สุดยอดGrammar

200  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Running is good for your health. (°“√«ß‘Ë ‡ªπì  ß‘Ë ∑’¥Ë  ’ ”À√—∫ ¢ÿ ¿“æ¢Õߧ≥ÿ ) 2. ∑”Àπ“â ∑ˇ’ ªìπ°√√¡¢Õß°√¬‘ “ Thoungchai stop smoking. (∏ß™—¬À¬¥ÿ °“√ ∫Ÿ ∫ÿÀ√’Ë) 3. ∑”Àπ“â ∑‡Ë’ ªìπ°√√¡µ“¡À≈—ߧ”∫ÿæ∫∑ My brother likes sighseeing. (πâÕߢÕß©π— ™Õ∫°“√¥Ÿ∑‘«∑»— πå) 4. „™â„π§”π“¡º ¡ dancing - teacher §√Ÿ Õπ‡µâπ√” knitting - needle ‡¢¡Á ∂°— reading - room ÀâÕßÕà“πÀπß—  Õ◊ sleeping - pill ¬“πÕπÀ≈—∫ swimming - pool  √–«à“¬πÈ” sleeping - bag ∂ÿßπÕπ walking - stick ‰¡â‡∑â“ working - class ™π™πÈ— °√√¡“™æ’ 5. „™â Gerund µ“¡À≈ß— §”«“à çgoé ¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬«“à ‰ª....‡æËÕ◊ „À‡â °‘¥§«“¡ π°ÿ  π“π

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 201 6. „™â Gerund  ”À√∫— ¢Õâ §«“¡∑’ˇªπì °“√À“â ¡À√◊Õ °Æ√–‡∫¬’ ∫·≈–¢âÕ∫—ߧ∫— No smoking À“â ¡ ∫Ÿ ∫Àÿ √Ë’ No parking Àâ“¡®Õ¥√∂ 7. §”‡À≈à“π®È’ –µâÕßµ“¡¥â«¬ Gerund ‡∑à“π—πÈ enjoy  πÿ° π“π avoid À≈’°‡≈Ë’¬ß risk ‡ ’Ë¬ß prefer ™Õ∫ fancy ®‘πµπ“°“√, π÷°, §¥‘ delay ∑”„À™â “â excuse ¬°‚∑…, Õ¿¬— admit ¬Õ¡√—∫ allow Õπ≠ÿ “µ finish ‡ √Á®, È‘π ÿ¥ resist µàÕµâ“π postpone ‡≈ÕË◊ π deny ªØ‘‡ ∏, ‰¡¬à Õ¡√∫— endure Õ¥∑π

202  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR À≈∫Àπ’ ¬°‚∑…„Àâ escape ™¡‡™¬ forgive æ‘®“√≥“, §√πÿà §‘¥ appreciate §“¥°“√≥å consider „ à„®,  π„® imagine æ≈“¥ mind ªÕÑ ß°π— miss ·π–π” prevent ‰¡à™Õ∫ suggest ¬◊¥‡«≈“ dislike ‡°≈¬’ ¥ defer °≈—«¡“° detest ·§âπ„® dread Ω°ñ À¥— resent °≈à“«∂÷ß, Õâ“ß∂ß÷ practice ‡¢â“„® mention À¬¥ÿ , ‡≈°‘ understand À¬ÿ¥ quit stop

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 203 8. °≈¡ÿà §”‡À≈à“πȵ’ Õâ ßµ“¡¥«â ¬ Gerund ‡∑à“πÈ—π be accustomed to §âÿπ‡§¬ be used to ‡§¬™π‘ be oposed to §¥— §“â π be tired to ‡∫◊ËÕ be tired with ‡ÀπË◊Õ¬ be busy ¬ÿßà Õ¬°Ÿà ∫— be worth ¡§’ “à §«√·°à canût bear ∑π‰¡‰à ¥â canût stand ∑π‰¡‰à ¥â canût help Õ¥‰¡‰à ¥â canût resist µâ“π∑“π‰¡à‰¥â Itûs no good ‰¡¥à ’∑®’Ë – Itûs worth ¡’§“à §«√·°à Itûs no use ‰¡à¡’ª√–‚¬™πå∑’Ë®– Would you mind...? §≥ÿ ®–√ß— ‡°¬’ ®„π°“√.... Do you mind....? §≥ÿ ®–√ß— ‡°¬’ ®„π°“√.... go on ∑”µàÕ‰ª give up ¬°‡≈°‘

204  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR keep on ∑”µàÕ‰ª insist on ¬◊π°√“π think of §¥‘ ∂ß÷ leave off À¬ÿ¥ put off ‡≈Ë◊Õπ, º≈¥— object to §¥— §“â π succeed in  ”‡√®Á „π present in ¢¥— ¢«“ß®“° look forward to µß—È µ“§Õ¬ 9. §”‡À≈à“πµÈ’ “¡¥â«¬ Gerund À√◊Õ Infinitive ∑¡Ë’ ’ §«“¡À¡“¬‡À¡◊Õπ°π— begin ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ continue ∑”µàÕ‰ª dislike ‰¡à™Õ∫ dread °≈—« hate ‡°≈¬’ ¥ intend µÈ—ß„® love √°— like ™Õ∫

