ພາສາລາວ_Lao

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.o3vdkffa’j dkj ; pa’,urymu,v[]k’;aodPf8y75o9kdxtmkovq’dko3v]y,xydlkdqo .sh ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ xtmko9af,tstde-ugd,7A’mu @& g-yj’mkj o cvofu ,k]kciogd’ (Andi Malarangeng) Iv’xtmkoltstrao3v]y,xydlkdqo wfhdkj ;-q,g-up lDxDx ]k; ;kj 9afwfhfug]uf c]t wfh.sh dko8hvoIa[vaovq[v5oj ,tsaflt9ao ,yf8trk[ .shz6h,kI;j , c]t ,k-q,-ugd, 7A’mu @& muj lDxDxD ]k; gxaog9Qkrk[ 3fpmkj owfhdkj ;;kj G <0hkrtg9Qk.ook,7tot3v]y,xydlkdqo c]t ;q’lk7totpkf3v]y,xyd 0=-q,g-up lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k; muwj fh9af,tst dedy]k-ugd,0Bogxao7A’mevyfD r;dmjko9afdkowfhfug]ufF wfh.shdko8hvoIa[vaovq[v5jo c]t ,tsfa lt9oa ,yf8trk[ .szh ,h6 kI;j , c]t ,k-,q oda dy]k #D!WW 7oq m,uj k9kd !! xtgmflt,k -yd-ugd, d=wfhg0QkI;j ,c0’j 0ao wfhI;j ,-u;yfoedao c]t wfhxt8y[afoE.93v]y,xyd 7n7;k,fug]uf ,yf8trk[ c]t dkoo[a 4ng-’yj doa c]t doa D 0=-,q g-upzoq leg]fa 0v’r;dmkj oF 0kh rtg9kQ 0=8k’ |hk.shmkj o -adiqd xtmko3v]y,xydlkdqo.shdPfphv’p=]af4t[ko c]t xt-k-qo lDxDx ]k; c]t zIh6 [a zfy -v[dko9fa dko-gu d,o7U n rtotmkj o l,q lts;kf g]’ja lts;fa Iv’okpdq ]fa 4t,oq 8u xtmko7totde,tdko9af-ugd, 7A’mu @& 8ts^vf # xuzkj o,k mkj owfhgIaf;Pd1kj ’[+I6hvyf I6hg,vnj p grvnj leg]af;ywlmaf0v’]af4t[kom1uj kdl’qj glu,dy]k.shxt-k-qo0v’mkj o grvnj xtdv[ l;j og0kQ .odkolkh ’3]d.sfh u0Bo c]t .s,h uloa 8yrk[ 3fpzkj odkody]k rkp.8oh E.93v]y,xydD dy]kgxaorklkvao|b’j vaofP;mumj 5d7qog0Qk.9 c]t gxaoly’j le7aomugj Iaf.shxt-k-qolk,ad7udaoD ]af4t[ko0v’mjkowfhIa[gvqk7;k,mhkmkp.odkogxaog9Qkrk[,tstde-ugd, 7A’mu @& gIfa .s;h ’q dkod]y k.oxtgmf0v’mkj owfIh [a dkorfa mtokgxoa 1kj ’fu lt|k,d]y kcs’j -kfsd^a !* gxoa lt|k,dy]k.splj ;p’k, xtdv[f;h plo6 dy]kmk’oE lt|k,py’xno lt|k,gmoa oyf c]t lt|k,dy]k.oIq,j d=7nlt|k,vnoj M16mj q;j ot7vos^;’;P’9ao 7nlt|k,dav[-ugd, c]t lo6 [36 f g-’yj 4n;kj gxoa lt|k,mfuj umluj 5f.orkdrNoD 12

okpqd]af4t,qo8u cs’j lDxDx ]k; mjko [q;lvo [5[zk;ao wfhdjk;xyf,tstdedy]k ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ -ugd,7A’mu @& 1kj ’gxaomk’dko .orymuwfh,udko,v[m5’-ugd,.shxtgmfvyo3fgog-p 3fpmkj o fiD r6mv’ cl’vk7q, ]af4t,qo8uxt9eleoad’kookpqd ma’gxaoxtmko7totde,tdko d]y kcs’j -kf ,v[.s]h fa 4t,oq 8du t-;’d]y k c]t -k;|,j5 voy 3fgog-p g-’jy 9tgxoa g9kQ rk[9fa -ugd, 7A’mu @*D 9kdoAog9kQ rk[,tstde-ugd,7A’mu @* xtgmfvyo3fgog-p ltg|u[fq 2vh oly]t 9k1kmulj ;p’k, v;fvhk’g7nvj ’o5’j lucf’ ,u,5’d5f c]t g7nvj ’xtfa[lu7egs^nv’gs^Nv,dk’g;mu f;h p]]u kmkj 2vh omvju vj o-vh p c8gj 0,A c0’ xtlkofoq 8mu 3ju ffgfoja f;h plP’dv’ crdt3x’j lcu f’ fkh oovdmlju k,kfdk’vvdgxoa I[6 fvdw,wh foh oA lkh ’7;k, l;p’k,.sdh koltcf’gxoa 1kj ’p’jy D dkoltcf’ <,kh ’g7nvg0kq dkf< oymko[I6 ko]k; mouj da ltcf’/kj pg9kQ rk[;P’9oa gd, oe,kg]kqj .shc0d2a’3fp];,gvqkoadltcf’ !D&WW d;kj 7qo,kltcf’2hvo gIafgxaoI6[8kj ’M lnj7;k,\\kpg4y’7;k,,ug,f8kdt]5ok0v’x6jgpupjkgpu c]t ly’7e mujwfh,hk’g7nvg0qkdkf .sh3]dwfhrq[da[cl’lts;jk’ 8+fh;pdkoltcf’[qf2hvo <[5oxu.\\j[hkogIqk< [qf2hvooUgIaf .shmq;j gfuoj xPd-5,j wfhfh;poE.lg1aomu4j ndsqf c]t lkf 9kd0ao X3v? xtlkodko2hvo]e g-y’j gskjq^ oda ltcf’rtpkpk,4kj pmvf.szh -h6 ,q wfgh soa [o5 xtgro0u v’]k;.ow]ptvkdkfIvh ov[q gvkQ rk0;oa fvdw,ch -,/kh p,’5 7o5 m7ju oq ]k;opy ,q doa ,fa 78+ c+ 0o grvjn 7;k,gxoa l]y ,y ’5 7o5 .oxk’[o5 oU d=4nd1y[pqd0Bo,kv;fvhk’g-ajodaoD 4af9kdvkdkfIhvovq[gvQkd=8+.lj]tf6/qo g-yj’gxao]tf6muj xt-k-oq ]k;dP,gIfa okD g,vjn /oq 2kh [8+ dq d8= vh ’,du ko0/= oq 9kdrtpkc4oD .o[fq 2vh o <[o5 [’A w2< gskjq^ oda ltcf’c8’j dkp.o-f5 lcu lf g-’U doa 1kj ’,;j o-ojn ,du komk|kh c8,h 8k g-’jy gxoa gvdt]da |bj’0v’oadg-U’[A’w2 rhv,oU s5jog2nv’0t|kf.spjmujvvd,k2hvo.shz6h-q,g[yj’ d=lhk’lulao .shdkoltcf’-5foU[+|hvpD [bf9E[bfK 7nlP’x5d.9lurkpgInvc0’j .o[qf2hvo <g-U’-;j ’gInv< xtgroumu9j af0Bo4af9kd[5ovvdraolkxt;=]tok !& 7O gfnvo !! ]k; m5dMxuD [qf2hvooUovd 9kdlP’9a’s;tfqo8u c]t gr’Ihv’muj7bd7No,j;o-njoc]h; [aofklurkp[jk;{lk;pa’vvd cI’cd;’j w,rh kp4kj pmvf.sgh soa 7;k,9[6 9kh ;skh ;soa c8lj ;p’k,f;h pdkoxtlkomkj 2vh o voa vvj o-vh p g0,A c0’ 9’jb dkpgxoa [fq 2vh ovdu [fq m-ju tot.9z-h6 ,q sk^ p0oB D 9kdooA gskjq^ oda ltcf’ ]k; c]t vyo3fgog-p g-y’j 9tgxaog9Qkrk[9af-ugd, 7A’mu @* vud @ xu 0hk’|hkd=vvd,k;kf ];f]kpI;j ,dao.o9a’s;t[a-]q[ XPasodoble? c]t gr’ve]kmu|j hk9qf9e rq[dao.\\vj ud @ xu0hk’|hk da[,tstde-ugd,7A’mu @* mulj 5,k8ik xtgmfvyo3fgog-pD X7af9kd |a’lnry,;P’9ao.\\j lt[a[;aomu !_}!@}@WW_ 13

