สุดยอดGrammar

100  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Turkey ª√–‡∑»µ√ÿ °’ New York √—∞𑫬Õ√å§ Horwang School ‚√߇√¬’ πÀÕ«ß— Dusit Thani College «∑‘ ¬“≈—¬¥ÿ ‘µ∏“π’ Bangkok University ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬°√ÿ߇∑æ Thammasart University ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ∏√√¡»“ µ√å 7. πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß„™â Article °∫— «—𠇥◊Õπ ≈—∑∏‘ »“ π“ ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈ ·≈–¡ÈÕ◊ ¢ÕßÕ“À“√ ‡™àπ Sunday «—πÕ“∑‘µ¬å May ‡¥Õ◊ π情¿“§¡ Christianity »“ π“§√‘ µå Imperialism ≈∑— ∏‘®—°√«√√¥‘𬑠¡ Summer ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ Winter ƒ¥ÀŸ π“« Breakfast Õ“À“√‡™“â Lunch Õ“À“√°≈“ß«π— Dinner Õ“À“√‡¬πÁ 8. πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß„™â Article °—∫ ”π«π∑’Ë¡’ §«“¡À¡“¬«“à ç·∫∫é, ç¬À’Ë âÕé À√Õ◊ ç™π‘¥é

Articles 101 kind of sort of brand of variety of type of variety of species of make of 9. πÕâ ß Ê ‰¡µà Õâ ß„™â Article °∫— ™Õ◊Ë ¬»À√Õ◊ µ”·Àπßà ∂“â „™âπ”Àπ“â ¢Õß∫§ÿ §≈∑ˉ’ ¥â√∫— µ”·Àπßà ‡™àπ Senior policeman æ—πµ”√«®‡Õ°æ‡‘ »… Group captain π“«“Õ“°“»‡Õ° Dean §≥∫¥’ 10. πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß„™â Article °—∫ ¡“™‘°„π §√Õ∫§√«— ‡§√◊Õ≠“µ‘ ·≈–Õ“™æ’ ∑Ë’„™‡â √¬’ °∑Ë—« Ê ‰ª ‡™πà Father æàÕ Mother ·¡à Uncle ≈ÿß,Õ“ Aunt ªÑ“, πâ“ Grand-mother ¬“à , ¬“¬ Grand-father ªÉ,Ÿ µ“

102  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 11. πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß„™â Article °—∫™◊ËÕπ”È µ°, ™“¬À“¥  «π “∏“√≥– ®µÿ√—   –æ“π ÀÕª√–™ÿ¡  ∂“π’  π“¡∫‘π «—¥ »“≈ ª√“ “∑ ·≈–æ√–√“™«—ß ‡™πà Niagara Falls πÈ”µ°‰π·Õß°“√“à Bangsan Beach ™“¬À“¥∫“ß· π Lumpini Park  «π≈¡ÿ æπ‘ ’ Hua Lum Pong Station  ∂“π’À«— ≈”‚æß Donmueng Airport  π“¡∫‘π¥Õπ‡¡Õ◊ ß Buckingham Palace æ√–√“™«ß— ∫—§°‘Èß·Œ¡ Grand Palace æ√–∫√¡¡À“√“™«ß— 12. πÕâ ß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß„™â Article °—∫™◊ÕË °’ÓÀ√◊Õ°“√ ≈–‡≈πà Tennis ‡∑ππ‘  Table tennis ªßî ªÕß Fencing ¥“∫ “°≈ Basketball ∫“ ‡°µ∫Õ≈ Football øÿµ∫Õ≈ Unit 8 ∆

Conjunctions 103 Unit 8 §”‡™◊ÕË ¡ª√–‚¬§ (Conjunction) §”‡™ÕË◊ ¡ª√–‚¬§ (Conjunction) D Conjunction (§” π— ∏“π) §◊Õ§”∑’„Ë ™‡â ™Õ◊Ë ¡ª√–‚¬§ µÈ—ß·µà 2 ª√–‚¬§‡¢“⠥⫬°π— Conjunction ¡’ 2 ™π¥‘ §Õ◊ D 1. Co-ordinate Conjunction 2. Subordinate Conjunction 1. Co-ordinate Conjunction §Õ◊ §”∑π’Ë Õâ ß Ê µÕâ ß „™â‡™Ë◊Õ¡ª√–‚¬§ 2 ª√–‚¬§‡¢â“¥â«¬°—π ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπ Compound Sentence ´÷Ëß·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡ §Õ◊ 1.1 Conjunctions ∑Ë’„™â‡™Ë◊Õ¡ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’¡’ §«“¡À¡“¬§≈⓬§≈÷ß°π— (And - type)

104  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §” —π∏“𠧫“¡À¡“¬ µ«— Õ¬“à ß and ·≈– Pim is rich and beautiful. both...and ∑ß—È ..·≈– Pim is both rich and beautiful. not only..but also ‰¡à‡æ’¬ß·µà..¬ß— ..Õ’° Pim is not only rich but also ¥«â ¬ beautiful. no less....than ‰¡à‡∑à“π—Èπ·µà..¬—ßÕ’° Pim is no less rich than ¥«â ¬ beautiful. as well as ·≈–, ‡™àπ‡¥¬’ «°—π Pim is rich as well as beau- tiful. and... too ·≈–¬ß— ...Õ°’ ¥«â ¬ Pim is rich and beautiful too. and also ·≈–·∂¡¬—ß..Õ°’ ¥â«¬ Pim is rich and also beau- tiful. nor ·≈–...‰¡à (=and not) Pim is not poor nor ugly. whatûs more } }¬ß‘Ë °«“à ππ—È ¬ß— ..Õ°’ ¥«â ¬ Pim is rich andbeautiful : furthermore moreover ¬ß‘Ë °«“à ππÈ— ¬ß— ..Õ°’ ¥«â ¬ whatûs again ¬ß‘Ë °«“à ππ—È ¬ß— ..Õ°’ ¥«â ¬ more, Pim is further more, indus- more over, trious. ¬ß‘Ë °«“à ππÈ— ¬ß— ..Õ°’ ¥«â ¬ again, likewise ¬ßË‘ °«“à ππ—È ¬ß— ..Õ°’ ¥«â ¬ likewise, besides, besides πÕ°®“°π—πÈ ¬ß—

Conjunctions 105 ‡°√¥Á ‡≈°Á ‡°√Á¥πÕâ ¬ D §”«“à nor, moreover, whatûs more, furthermore, besides, likewise, again ¡À’ ≈°— °“√„™∑â ’πË âÕß Ê µÕâ ß®”«“à nor ·ª≈«“à ç·≈–°‰Á ¡éà ‡ªì𧔠—π∏“π∑Ë’„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡ ª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏ 2 ª√–‚¬§‡¢“⠥⫬°—𠇙àπ Pim is not poor. + Pim is not ugly. = Pim is not poor nor ugly. À√◊Õ Pim is not poor and not ugly.  «à 𧔫“à moreover , whatûs more, furthermore, besides, likewise, again ‡ªì𧔠—π∏“π∑’Ë„™â∫Õ°¢âÕ§«“¡ ‡æË‘¡‡µ‘¡ À√◊Õ查‡ √‘¡ ®“°ª√–‚¬§Àπâ“À√◊Õª√–‚¬§∑Ë’°≈à“« ¡“·≈â« ‡™àπ Pim is rich and beautiful ; moreover Pim is rich and beautiful ; whatûs more Pim is rich and beautiful ; furthermore Pim is indus- }Pim is rich and beautiful ; besides trious. Pim is rich and beautiful ; likewise Pim is rich and beautiful ; again