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 205 neglect ≈–‡≈¬, ‰¡ à π„® plan «“ß·ºπ prefer ™Õ∫ start ‡√Ë‘¡µâπ It is silly ‡ªìπ°“√‰¡à©≈“¥ It was a good idea ‡ªπì §«“¡§‘¥∑¥Ë’ ’ ‡™πà Gerund : She planed going to Turkey. Infinitive : She planed to go to Turkey. Participle D ¥ß— ∑æË’ Ë’ Ê ‰¥°â ≈“à «¡“¢“â ßµπâ ·≈«â «“à Non-Finite Verb ¡’¥â«¬°—π 3 ™π‘¥§◊Õ Infinitive, Gerund ·≈– Participle ·≈–∑’ËæËÕ’ ∏‘∫“¬¡“·≈«â §◊Õ Infinitive ·≈– Gerund µàÕ‰ªπæÈ’ Ë’ ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â Participle

206  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Participle§Õ◊ §”∑¡’Ë √’ ªŸ ‡ªπì °√¬‘ “·µ∑à ”Àπ“â ∑‡’Ë  ¡Õ◊ 𠇪πì Adjective §Õ◊ „™¢â ¬“¬ Noun (§”π“¡ À√Õ◊ Pronoun ( √√æπ“¡) ´Ëß÷ ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥â 2 ™π¥‘ §Õ◊ 1. Present Participle 2. Past Participle 1. Persent Participle Present Participle §Õ◊ √ªŸ °√¬‘ “™àÕß∑Ë’ 1 ‡µ‘¡ ing ·≈–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë ‡À¡Õ◊ π Adjective Àπ“â ∑Ë¢’ Õß Present Participle ¡¥’ ß— πÈ’ 1. ∑”„Àªâ √–‚¬§πÈπ— ‡ªìπ Continuous Tense Tom is singing a song. 2. ∑”Àπâ“∑Ë’‡ªìπ Adjective ‡æ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬§”π“¡¢Õß ª√–‚¬§ She is a very interesting person.

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 207 3. ∑”Àπ“â ∑‡’Ë ªπì ª√–∏“π¢Õߪ√–‚¬§·ª≈«“à ç°“√....é Reading is my hobby. 4. „™µâ “¡À≈ß— °√¬‘ “∑·Ë’  ¥ß§«“¡√ Ÿâ °÷ ‡¡ÕË◊ À¡“¬∂ß÷ ç°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë°”≈ß— ¥”‡π‘πÕ¬éàŸ see feel hear smell notice observe watch The teacher watched us swimming. 5. „™â¢¬“¬°√√¡¢Õß°√¬‘ “µàÕ‰ªπ‡È’ ∑“à ππÈ— find keep leave catch take show paint draw get set send bring imagine discover ‚§√ß √“â ß D Subject + Verb + Object + Present Participle She left him standing at the theatre. 2. Past Participle Past-Participle §◊Õ√ªŸ °√‘¬“™Õà ß∑Ë’ 3

208  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Àπâ“∑’¢Ë Õß Past Participle ¡’¥—ßπÈ’ 1. ∑”„Àâª√–‚¬§πÈ—π°≈“¬‡ªìπ Perfect Tense She has broken his glasses. 2. „™µâ “¡À≈ß— verb to be ·≈«â ∑”„Àªâ √–‚¬§ππ—È °≈“¬‡ªπì Passive Voice I was punished by my mother. 3. „™â Past Participle «“߉«âµâπª√–‚¬§ ∂â“ µÕâ ß°“√· ¥ß‡ÀµÿÀ√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”∑Ë’‡°¥‘ °àÕπ Bitten by a dog, the boy was sent to hospital. 4. ‡√“ “¡“√∂„™â Past Participle ‡ªπì  «à πª√–°Õ∫ ¢Õߧ”ª√– ¡ (Compound Adjective) ª√–°Õ∫Àπ“â §”π“¡ Adverb + Past Participle + Noun A well - dressed woman = a woman who is dresses well ready- made clothes = clothes made in standard size ready to wear or use.