@D$ dkory9k]tok7=]evnjoM ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ |a’lnry, c]t ;k]tlko ovd9kd9tltg|u0kj ; c]t [qf7;k,c]h; pa’,u7=]evnoj Mvud g-aoj G lk]t7tfuF [aogmu’7tfuF xtdkf c]t 37ltok gxao8qhoD .odkory9k]tokc8]j t7=]eoaho zvh6 kj o7;ol’a gdfdko.-rh klkF I[6 c[[dko0Po c]t 7o5 7kj m,uj u8+zvh6 kj oD 8q;1jk’G [qflk]t7tfu <;af-P’mv’< ;fa -P’mv’ lkh ’g,vjn dk’lt8t;fa mu !* cs’j 7fy 8tl’a dkf 7dn vj ow]ptg;]kmju rtg9kQ w- ptg-f4km]y kf pkh pot7vos;^ ’ 9kds;^ ’rt[k’ ]’q ,klkh ’8’A g,vn ’;P’9oa gxoa ot7vos;^ ’ 0v’vkok9da ]k;]kh o-kh ’D ;afoU 8A’1c6j 7,oE0v’wd9kdxkdoE7ko,kmk’.8hxt,ko #WW c,af gxao;af|’bj m.uj spj c]t l;p’k, gxaodqdg7Qkltd5o-kj ’ly]txt;P’9aoltw\\]af-tdko0v’rtg9Qkw-ptg-f4k my]kf Xltd5o-kj ’ly]txtmkfs^;’F ;afvq’8NF ;afvyocx’F ;aflug,nv’F s=rtcdh;DDD? ltd5o-kj ’ l]y txt;fa -P’mv’oU wfrh fa mtokgxoa c[[l]y txtc[[]kh o-kh ’];h oM g-’jy [7+ dn [a ltdo5 -kj ’l]y t xt.fM,kdvj o wfgh ],ju 0oB m;ju fa -P’mv’ g,vjn dk’lt8t;fa mu !* X!&&W{!&(W? cs’j 7fy 8tl’a dkfD ryglf0v’ltd5o-kj ’oU1[6j vj o;kj dkoxtfyflhk’mulj tcf’vvdg4y’oyfwl.97=0v’7qo]k; ]h;o c8]j tvPfvvj o c]t ’k,c[[me,t-kfcmhM g-y’j rafmtok,k9kds^kpltd5o-kj ’ly]txtD g;khq c];h 1.j6 o;fa -P’mv’oU ,lu ’jy dl+ kh ’m.ju s7h o5 7kj mk’xts;fa lkfF l]y txt c]t ;fa mtotme mgju xoa I[6 c[[0v’]k;cmMh g-oja G rf5 mtl,u kF sw= 8F sw= s;Fh rtmkfg9fFu rtrf5 mtI[6 c]t vojn MD X7af9kd7=]e,=]tfqd]hko-hk’F ;k]tlko;aootlyo lt[a[gfnvoly’sk @WW_F |hk !*? 8q;1jk’G g]njv’lAo.o7=]e;aootde0v’;k]tlkoz6hcmoxt-k-qo <7oq d[a 7;kp< 7;kpg4yd|e8;q fP;m0uj vh p]Ph ’,k !W d;kj xu 1kj ;kj c8.j -ch dwj 4pk,ok 1kj ’fP;gmkjq ooA c80j hvppa’4n7;kp38oUgxaoc,cj I’.odko]kd]=hcd2j no c]t vnoj Mmu9j egxaole]a[7v[7q;D 8noj g-Qk,kd=gvqk,aovvdcs^’j wxdyosphkc7,okF 7Oc]’,k d=gvqkg0Qkcs^’j 8ts^vfIvfdkog[y’j cp’pk,g9a[w0hwfhx;j pF 0hvp1kd8A’-n.j sh7;kp3mo38oUs^kp-nj oa[c8-j n[j ad3moF [ad86hF [adg4ydF [da feF [da |e c]t vojn M8k,llu oa I[6 xtroa 0v’7;kpD c80j vh p,da gvoU 8fy l[q 8fy xkdcmMh dc= ,oj <[da 8<h6 ;kj c8gj voU <8Mh6 < wfph oy 1.j6 l,oa dg= -fu |kh c]oj ,ksk3]fD 0vh pcr’,oa pvh o,oa I7h6 ;k,77n oq D ]tf6gIafokd=.-hw4okc8gj -Qk,nf9qo8kg;ao0BomPj ’2hkF 7qo[+g,nvj p 7;kpd=[+g-qkD 0hvp,ad]6[M 7eM0qolufe0v’[ad86h.og;]kxqfvvd9kdcvd0,qj 7=pk,g-qkw4okD [ad86h,ad26,[;d7hP;gvNv’ c]t -yfg0kq wx,kg,vnj ,u38gs^nvd,kg9ktdyog]nvfD 14

0hvpgmU’s^a’.ljglqk4P’okpqd,ng[Nv’|bj’0Bodjkp|hkzkdcp’7;kp[ad86h c]h;d=rkf ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ lkp8kco,vvdwxlm6j ’qj d;hk’mu,j udhvo0Uw4;k’9afc4;]P’]kpgxaos^no]oaj D 0hvp4voskp.9 [kfpk;Mc];h d=9,jq r,b red[a 8oq gv’;kj G <2hkgvupDDD xko.fgf9’jb 9twfh7kfF xko.f9’bj 9twfh8qddhkF wfhfeok c]t pa’vudfqoxko.f 9’jb 9twfgh d[a dPj ; vkwl.l7j ;kp3mo38fP;gIfa okpkfcp’j c0’j 0oa d[a g;]k c]t oE2kh oE/oq D [k’]tf6/qo,kc8jsq;xuc8jmhkpxu,k2hkc]h’[+,u/qor=g,afD [k’gmnjvsq;xuc]h’xkpxuraf4h;, 9’ja c,oj gvkq .9pkdoeoE2kh oE/oq co;;kj foq [oa fkogvkq gv’[w+ fFh [7+ 1n [j6 kh ovojn g,vn ’vojn grojy ,u -qo]txtmkoF ,u9adl6[oExu|b’j gIafokwfh @ gmnvj <D mkj ,dk’lkp]q,rafzkj o c]t phvo7;k,vyfg,nvj p9kddkow4ok 0hvp9b’j g-nv[s^a[wxD c8mj ao.foAoF 0hvpd=ltgfuf 8onj phvolP’gskqj 3;h’M 0v’\\k[adcf’mguj sao7qo8kj ’|hkD <g-tDDDg-tK ,u.z1[6j +L< 7qo8kj ’|hkmsuj kd=,kIvfwfhvvdlP’w][j adcf’ c]t gvUo4k,g9Qk 0v’4P’okD <[adcf’DDD g-tK ,ao[+daffvdDDD ,aogskqj -Mnj <D g,vnj wfhpyolP’0v’0hvpD [adcf’d=s^v[sk’ 7k’vUdM v;kj p|kh d[a 7no,kovo\\v[1[j6 vj ogdkjq 7nI7h6 ;k,7oq D <g-ou 0oB ,kgm’y rgU f<u D 0vh pvvdxkdg-ou c0d.s0h oB ,kgm’y 4P’okD <r+]’5 DDD okm’jq oUc,oj ok0v’g9kQ \\fq [=L< z-h6 kpooA 4k,0Bo7n1kdI1h6 kdgsoa D <dt[+c,oj \\qffvdDDD 0v’gIqkcmhMd=,uc8j !W .Ivj hv,4P’okoUcs^tK 4afoAovvdwxmk’ c7,sh;p c]t 8uofq’r5hod=c,oj 0v’z6hvnoj <D <3mK ok !W .Ivj kwl.lcj 87j ;kp38fP;ma’w4ma’7kf,ao-y16dj 5h,Ivf\\qf ]tf6gIafokoU[=<D 7oq zoh6 oA g;kQ c[[gxoa 8k-’a c80j vh pd=2kh ;8v[0ohb ;kj G <8A’c8.j f,k7;kp38fP;ma’w4ma’7kfd=[+9ad;kj gmkqj .f2hkgmkqj .f/qo,kc]h; d=[+gsao;kj ,ao-y]Q,-y8kpvao.f<D <dt[;+ kj fvdDDD 0vh p\\kp7;k,;kj 7;kp38fP;gIfa okd;kh ’xkoodU v= fju 86 oq ,oa mo+ oA cst^ <D 0vh p[+xkdpvh o[+1kd8+7;k,DDD c8.j o.90vh pF 0vh pp’a 7yf7Pfd[a 7eg;kQ gxoa 8k-’a ooA D <r+]5’DDD 0hvp,u0=hltg|uF fP;oU\\qf[hko\\qfg,nv’[+;kj 16.j lg0qkd=[+.-h7;kpw4okc]h;F g0qk .-ch 8]j fq w4okgfou 8k,F ,oa [d+ oy spkh c8,j oa doy oE,oa c]t d[= 8+ kpIkj F 1kj ;kj c8wj 4ok !W .IDj DD ,N|b’j Mw4okwfh !WW .Ij ,aodtg,nvj p[+gxaoF [+rP’c8gj mqkj oAo gIqkpa’.-h,aof6f|v’xkF f6foE g0QkokF .-hgxaort]a’’kow22hk8ts^vfIvfcdgj 7vnj ’|ad0v’|kwfhlk]traf1kj ’D oUcs^t7n0=hfu 0v’]fq w4okgfou 8k,D 7;kpc,oj lfa F Idh6 oy F Ifh6 ,jn F Igh6 9[a F Iwh6 0h c]t I8h6 kp77n oq gIkq D f[u f+ 4u dn ]tf6 7;kp8kpIkj 1kj ;kj c8[j +,u7;kpw4ok 0t|kf;kj gvqk-Uo,kdyod=pa’zyfrtpkf<D 15