106  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 1.2 Conjunctions∑„Ë’ ™‡â ™Õ◊Ë ¡ª√–‚¬§∑¡’Ë ¢’ Õâ §«“¡ ¢¥— ·¬ßâ °π— (But - type) §” —π∏“𠧫“¡À¡“¬ µ«— Õ¬“à ß but ·µà Pook never worked hard,but she is rich. while ·µà«“à , „π¢≥–∑’Ë Pook never worked hard, while (=∑—Èß Ê ∑’Ë) she is rich. yet ·¡â°√–πÈπ— (·µà«à“) Pook never worked hard, yet she is rich. still ·¡°â √–ππ—È , ·µ°à √–ππ—È Pook never worked hard,still she is rich. whereas ·µà«à“, „π¢≥–∑’Ë Pook never worked hard, whereas she is rich. however Õ¬“à ߉√°µÁ “¡, Pook never worked hard, ·¡â°√–π—Èπ however she is rich. nevertheless ·¡â°√–π—Èπ (·µ«à “à ) Pook never worked hard, nevertheless she is rich. on the other hand „π∑“ßµ√ß°π— ¢â“¡, Pook never worked hard, on ·¡â°√–πÈ—π the other hand she is rich. for all that ·µà«“à , ·¡°â √–π—Èπ Pook never worked hard, for all that she is rich.

Conjunctions 107 ‡°√Á¥‡≈Á°‡°√Á¥πâÕ¬ D æË’ Ê ¢ÕÕ∏∫‘ “¬√“¬≈–‡Õ¬’ ¥‡°¬Ë’ «°∫— §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß ·µà≈–§”Õ°’ §√ß—È «“à but : ∂â“„™â„πª√–‚¬§ —πÈ Ê πâÕß Ê ‰¡µà Õâ ß„™â ç,é (comma) ·µ∂à “â ª√–‚¬§ππ—È ¬“«πÕâ ß Ê ®”‡ªπì µâÕß„™â ç,é ¡“§—Ëπª√–‚¬§ yet : πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â°∫— ¢âÕ§«“¡ ∑¢’Ë ¥— ·¬âß°—πÕ¬à“߇ÀπÁ ‰¥â™¥— however : ·ª≈«“à çÕ¬“à ߉√°µÁ “¡é πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â‰¥â°—∫¢âÕ§«“¡∑’ˉ¡à ¢¥— ·¬ßâ °π— while ·≈– whereas : πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™‡â À¡Õ◊ π but ‰¥â‡≈¬ nevertheless : ·ª≈«“à ç·¡°â √–π—πÈ é πÕâ ß Ê ®–„™â‡¡Ë◊Õ‡ªìπ¢âÕ§«“¡∑’Ë∫Õ° ‡Àµÿ·µ«à à“º≈ √ªÿ ‰¡µà √߇Àµÿ for all that : ·ª≈«“à ç∑ßÈ— Ê ‡™πà ππÈ— é πÕâ ß Ê ®–„™â°—∫¢âÕ§«“¡∑’Ë¢—¥·¬âß°—∫ §«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߧπÕË◊π

108  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR on the other hand : πâÕß Ê „™â‰¥â°—∫¢âÕ§«“¡∑Ë’ ¢¥— ·¬âß°—πÕ¬à“߇ÀπÁ ‰¥â™¥— 1.3 Conjunctions „™‡â ™Õ◊Ë ¡ª√–‚¬§∑¡Ë’ ¢’ Õâ §«“¡ „À‡â ≈◊Õ°Õ¬“à ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπË÷ß §” —π∏“𠧫“¡À¡“¬ µ«— Õ¬“à ß or À√◊Õ Do you like coffee or tea ? or else À√Õ◊ ¡©‘ –ππ—È You must go now, or else you will miss the train. otherwise ¡‘©–π—Èπ You must go now ; otherwise, you will miss the train. either...or ‰¡à...°Á Either noodle or rice you must choose. neither..nor ‰¡∑à ßÈ— ...·≈–.... Neither Tom nor Bill have to go. ‡°√¥Á ‡≈°Á ‡°√¥Á πÕâ ¬ D ·µ≈à –§”¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬∑·’Ë µ°µ“à ß°π— ´ßË÷ æË’ Ê ®–Õ∏∫‘ “¬ „Àπâ Õâ ß Ê ‰¥â∑√“∫°—π¥ß— πÈ’ or : ·ª≈«à“ çÀ√Õ◊ é ¡°’ “√‡™Ë◊Õ¡¥—ßπ’È §Õ◊ 1. πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™‡â ™Õ◊Ë ¡§”∑Õ’Ë ¬ÀŸà π“â or ·≈–À≈ß— or ‚¥¬∑Ë’‡√“‰¡µà Õâ ß„ à comma (,)

Conjunctions 109 2. ∂â“πâÕß Ê π” or ‰ª‡™Ë◊Õ¡ª√–‚¬§ ®–µâÕß¡’ ‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬ comma (,) or else ·≈– otherwise : ·ª≈«“à ç¡‘©–ππÈ— é ‡√“ ®–„™â‡™ËÕ◊ ¡¢Õâ §«“¡∑Ë’‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§ ‡√“®–‰¡à𬑠¡„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡§” Ê ‡¥¬’ « ·≈–®–µâÕß„ à comma (,) either..or ·≈– neither..nor : §”π’È∂Ⓡ√“„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡  «à π∑‡’Ë ªπì ª√–∏“π¢Õß°√¬‘ “ ‡√“®–„™°â √‘¬“∑‡’Ë ªπì ‡Õ°æ®πÀå √◊Õ æÀæŸ ®πåππÈ— „ÀâπÕâ ß Ê ¥Ÿª√–∏“π∑Ë’Õ¬ŸàÀ≈—ß or À√Õ◊ nor 1.4 Conjunctions ∑’Ë„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡ª√–‚¬§∑’ˇªìπ ‡Àµºÿ ≈°—π (so-type) §” —π∏“𠧫“¡À¡“¬ µ«— Õ¬“à ß so ¥ß— ππÈ— The bus was arrived so I get on the bus. for ‡æ√“– I get on the bus, for the bus was arrived. therefore ¥ß— ππÈ— The bus was arrived ; there- for, I get on the bus. consequently ¥ß— ππ—È The bus was arrived ; accordingly ¥ß— ππÈ— consequently, I get on the bus. The bus was arrived ; accordingly, I get on the bus.