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 209 ¢Õâ ·µ°µ“à ß√–À«“à ß Gerund °∫— Present Participle πÕâ ß Ê Õ“®®– ß ¬— °π— «“à §”‰Àπ‡ªπì Gerund ·≈– §”‰Àπ‡ªìπ Present Participle ·≈–®–∑”Õ¬à“߉√‡√“®÷ß®–  “¡“√∂·¬° 2 §”πȉ’ ¥â ´Ëß÷ µÕà ‰ªπæÈ’ Ë’ Ê ®–·π–𔇧≈¥Á ≈—∫ ‡≈°Á Ê πÕâ ¬ Ê „π°“√·¬° 2 §”πÈ’ 1. ∂“â §”π“¡§”ππÈ— ¡°’ √¬‘ “∑‡Ë’ µ¡‘ - ing ·≈–ª√–∏“π ¢Õߪ√–‚¬§‡ªìπ§π∑”°√‘¬“µ—«πÈ—π‡Õß §” Ê π—Èπ®–‡ªìπ Present Participle 2. ∂“â §”π“¡§”ππÈ— ¡°’ √‘¬“∑‡Ë’ µ‘¡ -ing ·µàª√–∏“π ¢Õߪ√–‚¬§‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ§π∑”°√‘¬“¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ §” Ê πÈ—π ®–‡ªìπ Gerund §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”°√‘¬“∑ˇ’ µ¡‘ -ing °—∫ -ed √ªŸ ‡¥‘¡ = ∑”„Àâ ‡µ‘¡ - ing = π“à ‡µ‘¡ - ed = √ âŸ ÷° amuse ∑”„Àâ¢∫¢—π amusing πà“¢∫¢—π amused √Ÿâ ÷°¢∫¢—π annoy ∑”„À√â ”§“≠ annoying πà“√”§“≠ annoyed √ Ÿâ °÷ √”§“≠ bore ∑”„Àâ‡∫Ë◊Õ boring π“à ‡∫Õ◊Ë bored √ âŸ °÷ ‡∫Õ◊Ë confuse ∑”„À â ∫—  π confusing πà“ —∫ π confused √Ÿâ ÷° —∫ π convince ∑”„À‡â ™Õ◊Ë convincing π“à ‡™Õ◊Ë convinced √⟠÷°‡™Ë◊Õ disappoint ∑”„À⺑¥À«—ß disappointing πà“º‘¥À«—ß disappointed √ Ÿâ °÷ º¥‘ À«ß— delight ∑”„Àâ¬‘π¥’ delighting π“à ¬π‘ ¥’ delighted √ âŸ °÷ ¬π‘ ¥’

210  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”°√‘¬“∑‡Ë’ µ¡‘ -ing °∫— -ed (µÕà ) √Ÿª‡¥¡‘ = ∑”„Àâ ‡µ¡‘ - ing = πà“ ‡µ‘¡ - ed = √â Ÿ °÷ embarrass ∑”„ÀâÕ“¬ embarrassing πà“Õ“¬ embarrassed √⟠÷°Õ“¬ excite ∑”„Àµâ π◊Ë ‡µπâ exciting πà“µ◊Ëπ‡µâπ excited √ âŸ °÷ µπË◊ ‡µπâ frighten ∑”„Àâµ°„® frightening πà“µ°„® frightened √ Ÿâ °÷ µ°„® fascinate ∑”„ÀÀâ ≈ß„À≈ fascinating πà“À≈ß„À≈ fascinated √Ÿâ  ÷ ° À ≈ ß „À≈ improve ∑”„À¥â ¢’ πÈ÷ improving πà“¥’¢È÷π improved √Ÿâ ÷°¥’¢÷Èπ irritate ∑”„Àâ√–§“¬ irritating πà“√–§“¬ irritated √ âŸ ÷°√–§“¬ ‡§◊Õß ‡§◊Õß ‡§◊Õß puzzle ∑”„Àâßßß«¬ Puzzling πà“ßßß«¬ puzzled √ âŸ °÷ ßßß«¬ satisfy ∑”„ÀâæÕ„® satisfying πà“æÕ„® satisfied √ âŸ °÷ æÕ„® surprise ∑”„Àªâ √–À≈“¥ suprising π“à ª√–À≈“¥ surprised √Ÿâ  ÷ ° ª √ – - „® „® À≈“¥„® thrill ∑”„Àµâ πË◊ ‡µπâ thrilling πà“µË◊π‡µâπ thrilled √ Ÿâ °÷ µπ◊Ë ‡µπâ tire ∑”„Àâ‡ÀπÁ¥ tiring πà“‡ÀπÁ¥ tired √⟠÷°‡ÀπÁ¥ ‡ÀπË◊Õ¬ ‡Àπ◊ÕË ¬ ‡ÀπË◊Õ¬ upset ∑”„À‡â  ¬’ upsetting π“à ‡ ¬’ upseted √⟠÷°‡ ’¬ Unit 16 ∆

Word Building 211 Word Building D Word Building §Õ◊ °“√ √“â ߧ”¢È÷π¡“„À¡à®“°√“° »—æ∑凥‘¡‚¥¬°“√‡µ‘¡æ¬“ߧå¢â“ßÀπâ“À√◊Õ¢â“ßÀ≈—ߧ”π—Èπ ´Ë÷ß ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ™π‘¥ §Õ◊ 1. °“√‡µ‘¡æ¬“ߧå¢â“ßÀπⓧ”π—Èπ ‡√“‡√’¬°«à“ çPrefixé 2. °“√‡µ‘¡æ¬“ߧå¢â“ßÀ≈—ߧ”π—Èπ ‡√“‡√’¬°«à“ çSuffixé ∑—ßÈ Prefix ·≈– Suffix ‡√“‡√’¬°√«¡°π— «à“ çAffixé µàÕ‰ªπÈæ’ ’Ë Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â Prefix ·≈– Suffix D °“√„™â Prefix Prefix ·ª≈«“à Õÿª √√§ §Õ◊ §”∑‡’Ë √“„™‡â µ‘¡Àπ“â §” Õ◊Ëπ ‡æË◊Õ„À§â «“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”πÈ—π‡ª≈’¬Ë π‰ª