0vh p[+,u7egsoa voa .fdPj ;d[a g]vnj ’oU pvh o;kj 0vh pp’a g-vnj 7;kp3mo8;q oU0v’0vh pD c8.j fM ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ,kg4’y 9tzkj o2kh zkj o/oq zkj o],q zkj ocff,k[9+ da gmkjq .f]tf6 ,oa d1= -j6 ;j pgsvjn -;j pcI’lk]trfa ,k8tsv^ fD [fa o,U ru P’7oq 8kj ’|kh -,y kvkh ’lt,fa 4trk[0v’]fq w4okgfou 8k,]ojn 7;kpm0uj vh p vfuj I6 da cr’,oa 7ndoa d[a lt,k-yd.o7v[7;q ooA wf9h ’ja .fD <0kplkDDD r+]5’F 0kp-N]qfw4okgfuo8k,F 4hk[+r=gmkqj .f0hvpd=9tgru,j .shdvj oDDD 4n;kj c,oj -Ng0kQ 0P; s^n [+d=w]]j P’.lgj 0kQ gxnvdpk,gd[a dPj ;okxud=wf<h D 7eg;QkoAowfhg]nvo]k’dkps67nlkp]q,rafzjkoDDD c8j.olj;og]yd0v’7;k,obd7yf 0v’0vh pd=p’a ]’a g]m9ju t[+,u7e8v[D <0kplkDDD r]+ ’5 gvpu DDD 0vh p9t-gN vkq <D 7e-da -;o8]+ v’ooA sda 3s,g0kQ .l.j o 7;k,]’a g]0v’ 0hvp7n]q;xnodqoD 0hvpwfhc84j voskp.9 c]h;d=s^P;g[y’j 7;kp[ad86hmuoj vo 26,[;d7hP;gvNv’ fh;p7;k,vufj 6lq’lkoD <pvh o]tfg6 Ifa okDDD 7;kp[w+ fdh oy spkh c]t [w+ frh da zvj orP’r9= ’jb 7;n kj zv,]’q DDD 4kh -wN fch [[ [+gvkq ]fa gvkq xP[doa F ]k7k7;kp38oUd=xt,ko & ]kh odu[m+ooA cs^tDDD< r+7kh 7;kpltg|u]k7k c[[l,q gsfl,q zoq D 7e;kj & ]kh od[u F co;;kj 7oq [g+ 7pu ,u c]t d[= g+ 7pu gsoa g’oy ]kh odvh o.spxj kooDU 0kpgxfa \\fq 7vd c]t c4,.l\\j ]6 kf $ 38m]ju Ph ’1gj6 Ivn odp= ’a [g+ 4’y & ]kh oD g’oy & ]kh ogIfa .s0h vh pskp.93]’j ]q’wxIvfmhv’DDD 0kp7;kp-N7;kpc87j ;kp38oU[+dyosphk c8,j aodyooE,ao c]t d=[+8kpIkj lk,kfoe.-lh k]trfa 1kj ’7rn 7+ kh 7;kpg;kQ ,kDDD 7;k,]’a g]g],ju sf5^ 4vpDDD 7;k,Ilh6 db vfju 76 ;kp d=g]u,j 9nf9k’D rk[g]nvo]k’0v’]qfw4okgfuo8k,7vj pMxkdqf0Bo1.6j o7;k,leobdD 4hk,u]qf w4ok7n;kj DDD s^a’dPj ;g0Qk0hvp-yf6f|v’.spcj 7,okF -y-kj ;ok8uofq’.shwfh8n,j vuds^kpmq’j D py’j /ao7;k,7yfd=p’yj d;hk’9qo[+I6h;kj -ygIafvao.fdvj ogIafvao.f]5oD 4hkgIafwfh7n;kj 1kj ’|hvp]qfw4 okgfou 8k,d9= t-;j pxPj ocx’;4y -u ;y fy 0v’dkogIfa okc[[gfou 8k,s’a^ 7;kp,kc8xj pj6 kj 8kpkpF soa ,koe.-gh 8da ody doq wdwx8k,pd5 ltw\\F 9’jb 9t0kpg0kQ .s,h kgxoa g’oy gxoa 7ewfgh xoa dv[gxoa deD zkj o,k.-7h ;kpw4okF 4kh 2kh [+c]’h F oE[+4;h ,d=r=c8dj ,h5 dyom+ooA cs^tD c]t c];h F .olPh ;vfb .9 fP; 0vh pd=8v[8dq ]’q 3fpm[uj +moa wfxh db lksk]noe]d6 oeg,p0v’0vh pg]upD ,NoAoF r+7hk7;kp9kj pg’yo & ]hkodu[ c]h;d=]kd[ad86h0Bo]qfdt[t c]t laopk;kj ,Nvnoj 9’jb 9t,kgIfa loa pk9kj pg’oy -gN 0kQ 0P; sn^ w]]j P’.l]j k7kg0kQ gxvn dpk,gd[a dPj ;c];h d9= t9kj pg’oy le][a -]N fq w4okgfou 8k,.sgh ]pu D ,oN oA F 0vh pI;h6 kj [da 8/h6 oa Ikh p g-’jy ,oa [v+ kfIwh6 f]h ;j ’|kh ,kdvj o ;kj dko9kdmvh ’m’jq okmwju 4[+moa c];h oU 9tc,oj dko9kdwx0v’,oa .sgh fou wxl7j6 ;k,8kpD [da 8h6 m’a foY m’a 2fb 7,n oa I]h6 ;j ’|kh dPj ;d[a -k8kde0v’8oq gv’D 0vh pv;kj p|kh |u grvjn s[q^ sdu^ rk[0v’ 7;k,g9a[x;foAoD 0hvp3p[dkp]q’o’aj 1vj ’1=hs^’aj oE8kltvNowshda[dko9kdwx0v’[ad86h c8,j n 16

lv’g[vN ’p’a sv[4’q g’oy & ]kh omwju f9h kddko0kp-;u fy 0v’7;kpm8ju oq gv’Ida cr’,oa 7]n d6 7gn 8kQ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ cmhM.shwxl7j6 ;k,8kpD [ad86h4nd7qo’ko4qdmNo0Bogmy’]qfc]h; c8,j aopa’v;kj p|hk,kco,g[y’j 0hvp fh;pf;’8k mcuj f’dOmguj 7nv[vk[f;h poE8k7kh p7nvvh o;vo0=7;k,8kpD <[ad86hgvupK r+,u7;k,9egxaovus^u]6dgvupD vt3slyde.shr+c,j -kf|hk4hkgduf.\\jwfh d=1kj gduf,kgxao7;kp 0=.shgduf,kgxao7qoD -kfoUr+-ymP;8ad[kf1kfoE.shDDD 0=.shwxfu,ul5dDDD 1kj 9vj ’de9vj ’g;odoa gfuK< oa[8A’c8,j NoAoF ,Nmguj 0qksv[gvqk[ad86h0Bo]qfwx 0hvpd=wfhc8]j =7vp1g6j my’4P’ok m;uj kj ’gxkqj fP;fkpDDD 9kd,Nc];h ,Ng]kjq F 7v’.srh +7kh 7;kp,k9kj pg’yo-Ng0kQ 0P;9oq g;]k ];j ’g]upwxgxoa vkmfy F gxoa gfvn odp= ’a [g+ soa |kh r7+ kh 7;kp,kD [;doEm[ju da 8gh6 7pu 2,6 9oq 0oj5 g0,A d.= lc9’h 9oq co, gsaoxk-u;]vp16rj No[;dD 7kfF w4 c]t cvd0q,j 7=7;kpd=pa’ovoltc7’dv’8kdcff8kd /oq g\\nvod[a 7oq mruj ;,3ldkvkfo6 c]t \\fq vkw]8kp1kdD m’jq okmcuj I’’ko[da 8gh6 7upw4xtw;h dp= ’a xtdvh o0wU 4ovo]P’]kp9,q oEcd’j 9kdlkp/oq skj c];h skj vdu D d;kj 9tI;h6 kj 8oq gv’4dn r7+ kh 7;kp8;q t8,Q 9oq [w+ fgh Ifa ok c]t d[= w+ f-h ]N fq w4okgfou 8k,F g’oy & ]hkodu[d=wfhoevvdwx9a[9kj p.-hlvple]a[ly’j 9egxao.oc8]j t;ao c]t 8A’c8,j NoAo 0hvpd= g],ju g9[a vvfMcvfM c];h d9= oq g4’y 0oA ],Q \\voovoglvjn D pvh o7fy g4’y 7;kpF 7fy g4’y 7;k,-;jq Ikh p 0v’7qo g-’yj ];,ma’groyj ma’8qogv’oeD le]a[0hvpF 0hvpd=wfhc88j e|y8y8Po8qogv’phvo8qogv’ [+Iv[7v[d=9bj’gIaf.sh,u7;k,zyfrkf g-yj’c,jo7;k,zyfrkf.spjs^;’mujl5f.o-u;yf g-yj’ 7;k,gIfa zfy rkf7’A o,U oa ,7u kj gmkjq d[a 7;k,8kp0v’zvh6 ojn DDD X7af9kd7=]e;aootde 0v’;k]tlkoz6hcmoxt-k-qo lt[a[mu !*F |hk $({$)? 7e4k, !D [qf0kj ;mufj u7;o,u]adltotco;.fL @D s^addkory9k]tok[qf0kj ;8kj ’MoAo z6hvkj o9t8hv’gIafco;.fL ry9k]tokfhko.fcfLj #D .odkor9y k]tok7]= e8kj ’M.o|kh |’a lrn ,y c]t ;k]tlkoF zvh6 kj o7;ol’a gdfg[’jy sp’a cfjL [qfg/ydsaf 9’qj vkj o8;q 1kj ’8kj ’M0kh ’gmy’ c];h ry9k]tokG { goNv.o c]t rklkmu.j -h { dkoIP’]efa[gsfdko c]t s^ad4kovhk’vu’ 17

