t ! rtpkf g-aoj G ;aoot3]dF xvf[;,F 4vdmhv’F ,tgIa’F w0hs;af .spFj g,afg]nvf0k; # xhkpF 3]dgvf c]t 4q’1k’vtokw,gIafgxao \\;d-5[sq;wfhD c;oj 8kfe ! vaoF gm[gr’ s^n oadIPoIhv’gv’D !D 0=vklklt\\da oda IPo !& 7oq F .ooUg]nvdgvkq z-6h kp! 7oq .lcj ;oj 8kfegrvnj 1no1d6j k’ ;’q ,oq D oda IPomgju sv^n .osvh ’gxoa zl6h ’a gdfdkoD @D oda IPo ( 7oq gxoa I;Q xvh ’doa sn^ gxoa ]t[[q r,6 8kh omko0v’Ikj ’dkp 3fpdko1on gxoa ;q’,qoxoyj |hkvvdovdD 76laopko.shgxufgr’d=g],uj g8Aovhv,gxao;q’8k,9a’s;t0v’ lP’gr’D #D oda IPo & 7oq 1on 1o6j vd;’q ,oq F so^Y gxoa rtpkf8fy 8+ Xxvf[;,F 4vdmvh ’DDD?D .srh tpk pk,g0kQ lIj6 kj ’dkp0v’ z-6h kpmrju ;,g8oA 1m6j k’.o;’q ,oq D c84j dn ( 7oq mgju xoa I;Q xvh ’ doa ltdfa doA [+.sgh 0kQ wxD $D c8j’py’’k, ! 7qog8Aog0Qk,ksk-kp’k,.o;q’,qoD djvo]k;9tg8Ao]eoedao ]k;8hv’l;,\\;dmu0j Poxhkp4q’1k’vtokw,.lsj q;0v’-kpz6hoAo c]h;9’bj g8Ao]e oedao c]h;pkj ’vvdwxD &D xvj prtpkf8kj ’Mg0kQ sk-kp7oq ooA vdu F c8-j kp7oq ooA .l4j ’q 1k’vtokw,IP[Ivh pD *D xvj ppy’7qo|b’j g0Qk,ksk-kp7qooAo c]t g0qkI6h9adpy’7qooAo,kdvj o c]t g8Ao]e oedaofh;p7;k,g8a,.9 3fp-kp7qooAo[+.l4j q’1k’vtokw, c]h;py’d=pkj ’vvdwxD (D .og;]kIQ;xhv’daovvj ocv c]t 4ndme]kpwxgIaf.shg-Nvrtpkf8kj ’Mc-d-hvo g0kQ lIj6 kj ’dkp-kpooA D 9[q dyf9tdeD { .szh l6h tcf’ c]t zl6h ’a gdfdkovtm[y kpl’jy mgju soa lkpleroa d[a dko8fy g-vN gv9wv;Du { 786 ’ha 7e4k,grvnj lts^[5 G !? .odkoltcf’oadIPogsaowfhvao.fgduf0Bo c]t .shI6hdPj ;da[g]vnj ’spa’L @? fh;pgsf.frtpkf8yf8+8jk’M9bj’[+lk,kfg0Qkwxme]kpIjk’dkp0v’-kpzh6oAo .o7A’mevyfD #? fh;pgsf.frtpkf8yf8+8jk’M9bj’lk,kfg0Qkwxme]kpIjk’dkp0v’-kpzh6oAo .o7A’muj @D 17

$? zh6-kp7qooaho[+Ih6;jkzh6py’zh6muj8qog8Ao]eoe,ug-Nvgv9wv;uD 8+,kg-Nvgv9wv;u d=g]uj, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ me]kpI;Q xvh ’doa moa mDu &D g-Nv gv9wv;ug0QklI6j kj ’dkp0v’-kp7qooAo3fpdq’[+L phvospa’L { 4kh ,u7oq ltcf’vvdrkpovd.sgh soa g-oja G gxoa 8,j5 s^n ,gu -vN ]k8k,zy;|’a gIkq 9tg;kQ wfh[+;kj zh6oAo8yfg-Nv gv9wv;uF phvospa’L { xaf95[aor;dgIqklPj ’8+dko8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u[+L grktgsf.fL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[dyf9tdeD { 7v6 tm[y kpgr,ju g8u,G dko8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u c]t 3]dgvf8kj ’daoco;.fL dko8fy g-vN gv9wv;u Xg]vn f[;d? 8kj ’9kddkogxoa gvfD 7oq m8ju fy g-vN gv9wv;u Xd;fr[q ;kj ,ug-Nvgv9wv;u? 9t,u-u;yf1kj ’xqddt8yF ,ul50trk[lq,[6owfhs^kpMxuD c8zj h6gxaogvfc,oj zh6mu,j u vkdko c]t dkog9[a gxoa pvh ortpkfsk^ p-tofy g-oja G ,tgI’a z;y |’a [k’-tofy F xvf[;, c]t rtpkf vonj Mvuds^kp1kj ’F l5fmhkpd=glp-u;yfD Ikj ’dkp0v’7qogIqk,u]t[q[r6,8hkomkom8uj +l6hda[g-Nvrtpkf8kj ’MF c87j qogIqk[+,ult8y ]t;’a 8;q .o dkoxvh ’doa 8oq gv’c];h 9t,3u vdkflPj ’8d+ ko8fy g-vN gv9wv;Fu g-vN gv9wv;u g,vjn g0kQ l6Ij kj ’dkp,ao9tme]kpg,afg]nvf0k; rk.shIkj ’dkp7qovvj ogrp c]h;rtpkfvnoj d=g0Qkwx me]kpIkj ’dkpzo6h oA wf’h kj p zoq lf5 mkh pdd= kpgxoa gvfD dyf9tde @G 7;k,g-njv c]t 7;k,gxao9y’djP;da[3]dgvf { dyf9tdeoU76lk,kfgIafwfhs^kp;ymu 7nG ;ymumu !G 768yfczjoxhkp <ljP’F [+ljP’< .lj,5,.f|bj’0v’shv’IPo { 7v6 kj o07=h ;k,8+wxoU.soh da IPo.osvh ’2’a gmvnj ]t0=h c];h .soh da IPopkj ’wx1x6j kh pooha D sn^ ;ymumu @G 7v6 kj o7e4k,.soh da IPo8v[;kj 4nd s^n zyf c,oj s^n [+c,oj F rvh ,.sgh sfzoq D 18