212  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Prefix ‡√“·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªπì 3 ·∫∫ 1. ‡¡ÕË◊ πÕâ ß Ê ‡µ¡‘ Prefix ¢“â ßÀπ“â §”À≈°— ·≈«â ∑”„Àâ §”π—Èπ‡ªì𧔰√¬‘ “ ‰¥·â °à en - °—∫ em- 2. ‡¡ÕË◊ πÕâ ß Ê ‡µ¡‘ Prefix ¢â“ßÀπⓧ”À≈—°·≈â« ∑”„À⧔π—Èπ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬µ√ß°—π¢“â ¡ ‰¥·â °à un - , im - , ir - , in - , dis - , non - 3. ‡¡ÕË◊ πÕâ ß Ê ‡µ¡‘ Prefix ¢“â ßÀπ“â §”À≈°— ·≈«â ∑”„Àâ §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”ππÈ— Ê ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬·µ°µ“à ß°—πÕÕ°‡ªì𠧔 Ê 1. ‡¡◊ËÕπÕâ ß Ê ‡µ‘¡ Prefix ¢“â ßÀπⓧ”À≈—°·≈«â ∑”„À⧔π—Èπ‡ªπì §”°√‘¬“ ‰¥â·°à en - °∫— em- en F ·ª≈«à“ ∑”„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ À√◊Õ∑”„À⇪ì𠇙àππ—Èπ √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ en - §”·ª≈ able  “¡“√∂ enable ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂ amour ‡√ËÕ◊ ß√—° Ê „§√à Ê enamour ∑”„ÀÀâ ≈ß√°— circle «ß°≈¡ encircle ∑”„À⇪πì «ß°≈¡ em F ·ª≈«à“ ∑”„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ À√◊Õ∑”„À⇪ì𠇙àππ—Èπ

Word Building 213 √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -em §”·ª≈ bay Õà“« embay ∑”„À⇪ìπ√ªŸ Õ“à « bitter ¢¡ embitter ∑”„À⢡¢Èπ÷ blaze §«“¡ «“à ß emblaze ∑”„Àâ «à“ß ‚™µ™‘ «à ß 2. ‡¡Õ◊Ë πÕâ ß Ê ‡µ¡‘ Prefix ¢â“ßÀπⓧ”À≈°— ·≈«â ∑”„À⧔πÈπ— ¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬µ√ß°π— ¢â“¡ ‰¥â·°à un F ·ª≈«“à 牡éà √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ un- §”·ª≈ able  “¡“√∂ unabashed ‰¡Õà “¬ unabated ‰¡≈à ¥πÕâ ¬≈ß unabbreviated ‰¡¬à πà ¬Õà unable ‰¡ à “¡“√∂ unaccented ‰¡¡à ‡’ §√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬ ‡ππâ ‡ ¬’ ß

214  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR im F ·ª≈«“à 牡éà √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ im- §”·ª≈ immature ¬ß— ‰¡ à ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å mortal µâÕßµ“¡ immethodical ‰¡¡à «’ ∏‘ ’ proper ‡À¡“– ¡ immortal ‰¡µà “¬ improper ‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡ ir F ·ª≈«à“ 牡àé √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ ir- §”·ª≈ rational ¡‡’ Àµºÿ ≈ irrational ‰¡¡à ‡’ Àµºÿ ≈ recoverable irrecoverable √°— …“‰¡‰à ¥â reducible irreducible ≈¥‰¡‰à ¥â il F·ª≈«“à 牡àé √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ il- §”·ª≈ legal º¥‘ °ÆÀ¡“¬ ∂Ÿ°°ÆÀ¡“¬ illegal ‰¡à‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“µ literate Õà“π‰¡Õà Õ°‡¢¬’ π illicit ‰¡à‰¥â Õ“à πÕÕ°‡¢’¬π‰¥â illiterate in F ·ª≈«“à 牡àé §”·ª≈ ‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡ √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ in - appropriate ‡À¡“– ¡ inappropriate

Word Building 215 √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ in - §”·ª≈ incomplete ‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡ complete  ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å indefinite ‰¡à®”°—¥ definite ®”°—¥ dis F ·ª≈«à“ 牡àé √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ dis- §”·ª≈ appear ª√“°Ø disappear ‰¡àª√“°Ø agree ‡ÀπÁ ¥«â ¬ disagree ‰¡‡à ÀπÁ ¥«â ¬ advantage §«“¡‰¥â‡ª√¬’ ∫ disadvantage ‡ ’¬‡ª√’¬∫ non F ·ª≈«“à 牡àé √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ non- §”·ª≈ essential  ”§≠— nonessential ‰¡à ”§—≠ finite ·∑â nonfinite ‰¡à·∑â metallic ‡À¡◊Õπ‚≈À– nonmetallic ‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ‚≈À–