[qfmu @ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkovjko;yg7kt;y9ko1jk’,u;y9k]totpko !D 7;k,\\kp0v’dkovjko;yg7kt;y9ko1jk’,u;y9k]totpko dkovkj o;yg7kt;y9ko1kj ’,u;y9k]totpko \\kpg4y’dkovkj o3fp.-h7;k,I6h s^n xtlq[ dko0v’8qo,kxP[mP[-a’j -k c]t g]nvd8aflyo.9;kj 7;k,I6h s^n g]njv’muwj fhvkj ooaho ,u95ffu c]t 95fvvj o co;.f c]t rhv,mu9j t.sh7;k,7yfgsao grnvj cdhw095fvvj ooahoMvudfh;pD dkovkj o;yg7kt;y9ko1kj ’,u;y9k]totpko gxaodkovkj om8uj hv’.-hlt8yxaopk grvnj 8aflyo .9g]nvj ’8kj ’Mmuwj fhvkj o c]t ,ugsfzqo.odkory9k]tok;kj g]nvj ’muvj kj ooaho 9tg-nvj 4nwfhs^kp s^n |hvprP’.f c]t lk,kf;yg7kt95ffu 95fvvj ooahoM;kj gduf9kdspa’F grktgsf.f gxao8qhoD @D 7;k,lk,kfrnho4ko0v’dkovjko;yg7kt;y9ko1jk’,u;y9k]totpko dkovkj o;yg7kt;y9ko1kj ’,u;y9k]totpko 9t8hv’,urnho4ko7;k,I6hfa’j ouhG !? lk,kf9ecod]ts;kj ’7;k,9y’ c]t 7;k,7yfgsaowfhD @? lk,kflts^5[gonhv.ole7aowfhD #? lk,kf8u]k7kmafltot c]t 95fxtlq’0v’z6h0PowfhD $? lk,kfg0khq g4y’vk],q 0v’g]vnj ’wfDh #D ;ymuvjko;yg7kt;y9ko1jk’,u;y9k]totpko dkovjko;yg7kt;y9ko1jk’,u;y9k]totpko lk,kfg/yd.shgduf0bhowfh c]t ,u0=h7;o xt8y[aff’aj ouhG !? ry9k]tok7;k,4nd8hv’0v’rklk rklkmuvj jkooaho gxaolaopt]adcmo7;k,I6h c]t 7;k,7yf0v’z6h0PoD dko.-hrklkmu[j =j 4dn 8vh ’ 9tgxoa zoq ltmvh o8d+ [a govhn .o c]t 7;k,\\kpmcju m9h ’y 0v’rklkF gIfa .s7h ;k,I7h6 ;k, 7fy mzju 0h6 Po1kdl8jn +zvh6 kj oooha [+[oa ]85 k,9f5 xtl’q D dko.-rh klkm[uj +4dn 8vh ’g7pu ,su ^kp]da ltot f;h pdoa g-oja G dko.-7h el[a zfy 7;k,\\kpF dkolkh ’xt3spd[4+= dn 8vh ’F dko.-gh 7vjn ’\\kp;da 8vo zfy rkfgxoa 8ohq D @? ry9k]tok7;k,8+gonjv’0v’xt3spd 7;k,8+govnj ’0v’xt3spdgxoa l;j o|’jb mguj Ifa .sdh ko.-rh klkfu0Bo c]t l7nj ;k,\\kpwfh c9,j c9h’0bhoD 95fm7uj ;ola’gdf0v’7;k,8+govnj ’]ts;kj ’xt3spdoaho7ndko.-h7eg-vnj ,F 7e8+F g7nvj ’\\kp;ad8vo c]t 7;k,\\kp0v’xt3spdD 4hkxt3spd[+8+gonvj ’ 9tgIaf.shz6hvkj ogduf 18

7;k,la[lqo c]t dhk;wxg4y’[vj og0qhk.9zyf8+da[gonhv.o c]t 7;k,\\kp muzj 6h0Po8hv’dko ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ldjn [a zvh6 kj oD #? ry9k]tok7;k,8+gonjv’0v’gonhvg]njv’ 7;k,8g+ ovjn ’0v’govhn g]vjn ’ ,7u ;k,le7oa sk^ p 3fpsda^ dkoc];h dko0PodPj ;d[a g]vjn ’.f g]nvj ’|b’j 9t8hv’fegouo8k,c[[0v’c8]j txtgrf[qfg-aoj G dko0Polk]t7tfu xtgrf-u;t xts;af 8hv’g]u,j 8qhoc8j ;aogfnvoxugdufF xts;afdkolbdlkF xts;afdkogIaf;Pd c]t vnoj MD c84j hk0Pog]u,j 9kd;aogfnvoxu8kpF c]h;8+fh;pxts;afdkogIaf;Pd c]t xts;afdkolbdlk c[[o9uh tgIfa .szh vh6 kj ogduf7;k,l[a loq D g;qhk];,c]h; 7;k,8+govnj ’0v’gonhvg]vnj ’ vkf9t,us^kpc[[mcuj 8d8kj ’daog-oaj G 7;k, 8+gonvj ’c[[xtgrouoypq, Xg7up0Pog]nvj ’c[[oaho,kfqoc]h;? s^n vkf9tgxao7;k,8+gonvj ’mugj xao gvdt]ad0v’z6h0Pog-ajoG fegouog]njv’mujgxaogsfdko[ahoxkp-u;yf0v’8q;]t7vo.f|bj’ c];h 9’jb dkj ;g4’y 7;k,gxoa ,k0v’g]vjn ’.o8vo8ohq dvj o9tgdfu gsfdkoxfa 9[5 oa c89j t0Pof;h p ]u]kc[[.fd=8k,F 8vh ’pfb 4ns^da mguj xoa gvdtrk[doa dvj oD $? 9ecod7;k,I6hvvd9kd7;k,7yf c]t 7;k,I6hlbd zvh6 kj o9t8vh ’7eo’b ;kj g]vjn ’mgju Ikq vkj oooha ,mu ’a 7;k,IFh6 7;k,7fy c]t 7;k,Ilh6 db 0v’zh6 0Poc/’1D6j f’aj oahoF dkovkj o1kj ’,u;y9k]totpko z6hvkj o9t8hv’9ecodwfh c]t lk,kfry9k ]tok1kj ’,ugsfzqo;kj vao.fgxao7;k,I6hmu7j ;o99nj e c]t vao.fgxao7;k,7yfF 7;k,I6hlbd0v’ z6h0Pomulj tg|ugru,j g8u, grnvj dt85ho.sh7qho7yfF grvnj ltcf’mafltotl;j o8q; c]t vnoj MD &? g[yj’7;k,lerao0v’s^addko c]t 8q;1jk’ 3fpmqj;wxc]h; 0=h7;k,.fmujgxaogsfdko s^n g]njv’muj7qhorq[.\\jF 4hkz6h0Povhk’g4y’ s^n pqd8q;1kj ’,k.shgsao 9tgxaodkogru,j o=hk|ad0v’7;k,g-vnj 4n.shs^kp0bhoD f’aj oahoF dvj om9uj tg-vnj vao.f z6hvkj o7;ory9k]tokg4y’7;k,lerao0v’s^addko c]t 8q;1kj ’muoj e,kxtdv[ ;kj ,u 7;k,9y’rP’.fF lq,gsflq,zqos^n[+ gxao8qhoD 7e4k, !D dkovkj o;yg7kt;y9ko1kj ’,u;y9k]totpkoc,oj co;.fL @D 7;k,lk,kfrNo4ko0v’dkovkj o;yg7kt;y9ko1kj ’,u;y9k]totpko,u1kj ’.fcfLj #D ;ymuvkj o;yg7kt;y9ko1kj ’,u;y9k]totpko8hv’xt8y[afco;.fL 19