]}f 0=h7;k, 4dn zfy !D gIqklk,kf8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u wfh3fpo’aj 8yfda[zh6mu,j u g-Nv gv9wv;u @D gfadmugj duf9kdc,mj u,j u g]nvf[;dgvf lk,kf8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u wfh #D 7qogIqklk,kf8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u 1kj ’cooj vo 4hkskdovo I;j ,8P’fP;daoda[zh68yf g-Nv gv9wv;uD $D 4hkp5’daf7qom8uj yf g-Nv gv9wv;uc]h;wxdaf7qovonj 9tgIaf.shzh6oAo[+8yf g-Nvgv9wv;uwfDh &D zh6mu,j ug-Nvg]nvf[;d g-Nv gv9wv;u c8,j ul50trk[c0’cI’ [+lk,kfcrgj -Nvw;ifa .s7h oq vonj wf3h fpdkoI;j ,grfD (D 7qogIqklk,kf8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u wfh 4hk7qogxaogvf9k,16.j dh )D sv,cdh,zh68yfg-Nv gv9wv;u [+lk,kf8yfg-NvgvfwfhD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ _D 4hkzh68yf g-Nv gv9wv;u Ihv’wsh c]t oE8k0v’]k;4ndgIqkF gIqklk,kf8yf g-Nv gv9wv;uwfhD !WD g-Nv gv9wv;u,us^kp16oj eoEg,nvd.o-vj ’7vfz6hpy’ c]t oevtl95 y0v’grf-kpgmkjq ooA D !@D dkoIa[g]nvfrk.sh8yf g-Nv gv9wv;u wfhD !#D 7oq m,uj ugrfleroa d[a s^kp7oq ,u7;k,lPj ’8+dko8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u !$D gIqk[+lk,kf8yf g-Nv gv9wv;u 3fpdko]vpoE.oltfP;daoda[zh6 g-Nv gv9wv;uD !&D 3]dgvf gxoa rtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleroa -toyf|’bj m8uj yf8+9kd dko,gu rfleroa d[a zm6h ,ju gu ]vn f[;dgvfD !*D gvfgxoa rtpkfmvuj oa 8t]kp mpuj ’a [+moa ,u;da -yolda xvh ’doa wfzh oq D 19

dyf9tde #G -j;pg[yj’cp’g-yj’dao c]t dao ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 7d6 tdP,[fa 7evkdko0v’rtpkf !# [fa s^n s^kpd;kj ooA Xgxoa w0Fh g9[a 7=F g9[a xkdF 4vdmhv’F wvF vjvogrpF ,u85j,8k,zy;|a’F g[jnvvkskoF g9a[mhv’F gxaos;afF 7oa 8k,8oq 8;q F oE|da sf5^ F gxoa sfn ? 3fp7c6 9d.soh da IPo ! [fa 8+ @ 7oq grvjn loq mtok dao3fpg;Qkg4y’;ymuxyoj xq;0Ao8Qo4hk,u7qog9a[ X[+maowx3I’\\=? mugj 7upxt8y[af.ogInvo 8qogv’ c]t 4hk[+g7up9tgIafco;.f.shg;]k & okmuD 9kdoAo.shc8]j t95ltg|u;ymu 0v’8qo.sh\\.6j oshv’2a’D 95vonj xtdv[7egsao s^n c]dxPj ooedaoD 768A’7e4k,G { ,u;ymu.fmluj k,kfxvh ’doa dko8yfg-Nvrtpkfmoju da IPog7upr[q gsoa L { oda IPo7yf;kj 8oq gv’lk,kf.sdh kog[’yj cp’xoyj x;q 0oA 8oQ wf[h +L { 4kh ,u\\oj6 da IPog9[a 9trkg0kq wx[vj o.fL { oadIPo9tgvqk7;k,Ih6oUwx.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;aowfhco;.fL V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkoxtdv[7egsoa g0kQ .odkolts[^5 [oa sk8kj ’MD { l’a gdfdkog0kQ I;j ,dyf9tdeF dkovtmy[kp[oa skD { dkod;fdkovh pD 20

[qfmu & dkolqj’glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf g;]k # -qj;3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’l50trk[dkpF 9yf c]t madlt-u;yf & madlt8Qo8=D @D vtmy[kp7;k,le7ao0v’l50trk[9yf8+dkofe]q’-u;yfD #D vtmy[kpzoq ltmvh o0v’dko,ul05 trk[9yf[+fuD $D xt8y[afdkovvdde]a’dkp c]t ;ymudkoIadlkl50trk[D II. goNv.o8Qo8= zh6mu,j ul50trk[c0’cI’lq,[6o c]t l50trk[9yfmufj ulk,kfgIaf;Pd’koF cdhw0[aosk ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ c]t x[a 9fy .98oq gv’.s1h .6j oltrk[xdq dt8fy Fu [,+ u dkog9[a x;j p.fM o4U ;n kj gxoa -;u fy m,ju 7u o5 otrk[ f’aj mmuj 5d7qoxkf4t|kD ;ymudkol’qj glu,.sh,ul50trk[mfuj ur;dgIqk7;oxt8y[af8qofh;pdkovvd de]a’dkplt\\ej ltg\\uF melt,tmyF dyovkskom,uj uxt3spf c]t 8A’.9lbdlkIej IPoF gxao]6d mufj u0v’ r+c,Fj \\6gj rnvj o c]t 76vk9koD l50trk[9yf,u7;k,le7aos^kp c]t ,uzqo8+dkofe]q’-u;yfs^kpfhko g-aoj G dkolbdlkF vk-[u F -;u fy 7v[7;q F grvjn oI;j ,’koF fkh ol05 trk[dkpD vk],q c,oj rfb 8dy e.f|’jb mlju tcf’vvd .o-;qj g;]k.f|’bj gduf0Bophvo,ul’yj dtmq[.l9j yf.9D madlt-u;yf c,oj ,5’j s;a’.shm5d7qo,umadlt}7;k,lk,kf.odko lnlj komufj uF dkocdhw0 [aosk8kj ’M g-oaj G rbf8ydelPj ’8+dko4nds^vd];’F dko.-hl’yj gl[8yfF [+wx,urbf8ydelPj ’8+dko 8yfg-Nvgv9wv;uF gxaogvf c]t vnoj MD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I6[rk[.oxB,c[[IPo;ymtpklkfme,t-kf ,D$ { gvdtlko8kj ’Mmdju Pj ;0vh ’d[a [fq IPoD 21

IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D 4k,{8v[djP;da[7;k,\\kp0v’l50trk[ { l50trk[dkp c]t l50trk[9yf\\kpg4y’spa’L { vk]q,gduf0Bowfhco;.fL { .soh da IPo8v[8k,.9D { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[D @D lqomtok djP;da[dkolqj’glu,l50trk[dkp { c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D { .shoadIPo9a[7d6j ao @ 7qo grvnj vvdde]a’dkp8k,dyf9tde|hk @* s^n ;ymu.fd=wfh 3fp .-hg;]k & okmuD 9kdoAoF 768A’7e4k,G rkps^a’vvdde]a’dkp c]h;oadIPoI6hlbd co;.f rhv,ma’.sh oadIPo9a[de,t9vo168j ec|’j 8kj ’M c]t dkog8Ao0v’sq;.9D 9kdoAoF 76vtmy[kp;kj rkps^a’mvuj vdde]a’dkpc]h; la’gdfgsao;kj sq;.9g8AocI’ d;kj g;]kgIqk16j-nMj F de,t9vog8Aow;d;kj xqddt8yD oAod=phvo;kj .og;]kvvdde]a’ dkpoAo 8hv’.-hrt]a’kogru,j 0BoF rt]a’’kooAowfh9kddkogzqkzkovksko c]t dklvdq -cu -o c]t .og;]kfP;doa ooA Ikj ’dkpd8= vh ’de9fa dkldkd3[ody vvdovd rk.shsq;.9 g8Aow; c]t skp.94uDj #D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[l50trk[9yf { c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q grvnj .soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 7e4k,f’ja oUG !D l50trk[dkp c]t l50trk[9yf,udkorq;raodaoco;.fL @D ]adltot0v’zh6muj,ul50trk[9yffu c]t [=+fu,uco;.fL 0+hoU76.shc8j]tdj5,ltcf’ gxoa [fq [kfl,q ,f5 D #D zh6mu,j ul50trk[9yf[+fu9t,uzqoltmhvo8+8qogv’F 7v[7q; c]t la’7q, co;.fL $D [k’mugIqkgsaow;|5j,zyf4P’dao gxaolkgsfd+.shgdufdko8udaooAo s^n d+d;o gduf7;k,;5ho;kp c,oj phvolkgsf.fL oadIPo9t,u;ymucdhw0[aosk oUco;.fL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[3fplq,mq[.oxB,c[[IPoD $D xt8y[af8q;9y’djP;da[madlt-u;yfgrnjvglu,lhk’l50trk[ { 76.shoadIPovjkogoNv.o & madlt8Qo8=.oc[[IPo|hk @_{#WF 9kdoAoF .sgh 0kq g9kQ vvdwxxt8[y fa S 4kh oda IPoxt8[y fa [m+ oa wfh 7-6 ;j pg0kq g9kQ xt8[y fa wxgmvjn ]t mda ltD 22