216  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 3. ‡¡Ë◊ÕπâÕß Ê ‡µ¡‘ Prefix ¢â“ßÀπⓧ”À≈—°·≈«â ∑”„À§â «“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”πÈ—π Ê ¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬·µ°µ“à ß°π— ÕÕ°‡ªìπ§” Ê anti F ·ª≈«à“ ¢¥— ¢«“ß, µÕà µâ“π ·≈– °¥— √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ anti- §”·ª≈ antiaircraft µÕà  Õ⟠“°“»¬“π aircraft Õ“°“»¬“π anticlerical µÕà µ“â πÕ∑‘ ∏æ‘ ≈·≈– °“√°√–∑”¢Õßæ√– clerical π°— ∫«™ anticommunist µÕà µ“â π§Õ¡¡«‘ π ‘ µå communist §Õ¡¡«‘ π ‘ µå ante F ·ª≈«à“ °àÕπ À√Õ◊ ·√° √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ ante- §”·ª≈ date ≈ß«π— ∑’Ë antedate ≈ß«π— ∑°’Ë Õà π«π— ®√ß‘ meridian ‡∑’¬Ë ß antemeridian °Õà π‡∑¬’Ë ß natal °“√‡°¥‘ antenatal ÕÕ°°àÕπ°”Àπ¥ §≈Õ¥ bi F ·ª≈«à“ ç Õßé √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ bi- §”·ª≈ biangular ∑’¡Ë ’ 2 ¡¡ÿ angular ∑’Ë∑”¡ÿ¡ biannual ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢È÷π 2 §√È—ß µàÕªï annual √“¬ªï

Word Building 217 √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ bi- §”·ª≈ «—π§√∫√Õ∫ 2 centenary √âÕ¬ª,ï »µ«√√… bicentenary »µ«√√… co F ·ª≈«“à √«¡, æ√âÕ¡°—π ·≈–¥â«¬°—π √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ co- §”·ª≈ action °“√°√–∑” coaction °“√ªØ∫‘ µ— √‘ «à ¡°π— adjust ª√—∫ coadjust ª√—∫µ—«‡¢â“À“°—π exist ¡™’ «’ µ‘ Õ¬àŸ coexist Õ¬√Ÿà «à ¡°π— ex F ·ª≈«“à ÕÕ°, ∑”„Àâ ·≈–°Õà π √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ ex- §”·ª≈ governor º«Ÿâ “à √“™°“√ ex-governor º«Ÿâ “à √“™°“√§π°Õà π president ª√–∏“π ex-president ª√–∏“π§π°àÕπ husband  “¡’ ex-husband  “¡‡’ °“à inter F ·ª≈«“à √–À«“à ß, ¿“¬„π √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ inter- §”·ª≈ change ·≈°‡ª≈¬Ë’ π interchange °“√·≈°‡ª≈Ë’¬π city ‡¡Õ◊ ß communicate µ‘¥µàÕ Ë◊Õ “√ √–À«à“ß°—π·≈–°π— intercity √–À«à“߇¡Õ◊ ß intercommunicate µ‘¥µàÕ°—π

218  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR multi F ·ª≈«“à ¡“°, À≈“¬, À≈“¬§√ßÈ— ·≈–À≈“¬ ‡∑“à √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ multi- §”·ª≈ cellular ∑¡Ë’ À’ ≈“¬‡´≈≈å color ∑’ˇ°Ë’¬«°—∫‡´≈≈å multicellular §«“¡À≈“° ’ —π form  ’ multicolor À≈“¬√ªŸ ·∫∫ √ªŸ ·∫∫ multiform over F ·ª≈«“à ‡°π‘ , ‡ÀπÕ◊ , ¡“°‡°π‘ ‰ª, Õ¬‡Ÿà ÀπÕ◊ , ¢â“¡, ‡æ‘Ë¡ ·≈–摇»… √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ over- §”·ª≈ act °√–∑” overact · ¥ßÕÕ°‡°π‘ °«“à ∏√√¡™“µ‘ age ∑Ë’· ¥ß§«“¡ overage ·°à‡°‘π‰ª ¡’Õ“¬ÿ pre F ·ª≈«“à °Õà π, ‡√¡‘Ë , Àπ“â ·≈–≈à«ßÀπâ“ √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ non- §”·ª≈ orrange ®¥— ‡µ√¬’ ¡‰«â°àÕπ caution ®—¥‡µ√’¬¡ prearrange °“√√–«ß— ‰«â°àÕπ concert µ°≈ß≈«à ßÀπ“â µ—°‡µÕ◊ π precaution °“√µ°≈ß√à«¡°—π preconcert