[qfg/ydsaf ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 9’qj vkj o[aofk[qf7;k,],5j ouh c]h;;yg7kt;y9ko1kj ’,u;y9k]totpko 3fpvu’.l7j ;k,I6hmuj wfIh Po,kc];h D <glAomk’wxl6j7;k,9y[skp< gloA mk’,tsoa 8twr sn^ lkpmk’,]= totmmju dq moN cdfj ’b .s7h oq pkj ’wxl9j6 f5 9[q F r[q 7;k,9[y skpme]kp7;k,gxoa ,tof5 F ]kh ’][b 7o5 7kj mk’fkh o;fa mtotme9kd.9F gzkq w\\|h c+ |’ 99+ k; cs’j 75o’k,7;k,fuF s^Q,lts^kpzqo’ko c]t v5fq,dkomudj hk;|hkF oerk-k;|5,j -5,lk; .ssh ’q^ m[u wx8dq ]’q gs;skptot voa gxoa g0fcfocs’j 7;k,9[y skp;kp;vfooA grojy dkj ;w;;h kj ,u $ xtdko 7nG !D g/ydcv[ c]t xtrbf8qogxaooadg]’ f,nj gs^Qkg,qkl5]k 8yf1kgl[8yf8kj ’MD @D g/ydcv[ c]t xtrfb 8oq gxoa oda g]’s^Yodkortooa D #D g/dy cv[ c]t xtrfb 8oq soY^ doy 2,6 g2vn pF 7kh ,tof5 F sv^ ds;^ ’c,pj ’y F gl]-u t-kp c]t 8yfwrl’a 7,q D $D 7q[7hklt,k7q, s^n z6dleraogxao,yflt|yflt|q,da[7qovaomtrko,kola’7q,D c[[czofe]q’-u;yfmugj xaoryfwr|hk1hkodq;faj’dkj ;0hk’gmy’oUF -k;|5,j py’lk;ma’s^kp 7;os^udg;Ao.shwd 1jkwfh4ngvqkgxaoc[[1jk’D 7;omuj9trkdrPovqfmqolhk’8qogv’.shgxao7qo f,u lu oy mevt]py tmevoa f’u k, .sdh kpgxoa 7oq zmh6 ,ju mu ’a 7;k,I7h6 ;k,lk,kfltsk^ fltsP^ ; c]t ,lu 05 trk[g0,A c0’D dkh 7fy .omk’m4ju dn 8vh ’F dkh gIfa .ol’jy mfju ,u xu t3spfF dkh g;khq .ol’jy mgju xoa 7;k, 9y’ ,ugsf,uzqo c]t lhk’lao grkt;kj 7;k,fuoAolhk’pkdd;kj 7;k,-q;j 7e[6Ikogryoj g;Qk;kj G <7;k,fu/’a w;gh dkQ lvd 7;k,-;jq -da vvdgdkQ ;k< g-’yj \\kp7;k,;kj 7oq gIkq gIfa 7;k,fugvkq w;h 1kj ’,tsklko c8dj [= +7vj p9t,7u oq co,gsoa c]t [+wfIh [a dkopvh ’pg= mkjq m7ju ;o 7;n kj 7;k,fou oA 4nd/’a g]ydw;gh dkQ lvdD l;j o7;k,-;jq ooA ;kj c8gj Ifa ]’q wx 9t|vh p s^n s^kp 9t-kh s^n w; d=f’a dvh ’ wxm;jq [kh om;jq g,vn ’3]fG 7;k,-;jq -da vvdgdkQ ;kD f’ja ooA F r;dgIkq md5 7oq 7;orkdrPolkh ’c8j 7;k,fu c]t ly’j mugj xaoxt3spf grkt,uc8rj t]a’cs’j 7;k,fugmqkj oAo mu9j t-;j pgIaf.shla’7q,16j g1aogxaol5d c]t gIaf.sh3]doU,uIvppY,1.6j oI,qj g’qk c]t vkpvo5j cs’j lao8yrk[wfhD X7af9kd;k]tlko <;afmtotme< lt[a[mu @$ { @WW)F |hk @(? 20

<g’yo,u|hvp.-hlvp1jk’xt1af< ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ l’a 7,q xfa 9[5 oa g4’y ;kj glf4tdfy 3fp];,9t,du ko0tspkp8;q F dkorfa mtoklkh ’lk9to[a ,Noa[0tspkp.om5dmhv’4oyj c84j hk9t]q’wxgda[0=h,6o.oc8]j t7v[7q;c8]j t[5d7qo c]h;gsao;kj 7qo]k;l;j os^kppa’m5dpkd 3fpltgrktg;qhkg4y’g’yo s^kp7qoc,oj [+,u s^n ,u|hvp 8Qo8=c,oj rtoad’ko mtsko c]t z6hdyog’yogfnvo g-y’j ,urk]t8+dko.-h9kj pxt9e;ao .ogInvo-ko c]t ,ru k]t.odko]Ph ’f]6 d6 sk^ oD rtoad’koz6h|’bj m,uj ug’yogfnvoltg]pj ]tfa[ ! ]hkodu[ ,urk]t8+]6d @ 7qo 4n;kj 9t[+rP’r=D [k’7oq wf1h gj6 Ivn og-kjq g0kQ -N sn^ [I6 ko;kj <\\kdgzfa 1gj6 Ivn og|vn \\kdg0vn 1gj6 Ivn o.8h s;q 0’y .71gj6 Ivn o grojy < p’jy voa 8t]kpD w7c8;j kj rtoda ’kol;j osk^ pc,oj ,gu Ivn o ,ou k ,lu ;oF [k’7oq d,= ,u o6 ,]= tfdq 8qdmvf,kc8rj +c,Ij o5j dvj o gIaf.sh-u;yfxt9e;aoltf;ds^kp0BoD dkomu;j kj g’yo,u|hvp 9egxao8hv’.-hlvp1kj ’xt1afoAo d=phvo;kj dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’7qo xaf95[ao[+;kj 9tgxao.og,nv’ s^n -qoot[qf 9egxao8hv’wfh9kj pF 9t9kj ps^kp s^n |hvp c,oj 0Boda[ ltrk[8q;9y’ c8jgmqjkmujla’gdfgsao;jk 7qo.og,nv’9t,udko.-h9jkps^kpd;jk7qo-qoot[qf ma’ouhd=phvo;jkm5dlyj’veo;p7;k,ltf;dcdjdkofe]q’-u;yf c]t dkorafmtok-u;yf0v’ c8]j t7qo.shfu c,oj 8hv’wfh9kj pg’yog-aoj G 3m]tla[F 3m]trk[F 9ad-adzhkF 86hoEIhvoF 86hoEg1aoF dkogfuomk’F dko.-hoExtxkF w22hkDDD 8ts^vfIvfdkolq’j glu,]6dg0Qk3I’IPoovdg;]k ];h oc88j vh ’9kj pg’oy \\kp7;k,;kj md5 ],q soa .9c,oj glpg’oy grkt;kj 1sj6 vh ’dkovkdkfIvh o 8vh ’wfgh xfu cvF gxfu rfa ],q F w8wh 2.osvh ’cmomgju ,vjn dvj o.-xh vj ’1Ph ,lk,kfw0gvkq cl’lts;kj ’ vkdkf0hk’ovd3fp[+8hv’glpg’yo7kj w2D c8xj af95[ao.lxj vj ’1hP,c]h; pa’.lzj hkdA’gIaf.sh,nf g0qhk8nj,c]h;gxufw2gxufcv g-yj’c8j]tgfnvo8hv’glpg’yo[+c,jo|hvp 3fpltgrktxt-k-qo z6hmu,j ug’yo|hvp1c6j ]h; raf[+I6hxt1afg-oaj G gxufw27hk’w;h\\qf,Nma’Mmu[j +9egxaoF gxufoEI;qj ws^4Y, s^n .-hc]h;]n,,vf3fp[+I6h;jkdkoxjvpoE4Y, s^n gxufw2xtw;h c,joglpg’yoF 3m]tla[d=g-ajodaoD w;|,j5 c8dj vj o],q doa .-8h tdP’ sn^ dt[v’ [9+ egxoa glpg’oy c8xj fa 9[5 oa c,oj 8vh ’glp7kj 3m]tl[a grnjvrq;raodao 3fpltgrktw;7tov’mujpa’gxaooadIPopa’.-h9jkpg’yooer+c,j pyj’gvqkc8j.9 7aor+c,gj ;Qks^kpraf;kj dydu]Ow]lk]traf wx3I’IPo8hv’,ug’yoD 4hk[+wfhg’yo8k,9eo;od=9t sk]kp0af s^n ,u[k’d=]toud=]adwxs^YoF .shz6hvnjodjkp[qfIPo.shF l5fmhkpIvf,Ngla’[+zjko 9egxoa wfgh lpg’yog0kQ IPoovd]t[[q s^n 9kh ’0Bosvh ’.od=]tougl’a 8dq D g;Qk];,c]h; dkoxt1af[+c,oj [+.-h9kj p c81j kdg8nvolt8y.sh,u7;k,Ia[zyf-v[8+dko .-9h kj p1kj ’,gu sf,zu oq F [7+ ;ogIfa c[[zmh6 gju rojy ,]u kpI[a fu le7oa c,oj .slh ,q fo6 c]t g\\ktl,q d[a ]kpwf0h v’8oq 9tgxoa dkofumluj f5 D X7af9kd |a’lnry, xt-k-qo;aovkmyf lt[a[;aomu _ ly’sk @WW_F |hk !#? 21