{ dyf9tdeoUlk,kfwxxt8y[fa .o3,’ovds^da lf6 0v’3I’IPoD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { g/dy wxg]vN pM9oq d;kj oda IPo9t,7u ;k,g0kQ .9 c]t xt8[y fa wfDh ooA dg= rvjn gl,u lkh ’g0kq g9kQ .sgh xoa zmh6 ,uj umda ltmfuj u.ovtok7fq D { 7g6 ooA 7;k,le7oa mda lt8kj ’M8+oda IPoD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { la’gdfdko8v[7e4k,F dkos^Yo[qf[kflq,,5fF { ;Pd[hkoF [qfd;fdkohvpF dyf9tdeovds^adl6fD 7;k,Ih6gruj,g8u,G dkoIPo{dkolvomda lt-;u fy c,oj 8vh ’zkj odkoIPoI1h6 kj ’,ul;j oI;j , 0v’zg6h 0kQ I;j ,} oadIPoD ;ymudko}dyf9tdemuj .-hgrnvj .shgdufdkoIPoI6hc[[,ul;j oI;j ,,uG dyf9tded5,j F dko ]tf,q lt\\v’F soY^ [fq [kfl,q ,f5 F ldb lkg]vjn ’}d]= toFu dko;gy 7ktF lt4kotdkoF dkoc]dxPj o 7e7yfgsao c]t gd,D sda^ dkoIPoIch6 [[,lu ;j oI;j ,8vh ’wfvh kwldkolkh ’7;k,I9h6 kdxtl[q dko0v’zI6h Po3fp .-0h t[;odkod,j5 s^kpd;kj dko4kj p4vf7;k,I3h6 fpdko[oa pkpD { vkwlxtl[q dko0v’oda IPoD { gdufdkoIPoI.h6 \\Mj 1kj ’8+govnj ’ c]t gxoa /kj pdtmeD { ,u7;k,lerao]ts;kj ’zh6IPooedao c]t zh6IPo da[zh6lvoD { ,u7;k,leraom-uj ;j p0tspkp7;k,I6hD { ,udkollnj ko3fpdkog;qhk s^n 0PoD 23

rkdmu II dkoxjPocx’mkf8jk’M [qfmu * xt8ydy]ypkg7,u g;]k # -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,uwfhD @D 9ecodxt8ydy]ypkg7,umu,j to5flhk’0Bo c]t gduf0Bogv’8k,me,t-kfD #D 0Poxt8ydy]ypkg7,uwfhD $D [vd75oxt3spf c]t 3mf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,uwfhD II. goNv.o8Qo8= xt8ydy]ypkg7,u c,jodkoxjPocx’muj,umkf.\\jgduf0BoF ,udkoxjPocx’luF ,uvkp]t ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ gsupvvdF ,udyoj F ,urbd9q,]q’ s^n ,udkoxPj ocx’v5ostr6,F xt8ydy]ypkc8]j t-toyfgduf0Bo[+7ndao [k’xt8ydy]ypkgdufw;F [k’xt8ydy]ypk-hkF ,uma’xt8ydy]ypkmu,j to5flhk’0Bo c]t gduf0Bo8k, me,t-kfD grojy 9fa c[’j xt8dy ]y py kg7,0u oA roN 4ko,su k^ p-tofy 7Gn ;gy 7ktF l’a g7ktF c]dxPomkfF cmo[vj oF xt8ydy]ypkg7,u,uma’xt3spf c]t 3mfF gIqk8hv’IPoI6h c]t oe.-h.sh4nd;ymuD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo dyf9tdemu !G { s^vfmqf]v’ @ s^vfrhv,Ikj ’.lsj ^vfmqf]v’F9vd[ydgdu s^n 9vdcdh;.l ! 9vdF m+f6f ! vaoF cdh;|hk3,’ ! vaoF da[w2 ! da[D { g,af Zn ! g,af s^n ! xPj ’ohvpxt,ko WF& cm Xvkf9t.-h Fe s^n Mg cmod=wfh?D { HCl 1 ml Xvkf9t.-h H2SO4 9k’cmod=wfh? { mkf]t]kp Ca(OH)2 X oEx6o.l ?@WWmlD { g9hpD 24

IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D lkmyfdkomqf]v’0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u dyf9tde !G { 796 fa c[’j oda IPo8k,d,j5 mgju \\ktl,q D { 76ltg|uv5xtdvo c]t mkfg7,umuj9t.-h.odkogIafdyf9tderhv,cotoe;ymudko l’a gdfF ;ymu[oa mdb zoq D { 76lkmyfdkomqf]v’.shoadIPog[y’j c]h;.shoadIPoxt8y[af8k, X]kp]tvPf8k, x,B c[[IPo?D { 786 ’A 7e4k,G T g,vnj oegvqkg,afl’a dtlu]q’.lvj k-yfd^=Iufiyd ,uxkdqfdkosp’a gduf0BoL T gvqkxkd gxkqj .loj Ex6o.lm[uj ao95.o9vdF la’gdf,uspa’gduf0BoL T 9f6 g9ph l’a gdfgsoa sp’a gduf0BoL T xt8ydy]ypkc,oj sp’a L { 9kdooA 7.6 soh da IPo8k’|kh d,j5 0Bo]kp’kozoq 7oq vonj xtdv[7;k,gsoa D { 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[^5 @D lqomtokdjP;da[xt8ydy]ypkg7,u.ome,t-kfD T 76.shoadIPola’gdfczo;kf.oxB,c[[IPoD T 768A’7e4k, { xt8ydy]ypkg7,umguj duf0Bogv’8k,me,t-kf,uspa’cfLj { ,uxt3spfco;.fL { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo 0Bolts^5[ c]t 7qovnoj xtdv[7;k,gsaoD { 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,7;k,gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD #D lqomtokdjP;da[xt8ydy]ypkmuj,to5flhk’0Bo c]t xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkD T 7.6 soh da IPol’a gdfI[6 rk[.ox,B c[[IPoD T 768A’7e4k, { xt8ydy]ypkm,uj to5flhk’0Bo,uspa’cfLj { 76 cotoe.soh da IPog[’yj I[6 .oxB,c[[IPo { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo 0Bolts^5[ c]t 7qovnoj xtdv[7;k,gsao { 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,7;k,gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD 25