Word Building 219 post F ·ª≈«“à ¢“â ßÀ≈ß— , À≈ß— ®“° ·≈–¿“¬À≈ß— √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ post- §”·ª≈ date «π— ∑’Ë postdate ≈ß«π— ∑À’Ë ≈ß— «π— ®√ß‘ meridian ‡∑’Ë¬ß postmeridian À≈ß— ‡∑¬’Ë ß position µ”·Àπàß postposition °“√«“߉«â¢“â ßÀπ“â poly F ·ª≈«“à ¡“°, À≈“¬ ·≈–∑’Ë√«¡°—π √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ poly- §”·ª≈ clinic  ∂“π欓∫“≈ polyclinic  ∂“π欓∫“≈∑√’Ë ∫— ‡≈°Á Ê √°— …“‚√§À≈“¬‚√§ centric »πŸ ¬°å ≈“ß polycentric ∑¡Ë’ ®’ ¥ÿ »πŸ ¬°å ≈“ß À≈“¬·Àßà re F ·ª≈«“à Õ’°§√ßÈ— À√◊Õ °≈∫— √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ re- §”·ª≈ assure ∑”„À‡â ™Õ◊Ë ¡π—Ë reassure ∑”„À«â “ß„®Õ°’ §√ß—È born ‡°¥‘ reborn ‡°¥‘ ™“µÀ‘ π“â capture ®—∫ recapture °“√®∫— ‰¥„â À¡à sub F ·ª≈«“à „µ,â Õπ,ÿ √Õß, ¬Õà ¬, ¥Õâ ¬°«“à À√Õ◊ πâÕ¬°«à“

220  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ sub- §”·ª≈ committee °√√¡°“√ subcommittee §≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√ conscious ∑Ë’¡’ ”π÷° subconscious ∑ÕË’ ¬„Ÿà 𮵑 „µ â ”π°÷ way ∑“ß subway ∑“ß„µâ¥‘π super F ·ª≈«“à ‡ÀπÕ◊ °«“à ,  ßŸ °«“à , Õ¬¥àŸ “â π∫π ·≈– ∑’ËπÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ‡ªìπ摇»… √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ super- §”·ª≈ express ¥à«π superexpress ´ß÷Ë ¡’§«“¡‡√Á« ßŸ film ¿“æ¬πµ√å superfilm ¿“æ¬πµ√¬å Õ¥‡¬¬’Ë ¡ natural ‡ªπì ∏√√¡™“µ‘ supernatural ‡ÀπÕ◊ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ °“√„™â Suffix Suffix ·ª≈«“à ªí®®—¬ §Õ◊ §”∑Ëπ’ Õâ ß Ê „™â‡µ¡‘ À≈ß— §”À≈—°·≈â«∑”„À§â «“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”π—Èπ‡ª≈¬’Ë π‰ª

Word Building 221 ‡√“ “¡“√∂·∫àß Suffix ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªπì 3 ™π‘¥§Õ◊ 1. Noun - Forming Suffixes 2. Verb - Forming Suffixes 3. Adjective - Forming Suffixes 1. Noun - Forming Suffixes Noun - Forming Suffixes §Õ◊ §”∑‡’Ë µ‘¡∑⓬ §”À≈°— ·≈«â ∑”„À⧔π—Èπ°≈“¬‡ªπì §”π“¡ ation D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ation §”·ª≈ decorate µ°·µßà decoration °“√ª√–¥∫— µ°·µßà emulate ‡Õ“Õ¬“à ß emulation °“√‡Õ“Õ¬“à ß incorporate √«¡‡¢â“¥«â ¬°—π incorporation °“√√«¡µ«— °π— ance, ence D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ance, ence §”·ª≈ assist ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ assistance °“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ differ ·µ°µ“à ß difference ·µ°µà“ß®“° depend ¢πÈ÷ Õ¬°Ÿà ∫— dependence °“√¢πÈ÷ Õ¬°àŸ ∫—

222  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ant D ‡µ¡‘ -ant §”·ª≈ accountant π°— ∫≠— ™’ √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ account Õ∏∫‘ “¬ √“°»—æ∑委·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -dom §”·ª≈ assist ™à«¬ assistance º™Ÿâ «à ¬ dom D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -dom §”·ª≈ free Õ‘ √– king æ√–√“™“ freedom ‡ √¿’ “æ kingdom √“™Õ“≥“®°— √ ent D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ent §”·ª≈ study »°÷ …“ student π°— »°÷ …“ correspond ‚µâµÕ∫∑“ß correspondent ºâŸ ‚ µâ µ Õ ∫ ∑ “ ß ®¥À¡“¬ ®¥À¡“¬ er, or D ‡µ¡‘ -er,-or §”·ª≈ reader ºÕ⟠“à π √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ writer π°— ‡¢¬’ π read Õà“π write ‡¢’¬π