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rtpkokdF 4hko5’j lufP;dao \\kpg4y’dko]q[]6j [+g7qk]q[ c]t 9td+.shgdufvao8t]kpwfhD g;Qk ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ltgrktlu 7qoltw\\dvj o8kj ’phv,glAow\\le]a[8Os6dfh;pgxnvdw,hF Ikdw,h c]t cdoj w,h c]t [k’lud=,k9kdc,’w,hg-aoj G lucf’9kd7a’j F lu2hkoyo9kd\\=hshv, \\=hoyoF gs^nv’9kdIkdcI,j g7vn g0F lcu lf9kd\\kdclfDDD g4’y ;kj xfa 9[5 oa z7h6 oq 9tg]vn d.-lh gu 7,pu vh ,/kh p grvjn 7;k,w; c]t wfhs^kplulao c8dj kooegvqkgxnvdw,hF Ikdw,hF .[w,h,koe.-h.odkophv,/hkpd=pa’7q’xt8y[af1D6j lYo [+\\kpc8rj P’;kj o’j5 grvnj 7;k,’k, c]t grvnj Ida lkIuf7v’xtgrou;fa mtotme0v’ -kfgmqkj oAoF c8lj Yopa’gxaolnjcs’j 7;k,Iadvaofug]uf]ts;kj ’z6h,v[ c]t z6hIa[ g-y’j mkj ook’ ;P’7e oaomt;q’f;’lu z6h-jP;-kofhkodko8Oduj8A’m5dc[[ wfh[aopkp]q’.oxB,lYo c]t c,pj ’y ]k;;kj G <]d6 sk^ o,v[loY .szh gh6 4kQ zch6 dj c]t zvh6 k;35 ld;kj grvjn ltcf’7;k,g7kq ][q o[a 4Fn ,v[lYo.shgrnjvoI5jofP;dao grnjvln[lko,yf8trk[F z6h-kp,v[lYo.shrao]tpk s^n py’lk; grvnj [vdIda 9kds;q .9<D f’ja ooA F 4kh mkj o7yf9tg]nvd0v’0;oa .f|’jb le][a zgh6 xoa c,Fj grvnj olk;F ]6dlk; s^n s^kolk; dko,v[lYo4ngxao0v’0;aomruj yglfmluj 5fle]a[r;dg0qkD X7af9kd;k]tlko 3-dfu lt[a[mu )F |hk !${!&? 23

rkdmu II dko0Po}safc8j’ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ [qfmu # dkogda[de0=h,6o9kdcs^j’7;k,I6h8jk’M !D 7;k,\\kp0v’cs^j’7;k,I6h cs’j^ 7;k,Ih6 sn^ cs’j^ ;my tpkdko \\kpg4’y cs’j^ m1ju j6 sn^ cs’j^ I[y 3I, sn^ lt4kom.ju s[h ]= dy ko .odko7qho7;hk7;k,I6h8kj ’Mcdzj 6hlqo.9mq;j wxD cs^’j 7;k,I6h,uma’mugj xao[5d7qoF lt4komuFj ;af45 c]t mugj xao-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf c]t ly’j c;f]hv,D cs’j^ 7;k,Imh6 gju xoa [d5 7oq g-oja G 7v6 k9koF mkj o\\F= 8es;^ f s^n z-h6 Pj ;-ko8kj ’Mm,ju 1u .j6 omvh ’4ojy ooha Mgxoa 8ohq D cs’^j 7;k,Imh6 guj xoa lt4komguj -oja G s=lt\\f5 F s=ryrymtroa F l;olfa F 3I’\\= s^n lt4koxtdv[ dko8kj ’M gxoa 8ohq D cs’j^ 7;k,Imh6 gju xoa -[a rtpkdvome,t-kf c]t l’jy c;f]vh ,g-oja G rz6 kxkj w,Fh c,oj kh= ]eg- gxoa 8ohq D @D xtgrf0v’cs^j’7;k,I6h cs’^j 7;k,Imh6 9uj t.-.h odkoldb lk7ohq 7;kh ,us^;’s^kpg-oaj G !? s=lt\\5f g-y’j ,uma’0v’mk’dko c]t 0v’gvdt-qo 24

@? svh ’vkj oxB, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ #? cs’^j gvdtlko8kj ’M $? s=ryrymtroa 8kj ’M &? lt4kom6f *? ;af (? mtok7ko )? [=]ylafF shk’IhkoF lt4komxuj tdv[dko8kj ’M vkf,ugvdtlkogzupczj _? cs^’j 7;k,I6h s^n gxaocs^’j 7;k,I6hg-y’j lk,kflbdlkrkdxt8y[afwfhcmhM !W? lnu,j ;o-qoxtgrf8kj ’Mg-oaj G |a’lnry,F ;ymtp5F 3m]trk[ gxao8qhoD !!? ;ymtpkdvo7n zmh6 ,uj u7;k,I.h6 og]vnj ’ooha M3fpd’q D !@? cs’^j 7;k,I3h6 fpd’q ltgrktg]vjn ’g-oja G 8vh ’dkoldb lk;my du ko]Ph ’wdrj oa dv= kf9twx [vj o]hP’3fpdq’ s^n 8hv’dkolbdlksk7;k,I6h9kd8q;9y’ c]t z6h]hP’ g-y’j 4n;kj gxao ;my tpkdvook= D !#? cs^j’7;k,I6h-qj;7k;7n lt4komu9j af’komu.j sh7;k,I6h.ow]ptg;]k.fg;]k|bj’g-ajoG dko;k’ltcf’zoq ’kofkh o;y-kdkogrvnj ltgs^u,lts^v’;oa le7oa 8kj ’MD #D xt3spf0v’cs^j’7;k,I6h cs^’j 7;k,I6h8kj ’M ,uxt3spff’aj ouhG !? gxoa cs’^j m;o7nogr,uj g8u,7;k,I7h6 ;k,7yf @? gxoa cs’j^ m;o7on [.j= sgh dfu dko],n dkovkj o #? lkh ’ofy wlIda dkovkj o dkoldb lk7ohq 7;kh sk7;k,I.h6 sdh [a 8oq gv’9oq 8tsv^ f-;u fy grvjn .sgh xoa zmh6 Iju v[IDh6 $? -vj prfa mtok7o5 otrk[-;u fy .ofkh o8kj ’Mg-oja G dkogIfa ;PdF dkofe]’q -;u fy 7v[7;q F dkoldb lkgr,ju g8,u D &? glu,lhk’7;k,leraoda[z6hvnoj X,u,to5flerao? $D 7;k,9egxao.odko7qho7;hk ,tof5 gxoa zmh6 lju db lksk7;k,I1h6 8j6 tsv^ f-;u fy grvjn rfa mtok7o5 otrk[-;u fy .sfh 0u ohb [+;kj 9t g0khq IPo.olt4k[oa dkoldb lk sn^ [g+ 0khq IPoF md5 7oq d9= egxoa m9ju t8vh ’7ohq 7;kh 8vh ’sk7;k,I1h6 j6 8tsv^ fg;]kD l;j om9ju tIch6 ];h gd[a sn^ Ich6 ];h 0tspkp7;k,I8h6 w+ xdc= ];h c8Dj f’ja ooha F md5 7oq 9’jb 8vh ’ 7ohq sk7;k,I8h6 ts^vfg;]kgrvnj -u;yfm,uj u7o5 otrk[D 25

&D s=lt\\5f ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ &D! 7;k,\\kp0v’s=lt\\5f s=lt\\f5 \\kpg4y’cs’^j 7;k,Imh6 Iuj y[3I,x,hb F |’a lnF gvdtlkoF l’yj ry, c]t ;fa 4v5 x5 tdvo 8jk’M g-yj’]h;oc8jc,jo-a[lyofhkoxaopkvaogxao7;k,I6h7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadxkfvk9koF xoa pk-oq c]t z,h6 7u ;k,Imh6 ’a sk^ pF 7;k,vvj o-vh p’fq ’k,0v’;oa ot7tfvu oa gxoa l’jy xtm[a c]t -k[-B’.9 7;k,8onj g8oA ,tsfa lt9oa .ol’yj .\\Mj cxdMF 7;k,grufgruovk],q c[[,u;fa mtotme .og]nvj ’]k;vaog\\ktlq,da[7;k,,ad g-y’j lt|v’7;k,8hv’dko1kdI6h1kdgsao0v’7qom5d grfw;D fa’j oAoF s=lt\\5f ovd9kd9tgxao[vj oIy[3I,Iadlkw;h g-y’j ,=]tfqdcs’j lt8yxaopkdko ldb lkF ;my tpklkfF ;fa mtotmeF l]y txt;oa ot7tfcu ];h F p’a gxoa Ikd4ko.odkolkh ’7;k,gxoa xdb czoj c|oh |k0v’l’a 7,q 8+wxrkp|kh vdu f;h pD &D@ 75oxt3spf0v’s=lt\\5f s=lt\\5f ,u75oxt3spf1kj ’s^;’s^kp8+z6h-q,.-h grkt;kj shv’lt\\5f,u;af45xtlq’f’aj ouhG { sl= t\\f5 gxoa cs’j^ grvjn dkoldb lkIOIPo0v’x;’-oq 3fp[9+ ecodgrfw; c]t roN 4ko 7;k,I6hvkf9tg;Qkwfh;jks=lt\\5fxP[g\\nvo8ts^kf;y-k7;k,I6h mujz6hlqo.9lk,kf g]nvd.-wh fDh 26