$D zqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,uD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 7.6 soh da IPog]kjq xtl[q dkomguj 7upgsoa 18j6 k,mvj ’4oyj c];h .soh da IPol’a gdfI[6 1.j6 o x,B c[[IPoD { 768A’7e4k, T zoq glpskp0v’xt8dy ]y py kg7,,u su p’a cfLj T ,u3mfco;.f8+,to5fF laf c]t ly’j c;f]hv,L { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo 0Bolts^5[ c]t 7qovnoj xtdv[7;k,gsaoD { 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,7;k,gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD &D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[-toyf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,uD { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D { 7.6 soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 8k,x,B c[[IPoD { 786 ’A 7e4k,G T xt8ydy]ypkg7,u,u9ad-toyf 7n-toyf.fcfLj T 9’qj .sh7;k,\\kpc8]j t-toyf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u rhv,pqd8q;1kj ’L { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo 0Bolts^5[ c]t 7qovnoj xtdv[7;k,gsaoD { 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,7;k,gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD *D lqomtokdjP;da[xt8ydy]ypkczj c]t Ia[7;k,IhvoD { 786 ’A 7e4k,G T xt8ydy]ypkczj c]t Ia[7;k,Ihvo8kj ’daoco;.f rhv,pqd8q;1kj ’L { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo 0Bolts^5[ c]t 7qovnoj xtdv[7;k,gsaoD { 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,7;k,gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kd { 7;k,g0Qk.9 c]t lqo.9.odko7Qo7;hkrkp.od,5j D { dko8v[7e4k,D { 7;k,lk,da 7urkp.od,j5 D 26

cdh[qfg/ydsaf zqomuwj fhIa[9kdxt8ydy]ypk !D xt8ydy]ypkc,oj X7?F X0?F Xl? @D zt]yfgs^QkF 96f4kj o la’g7ktcl’0v’rnfF zt]yf1kxq; zqoglpskp9kdxt8ydy]ypk rtpkf dkozt]yf1kgl[8yf w2w\\hxkj F 1kg[nvj 96f0UgspNv-t-kp #D xt8ydy]ypkcz7j ;k,Ihvo $D CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + 892kJ 16 = 892 ⇒ x = 16×8374 ⇒ x = 150,206g x 8374 892 &D CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + 892kJ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 16 = 892 ⇒ x = 1,6×892 ⇒ x = 89,2kJ 1,6 x 16 *D C + 2O2 → CO2 + O2 12 = 402 ⇒ x = 12× 2050 ⇒ x = 61,194g x 2050 402 (D -vd7;k,Ihvomu8j hv’.-h CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 −180kJ 56 = 180 ⇒ x = 1000×180 ⇒ x = 3214,285kJ 1000 x 56 27

)D dD H2 +Cl2 → 2HCl +184kJ 13,] →184kJ 23,] → x x = 23, ] x 184kJ ⇒ x = 368kJ 13, ] 7;k,Ihvoczvj vd #*)kJ 0D H2 +I2 → 2HI -52kJ 13,] → 52kJ 23,] → x ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ x = 23,] x 52kJ ⇒ x = 104kJ 13, ] 7;k,IhvoIa[g0Qk !W$kJ 28

[qfmu ( l6fg7,u g;]k # -qj ;3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjb .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’lf6 g7,Du @D 0Pol6fg7,umkffPj ; c]t mkfxtlq,D #D lhk’l6fg7,umkfxtlq,D $D -vd7kj g7,u c]t 7yfw]8j k,l6fg7,uD II. goNv.o8Qo8= l6fg7,u c,oj laopt]admu.j -hcmo-n0j v’mkfg7,u grnvj ltcf’.shgsaog4y’mkffPj ; c]t ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ mkfxtl,q D dko0Polf6 g7,u c,oj 0Po8k,7kj g7,u c]t vfa 8kl;j ofkh o,;olko8k,s^da dko 7kj g7,Du d’q doa 0kh ,9kdlf6 g7,gu Ikq lk,kf7fy w]8j k,vfa 8kl;j ofkh o,;olkoF -vd7kj g7,0u v’ c8]j tmkf,6o.ol6fD III. lbjdkoIPo{dkolvo I6[9e]v’vk38,G Fe, Cu, C, O2, NaCl, H2O IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[l6f3,g]d5omkffjP; { 76gvqkI6[9e]v’mkffPj ;3]stg-aoj G Fe s^n Cu c]t vt3]st s^n .shoadIPola’gdf 1.j6 ox,B c[[IPo9kdooA 8’A 7e4k,loq mtokG T groyj 0Poloa pt]da g7,u0v’3]stf;h p;ymu.fL T groyj 0Poloa pt]da g7,u0v’vt3]stmguj xoa dklf;h p;ymu.fL T groyj 0Poloa pt]da g7,u0v’vt3]stmguj xoa mkfc0’f;h p;ymu.fL { 7.6 s8h ;q cmooda IPo0Bo8v[ c];h 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts^[5 D Xgryoj 0Pol6fg7,u3]stF vt3]stmugj xaomkfc0’F dkl]hk c,oj 8k,I6[vk38, ! 3,g]d5o 9txtdv[fh;p ! vk38,D lj;ovt3]stmujgxaodkl c,jo8k,I6[c[[ 3,g]d5o ! 3,g]d5oxtdv[fh;p @ vk38,-toyffP;0Bowx?D 29

@D lqomtok];,djP;da[dko0Pol6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 7g6 vkq 9e]v’mkfxtl,q .f|’jb ,k.soh da IPog[’jy c];h .soh da IPo0Polf6 3,g]do5 mkf xtlq,D 9kdoAo76 c]t oadIPorhv,daolts^5[mkfxtlq,xtdv[fh;pvk38,s^kp -toyf8kj ’doa D #D lqomtokdjP;da[dko-vdsk7jkg7,u0v’mkf,6o.omkfxtlq, { 76pqd8q;1kj ’l6fmkfxtlq,.f|’bj .shoadIPog[’yj c]h;8A’7e4k,da[oadIPo;kj G T 7kj g7,uc,oj sp’a L T grojy 4gn vkq 7kj g7,mu kf,o6 .fgxoa sd^a .odko-vdskL T groyj -vdsk7kj g7,u0v’c8]j tmkf,6o.ol6foAowfhco;.fL T dkolhk’l6fg7,u8k,7kj g7,u groyj lhk’co;.fL { 7.6 soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 8k,xBoc[[IPo c];h .soh da IPoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsoa D { 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[^5 8k,x,B c[[IPoD $D 7Qo7;hkgxaod5j,djP;da[dko7yfw]j8k,l6fg7,u { 76.shoadIPo7Qo7;hk8q;1kj ’8k,xB,c[[IPo 9kdoAo 76.sh8q;1kj ’mucj 8d8kj ’dao .shc8]j t d5,j 7Qo7;hkD { 8;q cmooda IPoc8]j td,j5 0oB ]kp’kozoq D { 76vtmy[kp7nodPj ;da[dko7yfw]8j k,l6fg7,u.oc8]j td=]tou 3fpltgrkt]q’g]yd0Ao 8vo c]t g8adoyd.odkocdh39f.shwfh;ymumulj AoF -afg9o c]t g0Qk.9’kj pD V. dko;af c]t xtg,yozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,g0Qk.9 c]t lqo.9.odko7Qo7;hkrkp.od,5j D { dko8v[7e4k,7yfw]8j k,lf6 g7,[u k’d=]tougxoa rNo4koD cdh[qfg/ydsaf !D l6f3,g]d5o Fe2O3 @D 7e8v[ dD HNO3 H =1,587%; N = 22,22%; O = 76,19% 0D Al2O3 Al = 75%% ; O = 25%. 7D Fe3O4 Fe = 72,41%; O = 27,19% 30

