Định Mệnh Chiến Tranh - Mỹ Và Trung Quốc Có Thể Thoát Bẫy

["quan s\u00e1t th\u1eadt th\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o, t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u201csuy \u0111\u1ed3i\u201d cho t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u201cth\u00edch \u1ee9ng\u201d, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. T\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1c quan b\u1ea9m sinh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111ang cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. DC \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Dysfunctional Capital (th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n): m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch hay c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1eed tri kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hay x\u00e9t n\u00e9t - t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f3a b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1eadt g\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng. Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m h\u01a1n t\u1eeb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i g\u00f3t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng suy t\u00e0n. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch gay g\u1eaft c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Quang Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh\u201d c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi quan ch\u1ee9c B\u1eafc Kinh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng theo d\u1ea5u m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. L\u00fd Quang Di\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i: s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n; s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u1eeb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng; nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o; m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy th\u00f4ng qua th\u01a1 v\u0103n tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 4.000 n\u0103m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi r\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d; c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u1eafng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u201cthu h\u00fat v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a t\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d. \u0110\u01a1n thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (m\u00e0 theo \u00f4ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh quan l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c xoay quanh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c kho\u00e9t b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201c\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng\u201d m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1edf h\u1eefu trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Civilization (V\u0103n minh), Niall Ferguson \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u00e1u \u201c\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d - nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau n\u0103m 1500. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Trong khi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1970, Niall t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1 ba: \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u00f4i lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, trong khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean suy \u0111\u1ed3i. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf m\u1ed7i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang s\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cchia s\u1ebb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u201d s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y? Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t trong hai, hay c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i? N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh? C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Chi\u1ebfn tranh Peloponnese c\u1ee7a Thucydides. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng? Gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft Shakespeare \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang: Ch\u00fang ta \u201cn\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao\u201d. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","L\u1edcI C\u1ea2M \u01a0N Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn. T\u1eeb n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Davidson, khi Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Laban gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 Thucydides v\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng \u1edf Harvard hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn lu\u1eadn v\u0103n cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, th\u1ea7y Crane Brinton (t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Anatomy of a Revolution), \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Khi theo h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea1i Oxford, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1eeb A. J. Ayer, Isaiah Berlin, Gilbert Ryle, v\u00e0 Peter Strawson v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khung kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh t\u1ea1i Harvard, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n nay: Henry Kissinger, Ernest May v\u00e0 Richard Neustadt. Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng T\u00ean l\u1eeda Cuba n\u0103m 1962 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 - trong nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n vi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp - tham gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf X\u1ea5u xa. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ronald Reagan v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Caspar Weinberger (ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t), T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bill Clinton v\u00e0 hai B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, Les Aspen v\u00e0 Bill Perry (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng), c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1 nh\u1eefng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb Weinberger cho t\u1edbi Ash Carter (khi t\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd), c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c CIA t\u1eeb Stan Turner (ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t) cho t\u1edbi David Petraeus, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, ch\u00ednh Harvard, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kennedy \u1edf Harvard l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u00e0 1980, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh d\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cHi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng S\u00e1ng l\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 John F. Kennedy. Al Carnesale, Joe Nye v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh Chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh sau ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean h\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Trung t\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Belfer thu\u1ed9c Harvard, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 A. N. Whitehead g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 gi\u00e0 l\u1eabn tr\u1ebb trong vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d. T\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Trung t\u00e2m Belfer, bao g\u1ed3m Hoss Cartwright, Mark Elliot, Taylor Fravel, Kelly Sims Gallagher, Paul Heer, Alastair Iain Johnston, William Kirby, Roderick MacFarquhar, Meghan O\u2019Sullivan, Dwight Perkins, Stapleton Roy, Kevin Rudd, Anthony Saich, Ezra Vogel v\u00e0 Odd Arne Westad. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn gi\u00fap t\u00f4i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Martin Feldstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Richard Cooper, Stanley Fischer, Larry Summers v\u00e0 Robert Zoellick. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i l\u1eadp ra D\u1ef1 \u00e1n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Harvard, Niall Ferguson, v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd. C\u00f2n David Armitage, Drew Faust, Fredrik Logevall, Charles Maier, Steve Miller, Richard Rosecrance c\u00f9ng Stephen Van Evera \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Nh\u01b0 Winston Churchill t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cVi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u. L\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00fa ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 quen d\u1ea7n v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u0103ng n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. T\u1ed5ng Bi\u00ean t\u1eadp Josh Burek v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn gi\u00fap t\u00f4i t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. V\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Adam Siegel, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh s\u1edf h\u1eefu tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m Jieun Beak, Leore Ben- Chorin, Edyt Dickstein, Chris Farley, Paul Fraioli, Eleanor Freund, Eyck Freymann, Josh Goldstein, Tess Hellgren, Arjun Kapur, Zachary Keck, Nathen Levine, Wesley Morgan, William Ossoff, Krysianna Papadakis, Sam Ratner, Henry Rome, Tim Sandole v\u00e0 Wright Smith. T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1eedi l\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u1edbi John Masko, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p B\u1eaby Thucydides trong Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng: Ben Rhode, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I; v\u00e0 Seth Jaffe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a B\u1eaby Thucydides \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. Bob Blackwill, Uri Friedman, Michal Martina, Jim Miller, Joe Nye, Michael Sulmeyer, Mark Toher, Odd Arne Westad, Ali Wyne v\u00e0 Bob Zoellick \u0111\u00e3 xem l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh tr\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong n\u1ed9i dung. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i. T\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Belfer, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Gary Samore v\u00e0 Patry Walsh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb3ng; h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn trung https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","t\u00e2m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 Benn Craig, Arielle Dworkin, Andrew Facini, Andrea Heller, Henry Kaempf, Simone O\u2019Hanlon v\u00e0 Sharon Wilke \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00eda sau h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. Xin g\u1eedi l\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Michael Carlisle, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd lung lay. Nh\u00f3m Houghton Mifflin Harcourt x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i: h\u1ecd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Larry Cooper, Lori Glazer, Carla Gray, Ben Hyman, Alexander Littlefield, Ayesha Mirza, Bruce Nichols v\u00e0 Taryn Roeder. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u01a1n v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i, Elisabeth, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chu \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 1 H\u1ed2 S\u01a0 C\u00c1C TR\u01af\u1edcNG H\u1ee2P B\u1eaaY THUCYDIDES Th\u1eddi gian C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c C\u01b0\u1eddng L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady 1 Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha T\u00e2y Ban \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Nha chi\u1ebfn tranh 2 N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Ph\u00e1p Hapsburgs Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u00c2u Chi\u1ebfn XVI tranh 3 Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u1edf Trung v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn XVII Hapsburq Ottoman \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0110\u1ecba tranh Trung H\u1ea3i 4 N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Chi\u1ebfn tranh XVII Hapsburg B\u1eafc \u00c2u 5 Gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Anh \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n Chi\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 XVII Lan v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tranh 6 Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Anh Ph\u00e1p Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Chi\u1ebfn XVIII v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tranh k\u1ef7 XIX 7 Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Anh Ph\u00e1p Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Chi\u1ebfn XVIII v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tranh k\u1ef7 XIX 8 Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh Nga \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, tranh gi\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh Chi\u1ebfn https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung tranh H\u1ea3i 9 Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Chi\u1ebfn tranh 10 Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX Nga \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 11 \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX Anh M\u1ef9 Th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u1edf T\u00e2y b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh 12 \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX Anh - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nga quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u tranh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 13 Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Chi\u1ebfn Anh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tranh 14 Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX M\u1ef9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tranh gi\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh Chi\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng tranh 15 1940-1980 M\u1ef9 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh 16 1990-hi\u1ec7n nay Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh 16 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Xem th\u00eam v\u1ec1 D\u1ef1 \u00e1n B\u1eaby Thucydides c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1ea1i http:\/\/belfercenter.org\/thucydides- trap\/. 1. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u T\u00e2y Ban Nha Th\u1eddi gian: Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: T\u00e2y Ban Nha L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Castile c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1490, m\u1ed9t T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb trung b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea9y hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Tordesillas n\u0103m 1494 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t mang t\u00ednh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng Henrique Nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha trong c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c xa x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, nh\u00e0 Castile, \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia, \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Henry \u0111\u00e3 \u201cr\u1ea3nh tay ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd\u201d \u1edf Madeira, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Azores v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ven bi\u1ec3n T\u00e2y Phi. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1488, khi nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Bartolomeu Dias tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i v\u00f2ng qua M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng, m\u1edf ra tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n b\u00e9o b\u1edf. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Lisbon v\u1eabn \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 Castile \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa hai v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Isabella x\u1ee9 Castile v\u00e0 Ferdinand x\u1ee9 Aragon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1469 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngai v\u00e0ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha*. N\u0103m 1492, Ferdinand v\u00e0 Isabella ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chinh ph\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia, Granada. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng xa h\u01a1n qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Canary, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha khi\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lo l\u1eafng. Sau khi Granada b\u1ecb t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm n\u0103m 1492, Lisbon lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Castile th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c\u201d. M\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha gia t\u0103ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa sau khi Christopher Columbus kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492. B\u1ecb Vua John II c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t khi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, Columbus \u0111\u00e3 quay sang Ferdinand v\u00e0 Isabella, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y 9\/10 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c t\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Columbus \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. Theo s\u1eed gia kinh t\u1ebf Alexander Zukas: \u201cR\u00f5 r\u00e0ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u1ebd s\u1edbm n\u1ed5 ra v\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khai ph\u00e1.\u201d Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, khi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha cho r\u1eb1ng Vua John \u201ctin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Columbus kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng ta\u2026 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3\u201d, chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. H\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cay \u0111\u1eafng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebf v\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Castile v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1470, trong \u0111\u00f3 Castile, Aragon v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e1nh nhau trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Alexander VI, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i. Alexander \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh - kho\u1ea3ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","320 d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Cape Verde - v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, c\u00f2n \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n chia s\u1ebb \u00edt \u1ecfi \u1edf T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi*. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u1ea3 hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Tordesillas n\u0103m 1494. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1edbi kinh tuy\u1ebfn 46, c\u1eaft ngang qua khu v\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Brazil, cho ph\u00e9p B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia A. R. Disney \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, Tordesillas \u201ctr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u2018vi\u1ec5n chinh\u2019 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII\u201d. Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7c cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n cho th\u1ea5y T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9*. T\u1ea1i sao hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau khi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha s\u1ebd l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c? M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Vua John II bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha\u201d v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eeba m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i chinh ph\u1ee5c Granada, b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebf v\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Castile ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i hy v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng k\u00e9o theo nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00ed m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1edfi ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf c\u1ea3 T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha coi tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u01a1n c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Tordesillas \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian*. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nhau, h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung trong vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c ra kh\u1ecfi T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","gi\u1edbi. Khi Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vatican ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng. 2. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg Th\u1eddi gian: N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Ph\u00e1p C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u00c2u. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hapsburg - Valois (1519 - 1559), bao g\u1ed3m Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00dd (1521 - 1526). Vi\u1ec7c Vua Charles c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1519 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft duy tr\u00ec t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg bao v\u00e2y, Vua Francis I c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Hapsburg, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 40 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg. Sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Burgundy v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1477 v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Brittany v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1491, Ph\u00e1p b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb T\u00e2y \u00c2u. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo X v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1519 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Vua Francis I c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u201cs\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c\u201d. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Francis l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Maximilian I \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e3 trao ngai v\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg, Vua Charles c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Ngay sau khi Charles \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn - m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg - Francis \u201cchu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 Charles\u201d*. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Francis, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo s\u1ee3 sau khi Charles \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i th\u00e2m th\u00f9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb - v\u1ec1 Navarre (thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n), Burgundy (thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng Charles tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n) v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Milan - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Charles s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng gia t\u0103ng khi \u00f4ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 do v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf Franche-Comt\u00e9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd ng\u00e0y nay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia John Lynch \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cD\u00f9 Charles V c\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111ang tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0o - nh\u01b0 Milan v\u00e0 Burgundy - th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i.\u201d Theo s\u1eed gia Robert Knecht, Francis \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Charles \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201cn\u1ebfu Charles th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111ong \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ta\u201d. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Charles, Francis \u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg t\u1ea1i Navarre (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0 Luxembourg. Charles \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hung h\u00e3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u00dd. Francis b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1525 trong tr\u1eadn Pavia v\u00e0 b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef \u1edf Madrid. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf \u00dd, Burgundy, Flanders v\u00e0 Artois trong Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Madrid n\u0103m 1526. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed h\u00e8n h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Charles \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vua Ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u run r\u1ea9y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Francis trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Paris. Li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi Clement VII, v\u00e0 Sultan Suleiman c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman (xem tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 ba). Tuy nhi\u00ean, li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Charles x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00dd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1527, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c \u1edf Rome v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Clement b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5. C\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1550, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady \u0111e d\u1ecda quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Hapsburg. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, do \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd g\u00e1c l\u1ea1i th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho v\u1ecb vua v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg m\u1edbi \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Philip II, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng \u201c\u01b0u th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d, trong khi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600, khi Vua Philip IV c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang l\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Vua Louis XIII. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng, v\u1ecb Vua M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Louis XIV Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. 3. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman Th\u1eddi gian: Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u1edf Trung v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ottoman - Hapsburg, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Suleiman \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf (1526 - 1566), Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn D\u00e0i (1593 - 1606) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (1683 - 1699) S\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1500 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi tham v\u1ecdng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Balkan c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u nhau trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1ecb vua h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg Charles V \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1519, m\u1ed9t \u201cn\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 bao tr\u00f9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra\u201d. N\u0103m n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Charles \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00dd (xem tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00c1o, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u00dd v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan ng\u00e0y nay. N\u0103m 1525, v\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, Francis I \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Suleiman \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf. Theo l\u1eddi s\u1eed gia Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, Ottoman \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Francis \u201cl\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc Charles V\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ottoman. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Sultan Mehmed Nh\u00e0 Chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Constantinople c\u1ee7a Byzantine, gieo r\u1eafc n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u201cv\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chinh ph\u1ee5c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hung h\u0103ng h\u01a1n\u201d. B\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ottoman - Venetia l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 400 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1515 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100 c\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1520. T\u00e1m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Francis, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Mamluk, th\u00f4n t\u00ednh nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp, Syria, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf thu\u1ebf cho Sultan. Theo Andrew Hess, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u201cc\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3\u201d, t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","gi\u00e1o. T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y B\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi Vienna. V\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Vienna ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Charles. N\u0103m 1526, Suleiman t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Hungary trong tr\u1eadn Moh\u00e1cs, chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef 1\/3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Vua Louis II c\u1ee7a Hungary \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong khi th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y. Khi Suleiman h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u00c1o, nh\u01b0 Richard Mackenney kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, Charles \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cb\u1eadn t\u00e2m\u201d v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i\u201d. N\u0103m 1527, \u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Castile \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5\u201d, m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, theo Charles, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh,\u201d s\u1eed gia Brendan Simms vi\u1ebft. \u201cTh\u00eam n\u1eefa, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec Suleiman m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman v\u1edbi di s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh.\u201d Tia l\u1eeda l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf Hungary sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u00e1i Louis II, \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Hapsburg \u1edf \u00c1o Ferdinand I tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a Hungary v\u00e0 Bohemia. Suleiman \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3,, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ferdinand trong cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb l\u00e0 John Zapolya x\u1ee9 Transylvania, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Vienna v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1529. Sau khi hai l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ottoman v\u00e0o Vienna nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u1edf Hungary, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, Ferdinand bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Adrianople v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1547. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hapsburg \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hungary v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p c\u1eaft c\u1ed5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n tr\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi Charles V kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u201cHo\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cVua c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha\u201d, cho ph\u00e9p Suleiman t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cCeasar\u201d \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc th\u00eam v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Trung \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 khi g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n trong tr\u1eadn Lepanto n\u0103m 1571. Ch\u1ec9 khi \u0110\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1699, v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng Hapsburg Eugene x\u1ee9 Savoy m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Hungary v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ottoman k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. 4. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n Th\u1eddi gian: N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh 30 n\u0103m (c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, 1630 - 1648) Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh n\u0103m 1619, Ferdinand II l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t Trung \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng mang tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i t\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t: s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ferdinand nh\u1eb1m v\u00f9i d\u1eadp nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Chi\u1ebfn tranh 30 n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady nhanh nh\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Trong su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady m\u1edbi ch\u1edbm n\u1edf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c theo phong tr\u00e0o Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh - bao g\u1ed3m Anh v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan - \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Albrecht von Wallenstein \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Christian IV c\u1ee7a \u0110an M\u1ea1ch. B\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o, Christian \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, khi\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh Ferdinand II c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc \u00c2u. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Wallenstein \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Baltic, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf Baltic b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Hapsburg l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i chu\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady nhanh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Nga v\u00e0 Ba Lan, nh\u00e0 vua Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n Gustavus Adolphus \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, Gustavus \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1590 \u0111\u1ebfn 1630, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng t\u1eeb con s\u1ed1 15.000 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 45.000 qu\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1o binh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c (\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nga n\u0103m 1617 v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed1i Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Ba Lan - Litva n\u0103m 1625 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3n Baltic. Sau khi chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Ba Lan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1629, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u201ch\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam Baltic\u201d. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1edbi t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng qua m\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Hapsburg. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Anh Samuel Gardiner \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, Wallenstein \u201ct\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi t\u1eeb Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n\u2026 b\u1edfi https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Gustavus s\u1ebd quan s\u00e1t trong im l\u1eb7ng khi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm l\u1ea1i \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda Nam Baltic\u201d. Theo s\u1eed gia Peter Wilson, Wallenstein \u201cxem c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n mang t\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7\u201d, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Hapsburg \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng ta \u201cth\u1eadt s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n\u201d. Th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean khi\u00eau kh\u00edch h\u01a1n d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn. Gustavus \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft t\u1edbi an ninh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. Gustavus b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi\u201d. Theo Brendan Simms, Gustavus \u0111\u00e3 tranh lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00ean \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng\u2019\u201d. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1627, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng: \u201cGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng sau x\u00f4 s\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, li\u00ean minh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd khi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i.\u201d C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang l\u00ean kh\u00e1c khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, Gustavus \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1eafp l\u00e0m: theo \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch an ninh, Gustavus v\u1eabn k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 phong tr\u00e0o Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Paris, v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 quan tr\u1ecdng*. V\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, theo s\u1eed gia Michael Roberts, \u201cs\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n; v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n.\u201d Gustavus b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Usedom, g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Ba Lan - \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1630. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Pomerania v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. Tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gustavus tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cs\u1ebd thi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u00e2y ra nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa\u201d. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Gustavus b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u1eadn Wittstock v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1636. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, binh l\u00ednh Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i trong H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Westphalia n\u0103m 1648. Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t B\u1eafc \u00c2u v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba (sau Nga v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha). Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. 5. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Anh Th\u1eddi gian: Gi\u1eefa cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Anh L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Anh - H\u00e0 Lan (1652 - 1674) V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp sau H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Westphalia n\u0103m 1648, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi\u1ebfn cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Anh, v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n. Theo sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Anh - H\u00e0 Lan tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho t\u1edbi khi hai qu\u1ed1c gia k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang n\u0103m 1688. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","V\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, Nam M\u1ef9, T\u00e2y Phi, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh New York, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201ckh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi\u201d, cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t H\u00e0 Lan t\u00ed hon c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf to l\u1edbn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u00e9o b\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng mua b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i bi\u1ec3n ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u khi Anh, v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp n\u00ean C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n (t\u1eeb 39 chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1649 l\u00ean 80 chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1651) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n Anh. Cho t\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1650, ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Anh (v\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1470 \u0111\u1ebfn 1600) \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, l\u00ean t\u1edbi 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 - trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Anh - \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Anh nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u01b0u th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong khi x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh George Monck n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan: \u201cL\u00fd do n\u00e0y kia th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec? C\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu\u201d. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia J. R. Johns \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u201cc\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Vua Charles II \u201cgia t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ngai v\u00e0ng\u201d. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c H\u00e0 Lan c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c: n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Anh nh\u1eb1m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Paul Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan \u201cd\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh\u201d. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y*. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Theo nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Jack Levy, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf sang c\u1ea1nh tranh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 leo thang th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh\u2026 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn Anh - H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u2018\u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u00ec l\u00fd do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u2019, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng leo thang trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. S\u1eed gia George Edmundson c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u \u201cnh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d. N\u0103m 1651, H\u00e0 Lan t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Anh trong m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, khi hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p Anh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 tin \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt H\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh hay v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 London v\u00e0 The Hague: m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Anh, nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Immanuel Wallerstein nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u1edfi H\u00e0 Lan tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Anh: h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Anh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\u2026 Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi th\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. S\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7\u201d. C\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng s\u1ee5c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","s\u00f4i trong n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc, khi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Anh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ba cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan t\u1eeb 1652 cho t\u1edbi 1674. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u00fap Anh chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c New York v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh (t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u01a1n 200 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh t\u1eeb khi Charles I b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1649 cho t\u1edbi khi ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1660), h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n H\u00e0 Lan v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho Anh trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Medway n\u0103m 1667. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Anh - H\u00e0 Lan bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed H\u00e0 Lan William x\u1ee9 Orange v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1688. C\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng chung chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1eddi chung c\u1ee7a William, Vua Louis XIV c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. 6. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Anh Th\u1eddi gian: Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII cho t\u1edbi gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Ph\u00e1p C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Anh L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Chi\u1ebfn tranh 9 n\u0103m (1689 - 1697), Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ban Nha (1701 - 1714), Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o (1740 - 1748), v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1ea3y n\u0103m (1756 - 1763) Trong su\u1ed1t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Vua Louis XIV, Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf\u201d\u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang Anh s\u1edbm th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Anh xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng khi Anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0111e https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","d\u1ecda t\u1edbi \u01b0u th\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c Anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i. M\u1eb7c cho v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Louis XIV \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm an ninh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, tuy nhi\u00ean Louis \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1680 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Strasbourg, Luxembourg v\u00e0 Casale. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tham v\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00eam c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh kh\u00e1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1689 c\u00f3 th\u00eam l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t), Louis v\u1eabn gia c\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp 36 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t 140.000 binh l\u00ednh kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan ng\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1686, ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n H\u00e0 Lan William x\u1ee9 Orange \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg Leopold I th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh Augsburg, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1688, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Rhine ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Philipsburg. William lo s\u1ee3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, Vua James II c\u1ee7a Anh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a James t\u1ecf ra lo ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecd b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 James s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1u tu\u1ea7n sau khi Louis v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Rhine, William x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. James th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1689, William, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo phong tr\u00e0o Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Mary. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1689, Li\u00ean minh Augsburg t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Rhine c\u1ee7a Louis v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan th\u00f4ng qua l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o chung, \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00edn n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p (1689 - 1697). Theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Derek McKay v\u00e0 H. M. Scott, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang c\u1ee7a William, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u201cl\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n\u201d*. Theo s\u1eed gia George Clark, William v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Augsburg c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, \u201cxem cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tham v\u1ecdng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Louis, chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1701 khi William v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg t\u00e1i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Louis nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Bourbon l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Li\u00ean minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Louis gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngai v\u00e0ng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c Louis ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho Anh trong hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Utrecht. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Utrecht l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1700. \u201cXu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 gia t\u0103ng t\u1eeb con s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i n\u0103m 525.000 b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1720 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3,\u201d theo s\u1eed gia Lawrence James. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Anh khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 lo ng\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Robert v\u00e0 Isabelle Tombs \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cC\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p \u2018s\u1eefng s\u1edd\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018\u00e1m \u1ea3nh\u2019 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Anh.\u201d T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf Anh c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1: sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ban Nha, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Anh gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y quy\u00ean ti\u1ec1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ph\u00e1p s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u201cc\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea5p n\u0103m l\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 GNP so v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d, nh\u01b0 Robert v\u00e0 Isabelle Tombs \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi xung \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o n\u0103m 1740 (m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1edf Trung \u00c2u trong \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p tham chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg, trong khi Anh tham chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gia t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y) \u0111\u00e3 lan ra t\u1edbi t\u1eadn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1748 t\u1ea1i Aix- la-Chapelle ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hapsburg v\u00e0 Anh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu \u0111i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh, m\u00e0 theo s\u1eed gia Anh Lawrence James, \u201cv\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gay g\u1eaft h\u01a1n sau n\u0103m 1748. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, Anh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng 500% chi ti\u00eau qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng t\u1eeb 1740 cho t\u1edbi 1760 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o, trong khi Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng 150%. N\u0103m 1756, \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p - Anh l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Anh tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1763 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ebd s\u1edbm m\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 - ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p - Anh \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec cho t\u1edbi k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Napoleon. 7. Anh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eddi gian: Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Anh\/Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Ph\u00e1p L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p (1792 - 1802), v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Napoleon (1803 - 1815) Th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n, cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf xa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Napoleon, Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh, khi\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng Napoleon \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, Anh \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Napoleon. Trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1780, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u1edf Anh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u1edbi giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1782 cho t\u1edbi 1788. Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1793, Anh s\u1edf h\u1eefu 113 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 76 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e2u cho t\u1edbi khi qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi t\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia Eo bi\u1ec3n Anh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1789, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u1ed3 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u*. Lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Vua Louis XVI v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, Marie-Antoinette, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh Leopold II v\u00e0 Vua Frederick William II c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Pillnitz n\u0103m 1791, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu ho\u00e0ng gia n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t khi phe c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 do c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u gia t\u0103ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec Ph\u00e1p \u201c\u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00e0m sao g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o ra quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c\u201d. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 hung h\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho lo l\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c sang gi\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng m\u1edbi tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1; ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m 1792, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u00eam 180.000 t\u00e2n binh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n trong n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh l\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Anh. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi t\u1edbi H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1793, Vua George III \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u201ct\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n\u201d, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cs\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p, v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o ra nguy hi\u1ec3m cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc\u2026 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d. Theo s\u1eed gia Anh William Doyle, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Anh ch\u00fa \u00fd, th\u00ec v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Vua Louis XVI v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1793 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n ly, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho Anh \u201cthi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh l\u1edbn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p\u201d. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1793, li\u00ean minh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng: Ph\u00e1p t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1790 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4n t\u00ednh H\u00e0 Lan, B\u1eafc \u00dd v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Louisiana \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. N\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Anh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111e d\u1ecda mang t\u00ednh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n khi Napoleon Bonaparte chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n trong cu\u1ed9c Ch\u00ednh https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng Brumaire n\u0103m 1799 (t\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1799) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Napoleon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1797 r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p \u201cph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Anh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t\u201d, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u201ch\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh xong, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta\u201d. Anh xem nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. \u201cCh\u00fang ta ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c Bonaparte s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda,\u201d George III t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, ngay c\u1ea3 khi Napoleon th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Anh r\u1eb1ng an ninh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng William Pitt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 theo s\u1eed gia qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Michael Leggiere l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p\u201d, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebfn Anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d. Th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn cho Anh, Napoleon ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. N\u0103m 1805, Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Horatio Nelson \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Trafalgar, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tham v\u1ecdng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh c\u1ee7a Napoleon v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Napoleon \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong khi Napoleon ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Anh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, bi\u1ebfn London tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn cho kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng Napoleon \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0 Paul Kennedy gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cCh\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Paris s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh - n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh - v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.\u201d Lung lay sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Nga v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1812, Napoleon li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong tay m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh do Anh d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Waterloo n\u0103m 1815. 8. Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Nga Th\u1eddi gian: Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p (l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba) \/Anh (tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n) C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Nga L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, tranh gi\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Crimea (1853 - 1856) Trong su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Nga g\u00e2y ra n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh, v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Nam \u00c1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nga nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman. C\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Crimea, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng minh cho v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Nga. Nga gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga - Th\u1ed5 (1806 - 1812 v\u00e0 1828 - 1829), m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Caucasus, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nga v\u1edbi Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Nga \u1edf Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Nga m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5: Nga ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n Lan, Ba Lan, Georgia, Azerbaijan v\u00e0 Armenia ch\u1ec9 trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nguy hi\u1ec3m khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u*. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","r\u1ed9ng: v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu quy m\u00f4 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1820, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1853. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn, n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i l\u1ea1i gia t\u0103ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd do Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u khi bi\u1ebfn \u201ccon b\u1ec7nh\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u - nh\u01b0 Sa ho\u00e0ng hay g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman khi \u0111\u00f3 - tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia do Nga b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Adrianople n\u0103m 1829 gi\u1eefa St. Petersburg v\u00e0 Constantinople \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Hu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbc Heytesbury, \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Anh \u1edf Nga, r\u1eb1ng Nga s\u1ebd s\u1edbm khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman ph\u1ea3i \u201ctu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Sa ho\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh v\u1eady\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh can thi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i giao \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ottoman trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ai C\u1eadp - Ottoman n\u0103m 1831 - 1833, khi c\u1ea3 hai lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u1eeb Nga. Theo s\u1eed gia Brendan Simms, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nga nh\u1eb1m chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ottoman v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho Anh th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Nga c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201ckh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng chia c\u1eaft \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Dardanelles, c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 gi\u00fap H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en c\u1ee7a Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1edbi \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Anh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1edf Anh th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tin r\u1eb1ng Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Henry Kissinger \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p: \u201cM\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga - ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, quy m\u00f4, tham v\u1ecdng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t an c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y - ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d. N\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng m\u00e0 Kissinger \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n du l\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Nga l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf h\u1eefu tham v\u1ecdng \u201cbao la v\u00e0 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1\u201d, v\u1edbi \u201cm\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c\u201d. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Nga b\u1ecb th\u1eed th\u00e1ch trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gay g\u1eaft, https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u1ea3 Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t\u201d. N\u0103m 1853, Sa ho\u00e0ng Nicholas I y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Sultan Abd\u00fcl Mejid ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf Constantinople v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trung gian h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i cho cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u00e0 v\u1ecb sultan Ottoman c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh. Khi ngo\u1ea1i giao th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb sultan tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nga. Sa ho\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0a binh l\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Danube (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Moldova v\u00e0 Romania) v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en \u1edf Sevastopol, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Crimea. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman \u1edf Sinope, Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. M\u1eb7c Sa ho\u00e0ng ra s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga s\u1ebd th\u1ebf ch\u1ed7. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Anh, vi\u1ec7c Nga chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef Constantinople s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. N\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chung, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1edbi Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Nga r\u00fat h\u1ebft qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c. Khi Nga t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec5n chinh t\u1edbi Crimea. S\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nga t\u1ea1i Sevastopol \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tan v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nga, gia t\u0103ng uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh, gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t th\u00eam t\u1eadn 65 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Adam Lambert \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \u201cAnh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nga chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u - m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Ph\u00e1p - v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef trong hai th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo.\u201d 9. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eddi gian: Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Ph\u00e1p C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: \u0110\u1ee9c L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p - Ph\u1ed5 (1870 - 1871) Theo l\u1eddi s\u1eed gia Paul Kennedy d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Napoleon III, Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady \u201cm\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 tin\u201d trong n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Otto von Bismarck c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u1ebd s\u1edbm theo \u0111u\u1ed5i tham v\u1ecdng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Trong khi Bismarck xem chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i xem xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Bismarck v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1850, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng Caribbe, T\u00e2y Phi v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Chi ph\u00ed qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c tr\u1eeb Nga, v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0 Paul Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u201cv\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3\u2026 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 b\u00ean kia eo bi\u1ec3n Anh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c lo ng\u1ea1i\u201d. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o Crimea v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00dd l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Paris l\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 an ninh ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u. 10 n\u0103m sau, Napoleon III ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn: n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Otto von Bismarck. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1864 v\u00e0 \u00c1o n\u0103m 1866, Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Michael Howard nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u201cv\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai\u201d. Trong khi Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1820 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng 1\/3 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Ph\u00e1p, song nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1860 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 4\/5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u201cnh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n\u201d, Bismarck \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cm\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1\/3 so v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p\u201d. M\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia Ph\u00e1p sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m 1,2 tri\u1ec7u binh l\u00ednh m\u00e0 Bismarck \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u201ck\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Xerxes\u201d. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Ph\u1ed5 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, b\u1edfi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u00e9p ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860 cho t\u1edbi khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Ph\u00e1p 10 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Bismarck c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Theo s\u1eed gia Geoffrey Wawro, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y \u201cl\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111e d\u1ecda che m\u1edd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi Ph\u1ed5 \u201cbao tr\u00f9m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p sau n\u0103m 1866\u201d. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Bismarck l\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Nam \u0110\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria v\u00e0 Hesse v\u00e0o Li\u00ean bang B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c do Ph\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gia b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y, \u00f4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 ng\u1ea3 v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng tay c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 Bismarck sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.\u201d T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Napoleon v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, Bismarck \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed nh\u00e0 Hohenzollern l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha*. Ph\u00e1p do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 Hohenzollern v\u00e0 B\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn Ems (m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Bismarck thao t\u00fang, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 vua Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Ph\u00e1p) g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Napoleon v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1870. Qua \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870 (d\u00f9 h\u00f3a ra l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m) r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda Ph\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Nam \u0110\u1ee9c xem Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n, h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tham gia Li\u00ean bang B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Bismarck \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Michael Howard n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cKh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec khi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 k\u1ebb g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, tuy nhi\u00ean Bismarck l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2m m\u01b0u g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp khi\u1ebfn cho Ph\u00e1p k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Brendan Simms vi\u1ebft, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 theo m\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y Bismark l\u00ean h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn cho Napoleon b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t cho Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5. 10. Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nga \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Th\u1eddi gian: Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nga C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung - Nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1894 - 1894) v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga - Nh\u1eadt (1904 - 1905) B\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00f3 hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1: nh\u00e0 Thanh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Duy t\u00e2n Minh Tr\u1ecb n\u0103m 1868, c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i lo s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1905, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nga \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1edfi hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX: GNP gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1885 cho t\u1edbi 1899, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c khi Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm. N\u0103m 1880, chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm 19% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1886, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng l\u00ean 25%, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1890 l\u00e0 31 %. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7i o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn b\u00ean trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c, khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u1ed5i b\u00f9ng \u201cc\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia nghi\u00eam t\u00fac suy t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c1, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Nga \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c: b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phong v\u0169 bi\u1ec3u cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 hung h\u0103ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng cao c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gia t\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong khi t\u1eeb t\u1eeb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ra xa B\u1eafc Kinh. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Peter Duus \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u2026 N\u1ebfu Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u2018l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu\u2019 hay \u2018kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n minh\u2019, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn s\u1ebd y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng m\u1ed3i ngon cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i t\u1edbi t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung - Nh\u1eadt s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1894, s\u1eed gia Akira Iriye \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o\u201d. M\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y - v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Nga - \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hung h\u0103ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean Siberia m\u1edbi (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1891) \u0111\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Yamagata Aritomo, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i ki\u00eam th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1893 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cK\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hay Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Nga.\u201d N\u0103m 1894, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 vua Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean Yi Myeong-bok ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n - kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c - c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn cho hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ra kh\u1ecfi B\u00ecnh Nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng, gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u, ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0o s\u00e2u trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung - Nh\u1eadt k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Shimonoseki, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o B\u00e0nh H\u1ed3 v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nga c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Lo l\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, Nga, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p ba b\u00ean ngay sau khi hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, qua \u0111\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nguy c\u01a1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Nga. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda Nga c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1 h\u01a1n. \u201cK\u1ec3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1895,\u201d theo s\u1eed gia J. N. Westwood, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u201c\u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi Nga.