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*? dko,hPo38tF 8’aj s^a’9kd.-h38tvkj oxB, g,vnj ]5d9kd8’aj o’aj vkj oxB, 7;oles^;fg[’yj ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ;kj 8oq gv’wfxh tl’jy 0v’voa .fm[ju g+ xoa ]t[P[.l3j 8tvkj ox,B s^n [+ c]t 7;og]vjn o8’ja lvf w;dh vh ’38t8k,xdq dt8yD (? dvj o9tvvds=lt\\5f .shg9Qk|hkmudj ;fg[y’j ;kj xB,gIqkoevvdwxoAowfh,udko1n,IP[ Ihvp s^n [+F [+7;ooegvqkxB,F ;k]tlko s^n -a[lq,[af0v’s=lt\\5fvvdwx 3fp[+wfh Ia[vto5pkf1kj ’gffa 0kfD *D dkogda[de0=h,6o9kdcs^j’7;k,I6h8jk’M *D! dkogda[de0=h,6o9kds=lt\\5f sl= t\\f5 c,oj [vj oI[y 3I,7;k,I8h6 kj ’Mw;1h kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p.omd5 ;-y kvk-[u D ltooA F dkog0kQ wx 7Qo7;hkvkj oxB,grvnj gda[de0=h,6o.os=lt\\5f3fpdkovkj oxB,xtgrfm.uj sh7;k,I6h c]t 0kj ;lko g-aoj G 8e]k;y-kdkoF xB,lk]t7tfuF |a’lnry, gxao8QoD dkogda[de0=h,6o1s6j =lt\\5foAo oadIPo9t8hv’,u7;k,I6hdPj ;da[l’yj 8kj ’M .odkosk0=h,6o 7;k,I9h6 kds=lt\\f5 ooA lkdvj o7n8vh ’Ilh6 ’yj 8+wxoUG *D@ dko-vdskxB,9kd[af]kpdko grvjn 7;k,ltf;d;vj ’w;.odkog0kQ wxg4’y 0,h= o6 m8ju oq 1kdwf.h osl= t\\f5 oda IPo7;oIdh6 Pj ; da[ <[af]kpdko<D s=lt\\5fm5d[vj o9t9af86h [af]kpdkow;h16[j vj og-y’j z6hg0Qkwxoe.-h9tgsaowfh -afg9oD 86h[af]kpdko9t[ao95[af]kpdko w;h # xtgrf7n <[af-ngj ]njv’<F <[af-nzj 6hc8’j < c]t <[afsq;g]vnj ’< IP’8k,]efa[8q;vadlvo 3fp9t0Povadlvow;h1.6j o]Uo-adD *D# ;ymudko9af]t[q[xB, dko9fa x,B .osl= t\\f5 9t,du ko9fa w;gh xoa \\;f\\6j grvjn ltf;d.odko7oQ 7;kh g-’jy l;j osk^ p 9t9afxB,8k,]t[q[mqfltoypq,0v’fy;;u XDewey? 7nIP’]efa[9kd \\;f WWW wx9qog4y’ _WWD g,vnj 8hv’dkoxB,F I6h-znj 6hc8’j s^n -xnj B, gxufg[’yj [af]kpdko g,vnj rq[[afm8uj hv’dko9qf]kpdko[af c]t g]d\\;f\\mj6 xju kdfq 1cj6 9gm’y g[vN ’-kh p0v’[fa pkj ’wxskx,B 8k,g]d\\;f\\wj6 f1h mj6 -ju oA x,B D *D$ dkogda[de0=h,6o9kdlnj,;o-qo gIqk9t8hv’I6h;kj ln,j ;o-qoxtgrf.fmu.j sh0=h,6o0kj ;lko7;k,I6hmu4j ndda[7;k,9y’ g-nvj 4nwfh ;vj ’w;moa 8g+ sfdkoD dkoI[a 0kj ;lko7;oxP[mP[0,h= o6 mwju f9h kdl,jn ;o-oq xtgrffP;doa c];h 9’bj sk0=hlts^5[];,D 28

! ?dkogda[de0=h,6o9kd|a’lnry, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ .o|hk|a’lnry, r;dgIqklk,kfg]nvdvjko0jk;lko 3fpltgrktc,jo0jk;xt9e;aoF 0kj ;8kj ’xtgmfF lk]t7tfuF [qf7;k, c]t 7=]evonj MD .odkogda[de0=h,6o9kd|a’lnry,7;oI6h ;kj |’a lrn ,y lt[[a .f.s7h ;k,Ixh6 tgrf.fcfFj govN .o0v’0kj ;lkoc8]j txtgrf1|j6 kh .f0v’|’a lnry, grnvj 9twfhgxufvkj owfh4nd8hv’ c]t ;vj ’w;D @ ?dkogda[de0=h,6o9kd;ymtp5 ;ymtp5gxaocs^’j 7;k,I6hvudcs^’j |b’j D ltoAoF dkomugj Iqk9tIa[2a’0kj ;lko9kd;ymtp5oAo 9t8hv’8yf8k,2a’gxaoxqddt8y grnvj .shwfh0=h,6o0kj ;lkomugj xaoxaf95[aoD .o0totmu2j a’ d=7;o,u dko[oa mdb .os;q 0mh= gju Ikq 8vh ’dkoD # ?dkogda[de0=h,6o9kd3m]trk[ 3m]trk[gxaocs^’j 7;k,I6hmu,j uvyfmyrqos^kp.oxaf95[ao ovd9kd9twfh2a’lP’c]h; pa’ lk,kfgsaoI6[rk[wfhvudfh;p g-yj’gIaf.shgxao|hklqo.91jk’pyj’D ]kpdkomuj,ulk]t7;k, I6h8kj ’Md=,us^;’s^kpD ltoAoF z6hm8uj hv’dkogda[de0=h,6o7;k,I6hd=8hv’wfh8yf8k,D $ ?dkogda[de0=h,6o9kdshv’vjkoxB, svh ’vkj oxB,1[j6 k’3I’IPo ,u9f5 xtl’q 7ndoa d[a s=lt\\f5 grvnj 8vh ’dko.soh da IPowflh db lk sk7;k,IDh6 dko9fa xB,[+wf9h fa 8k,]t[[q fy;;u govnj ’9kdxB,,u|vh pd;kj D f’ja ooA F oda IPod=7;o -;j pdaog[y’j cp’Iadlk c]t 9af;k’xB,.shgxao]t[P[IP[Ihvp s^a’9kdwfhlbdlk7Qo7;hk c]t gd[a de0,h= o6 9kdx,B ooA c];h D & ?dkogda[0h=,6o9kdvyog8ugoaf vyog8ugofa c,oj lgnj vg]da 38ioyd-toyf|’jb g-’yj de]’a .-ch rsj ^kp1.j6 o3]dxfa 9[5 oa D vyog8ugofa gxoa dkolljn kom;ju vj ’w;3fpdkoI[a c]t 4kj pmvf0,h= o6 0kj ;lkozkj o;’q 9vo gvg]da 38iody c]t ]t[[q w22kh D dkogd[a de0,h= o6 9kdvoy g8gu ofa gxoa vdu mk’g]vn d|’jb moju da IPolk,kfg]vn dI[a 0,h= o6 zkj oljn xtgrfoU 3fp.-h7v,ry;g8ug-nvj ,8+g7nv0kj pvyog8ugoaf c]h;8yf8+g0Qkl6]j t[q[g7nv0kj p g;a[w-muj 8vh ’dkog-oja G g;[a w-0v’|’a lnry,xt-k-oq G http://www.pasaxon.org.la/ g;a[w-0v’0kj ;lkoxtgmf]k;G http://www.kpl.net.la/ 29

g;[a w-0v’|’a lrn ,y ;P’9oa .\\Gj ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ http://www.vientianemai.net g;a[w-0v’dt-;’lbdlkmydko c]t dy]kG http://www.moe.gov.la 30