#D [dDvd7Fkj eg27O,3u c]t 9e0oD;CouvSkO384,0v’c8]j tmkf,6o.ol6f $D dD SO S ,u7kj g7,u VI c8,j u ! vk38,S O ,u7kj g7,u II c8,j u # vk38,D 3 0D Na O Na ,u7kj g7,u I c8,j u @ vk38,S O ,u7kj g7,u II c8,j u ! vk38,D 2 7D CO C 7kj g7,u II ,u ! vk38,; O 7kj g7,u II ,u ! vk38,D ’D Al2 S3 Al 7kj g7,u III ,u @ vk38,; S 7kj g7,u II ,u # vk38,D 9D MgCl2 Mg ,u7kj g7,u II ,u ! vk38,S Cl ,u7kj g7,u I ,u @ vk38, lD C ,u7kj g7,u IV ,u ! vk38,S O ,u7kj g7,u II ,u @ vk38, CO2 &D 0Pol6f3,g]d5o0v’mkfxtlq,muj,uvqd-uc-o dD Fe2O3 0D Na2O 7D N2O3 ’D N2O5 9D SO3 lD Al2O3 -D MgO *D l6f3,g]d5o0v’mkfxtlq,gdnv rhv,fh;p,;olko3,g]d5o dD l6f3,g]d5o Fe(NO3)2 ,;olko3,g]d5o 180 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 0D l6f3,g]d5o Na2SO4 ,;olko3,g]d5o 142 7D l6f3,g]d5o ’D l6f3,g]d5o CCau3C(Pl O4)2 ,;olko3,g]d5o 310 2 ,;olko3,g]d5o 135 31

[qfmu ) lq,zqog7,u g;]k # -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’lq,zqog7,u @D vtmy[kps^addko.odko0Polq,zqog7,umu’j kj pfkp c]t -’aj -kwfh1kj ’4nd8hv’ #D 7yfw]lj q,zoq g7,u8k,7;k,\\kp0v’l,q zoq II. goNv.o8Qo8= l,q zoq g7,u ltcf’g4y’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u.f|’jb mugj duf0BoD l,q zoq g7,umulj ,q [o6 d=8+g,vnj wf-h ’ja -kl,q zoq c];h D vu’.l7j ;k,\\kp0v’l,q zoq g7,ugroyj lk,kf7yfw]wj fsh ^kp;ymuD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { I[6 9e]v’ltcf’g4y’mkf,o6 g7,u ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[7;k,\\kplq,zqog7,u { 7.6 soh da IPol’a gdfI[6 )D! 8k,x,B c[[IPo 9kdooA .svh tm[y kp I[6 f’ja dkj ;,u 7;k, \\kpco;.fL T 768A’7e4k, groyj lhk’lq,zqog7,uwfhco;.fL { 7g6 vkq I[6 9e]v’mluj tcf’g4’y mkf,o6 8kj ’M.soh da IPog[’jy c];h c8,h I[6 ;’q ,oq cmo I[6 9e]v’.ldj tfkoD { .soh da IPovvdwx0Pol,q zoq I[6 9e]v’GDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD l,q zoq GDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[5^ Ggrojy .-lh f6 g7,gu rvjn lkh ’gxoa l,q zoq g7,Fu 4kh Ilh6 f6 0v’mkfmju 32

g0QkI;j ,.oxt8ydy]ypk c]t mkfmujwfhIa[s^a’xt8ydy]ypkc]h;F gryjolk,kfltcf’ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ xt8ydy]ypk ooA f;h pl,q zoq g7,uD @ D 7Qo7;hkd5j, djP;da[;ymudko0Po c]t -aj’-klq,zqog7,u { c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q { 7.6 soh da IPol’a gdf8;q 1kj ’l,q zoq .ox,B c[[IPo 9kdooA 706 Pol,q zoq g7,mu cju 8d8kj ’ dao.ldj tfko c]h;.shoadIPoc8]j td5o-’aj -klq,zqoD 8q;1kj ’lq,zqoG 2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s) { 76cotoe;ymuoa[9eo;ovk38, c8]j tmkf,6o.olq,zqo c]t ;ymu0Pog]d lextlyf .lgj [vN ’|kh 0v’lf6 D { .soh da IPoc8]j td,j5 -’ja -kl,q zoq F d,j5 vonj xtdv[7;k,7yfgsoa D { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[5^ dPj ;d[a ;my du ko0Po c]t -’ja -kl,q zoq 8k,]kp]tvPf .ox,B c[[IPoG !? la’gdfg[yj’9eo;ovk38,0v’c8j]tmkf,6o16jg[Nv’-hkp c]t g[Nv’0;k 0v’ l,q zoq g7,Du @? -aj’-k9eo;ovk38,0v’mkf,6o.o3,g]d5o.spjl5fdjvo c]h;9bj’-aj’-k9eo;o 3,g]d5oohvp]q’ 8k,]efa[fh;p;ymu8,nj 8q;g]dlextlyf.l|j hkl6fg7,u.shg\\ktlq,D #? 4kh .ol,q zoq g7,u.f,umkffPj ;.s-h ’ja -kgxoa voa f[a lf5 mkh pD $? 8vh ’gIfa .s9h eo;ovk38,0v’c8]j tmkf,o6 gxoa g]d9eo;o4;h o8ej lf5 D &? c]h;oa[9eo;ovk38,0v’c8]j tmkf,6o.oc8]j tg[Nv’0v’lq,zqo.shgmkqj dao\\kp 7;k,;kj G lq,zqooU f5ofPj ’c]h;D { 76vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,dPj ;da[lq,zqog7,uc8d8kj ’da[lq,zqorbf-t7toyf c]t dqfgdo cs’j dkoIda lk,;olko8k,x,B c[[IPoD #D 7Qo7;hkd5j,grnjv7yfw]j8k,lq,zqog7,uG { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 .sch 8]j td,j5 7oQ 7;kh 8k,7e4k,8+wxoUG !? gIafco;.f9’jb 9t-vdsk,;olko0v’mkfxt8yrao c]t mkfzt]yf8traowfhD 8q;1jk’G g,nvj gzqksuox6o &W g 4k,;kj 9tgda[x6ofy[wfh9ad g L { 8k,lq,zqoG CaCO3 ⎯t⎯o→ CaO + CO2 { -vd9eo;o3,] CaCO3 muoj ewxgzqk 33