110  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ‡°√¥Á ‡≈Á°‡°√Á¥πÕâ ¬ D §”‡À≈“à ππÈ’ âÕß Ê ®–„™‡â ™ËÕ◊ ¡„π°√≥’µÕà ‰ªπ’È so : ·ª≈«“à ç¥ß— ππ—È é ‡√“„™‡â ™Õ◊Ë ¡ª√–‚¬§ ‡¢“â ¥«â ¬°—π ‡Àµÿ·≈–º≈∑‡’Ë °’ˬ«æ—π°—π ‰¡à®”‡ªπì µâÕßÀπ—°·πàππ—° for : §”π’ÈπâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â‡À¡◊Õπ so ‰¥â∑°ÿ ª√–°“√ therefore : ·ª≈«“à ç¥ß— ππ—È é‡√“®–„™‡â ™ÕË◊ ¡ª√–‚¬§ ∑‡’Ë ªπì ‡Àµºÿ ≈ ∑·’Ë  ¥ß§«“¡Àπ°— ·ππà ¡“°°«“à so consequently ·≈– accordingly : 2 §”π’¡È §’ «“¡À¡“¬ ‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫ therefore ·µà®–‡ªì𧔠°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥ å π— ∏“π

Conjunctions 111 ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡‡≈°Á πâÕ¬ D Conjunctions ®–„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡§”∑ˇ’ ªìπ™π‘¥‡¥’¬«°π— Verb Conjunction Verb Adverb Adverb Adjective Adjective Pronoun Pronoun Phrase Phrase Clause Clause 2. Subordinate Conjunctions Subordinate Conjunctions §◊Õ §”∑’Ë„™â‡™Ë◊Õ¡ ª√–‚¬§µ—Èß·µà 2 ª√–‚¬§¢÷Èπ‰ª‡æË◊Õ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’‡√’¬°«à“ Complex Sentence ´ß÷Ë ‡√“ “¡“√∂·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªπì °≈¡ÿà Ê ¥ß— πÈ’ 2.1 °“√· ¥ß°“√¬Õ¡√—∫ (Concession) „π °≈àÿ¡π’È®–¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç∂÷ß·¡«â à“é

112  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR although + clause + clause ever though even if though in spite of the fact that despite of the fact that admitting that however nevertheless but, yet, still æ’Ë Ê ¢ÕÕ∏∫‘ “¬‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡µ¡‘ ‡≈°Á πÕâ ¬«“à - Although = ‡√“®–«“߉«Àâ π⓪√–‚¬§‡ ¡Õ ‡™àπ Although the rain , she will go out. ·π–π” F ∂Ⓡ√“„™â Although „πª√–‚¬§®–µâÕ߉¡à¡’ but ‡¥Á¥¢“¥π–®ä– ! - Though = ‡√“®–«“߉«âÀπ⓪√–‚¬§À√◊Õ°≈“ß ª√–‚¬§°Á‰¥â ·µà∂â“Õ¬àŸ°≈“ߪ√–‚¬§‡√“®–µâÕß«“߉«âÀ≈—ß comma (,) ‡™àπ Though he is rich, he is not happy. I donût think heûll come, though he said he would.

Conjunctions 113 - Even though, even if = ‡√“®–„™â‡¡◊ËÕµÕâ ß°“√ ‡πâπÀπ°— °«“à although ‡™àπ She does not pass the examination, even though she study hard. - Admitting that = ‡√“®–„™‡â ™Ë◊Õ¡‡À¡Õ◊ π§”ÕËπ◊ Ê ·µ®à –„™â‡™ÕË◊ ¡ Noun °∫— Clause ‡™πà Admitting that the weather was bad, he decided to go. - In spite of the fact that - Despite of the fact that = 2 §”π’È®–¡‚’ §√ß-  √“â ß„π°“√„™∑â Ëπ’ Õâ ß Ê À≈“¬§πÕ“®®– ß ¬— Õ¬∫Ÿà â“ß } }Inspite Noun of clause Depite -ing Form } ‡™πà Inspite of his honesty, his boss did not rely on him.} - However However }Adjective Subject + Verb + clause 1 Adverb ‡™πà However active he is, he canût catch up with his friends.

114  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 2.2 °“√· ¥ß«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å (Purpose) ¡’ §«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç‡æÕË◊ «“à é À√Õ◊ ç‡æ◊ÕË ∑Ë®’ –é }} will (would) }in order that may (might) can (could) Clause Subject so that ‡™πà David wrote it clearly in order that we could read it easily. ¢Õâ ·π–π”‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡µ¡‘ D 1. ª√–∏“π¢Õߪ√–‚¬§∑ßÈ— 2 ª√–‚¬§Õ“®®–‡ªπì §π ≈–§π°Á‰¥â 2. ∂“â ª√–‚¬§·√°‡ªìπ Present Simple ª√–‚¬§∑’Ë 2 πâÕß Ê ®–µÕâ ß„™â will, may À√◊Õ can ·µà∂⓪√–‚¬§·√° ‡ªπì Past Simple ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’ 2 πÕâ ß Ê °®Á –µÕâ ß„™â would, might À√◊Õ could  ”À√—∫§”∑Ë’¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫ Conjunction °≈ÿà¡πȇ’ √“®–„™„â π√Ÿª Infinitive }to in order to verb so as to ‡™πà He stops to ask for the information.

Conjunctions 115 ¢Õâ ·π–π”‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ¡‘ D 1. ∂â“¡’°√√¡„πª√–‚¬§À≈—° °√√¡µ—«πÈ—π®–‡ªìπ º°âŸ √–∑”°√¬‘ “µ—«∑’Ë Õß 2. ∂“â ‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§ªØ‡‘  ∏‡√“®–„™â not to, so as not to, in order not to + verb ‡™àπ Ben learnt driving a car so as to deliver goods to customer. 2.3 · ¥ß “‡Àµÿ (Cause) ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç‡æ√“–é À√◊Õ ç‡æ√“–«à“é because clause, clause since as for seeing that now that where as in as much as ‡™πà Because Tom gone to school late, he was punished.

116  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ¢âÕ·π–π”‡æ¡‘Ë ‡µ¡‘ D 1. because, as, since πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂𔧔 ‡À≈“à π¢’È πÈ÷ µâπª√–‚¬§ À√◊Õլట ≈“ߪ√–‚¬§°‰Á ¥â 2. ·µà ”À√—∫ for πÕâ ß Ê µÕâ ߇Փ‰«â°≈“ߪ√–‚¬§ ‡∑“à ππÈ— π–®–ä πÕ°®“°ππ—È πÕâ ß Ê ¬ß— ®–æ∫°∫— Conjunction ∑ËÕ’ ¬àŸ „π°≈àÿ¡π’È·µ„à ™‡â ™◊ÕË ¡ Noun °∫— Clause because of + Noun , clause on account of due to owing to thanks to ‡™πà Because of your strength, you can lift one hundred pounds. 2.4 °“√· ¥ßº≈∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢÷Èπµ“¡¡“ (result) ¡’ §«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç¡“°®π°√–∑Ëß— é clause so + } }Adjective + that clause Adverb ‡™πà Mark is so fat that he cannot run fast.

Conjunctions 117 Meen speaks so fast that Tom can not understand. πÕ°®“°π—ÈππâÕß Ê ¬ß— ®–æ∫°∫— §”Õ’°°≈àÿ¡Àπ÷Ëß §Õ◊ so + Adjective + a Noun clause such + a (N) Count Noun (sing) + that clause such + Uncount Noun (plu) -This restaurant serves such good meals that we go there often. -Owen spoke with such a loud voice that I could understand everything he said. 2.5 °“√· ¥ßÕ“°“√ (Manner) ¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬ «“à ç‡À¡◊Õπé À√◊Õ ç√“«°—∫«“à é as clause as if clause as though ‡™πà Alice talks as if he know everything he was. They behave as though they owned the place. Eyes as big as saucers.