Word Building 223 √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -er,-or §”·ª≈ buy ´Õ◊È buyer º´Ÿâ ÈÕ◊ do ∑” doer º°âŸ √–∑” conquer 晑 µ‘ conqueror ºŸâæ‘™‘µ ese D ‡µ¡‘ -ese §”·ª≈ Chinese ™“«®π’ √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ Japanese ™“«≠Ë’ªÉÿπ China ª√–‡∑»®π’ Japan ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ ess D ‡µ¡‘ -ess §”·ª≈ actress ºŸâ· ¥ßÀ≠‘ß √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ tailoress ™à“ßµ—¥‡ ◊ÈÕ∑’ˇªìπ act · ¥ß ºŸâÀ≠‘ß tailor µ¥— ‡ ÕÈ◊ hood D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -hood §”·ª≈ child ‡¥°Á childhood «—¬‡¥Á° boy ‡¥°Á ™“¬ boyhood §«“¡‡ªπì ‡¥Á°™“¬ girl ‡¥Á°À≠‘ß girlhood §«“¡‡ªπì ‡¥°Á À≠ß‘

224  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ition D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ition §”·ª≈ compete ·¢ßà ¢π— competition °“√·¢ßà ¢π— repeat ´”È repetition °“√°√–∑”´È” part  «à π partition °“√·∫àß·¬° ification D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ify §”·ª≈ classify ®”·π° classification °“√®”·π° amplify ¢¬“¬ amplification °“√¢¬“¬ ism D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ism §”·ª≈ ideal ∑Ë’‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß idealism °“√¬¥÷ ¡π—Ë buddha æ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“ buddhism »“ π“æÿ∑∏ alcohol  ÿ√“ alcoholism ‚√§æ‘… √ÿ “‡√◊ÈÕ√ß— Commune µ”∫≈ Communism ≈—∑∏§‘ Õ¡¡‘«π ‘ µå ist D §”·ª≈ ºŸâ∫√√‡≈߇¥Ë’¬« √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ist solo ‡æ≈ß∑∫’Ë √√‡≈ß soloist ‡¥’ˬ«

Word Building 225 √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ist §”·ª≈ piano ‡§√ÕË◊ ߇≈πà ‡ªï¬‚π pianist π—°‡≈πà ‡ª¬ï ‚π guitar °’µ“√å guitarist §π¥’¥°’µ“√å ment D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ment §”·ª≈ abase ÕàÕππâÕ¡∂àÕ¡µπ abasement ° “ √ Õà Õ π πâ Õ ¡ ∂Õà ¡µπ debase ‡®◊Õªπ debasement °“√‡®◊Õªπ traduce „ à√⓬ traducement °“√„ à√⓬ª“Ñ ¬ ’ ness D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ness §”·ª≈ happy ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢ happiness §«“¡ ÿ¢ sick ∑’˪ɫ¬ sickness °“√‡®∫Á ª«É ¬ ill ªÉ«¬ illness ‚√§¿¬— ‰¢â‡®Á∫ sion D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -sion §”·ª≈ televise  àß¿“æ television ‚∑√∑»— πå decide µ—¥ ‘π„® decision °“√µ—¥ ‘π„® conclude  √ÿª conclusion °“√ √ÿª

226  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ship D Common Noun Abstract Noun friend ‡æÕË◊ π friendship ¡µ‘ √¿“æ relation §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å relationship §«“¡‡ªπì ‡§√Õ◊ ≠“µ member  ¡“™°‘ membership °“√‡ªìπ ¡“™‘° leader ºâŸπ” leadership §«“¡‡ªìπºŸâπ” hard ≈”∫“° hardship §«“¡≈”∫“° scholar ª√“™≠å scholarship «‘∂∑’ “ß·Àßà ª√“™≠å dictator º‡âŸ º¥®Á °“√ dictatorship °“√ª°§√Õß·∫∫ ‡º¥®Á °“√ horseman §π¢’Ë¡â“∑’Ë™”π“≠ horsemanship §«“¡™”π“≠„π°“√ ¢’Ë¡â“ tion D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ tion- §”·ª≈ vacate ∑”„Àâ«à“ß vacation ‡«≈“«“à ß complete ∑”„À â ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å completion °“√∑”„Àâ ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å educate  ß—Ë  ÕπÕ∫√¡ education °“√»°÷ …“ ty, ity D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ty,-ity §”·ª≈ deform ∑”„Àâæ°‘ “√ deformity §«“¡æ‘°≈æ‘°“√ deprave ∑”„À‡â  ÕË◊ ¡∑√“¡ depravity §«“¡‡ Õ◊Ë ¡∑√“¡

Word Building 227 √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ty,-ity §”·ª≈ honest ´◊ÈÕ —µ¬å honesty §«“¡´Õ◊Ë  —µ¬å active °√–∑” activity °®‘ °√√¡ 2. Verb - Forming Suffixes Verb - Forming Suffixes §Õ◊ ‡¡Ë◊Õ‡µ¡‘ ªí®®—¬∑⓬ §”À≈°— ·≈â«∑”„À§â ”π—πÈ °≈“¬‡ªì𧔰√‘¬“ ate D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ate §”·ª≈ captive π—°‚∑… facility §«“¡ –¥«° captivate ®∫— µ«—  ∫“¬ motive ·√ß°√–µâÿπ facilitate ∑”„À‡â °¥‘ §«“¡ ∫“¬ origin ∑‡’Ë °¥‘ motivate °√–µÿâπ originate ‡√Ë‘¡µâπ