@? gIfa co;.f9’jb 9t-vdwf[h =]y,kfdklmguj 0kQ I;j ,xt8ydy]ypk s^n dklmwuj fIh [a g,vnj xt8ydyສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ]py klouh lf5 D 8q;1jk’G gryoj oegvqkdkd[vo X4kj o? wxgzqkw\\hda[ vqd-uc-o $ g 4k,;kj dkl dkd3[oydmguj d[a wf.h og’nvj ow0,kf8t4ko9t,u9da ]yfL { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[dPj ;da[0Ao8vodko7yfw]Gj !? 0Polq,zqo c]t -’aj -klq,zqog7,uD @? xPj osq;|;j p,;olko s^n [=]y,kf vvdgxao9eo;o3,]0v’mkfmudj Pj ;0hv’D #? vu’.llj q,zqo-vd9eo;o3,]mkfmguj 0QkI;j ,xt8ydy]ypk s^n mkfmwuj fhIa[8k, [qf39fD $? xPj o9eo;o3,]muwj fhvvdgxao,;olko s^n [=]y,kf XV= 22,4 x n? Xm = n x M ? V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .9.odko7oQ 7;kh d,j5 { dkolkh ’l,q zoq { dko7fy w]j { dko-’ja -kl,q zoq { 7;k,g0kQ .9.odko8v[7e4k, { dkocd[h fq g/dy sfa D 34

[qfmu _ vqd-uc-o c]t vqd-yffk-q’ g;]k $ -qj;3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd]adltot2u-yd c]t g7,u0v’vqd-uc-o @D [vd7;k,le7ao c]t dkooe.-hvqd-uc-o.o-u;yfxt9e;ao0v’7qo c]t laf #D x’5 c8’j vdq -uc-o.osvh ’mfq ]v’D $D vtmy[kpdkox’5 c8’j vdq -uc-o.ovf5 lkstde &D [vdl;j oxtdv[0v’vdq -uc-o.ovkdkf *D [vd7;k,\\kp0v’vdq -yffk-’q (D 9ecodvqd-yf-toyf8kj ’M c]t dkovkj o-n0j v’vqd-yfD II. goNv.o8Qo8= ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ vdq -cu -ogxoa dklF [,+ lu Fu [,+ du ojy F [,+ ]u fq -kfF ]t]kp.ooEwf|h vh pmlju f5 F |da d;kj vkdkfF gxoa vt3]stmgju 7vjn ows;g7,cu I’ rgy lf.ovo5 str,6 l’6 F dklvdq -cu -o,xu t3spfcdj dkoskp.9F gxaog-Nvw2.odkow\\hF vqd-uc-olk,kfx5’c8j’wfh9kdshv’mqf]v’F v5flkstde c]t r[q gsoa s^kp1.j6 ovkdkfD vqd-uc-ogdufxt8ydy]ypkda[mkf8kj ’M gvUo;kj xt8ydy]ypkvqd-yffk-q’F [k’-toyfgduf -kh F ,ru t]’a ’ko7;k,Ivh o c]t [,+ cu l’lts;kj ’F c8[j k’-tofy gdfu w;,ru t]’a ’ko7;k,Ivh o c]t ,ucl’lts;kj ’D mkfmuwj fhIa[9kddkoxt8ydy]ypk]ts;kj ’vqd-uc-oda[mkf8kj ’Mc,oj vqd-yfF g-y’j vqd-yfwfhc[’j vvdgxao @ -toyf7nG vqd-yfvk-yf c]t vqd-yf[kg-uD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo !D v5xtdvodkox5’c8’j c]t mqf]v’]adltotg7,u0v’vqd-uc-oD s^vfmqf]v’ @ s^vfF d;fcdh;xkdd;hk’ @ d;fF [;j ’96fmkfg7,uF 7u,9a[s^vfmqf]v’F fvo1k’ c]t m+lq’j dklvqd-uc-oF vkj ’oEF 8tdP’[ao95gs^qhk _WF fU;w,hcsh’ s^n w,h0ufw2D @D mkfg7,uG KMnO4, oEF /5oj ,kfD 35

IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D lqomtok];,djP;da[dkox5’c8j’ c]t dkogda[dklvqd-uc-oD { 76ltg|uv5xtdvo c]t mkfg7,udPj ;da[dkomqf]v’dyf9tde! c]t @ dkox5’c8’j dklvdq -uc-o.osvh ’mfq ]v’.soh da IPoI9h6 da rvh ,m’a cotoe.soh da IPo8fy 8k,D { 7m6 fq ]v’xt9da 8k.soh da IPo l’a gdf c]t [oa mdb F g;]kgIfa mfq ]v’gvkq .9.lgj 8da ody .odkox5’c8’j c]t ;ymugda[w;h.sh,u7;k,xvfwrD { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokG T g,nvj 96fs^vfmqf]v’mu,j u KMnO4 fh;p8tdP’gs^Qk _W ,uspa’gduf0BoL T gxoa sp’a grojy 9’jb gd[a dklvdq -cu -ozkj ooEL { 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[^5 3fpspDh= Xvqd-uc-ogxaodklmuj[+]t]kp.ooE,ao9tp6hoEvvd9kds^vfmqf]v’ faj’oAo groyj 9’jb gd[a vdq -uc-ozkj ooE? f’ja l,q zoq g7,uG 2KMnO4 → K2MnO2 +MnO2 + 2O2 { 76cotoe;ymudkox5’c8’j vqd-uc-o.ov5flkstde3fpsp=h c]h;lts^5[8k,xB,c[[ IPoD @D mqflv[]adltotmk’2u-yd c]t g7,u0v’dklvqd-uc-oD dD lbdlk]adltotmk’2u-yd0v’dklvqd-uc-oD { 7o6 egvkq sv^ fmfq ]v’m[ju oa 9d5 klvdq -cu -og8,a m,ju fu vovfa w;h .soh da IPol’a gdfrvh ,m’a cotoe.shoadIPo7Qo7;hk8k,xB,c[[IPo 9kdoAo 768A’7e4k,lqomtokG T dklvqd-uc-o ,urk;tF lu c]t dyoj co;.fL { 76Ij;,oadIPolts^5[dyf9tde c]t cotoedjP;da[95f2qfF 95fgxnjvpF 7;k,faoDDD 8k,x,B c[[IPoD 0D lkmyfdkomqf]v’djP;da[]adltotmk’g7,u0v’dklvqd-uc-oD { 76vtmy[kp0Ao8vodkomqf]v’8k,xB,c[[IPo.shoadIPola’gdf9kdoAo768A’ 7e4k,G T g,njv96f,kf.shIhvogxnjvpc]h;xjvo]q’d;fcdh;muj[ao95vqd-uc-o la’gdfgsaospa’ gdfu 0oB L 36