118  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ·π–π”‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡µ‘¡ D 1. πÕâ ß Ê µÕâ ß ß— ‡°µ«à“ª√–‚¬§∑ÕË’ ¬ÀŸà ≈—ß as if, as though ¢âÕ§«“¡∑ËÕ’ ¬àŸ„πª√–‚¬§π—Èπ¡°— ®–‡ªìπ‡√ÕË◊ ß∑Ë’‰¡‰à ¥â ‡°‘¥¢È÷π®√ß‘ ·µ‡à ªìπ°“√ ¡¡µÀ‘ √Õ◊ °“√‡ª√¬’ ∫‡∑’¬∫ 2. ∂â“πâÕß Ê µâÕß°“√®–查∂÷߇Àµÿ°“√≥å∑Ë’ ®π‘ µπ“°“√¢π÷È ¡“ À≈—ß as if, as though πâÕß Ê ®–µÕâ ß∑” ‡ªπì Past Simple À√Õ◊ Past Perfect ·µ∂à “â ‡ªπì Verb to be πÕâ ß Ê ®–µâÕß„™â were °∫— ª√–∏“π∑ÿ°µ—« 2.6 °“√· ¥ß‡«≈“ (time) - when = ‡¡◊ÕË They will do it when they have time - whenever = ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‰√°µÁ “¡ She will sad whenever she missed her brother. - while, as = ¢≥–∑Ë’ I met Owen while I stayed at Liverpool. - as soon as = ∑—π∑’∑Ë’ The children will go home as soon as the bell rings.

Conjunctions 119 - till, until = ®π°√–∑ßË— I am swimming in the pool until the sunset. - before = °Õà π I do my homework before I go out. - after= À≈ß— ®“° I will go out after I done my home- work finished. 2.7 °“√· ¥ß‡ßËÕ◊ π‰¢ (condition) - if = ∂“â If the weather cold, I will go to Chiengmai. - if only = ∂Ⓡ撬߷µà (‡ππâ ¡“°°«à“ if) If only the weather cold, I will go to Chiengmai. - Unless (if...not) = ∂“â ..‰¡à They wonût have swimming, unless the weather warm. - supposing (that) =  ¡¡µ‘«à“ Supposing the snowfall, we will play ski.

120  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR - providing (that), on condition (that) = ‚¥¬¡’‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢«“à You may take this DVD today pro- vided that you return it in the next day. ·π–π”‡æ¡‘Ë ‡µ‘¡ D 1. πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕß ß— ‡°µ°“√„™â Tense „π Condi- tional sentences ¥â«¬π–®–ä ! 2. „π°√≥§’ ”«“à in case of ®–µÕâ ßµ“¡¥«â ¬ Noun À√◊Õ Clause. Unit 9 ∆

Punctuations and Capitalization 121 Punctuations and Capitalization (‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ «√√§µÕπ) D °“√„ à‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬«√√§µÕπ„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‡ªìπ ‡√Ë◊Õß∑’˧àÕπ¢â“ß ”§—≠ ´÷ËßπâÕß Ê ®”‡ªìπ®–µâÕß„À⧫“¡  π„®æÕ Ê °—∫ Grammar ∑°ÿ ™π‘¥ ´ßË÷ „π∫∑πæ’È Ë’ Ê ®–Õ∏∫‘ “¬ ‡°¬Ë’ «°∫— °“√„™‡â §√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬«√√§µÕπ·µà≈–™π¥‘ ∑Ëπ’ Õâ ß Ê §«√ ∑√“∫ Punctuation ‡§√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬«√√§µÕπ„π¿“…“Õß— °ƒ… ‡√“ “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªπì 2 ™π¥‘ §Õ◊ 1. ™π‘¥∑Õ’Ë ¬¿Ÿà “¬„πª√–‚¬§ 2. ™π‘¥∑Ë’Õ¬àŸ¿“¬πÕ°ª√–‚¬§

122  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 1. ™π‘¥∑ÕË’ ¬à¿Ÿ “¬„πª√–‚¬§ 1.1 Comma (,) Comma ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬∑Ë’„™â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬™π‘¥∑Ë’Õ¬àŸ¿“¬„πª√–‚¬§ ·≈–µÕà ‰ªπæÈ’ ÊË’ ®–¢ÕÕ∏∫‘ “¬°“√„™‡â §√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ comma 1. „™â‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ comma §—Ëπ‡æ◊ËÕ·¬° §”π“¡´Õâ 𠇙àπ Thailand, a country in Asia, is famous for its beautiful beaches. 2. „™â‡§√Ë◊ÕßÀ¡“¬ comma ‡æË◊Õ„™â·¬° √–À«à“ߧ”∑’ÕË ¬„àŸ π°≈ÿ¡à ‡¥’¬«°—𠇙πà I want a new job, new car, and new house. 3. „™â‡§√Ë◊ÕßÀ¡“¬ comma ‡æ◊ËÕ·¬°¢âÕ §«“¡„πª√–‚¬§§”查 ‡™àπ She said, çWe are happyé

Punctuations and Capitalization 123 4. „™‡â §√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ comma §πË— √–À«“à ߪ°ï ∫— ‡¥◊Õπ, ∂ππ°—∫‡¡◊Õß ·≈–‡¡◊Õß°—∫ ª√–‡∑» ‡™àπ June 8,2004 42 Sukumvit Road, Bangkok, Thailand. 5. „™â comma „π°“√§π—Ë ¢“â ßÀπ“â À√◊Õ¢â“ß À≈ß— ™◊ËÕ ‡™πà What would you like to drink, Peter ? Alice, what did Alan said? 6. „™â comma ·¬°§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑Ë’∫Õ° ’ ‡™πà a black, white dog 7. „™â comma ·¬°§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑Ë’µ“¡ À≈ß— §”π“¡ ‡™àπ The girl is tall, slim and pretty. 8. „™â comma §πË— ª√–‚¬§∑µË’ “¡À≈ß— Yes, No ·≈– Well ∑πË’ Õâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™¢â πÈ÷ µπâ ª√–‚¬§ ‡™πà

124  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Do you walk to school ? Yes, I walk to school. No, I do not walk to school. Well I can go out. 9. „™â comma §πË— Õ—°…√¬àÕ¢Õߪ√‘≠≠“ µ—Èß·µà 2 ª√‘≠≠“¢È÷π‰ª∑Ë’π”¡“‡¢’¬π µàÕ∑⓬™◊ËÕ§π ‡æË◊Õ∫Õ°«ÿ≤‘°“√»÷°…“ ‡™πà M.A , Ph.D C.P.E., M.A., Ph.D. 1.2 Colon (:) „™â colon ¥—ßµÕà ‰ªπÈ’ 1. „™â colon µ“¡À≈—ߧ”¢π÷È µπâ „π®¥À¡“¬ ∏√ÿ °®‘ ·∫∫Õ‡¡√°‘ π— ‡™πà Dear Sirs : Dear Gentlemen : Dear Mr. Phillip :

Punctuations and Capitalization 125 2. „™â colon °∫— °“√„™â·®âß√“¬°“√ ∑Ë’¡§’ ” «à“ as follows, the following ‡™πà The following words are question words : what, where, when, why, how, who, whom. 1.3 Semicolon (;) „™â semicolon ‰¥¥â ß— µÕà ‰ªπÈ’ 1. „™âsemicolon°∫— ª√–‚¬§∑¡Ë’ ‡’ §√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ comma §—πË Õ¬Ÿà·≈«â Excuse me, Sir ; where is the bank ? 2. „™â semicolon «“߉«âÀπⓧ”µÕà ‰ªπÈ’ however moreover besides furthermore accordingly therefore nevertheless otherwise consequently ‡æË¡‘ ‡µ¡‘ F πÕâ ß Ê ®–µÕâ ß„ à semicolon ‰«Àâ π“â §”‡À≈“à π’È ·≈–®–µâÕß„ ‡à §√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬ comma (,) ‰«â∑⓬§” ‡À≈à“πÈ’¥«â ¬