228  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ify D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ify §”·ª≈ beauty §«“¡ß“¡ beautify ∑”„À â «¬ß“¡ class ™π—È classify ∑”„À‡â ªπì ™π—È pure §«“¡∫√ ‘ ∑ÿ ∏Ï‘ purifly ∑”„À â –Õ“¥À¡¥®¥ just ¬µÿ ∏‘ √√¡ justify ∑”„À¬â µÿ ‘∏√√¡ ize D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ non- §”·ª≈ real ®√‘ß realize ∑”„À‡â ªπì ®√ß‘ emphasis °“√‡πâπ emphasize ∑”„Àâ ”§—≠ category À¡«¥À¡Ÿà categorize ∑”„À‡â ªπì À¡«¥À¡àŸ 3. Adjective - Forming Suffixes Adjective - Forming Suffixes §Õ◊ ‡¡◊ÕË ‡µ¡‘ ª®í ®¬— ∑⓬§”π—Èπ·≈«â ∑”„À⧔ππÈ— °≈“¬‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»æ— ∑å

Word Building 229 able, ible D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -able,-ible §”·ª≈ sense µ√–Àπ°— believe ‡™Ë◊Õ sensible ∑Ë¡’ ’ µ‘ move ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬ believable πà“‡™Ë◊Õ∂◊Õ moveable ∑‡Ë’ §≈Ë◊Õπ‰À«‰¥â al, ial D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -al,ial §”·ª≈ centre »Ÿπ¬°å ≈“ß central  à«π°≈“ß norm ¡“µ√∞“π normal ª°µ,‘ ∑«Ë— ‰ª president ª√–∏“π presidential ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫ª√–∏“π ant, ent D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ant,-ent §”·ª≈ attend ‡¢â“√«à ¡ attendant ´÷Ë߇¢“â √à«¡ differ ·µ°µ“à ß different µà“ß®“° ignore ‡æ‘°‡©¬ ignorant ‚ßà‡¢≈“ ary, ory D ‡µ¡‘ -ary,-ory §”·ª≈ √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ primary ‡∫Õ◊È ßµπâ prime ·√° advise ·π–π” advisory ‡ªì𧔵°— ‡µ◊Õπ

230  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ative D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ative §”·ª≈ talkative §ÿ¬‡°àß talk §¬ÿ illustrative ¡’¿“æª√–°Õ∫ illustrate  “∏µ‘ en,n D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ant,-ent §”·ª≈ wood ‰¡â silk ‰À¡ wooden ∑”¥â«¬‰¡â gold ∑Õß silken ∑”¥â«¬‰À¡ golden ∑”¥â«¬∑Õß ful D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡‘ -ful §”·ª≈ ‡µ¡Á ¡Õ◊ hand ¡Õ◊ handful ‡µ¡Á ‰ª¥«â ¬§«“¡ √–¡¥— √–«ß— care §«“¡√–¡¥— √–«ß— careful ‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡  «¬ beautiful §«“¡ «¬ beautiful ‡µ¡Á ‰ª¥«â ¬Õ”π“® ‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡ power Õ”π“® powerful  ß∫ ÿ¢ peace  ß∫ peaceful ‡µ¡Á ‰ª¥«â ¬§«“¡§¥‘ ‡µ¡Á ‰ª¥«â ¬§«“¡À«ß— thought §¥‘ thoughtful hope §«“¡À«ß— hopeful

Word Building 231 less D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -less §”·ª≈ life ™’«‘µ lifeless ∑‰Ë’ ¡¡à ’™«’ µ‘ hope §«“¡À«—ß hopeless  π‘È À«ß— care √Õ∫§Õ∫ careless ª√–¡“∑ sense  µ‘ senseless  π‘È  µ‘ home ∫“â π homeless ‰√∑â ÕË’ ¬ÕàŸ “»¬— harm Õ—πµ√“¬ harmless ∑‰Ë’ ¡¡à ¿’ ¬— ly D √“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ ly- §”·ª≈ girl ‡¥°Á ºÀ⟠≠ß‘ girlly ‡À¡◊Õπ‡¥Á°ºŸâÀ≠ß‘ dog  πÿ ¢— dog ‡À¡Õ◊ π ÿπ¢— police µ”√«® policely ‡À¡Õ◊ πµ”√«® mother ·¡à mother ‡À¡Õ◊ π·¡à B⁄ ye...Bye

232  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR çNouns and Noun Phrases.é In Bach and Harms, eds., Bach, Emmon, and Robert Harms, eds. Universals in Linguis- tic New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968 Emig, J., J. Fleming. and H. Popp, eds. Language and Learning. New York : Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1965. Hasegawa, Kinsuke. The Passive Construction in English, Language 44, 1968. Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. vol. 3 Heidelberg : carl Winters Univer- sitatsbuch-Handlung, 1927. Rosenbaum, peter S. The Grammar of English Predicate Complement Constructions. Cambridge : The M.I.T, Press, 1967. Thomas, Owen. Transformational Grammar and the Teacher of English. Titikides, T.J. Common Mistakes in English, Fifth Edition, Longman Group. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.