{ .-fh ;U w,9h f6 .sgh xoa 4kj ocf’ c];h xvj o]’q d;fm[ju oa 9v5 dq -cu -o l’a gdfgsoa sp’a gdfu 0oB Lສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo ]kp’kozqodkogIafdyf9tde 9kdoAo76I;j ,oadIPo lts^[5 zoq dkomfq ]v’rvh ,d[a dko0Pol,q zoq c]t -’ja -kl,q zoq D #D lj;oxtdv[dklvqd-uc-o.ovkdkf { 76cotoeg[’yj I6[ c]h;76vtmy[kpdkogIafdyf9tde 8k,I6[.oxB,c[[IPoD { 9kdooA 7l6 ts[5^ .soh da IPoI;h6 kj G .ovkdkf,du klvdq -cu -o[oa 95 !}& mk’fkh o[]= ,y kf $D lqomtok];,djP;da[dkooe.-hdklvqd-uc-oD { 76.shoadIPo la’gdfczo;kf1.6j oxB,c[[IPo c]h;8A’7e4k,lqomtokG T .o-u;yfxt9e;ao 7qogIqkoe.-hvqd-uc-ogIafspa’cfLj T .ov5flkstde gryoj oe.-hvqd-uc-ogrnvj spa’cfLj { 7.6 soh da IPoxt,ko @{# 7oq xtdv[7egsoa 9kdooA 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[5^ 8k,x,B c[[ IPo &D lqomtokdjP;da[dkow\\h0v’dklvqd-uc-oD { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokG T g,vnj gIqk96fmPow0 9t,uxtdqfdkoco;.fgduf0BoL T 1kd.shdkow\\hgduf0Bo 8hv’,ug’vnj ow0.fcfLj T 4hk1kd.shdkow|h15f8y]q’ 8hv’,ug’vnj ow0co;.fL { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko &{* 7qo xtdv[7egsao 9kdoAo 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[D *D lqomtok];,djP;da[vqd-yffk-q’ c]t vqd-yfD { 76 c]t oadIPolqomtok168j k,xB,c[[IPo s^n 8q;1kj ’.f|b’j mugj sao.ome,t-kf c];h 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokG T vqd-yffk-q’c,oj spa’L T dklvqd-uc-ogdufxt8ydy]ypkda[mkf8kj ’M c]h;wfhmkfxtlq,-toyf.fL T dkogdufgs^ad0U\\hP’3]stF 7qo c]t lafdvj o9t,urt]a’7;k,Ihvo8ts^vfg;]koAo c,oj xt8ydy]ypkvqd-yffk-q’ s^n [+L { .shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo 0Bo8v[ c]h;76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[D X7g6 ooA |da .soh da IPo9ecoddPj ;d[a 7;k,c8d8kj ’]ts;kj ’xt8dy ]y py kgzkq w\\h c]t xt8ydy]ypkvqd-yffk-q’.ome,t-kf?D T 786 ’A 7e4k,dPj ;d[a vdq -yf8kj ’MG { vqd-yfc,oj spa’L 37

T vqd-yffk-q’ c]t vqd-yf c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL { 76cotoe.shoadIPo0Pol6fg7,udPj ;da[vqd-yf[kg-uF vqd-yfvk-yf c]t dko9afc[’j vdq -fy rvh ,[vd;my du kovkj o-cjn 8]j td,j5 0v’vdq -fy 9kdooA 76 c]t oda IPolts[5^ 8k, x,B c[[IPo V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,gvkq .9.l.j odko7oQ 7;kh D { 7;k,4nd8vh ’.odko8v[7e4k,D { dkomfq ]v’D { dkocd[h fq g/dy sfa D cdh[qfg/ydsaf ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D lq,zqog7,u C+ O2 → CO2 -vdsk mC = 0, 24×100 = 0,244g 98 nC = 0, 24 = 0,023, ] 12 8k,lq,zqo9eo;o3,] C gmqkj 9eo;o3,] CO2 4hk9eo;o3,] C = 0,02 9eo;o3,] CO2 gmqkj WFW@ 3,] ltoAo mCO2 = 0,02× 44 = 0,88g @D lq,zqog7,u P4 +5O2 → 2P2O5 -vd,;olko,kflqf mS = 10 = 100 ⇒ x = 10× 20 = 2g x 20 100 nS = 2 = 0, 0625 3,] 32 8k,lq,zqo9eo;o3,] S gmqkj 9eo;o3,] O 4hk9eo;o3,] S = WFW*@& 3,] 2 nO2 = 0, 0625 3,] ltooA VO2 = 0, 0625× 22, 4 = 1, 4l 38

-vd,;olko2qflt2=lqf mP = 10 = 100 ⇒ x = 10 × 80 = 8g x 80 100 nP =8 = 0, 065 3,] 124 8k,lq,zqo9eo;o3,] O2 gmqkj & gmnvj 9eo;o3,] P 4hk9eo;o3,] P gmqkj WFW*&3,] 9eo;o3,] O2 = 5× 0,065 = 0,325 3,] VO2 m8ju vh ’.-9h f6 2fq lt2= 0,325× 22,4=7,28l [=]y,kfvqd-uma’\\qfG 1,4l +7,28l = 8,68l #D l6f -mjn kf d,j5 vdq -yf lf6 -mnj kf d,j5 vdq -yf Na2O ok8ivu dq -fy vdq -fy CO2 dkd[vofvu dq -fy ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດvdq -fy MgO ,kg1vdq -fy [kg-u Mn2O7 vkoIfu idy ,’a dkoody vk-fy ,’a dkofuvdq -yf CrO3 vkoIfu idy 3di,,dy MnO2 dko-vu dq -fy SO ,kf VI vqd-yf CaO l’a dtluvdq -yf dkd[vo II vqd-yf vk],6 ou vu v,vdq -fy 3 ZnO CO Al2O3 K2O dk]vu dq -fy $D mkfmu.j -hx5’c8’j vqd-uc-oG KMnO4, KClO3, H2O &D dD 3Fe + 2O2 → Fe3O4 0D n Fe3O4 = 13,5 = 0, 058 3,] 232 8k,lq,zqoG 9eo;o3,] O2 gmqkj 2 gmnvj 9eo;o3,]0v’ Fe3O4 4hk9eo;o3,] Fe3O4 = 0,058 9eo;o3,] O2 = 0, 058× 2 = 0,116 3,] VO2 = 0,116× 22, 4 = 2,598 ≈ 2, 6l 39

7D nO2 = 16 = 0,5 3,] 32 8k,lq,zqo9eo;o3,] Fe3O4 gmqkj 1 3,] O2D 4hk9eo;o3,] O2gmqkj WF&9eo;o3,] 2 Fe3O4 = 0, 5 = 0, 25 3,] 2 mFe3O4 = 0, 25× 232 = 58g *D ,.u ogovN .o[fq IPo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 40

[qfmu !W Iu3fic-o g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd]adltot2u-yd c]t g7,u0v’Iu3fic-oD @D [vd;ymux’5 c8’j Iu3fic-o.osvh ’mfq ]v’D #D vtmy[kpdkozt]yfIu3fic-o.ovf5 lkstdeD $D [vd7;k,le7ao c]t dkooe.-h0v’Iu3fic-oD IID goNv.o8Qo8= I3u fic-o gxoa dkl[+,lu Fu [+,du ojy F g[kq d;kj \\j6 .omd5 MmkfvkpF .ome,t-kf7’q 8;q .ork ;tfPj ; c]t xtl,q D grojy lk,kfx’5 c8’j I3u fic-o.osvh ’mfq ]v’ c]t vf5 lkstdef;h psk^ p;my u 8kj ’daoF Iu3fic-o,uxt3spfs^kp1kj ’D ,u]adltotg7,um8uj kj ’daoD IIID lnj dkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D v5xtdvodkomqf]v’G s^vfmqf]v’ X# s^vf?F X! s^vf,ufvovafmu,j um+lq’j dkl-n?j F -k,oEF cdh;|hk3,’F x6,gxQk l6[fh;p H2! |;j pF ,ulkpou]q’,af.shc|hoF m+l’qj dklmu8j yfda[fvovafd;fcdh; c]t s^vf[ao95 HCl muxj yfgxufwfhF d;fcdh;F da[w,h0ufw2F fvovafs^vfcdh;D @D mkfg7,uG mkf]t]kp HCl 100 ml F g,af Zn (2-3 g,af ? sn^ 1 xPj ’ohvp 0,5 cm3 c]t oED IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lqomtok];,djP;da[mkf,6oIu3fic-o { 7.6 soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 8k,xB,c[[IPo c];h 8’A 7e4k, T lf6 3,g]do5 I3u fic-o0Poco;.fL T .om5dmkfxtlq,Iu3fic-o,u7kj g7,ugmkqj .fL T .ome,t-kf Iu3fic-o7q’8q;.ork;t.f c]t rq[gsao16.j lcfLj 41