126  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 1.4 Hyphen (-) πâÕß Ê ®–„™â hyphen ¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È 1. „™â hyphen ‡æ◊ËÕ·¬°æ¬“ߧå¢Õߧ”∑’Ë ‡¢’¬πÀ√◊Õæ¡‘ æ‰å ¡æà Õ∫√√∑¥— ‡™àπ Beckham is the most handsome football player in the Real Madrid Team. 2. „™â hyphen ‡æÕ◊Ë ‡™ÕË◊ ¡§” 2 §”„À⇪πì §”‡¥¬’ «°π— light-hearted ‡∫‘°∫“π„® great-grandmother ¬“à ¢ÕßæÕà À√Õ◊ ·¡à swimming - pool  √–«à“¬π”È 3. „™â hyphen ‡™ÕË◊ ¡§”º ¡∑ˇ’ °‘¥®“°°“√ ‡µ‘¡ prefix Õ¬¢àŸ “â ßÀπâ“∫“ߧ” co-ordinate ‡°Ë¬’ «°—∫Õ—π¥∫— ‡¥¬’ «°—π anti-American §π∑µ’Ë Õà µ“â πÕ‡¡√‘°“ self-image ¿“ææ®πå¢Õßµ—«‡Õß self-poise §«“¡ ÿ¢ÿ¡

Punctuations and Capitalization 127 1.5 Dash (-) πâÕß Ê ®–µÕâ ß —߇°µ„À¥â «’ à“‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬ dash ( ) ®–µÕâ ߬“«°«“à ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ hyphen (-) 1. „™‡â §√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ dash ‡æÕ◊Ë ‡πâπ¢âÕ§«“¡ ∑·’Ë ∑√°‡¢“â ¡“ Come on, I have something to tell you - I passed final examination. 2. „™â dash Àπâ“¢Õâ §«“¡„π∑”πÕß∑∫Ë’ Õ° ‡ªìπ¢âÕ Ê À√Õ◊ ‡ªπì √“¬°“√ After my mother retired, she travel these country ; namely- 1. America 2. Turkey 3. Myanmar 4. France 2. ™π‘¥∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬πÕ°ª√–‚¬§ 2.1 Full Stop (.) πÕâ ß Ê ®–„™â‡§√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ full stop À√◊Õ period °—∫°√≥’µÕà ‰ªπ’È

128  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 1. ®–„™â full stop ‡¡ÕË◊ ®∫ª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈“à , ª√–‚¬§§” Ë—ß, ª√–‚¬§¢Õ√âÕß À√◊Õ ª√–‚¬§ªØ‡‘  ∏ ‡™πà The children always play in the play- ground. Donût smoking. Please turn off the fan. I do not walk to school. 2. „™â full stop À≈ß— Õ—°…√¬Õà À√Õ◊ §”¬Õà Õ°— …√¬Õà D G.M = General Manager H.O = Head Office L.T.A = Lawn Tennis Association F.B.I = Federal Bureau of Inves- tigation M.B.A = Master of Business Administration

Punctuations and Capitalization 129 ¢Õâ ¬°‡«πâ F Õ°— …√¬àÕ∫“ßµ«— πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµÕâ ß„ à Full Stop ‡æÕ◊Ë ‡ªπì °“√ª√–À¬—¥‡π◊ÈÕ∑Ë’ ·≈–Õà“πÕ—°…√¬àÕππÈ— ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ§” Ê Àπ÷ßË EGAT = Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand. (°“√‰øø“Ñ Ω“É ¬º≈µ‘ ·Àßà ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬) WHO = World Health Organization (Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°) OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exportion Countries (Õߧ°å “√°≈¡àÿ ª√–‡∑»º Ÿâ ßà ÕÕ°πÈ”¡π— ) UNESCO = United Nations Education, Scien- tific and Cultural Organization (Õߧ尓√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈– «≤— π∏√√¡·Ààß Àª√–™“™“µ‘) Õ°— …√µ—«µπâ °∫— µ«—  ¥ÿ ∑“â ¬ D Mr. = Mister Dr. = Doctor Jr. = Junior Sr. = Senior

130  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Õ—°…√µ«— µπâ Ê D abs. = Absolute allow. = Allowance ans. = Answer atm. = Atmosphere ave. = avenue Õ—°…√µ«— µâπ·≈–µ«—  ÿ¥∑⓬‡æ’¬ß∫“ß «à π D advt. = Advertisement agnst. = Against bkg. = banking deb. = decibel fcp. = foolscap Ltd. = Limited 3. „™â full stop „π°“√·¬°‡«≈“¢Õߙ˫— ‚¡ß °—∫π“∑’ ‡™àπ 15.50 p.m 07.25 a.m 4. „™â full stop ∫Õ°®”π«π‡ßπ‘ ∑‡Ë’ ªπì ‡»… ‡™πà fl 5.50 (5 Baht °∫— 50 Stang)

Punctuations and Capitalization 131 $ 7.25 (7 dollars °—∫ 25 cents) £ 9.35 (9 pounds °∫— 35 pennies) 2.2 Triple Dots (...) ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ ... À√◊Õ triple dots πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™‡â ¡ÕË◊ µÕâ ß°“√„À¢â Õâ §«“¡∫“ß «à π „πª√–‚¬§¢“¥À“¬‰ª ‡æ√“–¢âÕ§«“¡πÈ—π Õ“®®–‰¡ à ”§—≠À√◊Õ¡‡’ πÕÈ◊ ∑®Ë’ ”°¥— ‡™àπ It was the crown jewels that Moriarty stole.... 2.3 Question Mark (?) πÕâ ß Ê ®–„™‡â §√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ Question Mark °∫— ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡ ‡™πà Where is the grocery store ? What are you looking for ? How long are you going to stay ? 2.4 Exclamation Mark (!) πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„ à‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬ (!) ‰«â∑“â ¬ ª√–‚¬§Õ∑ÿ “πÀ√◊Õ§”Õ∑ÿ “𠇙àπ Oh! you are so beautiful.