\u201d S\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung - Nh\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p ch\u00edn l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh l\u00ednh l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c Nga \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c trong can thi\u1ec7p ba b\u00ean, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean minh Anh - Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1902. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111u\u1ed5i Nga ra kh\u1ecfi M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat qu\u00e2n Nga kh\u1ecfi C\u1ea3ng Arthur, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Nga \u0111ang \u0111\u1eadu \u1edf c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y (tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1904. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga - Nh\u1eadt k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y Nga ra kh\u1ecfi M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Portsmouth. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Nga bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u, Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf th\u00eam m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. 11. Anh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u M\u1ef9 Th\u1eddi gian: \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Anh C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: M\u1ef9 L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 Anh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia. V\u00e0 khi M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00ec \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ngay g\u1ea7n s\u00e1t b\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Anh cho ph\u00e9p M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho li\u00ean minh M\u1ef9 - Anh trong hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y nay cho l\u00e0 l\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean. Trong v\u00f2ng ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, M\u1ef9 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. GDP c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t Anh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1916 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ed5ng GDP c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Anh c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1890 cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1914, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft th\u00e9p l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n Anh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1. V\u00e0 khi th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Washington c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latin. Vai tr\u00f2 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi lo ng\u1ea1i s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1895, n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 r\u0103ng M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Venezuela \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i S\u00e0n Ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n New York. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1896, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Salisbury \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Anh r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi M\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong n\u0103m nay m\u00e0 l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng xa - r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra\u201d. H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 l\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh T\u00e2y Ban Nha - M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 sau khi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn Theodore Roosevelt l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng). Tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1900 t\u1edbi https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","n\u0103m 1910. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1901: \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d V\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Chi\u1ebfn tranh Anh, B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf M\u1ef9 ra kh\u1ecfi Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Song C\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ed1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Anh ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i hai \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m h\u01a1n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi M\u1ef9. N\u0103m 1904, s\u0129 quan h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh n\u00ean \u201cs\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d, b\u1edfi \u201cch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi tay M\u1ef9\u201d. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u201cchu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn\u201d. Salisbury di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda do M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1o ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3: Th\u1eadt bu\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng M\u1ef9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d Thay v\u00ec th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 th\u00f4ng qua chi\u1ebfn tranh, Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u201cn\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb l\u1edbn\u201d. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u1edf g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd c\u1eady, London kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh xem l\u00e0 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf Canada v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Latin, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u00e1 b\u00e9o b\u1edf v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Panama t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo s\u1eed gia Anne Orde: \u201cCho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1903, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Venezuela cho t\u1edbi Alaska.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi t\u1ecf ra t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u01a1n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u201can ninh mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed\u201d m\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng*. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a London \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c khi chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho Anh. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong su\u1ed1t Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tham gia cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. 12. Anh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eddi gian: \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Anh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nga h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: \u0110\u1ee9c L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I (1914 - 1918) Sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bismarck, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Anh, g\u00e2y ra r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u1edbi Anh. \u0110\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Anh - \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p B\u1eaby Thucydides kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111ang tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1edf Balkan th\u00e0nh Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1860 cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1913, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb 4,8% l\u00ean 14,8%, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Anh khi t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","n\u00e0y s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 19,9% xu\u1ed1ng 13,6%. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1870, \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a Anh; n\u0103m 1914, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e9p g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i Anh. Cho t\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, Bismarck \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, New Guinea v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Anh hay Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Bismarck th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c Wilhelm II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m Bismarck n\u0103m 1890, l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cC\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d - \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm. V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1890, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Alfred Tirpitz \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Anh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Anh, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Anh lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng Sealborne \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1902: \u201cT\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta\u2026 [\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Anh \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c tin r\u1eb1ng] trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua l\u00f2ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c.\u201d H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Anh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Margaret MacMillan \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cCu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c Anh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c London quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i xa c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nga h\u01a1n.\u201d S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111ang l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Anh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Anh, b\u1ecb London xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Berlin c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Thucydides th\u1ee9 hai t\u1edbi t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Nga. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1910, Nga \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang h\u1ed3i sinh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ngay s\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1913, Nga tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh\u201d m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Nga d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111e d\u1ecda to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111ang ch\u1ea7m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Nga. Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1914, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Nga ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u00fat ng\u1eafn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n hai tu\u1ea7n, so v\u1edbi s\u00e1u tu\u1ea7n trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c*. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Nga c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd chung cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 hung h\u0103ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Nga, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu xung \u0111\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u201cv\u00f2ng ki\u1ec1m t\u1ecfa\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra b\u1edfi Nga, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh. Berlin sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u201ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\u201d cho Vienna sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o \u1edf Sarajevo v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1914, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed3ng minh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu \u00c1o - Hung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Balkan, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1edbi Nga*. T\u1eeb khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed5 ra, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tranh c\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ai ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n b\u1ecf qua ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00edch danh th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 trong B\u1eaby Thucydides (\u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nga) ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh cho vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa \u00c1o - Hung v\u00e0 Serbia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecda mang t\u1ea7m ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c trong v\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. N\u0103m 1914, c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1eefa London v\u00e0 Berlin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa Berlin v\u00e0 Moscow \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Berlin trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111ang tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Sa ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Ph\u00e1p. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u1eb1n ranh \u0111\u1ecf m\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Theo l\u1eddi s\u1eed gia Paul Kennedy: \u201cNh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 lo ng\u1ea1i, xung \u0111\u1ed9t 1914 - 1918 v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 do Anh mong mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng, trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3. Theo ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa London v\u00e0 Berlin ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 15 t\u1edbi 20 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d Trong s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u01a1n B\u1eaby Thucydides. 13. Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eddi gian: Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Ph\u00e1p, Anh C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: \u0110\u1ee9c L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II (1939 - 1945) Adolf Hitler d\u1eabn d\u1eaft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles v\u00e0 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh duy tr\u00ec. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Lebensraum, hay kh\u00f4ng gian sinh t\u1ed3n, Hitler d\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00c1o v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc. Nh\u1eadn ra tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 sau khi Hitler \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ba Lan, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ean https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba cho t\u1edbi khi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u binh l\u00ednh Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn \u1edf chi\u1ebfu d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u1ea5m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u00e1y bay, xe t\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 100.000 qu\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 13% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 10% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1), ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 cho phe hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00f9ng Rhineland. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d, \u0111\u1ed5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m cho \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Trong khi \u201cb\u1ecb o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t b\u1edfi \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u201cgi\u00fap cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. Ch\u1ec9 20 n\u0103m sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, Adolf Hitler \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Hitler \u201ct\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Sau khi \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1933, Hitler ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p phi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u00d4ng ta bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1eadp trung \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00e1i v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian sinh t\u1ed3n cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c: \u201c\u00d4ng ta mu\u1ed1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c Trung \u00c2u v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, l\u00ean t\u1eadn s\u00f4ng Volga tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gian sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00fac v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d, nh\u01b0 Paul Kennedy nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Khi Hitler tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, chi ph\u00ed qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1937, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean, https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","khi chi ti\u00eau qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i v\u0169 trang di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 nhanh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y bay m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o: n\u0103m 1933, \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 368 m\u00e1y bay, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1938 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 5.235, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 39 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n n\u0103m 1936 l\u00ean 103 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n n\u0103m 1939, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 2,76 tri\u1ec7u binh l\u00ednh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u201cu\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i\u201d t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u201ckh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nhanh nh\u1ea1y n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n\u201d. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Winston Churchill r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u201ckh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ai\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u201ct\u00e1i v\u0169 trang theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Neville Chamberlain l\u1ea1i xem Hitler ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles v\u00e0 ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4n t\u00ednh Sudetenland c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf Munich v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1938. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, n\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Chamberlain \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng khi Hitler quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1939, qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Chamberlain t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: \u201cLi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u0169, hay m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u m\u1edbi? Li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nh\u1eb1m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c?\u201d Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 Henry Kissinger \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3, Ph\u00e1p \u201c\u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d. Stalin th\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2m v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb b\u00ed m\u1eadt chia \u0111\u00f4i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau khi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Stalin, Hitler x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ba Lan, khi\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1939. Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, Hitler \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 Scandinavia. Anh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1941, Hitler ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i Stalin v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean X\u00f4. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong v\u00f2ng 40 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. T\u00e2y \u00c2u https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Washington. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 Hitler g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi. 14. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Th\u1eddi gian: Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: M\u1ef9 C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tranh gi\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II (1941 - 1945) H\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung - Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nga - Nh\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1edfi khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng bao g\u1ed3m Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt tr\u1edf n\u00ean hung h\u0103ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Do s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u201cM\u1edf c\u1eeda\u201d do M\u1ef9 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Washington ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. Sau khi M\u1ef9 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, Tokyo t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111ang l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 v\u00e0o Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. N\u0103m 1915, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Okuma Shigenobu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u201cY\u00eau s\u00e1ch 21 \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d l\u00ean Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u00eam nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch M\u1edf c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1899. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Henry Stimson lo ng\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3. Theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u201ctr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1\u201d, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1931. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn trong Th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Nam Kinh n\u0103m 1937. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 M\u1ef9 quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 hung h\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea3m, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin Roosevelt ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eabn ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u00e9m bom m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 trong l\u00fac t\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111ang di t\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 kh\u1ecfi Nam Kinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t l\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Do \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, cao su v\u00e0 s\u1eaft ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 v\u00ec Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n xem m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y xem h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Kichisaburo Nomura \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Washington v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt tin r\u1eb1ng\u2026 h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9; v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f2n h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thua tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u00e9p.\u201d Trong khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi phe Tr\u1ee5c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vichy \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn cho ph\u00e9p Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 th\u00ec M\u1ef9 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Theo s\u1eed gia Richard Storry, Washington tin r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u201c\u0111ang v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d. Khi c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn b\u1ecb th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 \u1edf Tokyo Joseph Grew \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cM\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f2n \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra\u2026 K\u1ebft c\u1ee5c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.\u201d C\u1ea5m v\u1eadn d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a FDR v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1941 l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n ly \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 c\u1ef1u quan ch\u1ee9c B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Charles Maechling \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn cho quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed ngo\u1ea1i giao, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 b\u00f9ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau \u0111\u00f3.\u201d Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00fa \u0111\u00e1nh n\u1ed1c ao\u201d ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 gi\u00e0u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan. Nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Jack Snyder \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u1ebfu m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u1eb7n\u201d, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi\u201d n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t t\u1edbi \u201cb\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tham t\u00e0n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3\u201d c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Khi h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch M\u1ef9 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9 sau n\u00e0y Dean Acheson n\u00f3i, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u sai \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u201cth\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta g\u00e2y ra, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Tojo \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng ai \u1edf Washington nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta xem vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n tham v\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.\u201d Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1eed vong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 15. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Th\u1eddi gian: Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 - th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb: M\u1ef9 C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady: Li\u00ean X\u00f4 L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda GDP to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn"]