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#D& dkolts^5[sp=h[qf]kp’ko c]t [qf[aombd ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkolts[5^ sph= [fq ]kp’koF [fq [oa mdb 8vh ’[vdxtgrfF g9khq 0v’g]vjn ’F zIh6 [a F ;oa g;]km0ju Po g-oja G [fq ]kp’ko0v’DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDg]vjn ’DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDcdDj DDDDDDDDDDDDD;oa mDu DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD7;k,;kj DDDDDDDDDDD [fq [oa mdb 0v’DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDg]vjn ’DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDcdDj DDDDDDDDDDDDDD;oa mDu DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD7;k,;kj DDDDDDDDDDDDD 8q;1jk’G dko0Polts^5[sp=hoymko oymko <]6d.rh9v’sv’< c8dj uhc8jdjvo fqooko,kc]h;F pa’,ulv’c,]j 6d16joedao,k8ah’c8jr+8kpxt7k;pa’ohvp ,uvkp5 ( 0;[m+oahoD lv’c,]j 6d]hP’dao,krkdao.spfj h;p7;k,Iadsv,8vj ,85h,gxao1kj ’fuD 7oa ]d6 -kp.spdj kh |kh [ko,kc];h c,gj soa ;kj ]d6 -kp0v’8oq rg= xoa 7v[gxoa 7;q c];h d1= kd .shgxao/a’j gxao/kF 7bfsk]6d.rh c83j 8-=hkraf[+gsaoI5’j F 9b’j [+I6h;kj 9tg]nvdz6hco;.f.shD ltoahoF 9’bj 8qd]q’.sh]6d-kpgxaoz6hskgvqkgv’D c8cj o;.fd=.shgvqk]6d.rh,k]hP’c,Fj ]6d-kpd=gsaofuoe grktmkh ;d=I;h6 kj c,0j v’8oq g4khq cd-j t]kdkos^kpc];h D 7aowfh]6d.rh,k16gj Invooec]h; c,pj kj 7bf;kj 9twfh,u7;k,lt|5dl5dle[kp grkt,uz6hgxao grvjn oI;j ,-;u fy 7v[7;q gr,ju 0ohb vdu z|h6 ’jb 9twf,h zu -h6 ;j pg[’jy cp’8oq pk,]d6 -kp[1+ Fj6 c8-j kh= rfa d’q doa 0kh ,F g,vjn ]d6 .rgh 0khq I;j ,lkp7kgIvn oc];h 7;k,Ida cr’]ts;kj ’pkj d[a ]d6 .rh d[= 7+ vj pd,q dP; daoxko.fD pk,.f]6d.rhd=vyflkc,pj kj F 7bf1kd.shc,pj kj 8kpD ,|hn ’jb z;q [+1j6 ok’]d6 .rh dw= fxh ’Y x’u 7kh ;.sch ,pj kj doy xvj o.l,j cn ,pj kj c]t [vd;kj c,oj x’Y -ohu s^vfD c,gj 4khq 8k[vfdfa co;.fd[= +0kf grkt,oa [+c,oj -ohu F c,gj 4khq 7fy .o.9;kj c,oj -oU sp’a 7,n kspk[cmFh xt,ko7k;|’jb z;q d,= k ok’9v’sv’d2= kh ;gvkq 8vj o-oU sv^ fcmxh Pj o.l,j cn ,pj kj c];h 9’jb levvpz;q ;kj 8oq wfsh k-oU ,k.sch ,pj kj doy grvjn .szh ;q I[a I;h6 kj 8oq wfgh Ifa fmu d5 1kj ’d[a c,pj kj D c8cj o;.fd8= k, loa -kfpko0v’zgh6 4kQ ,da g;khq ,da 9,jq F 7oa grojy [r+ .= 9voa .fdg= ;khq c];h [c+ ];h D f’ja ooha F c,pj kj d=g;khq ;kj <g-khq o9uh da c,oj g,p,’b gvkq X-Uo? sp’a .sch ,dj yo9’ja c,oj ,oa spk[F spk[ gvqkcmhgvqk;kj daf9qosq;laoj sq;7vod=[+0kfF c8[j kf,b’,kIvfgInvod=7n9a’j ;kj dafvvj oo5[M<D pvh oc,pj kj l’q wl 9’jb g;khq c];h g;khq vud gIfa .s]h d6 .r[h +7vj pfu.9xko.fD voa |’jb d=-’a c,pj kj ,kdvj o c];h F voa mlu v’d1= kh odkoxt8[y fa 8c+ ,pj kj IIh6 vfz;q F ok’9’jb ;k’mkj mgu ffa 0kfvvd8z+ ;q 3fpg;khq oezq;g;]kg0qhk[vj oovo;kj <vhkpohvpgvupK 0hvpouhvqf1m6j uoj uhvud[+wfhc]h; grkt;kj pk,.fc,pj kj d9= ,jq dg= ;khq c8cj o;[f+ .u l0j vh p .sdh oy c];h d;= kj [w+ fdh oy F 0v’doy fxu ko.fd;= kj [c+ -[F 8k[g+ soa I’j5 ’,q -t’,q -kp[kpwxm;jq m[u F 8ou ,gn xgy xvhn oF ltrk[co;ooha 0vh p1oj6 e[w+ fch ];h F 0vh p]tvkpwm[kh owm 34

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0v’767ext8y;af g-uf-69yf.9Iadvk-u[{cr’gfad lvofu{IPogd’ja vqfmqol6h-qoxt8y[af|hkmuj c]t ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ pdq ]tf[a 7;k,Ih6 7;k,lk,kf0v’8oq .slh ’6 0oB grvjn xtdv[l;j o1kj ’l,q dPfg0kQ .odkoxt8Iy [6 ]t[q[dkolbdlkcs’j -kfD 0=.sh76{vk9kogxaog9Qkdko lq,mq[da[veokfdkoxqd7v’m5d0Ao grnjv05f7Qox5d]tfq,de]a’cI’la’];,0v’xt-k-qo[aofk-Ao7qo.ola’7q, g0Qk.o;Pd’ko dkolbdlk16j0AoIkd4ko co.ljglu,0tspkp[qf[kf0v’dkolbdlkg0Qk.odkocdhw07;k, m5dpkd0v’xt-k-qo[aofkgzqjkD rhv,fP;daooAo d=.sh76{vk9kom5d7qogvqk.9.lj8+;Pd’ko 37ltoklbdlkvq[Iq,dkog,nv’{co;7yf8+oadIPo{oadlbdlk c]t -k;[hko lhk’0t[;odko 8kh o c]t ltdfa doA xkdfq dkospm=h 1=h .j6 o3I’IPoF c0’j 0oa doa lkh ’3I’IPo.sgh xoa 3I’IPoc[[ 1kj ’ <76lvofu{oadIPogd’aj < gxao3I’IPomu,j u]t[P[;ywo ltvkf9q[’k, c]t xvfl’yj gl[8yfD grvjn lkh ’g’vjn ow0 c]t veo;p7;k,ltf;d.sch d7j {6 vk9ko wfxh t8[y fa |kh m0ju v’8oq wfgh xoa 1kj ’fu ,uxtlyfmyrk[D vudgmnvj |’bj 0hkrtg9Qk0=IPdIhv’,kpa’[aofkvq’dko9af8A’ ma’rkd]af c]t gvdt-oq m’a rkp.o c]t 8kj ’xtgmf xt-k-oq [oa fk-oA 7oq .ol’a 7,q 9’jq l[n 8.+ sdh kolt|[a lt|o6 -;j pgsvn^ cdrj k]tdfy dkoldb lk8,jn vdu D rvh ,doa ooA d.= sdh ko-d5 ph6 l’jq gl,u xd5 ]tf,q de]’a .9 .sch d7j {6 vk9kos^kp0Bo8,jn vudD l5fmhkpoU 0=v;prvo[aofkltskp [aofkmjko c0dz6h,udPfF ryglf c,jo76{vk9ko oadIPo{oadlbdlk mujg0QkIj;,’ko3I,-5,o5,,NoU 9qj’,ul50trk[g0A,c0’ c]t xtlq[zqole g]fa .o|kh m;ju Pd’koD oE.9;aomu ( 85]k \\AopnoK 0=0v[.9 X7af9kd|a’lnry,;P’9ao.\\j lt[a[;aomu ) 85]k @WW_? lts^5[sp=h [qfxkwl0v’rtotmkj ookpqd]af4t,qo8u [q;lvo [5[zk;ao .orymultgs^u,lts^v’ ;ao76 cs’j -kf 7q[Iv[ !& xu X( 85]k !__$ { ( 85]k @WW_? muoj t7vos^;’;P’9ao ;aomu ( 85]k @WW_F 7;k,;kj G ;ao76csj’-kfgxao;ao|bj’mujle7ao.oxts;aflkf0v’-kf]k;gIqk 76g;]k.fd=gxaoma’ loa pt]da 0v’dkoldb lk pvh oco;ooA rda c]t ]fa 9’jb deofq gvkq ;oa mu ( 8]5 k gxoa ;oa 7c6 s’j -kf 3fp4ngvkq 776 egxoa c[[1kj ’D 8ts^vfw]pt !& xu zkj o,k dkoldb lkcs’j -kf wfIh [a dkox[a x’5 m’a mk’fkh oxt]y,ko c]t 7o5 otrk[F 4oa c4;7{6 vk9ko wfxh t8y[fa |kh mgju xoa 706 v’rda 706 v’ -kf c]t 706 v’xt-k-oq D voa roQ gfoja c,oj 4oa c4;7{6 vk9kowfph dq ]tf[a 7;k,I7h6 ;k,lk,kf c]t ]tf[a ;my tpk4kot0v’8oq .slh ’6 0oB F 9eo;ortoda ’ko7{6 vk9kozmh6 fju u l,q gxoa 706 v’rda 76 0v’-kf c]t 706 v’xt-k-oq wfgh r,ju 0oB D rda {]fa 4t[ko dw= fgh vkq .9.lrj fa mtokdkoldb lk1kj ’ 41

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