132  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Be quiet! Be careful! 2.5 Quotation Marks (ç..........é) À≈“¬§πÕ“®®–‡√’¬°‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬π’È«à“ ç‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬§”æŸ¥é ´Ëß÷ ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬π¡’È ’ ‰«â ”À√—∫„ à¢âÕ§«“¡∑Ë’§—¥≈Õ°¡“®“° ¢Õâ §«“¡Õ◊πË ´Ëß÷ ¡«’ ‘∏’°“√„™â¥—ßπÈ’ 1. „™°â —∫ª√–‚¬§ Direct Speech ‡™πà She said, çI work at the airporté À≈àÕπ楟 «“à , ç©π— ∑”ß“π∑ ’Ë π“¡∫π‘ é 2. ∂“â πÕâ ß Ê ®”‡ªπì ®–µÕâ ß„™‡â §√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ ç.....é ´Õâ π°π— 2 §√ß—È ª√–‚¬§πÕ°„Àâ πÕâ ß Ê „™™â 𥑠§Ÿà (ç......é) ·µà∂Ⓡªìπ ª√–‚¬§„πÀ√◊Õ™¥ÿ „π„ÀâπâÕß Ê „™â™π¥‘ ‡¥’ˬ« (ù....û) ‡™àπ She said, çWe are watching ùJu-Onû nowé À≈Õà π楟 «“à , çæ«°‡√“°”≈ß— ¥¿Ÿ “æ¬πµ√å ‡√Ë◊Õß º’¥ÿ „π¢≥–πÈé’

Punctuations and Capitalization 133 3. ∂“â ¡‡’ §√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ Comma (,) ·≈– Full stop (.) „ÀâπâÕß Ê π”¡“‰«â¿“¬„𠇧√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬§”楟 ‡™àπ çExcuse meé, he said çThe air-condi- tioner is broken.é ç¢Õ‚∑…§√—∫é, ‡¢“查 燧√◊ËÕߪ√—∫ Õ“°“»‡ ¬’ §√∫— é 4. πâÕß Ê ®–„™â‡§√Ë◊ÕßÀ¡“¬ Quotation Marks °∫— ™Õ◊Ë ∫∑ °“æ¬å °≈Õ𠂧≈ß ©—π∑å ·≈–™◊ËÕ‡æ≈ß ‡™àπ The song I like best is çIûm not a girl not yet a woman.é ‡æ≈ß∑©Ë’ π— ™Õ∫¡“°∑ Ë’ ¥ÿ §Õ◊ ç·Õ¡πÕ∑ Õ–‡°√‘ å≈πÕ∑‡¬Á∑Õ–«Ÿ·¡πé 5. ‡§√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ ? ·≈– ! ‡¡ÕË◊ ¡“Õ¬√Ÿà «¡ °—∫‡§√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬§”查 ‡§√Ë◊ÕßÀ¡“¬∑Èß— 2 πÈà’®–Õ¬àŸ¿“¬„πÀ√◊Õ¿“¬πÕ°‡§√◊ËÕß- À¡“¬§”查 πÕâ ß Ê ®–µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“ ¥—ßπ’È

134  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 5.1 ∂“â ‡§√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ ? ‡ªπì ‡§√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ ¢Õߪ√–‚¬§∑ßÈ— ª√–‚¬§ ‡§√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ ? ®–µÕâ ßÕ¬¿Ÿà “¬πÕ°‡§√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ ç___é ‡™àπ Did you say çWe are happyé ? §≥ÿ 楟 «“à çæ«°‡√“¡§’ «“¡ ¢ÿ À√Õ◊ é? 5.2 ∂Ⓡªìπ¢âÕ§«“¡∑πË’ Õâ ß Ê §—¥≈Õ° ¡“®“°∫∑§«“¡ÕπË◊ πÕâ ß Ê ®–µÕâ ß «“߇§√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ ? À√◊Õ ! „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà ¿“¬„π‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ ç___é The girl shouted, çHelp me please!é ‡¥Á°À≠‘ߧππ—Èπµ–‚°π«à“ ç™à«¬ ©π— ¥«â ¬!é 2.6 Parentheses (( )) ·≈– Brackets ([ ]) Parentheses À√◊Õ∑Ë’πÕâ ß Ê ‡√¬’ °°π— «à“ ‡§√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ ç«ß‡≈∫Á ‡≈°Á é ´Ë÷ß¡‰’ «â ”À√∫— «ß‡≈Á∫¢âÕ§«“¡∑Ë’Õ“®®–‡ªìπ°“√‡µ◊ÕπÀ√◊Õ ‡ªìπ°“√µÈ—ߢâÕ —߇°µÀ√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬

Punctuations and Capitalization 135 §”À√◊Õ¢âÕ§«“¡π—Èπ‡æ¡‘Ë ‡µ¡‘ ‡™πà I like the book (It is funny and amazing) which stand on the shelf. Brackets §Õ◊ ‡§√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ ç«ß‡≈∫Á °“â ¡ªéŸ ‡§√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ππÈ’ Õâ ßÊ ®–„™‡â ¡ÕË◊ µÕâ ß°“√≈Õâ ¡ ™◊ËÕ§π ·µ¡à ¢’ Õâ ¬°‡«πâ Õ¬«àŸ à“ ™Õ◊Ë §π Ê ππ—È ®–µÕâ ߉¡„à ™ºà Ÿ·â µàߢâÕ§«“¡πÈπ— ‡™πà He [Columbus] discovered America. ‡¢“ [‚§≈¡— ∫— ] §πâ æ∫Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‡°≥±å°“√„™â‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬«√√§µÕπ°—∫ —π∏“π·≈– °√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥ å π— ∏“π D „πª√–‚¬§∑’Ë¡’§” —π∏“π πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕßæ∫°—∫ ‡§√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬«√√§µÕπ∑ªË’ √“°ÆÕ¬„àŸ πª√–‚¬§·≈–‡§√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ «√√§µÕπ∑π’Ë Õâ ß Ê ®–æÕ°¡Á Õ’ ¬àŸ 2 ·∫∫ §Õ◊ comma (,) °—∫ semicolon comma (; - ,) ´÷ËßæË’ Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â‡ §√ËÕ◊ ßÀ¡“¬‡À≈à“π„È’ ÀâπÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂𔉪„™‰â ¥â∂Ÿ°µâÕßπ–®ä– 1. °“√„™‡â §√ÕË◊ ßÀ¡“¬ comma (,) πÕâ ß Ê ®–µÕâ ß„™‡â §√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ comma °∫— §” ‡À≈“à π§’È ◊Õ and, but, or, so

136  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Robert always go to shopping, and drink. Palm very good at dance, but she cannot sing a song. Will you go by car, or van ? There is very flood here, so then cannot to farm grain crops. ‡°√Á¥‡≈Á°‡°√¥Á πÕâ ¬ D A. ∂Ⓡªì𧔠—π∏“π∑Ë’„™â‡ªìπ§àŸ (correlative con- junctions) §Õ◊ §”«“à either ... or, neither .... nor, whether...or, both...snd, not only ... but also πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµÕâ ß„ à comma (,) B. πÕâ ß Ê ‰¡à®”‡ªπì µÕâ ß„ à comma °—∫ª√–‚¬§∑’Ë ¡’°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢âÕ§«“¡ Èπ— Ê Tom went in and I went out. C. πâÕß Ê ¡’µâÕß„ à comma °—∫¢âÕ§«“¡∑’˵âÕß „™â√«¡°—πÀ√◊Õ§«∫°—π She is poor but beautiful. 2. πâÕß Ê ®–„™â semicolon comma (;....,) °Á µÕà ‡¡ÕË◊ ¡°’ “√„™â conjunctive adverb À√Õ◊ °√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥ å π— ∏“π