{ 7I6 ;j ,oda IPovtm[y kpG I3u fic-o,lu f6 3,g]do5 H2 .omkfxtl,q I3u fic-o,7u kj g7,u ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ gmqkj ! .ome,t-kfIu3fic-o7q’8q;16.j ork;tfPj ; c]t xtlq,D mkfxtlq,,adrq[ gsao.o[+oE,aofy[F [+4kj osuoF oE c]t vnoj MD @D lkmyfdkox5’c8j’Iu3fic-o.oshv’mqf]v’ { 76 ltg|uv5xtdvo c]t mkfg7,u.shoadIPoD { 7l6 kmfy .soh da IPog[’jy c]t cotoedkomfq ]v’ 9kdooA .soh da IPol’a gdf c];h [oa mdb zoq .l8j k8t]k’D { 786 ’A 7e4k,G T g,nvj 1vfvk-yf HCl ]q’.ldj ;fmu[j ao95g,afla’dtlu9t,uspa’gduf0BoL T s^vfmqf]v’m[uj ao95oEg8a, g,vnj l’qj dklIu3fic-og0Qk9t,uxkdqfdkoco;.fL T g,vnj gda[dklIu3fic-og0Qks^vfmqf]v’ c]h;oewx96f9t,uxkdqfdkoco;.fL { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo 0Bo]kp’kozqodkola’gdfD { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts^[5 zoq dkomfq ]v’8k,goNv.oxB,c[[IPo 0=h7;ogvqk.9.lj g;]kgIafmqf]v’F gda[dkl H2 7;ogda[zjkooE c]t 7;oxjvp.shdkl]tgsupvvd xt]y,ko|b’j dvj o9b’j oe H2wx.-h.odkomqf]v’8+wxD X4hkgda[ H2[+lqf g,nvj oewx96f9t]tg[uf sn^ ,ulP’ fa’gduf0BoF m+muoj edkl H wx96f 8hv’gxaom+mumj qo7;k,Ihvol6’F grnvj [+.shm+gxnvj p?D 2 { 4hk[+,u HCl vkf9t.-h H2SO49k’F 3]stmu.j -h4hk[+,u Zn vkf9tgvqk Mg, Fe sn^ Al d=wfDh { 7v6 tmy[kpgr,uj dPj ;d[a 0t[;odkozt]yfIu3fic-o.ovf5 lkstdeD { 768A’4k,G T groyj x5’c8’j Iu3fic-o.ov5flkstdefh;p;ymu.fL T 76vtmy[kpG gryoj x5’c8’j Iu3fic-o 9kddko;yg7ktoEfh;pdtclw22hkF 9kd[+oE ,aofy[ c]t 4kj osuoD #D lbdlk]adltotmk’2u-yd0v’Iu3fic-o { 7l6 kmyfdkogIfa dyf9tdeIu3fic-o8k,xB,c[[IPo c];h .soh da IPol’a gdf { 786 ’A 7e4k,G T g,njvla’gdfIu3fic-omuj[ao95.os^vfmqf]v’9tgsaolu c]t rk;t0v’dklIu3fi 42

c-oco;.fL ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ T g,nvj w0fvovafs^vfmqf]v’ c]h;fq,dyoj 9t,u7;k,I6hlbdco;.fL T gvqkx6,gxQkmu[j ao95dklIu3fic-o c]t vkdkf 9kdoAo xvj p0Bol6jvkdkfrhv,dao la’gdfgsao;kj x6,gxQk|;j p.f9txy;0Bol6’d;kj L { 7.6 s8h ;q cmooda IPo0Bo8v[ c];h 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[^5 zoq 8k,xB,c[[IPoD X76vtmy[kpgruj,djP;da[]adltotmk’2u-ydvnjoMg-ajoG v5ostr6,2qfF 95fgxnjvpF ,;olko9e grkt?D $D lbdlk]adltotg7,u0v’Iu3fic-o { 76lkmyf c]t cotoe.shoadIPola’gdfxkdqfdko c]h;768A’7e4k,G T I3u fic-oxt8dy ]y py kd[a vdq -cu -o9t,xu kdfq dkosp’a gdfu 0oB L T Iu3fic-oxt8ydy]ypkd[a mv’vdq -yf9t,usp’a gduf0BoL T g,vnj 9f6 dklIu3fic-o7;ogvkq .9.lfj kh og8da oydco;.fL { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo ]kp’ko 9kdoAo 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,gxao9y’D &D lqomtok];,djP[da[dkooe.-hIu3fic-o { 7.6 soh da IPo l’a gdfg[’yj I[6 rk[1xj6 B,c[[IPo 9kdooA 786 ’A 7e4k,G T dklIu3fic-ooe.-gh rvnj sp’a cfLj { .soh da IPoxtdv[7e7yfgsoa c];h 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts^[5 8k,xB,IPoD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo r9y k]tok9kdG { dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao c]t 7;k,8A’.9.odko8v[7e4k,D { dkolkmfy cdh[qfg/ydsaf !D 0Polq,zqo c]t -qj’-klq,zqo dD Fe2O3 + 3H2 ⎯t⎯o→ 2Fe + 3H2O 0D HgO + H2 ⎯t⎯o → Hg + H2O 7D H2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 2HCl 43

@D lq,zqo CuO+ H2 ⎯t⎯o→ Cu + H2O n CuO 48 = 0, 6 3,] 80 dD 8k,lq,zqo 9eo;o3,] CuO = 0,6 3,] ltoAo 9eo;o3,] Cu = 0,6 3,] mCu = 0, 6× 64 = 38, 4g 0D 8k,lq,zqo9eo;o3,] H2 gmkqj 9eo;o3,] CuOD 4hk CuO = 0,6 3,]9eo;o 3,] H2= 0,6 =13,44l . #D -vdsk9eo;o3,] H2 nH2 = 8, 4 = 0,375 3,] 22, 4 -vdsk9eo;o3,] O2 nO2 = 2, 8 = 0,125 3,] ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 22, 4 9eo;o3,]Iu3fic-o gmqkj @ gmnvj 9eo;o3,]0v’vqd-uc-oD 4hk O ,u WF!@& 3,] 9e o;o3,] H 9tgmqkj 0,125 x 2= 0,253,]D ltoAo 8k,sq;[qf9eo;o3,] H 9tgsn^v 22 0,375-0,25 = 0,125 3,]D 9eo;o3,] H O c,oj 9eo;o3,] H D 4hk H = 0,125, 2 22 H2O 9t,u 0,25 3,] ltoAoG mH2O = 0, 25×18 = 4,5g $D ,u16.j oxB,c[[IPo &D d? H =7,7% 0? H = 2,04% 44