Punctuations and Capitalization 137 „πª√–‚¬§ππÈ— Ê ´Ëß÷ ‰¥·â °§à ”«à“ however, therefore, fur- thermore, in addition, moreover, besides, whatûs more, otherwise, nevertheless on the other hand, for all that, accordingly, consequently ‡«≈“„™â„πª√–‚¬§‡√“®–„ à ; ·≈–µàե⫬ , The rain just enough is good for plant ; on the other hand, too much rain may damageable plant. ‡°√¥Á ‡≈°Á ‡°√¥Á πÕâ ¬ D ∂“â πÕâ ß Ê æ∫ Conjunctive Adverb §”«“à yet, still, nevertheless, however πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂𔉪«“߉«â∑⓬ ª√–‚¬§°Á‰¥â ·µà«à“À≈—ߪ√–‚¬§·√°πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕß„ à semiconlon (;) ·≈–À≈ß— ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’ 2 πÕâ ß Ê ®–µÕâ ß„ à comma (,) ·≈–§àÕ¬µ“¡¥â«¬ Conjunctive Adverb ‡™πà He was hurt ; he kept patient, neverthles. He was hurt ; he kept patient, still. He was hurt ; he kept patient, yet. He was hurt ; he kept patient, however. Unit 10 ∆

138  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Helping or Auxiliary Verbs D °√‘¬“™«à ¬∑Ë’πÕâ ß Ê ¡—°®–æ∫Õ¬∑Ÿà —Ë«‰ª¡∑’ È—ßÀ¡¥ 24 µ«— ¥«â ¬°π— §Õ◊ √ªŸ ªØ‘‡ ∏ §”¬àÕ is is not isnût am am not - are are not arenût was was not wasnût were were not werenût do do not donût does does not doesnût did did not didnût

Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 139 has √ŸªªØ‡‘  ∏ §”¬àÕ have has not hasnût had have not havenût can had not hadnût could can not canût may could not couldnût might may not maynût will might not mightnût would will not wonût shall would not wouldnût should shall not shanût must should not shouldnût need must not mustnût dare need not neednût ought dare not darenût used to ought not oughtnût used not to usednût to

140  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂·∫àß Verb ·µà≈–µ—«ÕÕ°‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ Ê ‰¥¥â ß— π’È D 1. Verb to be ´Ëß÷ ‰¥â·°§à ”«“à is, am ·≈– are ´Ëß÷ ‡√“„™â„π Present Tense ·µà∂Ⓡ√“®–„™â„π Past Tense À√Õ◊ °√‘¬“™àÕß 2 ‡√“®–„™â was, were ·≈– à«π¢Õß°√¬‘ “™Õà ß 3 ‡√“®–„™â been Àπ“â ∑Ë¢’ Õß Verb to be ∑Ë’πÕâ ß Ê §«√∑√“∫ §◊Õ A. „™â∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπµ—«™à«¬°√‘¬“µ—«ÕË◊π Ê „π ª√–‚¬§„π Passive Voice ·≈– Continuous Tense ‡™πà The boy was hit by teacher. They are playing football. B. „™°â ∫— ª√–‚¬§∑¡’Ë §’ ”π“¡À√Õ◊ §”§≥ÿ »æ— ∑µå “¡À≈ß— ‡™πà We are editors. C. „™°â ∫— ª√–‚¬§§” Ëß— ·≈–ª√–‚¬§¢Õ√âÕß Be quiet ! Be polite ! Be slow !

Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 141 2. Verb to do ´Ëß÷ ‰¥·â °à§”«à“ do, does ·≈– did „πª√–‚¬§ Present Tense ‡√“®–„™â do °—∫ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’ª√–∏“π‡ªπì æÀæŸ ®πå does °—∫ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’ª√–∏“π‡ªìπ‡Õ°æ®πå ·µà„π à«π¢Õß did ‡√“®–„™â„π Past Tense ∑’Ë ª√–∏“π‡ªπì ∑—È߇հæ®π·å ≈–æÀæŸ ®πå ∂â“πâÕß Ê µâÕß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈à“„À⇪ìπ ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡·≈–ª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‚¥¬ °“√π” do À√◊Õ does ¡“™à«¬ ‡™àπ He goes to office by car. He doesnût go to school by car. Does he go to school by car ? µ«— Õ¬“à ߢâ“ßµπâ §Õ◊ ª√–‚¬§ Present Tense ·µà ∂“â ‡√“®–„™„â π Past Tense ®–‡ªπì ¥ß— π’È Peter went to the beach yesterday. Peter didnût go to the beach yesterday. Did Peter go to the beach yesterday ? ¢Õâ  ß— ‡°µ F ∂“â ‡√“π” verb to do ¡“™«à ¬°√¬‘ “ „πª√–‚¬§®–µâÕ߇ªìπ Verb ™Õà ß 1 ‡ ¡Õ

142  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 3. Verb to have ‰¥â·°§à ”«à“ have, has ·≈– had have ‡√“„™°â ∫— ª√–‚¬§∑ª’Ë √–∏“π‡ªπì æÀæŸ ®πå has ‡√“„™°â ∫— ª√–‚¬§∑ª’Ë √–∏“π‡ªπì ‡Õ°æ®πå had ‡√“„™â∑ßÈ— ª√–∏“π‡Õ°æ®π·å ≈–æÀæŸ ®πå ·µÕà ¬Ÿ„à π√ªŸ ¢Õß Past A. ‡√“®–„™â Verb to have °∫— Present Perfect Tense ·≈– Past Perfect Tense ‡™πà }Mark has met the UFO. Mark hasnût met the UFO. Present Perfect Tense Has Mark met the UFO ? }We had played football We hadnût played football Past Perfect Tense Had we played football ? B. Verb to have ‡ªìπ°√‘¬“·∑¡â ’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç¡é’ À√Õ◊ ç√∫— ª√–∑“πé ‡™πà I have a new car. I have breakfast at 6.30 a.m. ·µà∂â“πâÕßµâÕß°“√∑”‡ªìπª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡·≈– ªØ‘‡ ∏ πÕâ ß Ê µâÕßπ” Verb to do ¡“™«à ¬

Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 143 ‡™πà I donût have an old car. Do you have an old car ? 4. Can, Could ·ª≈«“à ç “¡“√∂é A. ‡√“„™æâ ¥Ÿ ∂ß÷ §«“¡ “¡“√∂«“à ‡√“ “¡“√∂∑” ß‘Ë ÀπËß÷  ‘Ëß„¥‰¥â ‡™πà I can swim. I can search the information from the internet. ·µà∂Ⓡ√“®–∑”„π√ŸªªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊Õ§”∂“¡ ‡√“°Á  “¡“√∂„™â can ‰¥â‡≈¬ ‡™πà He canût drive. Can you swim ? B. ‡√“®–‰¡à„™â can °∫— infinitive À√Õ◊ parti- ciples ·µ∂à â“®”‡ªìπ‡√“®–„™§â ”ÕπË◊ ·∑𠇙πà Are you be able to go home late ? He will be able to swimming soon. C. could ‡ªìπ past ¢Õߧ”«“à can ‡√“®–„™â could °—∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑—Ë« Ê ‰ªÀ√Õ◊ °“√Õπ≠ÿ “µ ‡™àπ

144  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR The boy could play football when he was ten. She finished her report. She could go out to shopping. πÕ°®“°ππÈ— ‡√“¬ß—  “¡“√∂„™â can ·≈– could °∫— §«“¡À¡“¬ÕπË◊ Ê D. °—∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂ (ability) ‡™πà I can ride a motorcycle. E. ‡√“„™â°∫— °“√¢ÕÀ√◊Õ°“√Õπÿ≠“µ ‡™πà Can I use your talking dictionary ? ·µà∂â“πâÕß Ê µâÕß°“√„™â·∫∫‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√À√◊Õ ·∫∫ ¿ÿ “æ‡√“®–µâÕß„™â could ‡™πà Could you hand me that shirt, please ? F. „™â can À√◊Õ could °∫— °“√¢Õ√Õâ ß ‡™àπ Can you pass that book to me, please ? Could you pass that book to me please ? °“√„™â could °∫— °“√¢Õ√Õâ ß®– ¿ÿ “æ°«“à can G. „™‡â æÕË◊ ‡ πÕ§«“¡™«à ¬‡À≈◊Õ ‡™àπ Can I help you ?

Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 145 H. „™æâ ¥Ÿ ∂ß÷ ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥∑å ¡’Ë §’ «“¡‡ªπì ‰ª‰¥Àâ √Õ◊ §“¥ §–‡π°∫—  ßË‘ ∑ÕË’ “®®–‡°¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ ‡√“®–„™â can °∫—  ∂“π°“√≥Àå √◊Õ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’‡Ë ªìπ‰ª‰¥â ‡™àπ The sunlight can be dangerous for the eye. 5. °“√„™â May °—∫ Might A. ‡√“„™æâ ¥Ÿ ∂ß÷ °“√¡‚’ Õ°“ ¢Õß∫“ß ßË‘ ∫“ßÕ¬“à ß ∑ÕË’ “®®–‡°¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ ‡™πà We may go out after finished the report. She might go to shopping in the evening. B. might ‰¡‰à ¥‡â ªπì Past ¢Õß may ‡√“„™â might °µÁ àÕ‡¡ÕË◊ ¡‚’ Õ°“ ‡°¥‘ πâÕ¬°«à“ may ‡™àπ Pim may go to Koh Chang in weekend. C. ‡√“„™â may À√Õ◊ might °∫— have °µÁ Õà ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‡√“µâÕß°“√§“¥§–‡π ‘Ëß∑’ÕË “®®–‡°¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ „πÕ¥’µ may / might + have + V 3 ‡™πà He may have gone out before I arrived. D. „™â may À√◊Õ might °—∫°“√¢ÕÕπ≠ÿ “µ ‡™πà May I come in ?

146  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR E. ‡√“„™â may „π°“√Õπ≠ÿ “µ·≈–‰¡àÕπ≠ÿ “µ ‡™πà Children may not play alone in the play- ground. May I turn the air off ? 6. °“√„™â Will, Would will A. ‡√“„™â will ‡¡ËÕ◊ µâÕß°“√查∂÷ßÕ𓧵 ‡™πà Tom will go to school early tomorrow. B. ‡√“„™â will °∫— °“√¢Õ√Õâ ßÕ¬à“ß ÿ¿“æ ‡™πà Will close the window please? Would ‡ªìπ past ¢Õß will ‡√“„™â would °ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ A. „™„â πª√–‚¬§¢Õ√Õâ ß∑’ Ë ¿ÿ “æ°«“à will ‡™πà Would you turn the volume down please ? B. „™â„πª√–‚¬§ would you mind if.... ‡™πà Would you mind if I drink ? C. ‡√“„™â would °—∫§”«“à rather (ûd rather) ´Ë÷ß·ª≈«à“ §«√®–.... ¥°’ «à“ „™â„π°“√‡≈Õ◊ °Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬“à ßÀπËß÷ ‡™πà Iûd rather study in Thailand than go to abroad.

Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 147 D. ‡√“„™â would °∫— like to „π°“√‡™◊ÈÕ‡™≠‘ ‡™πà Would you like to go party with me? 7. §”«à“ Shall ·≈– Should shall A. ‡√“„™â°—∫ª√–‚¬§ Future tense ·≈–®–„™â shall °—∫ª√–∏“π I ·≈– we B. ‡√“„™â‡¡Ë◊Õ‡ πÕÀ√◊Õ„À⧔·π–π”·≈–¢Õ§” ·π–π” ‡™πà Shall I drink ? Shall we play football ? should A. ‡√“„™æâ ¥Ÿ ∂ß÷ ¿“√–Àπ“â ∑À’Ë √Õ◊ §«“¡§¥‘ ∑‡Ë’ À¡Õ◊ π°π— ‡™πà The student should be quiet after the teacher come. The Prime Minister should support the farmer. B. ‡√“„™â Should I ... °—∫°“√¢Õ§”·π–π”À√Õ◊ ‡ πÕ°“√™à«¬‡À≈Õ◊ ‡™πà Should I go out with my friend ? Should I help you hold this bag ?

148  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR C. ‡√“„™â‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷ß Ë‘ß∑’˧«√®–∑” ´÷Ë߇√“®– ·ª≈«à“ 秫√®–é ‡™πà Patrick should read the book before examination coming. D. ‡√“„™â should have + V ´ßË÷ ‡√“„™æâ ¥Ÿ ∂ß÷ Õ¥µ’ 3 ∑„’Ë ™°â —∫ ‘ßË ∑‰’Ë ¡à‰¥â‡°¥‘ ¢È÷πÀ√Õ◊ Õ“®®–‡°¥‘ ‡™àπ He should have called me now. I should have repeated the conversation. 8. §”«à“ must ·ª≈«“à çµÕâ ßé ‡√“®–„™â must °∫— verb ™Õà ß 1 A. ‡√“®–„™â‡¡◊ÕË · ¥ß§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑Ë’µâÕß°√–∑” ‡™πà I must work hard in this year. B. ‡√“®–„™„â π°“√„À§â ”·π–π”À√◊Õ°“√ —Ëß ‡™πà He must stop smoking. You must take a hat off before enter the bank. C. ‡√“®–„™â have to ·∑π must ´÷ßË 2 §”π’¡È ’ §«“¡·µ°µà“ß°π— §◊Õ must „™°â ∫—  ßË‘ ∑®Ë’ ”‡ªπì °∫— ∫§ÿ §≈∑°Ë’ ”≈ß— 查À√Õ◊ °”≈—ßøíß

Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 149 have to ‡√“®–„™æâ ¥Ÿ ∂ß÷  ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡¿“¬πÕ° ∑‡Ë’ °¬Ë’ «°∫— °ÆÀ¡“¬À√Õ◊ √–‡∫¬’ ∫À√Õ◊ ¢Õâ µ°≈ß ‡™πà You must stop talking. Teenager have to go home before 2 a.m. §”«à“ mustnût ‡√“®–„™âÀâ“¡∫ÿ§§≈‰¡à„Àâ∑”  ß‘Ë „¥ ‘ËßÀπß÷Ë §”«à“ havenût got to, donût have to ‡√“„™â 查°∫— ∫“ß ‘ßË ∑‰’Ë ¡ à ”§≠— You mustnût tell my mother. (§ÿ≥Àâ“¡ ∫Õ°·¡¢à Õß©π— π–) You donût have to tell my friend. (§ÿ≥ Õ¬“à ∫Õ°‡æÕË◊ π©π— ‡≈¬‡æ√“–¡π— ‰¡ à ”§≠— À√Õ°) D. ‡√“„™â must 查∂÷ß Ë‘ß∑‡’Ë √“·πà„® That man must stolen mobile phone. 9. §”«“à need §”π‡’È ªπì ∑ßÈ— °√¬‘ “™«à ¬·≈–°√¬‘ “·∑â A. ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“„™‡â ªπì °√¬‘ “·∑â need + to + V 1 ‡™πà We need to go there. I need to see the movie.