สุดยอดGrammar

150  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ·µ∂à â“πâÕß Ê µÕâ ß°“√∑”‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡ ·≈–ªØ‡‘  ∏ „Àπâ ” Verb to do ¡“™à«¬ ‡™àπ We donût need to go there. Do we need to booking the ticket ? B.  à«π„À≠‡à √“‰¡§à Õà ¬„™‡â ªπì °√‘¬“™«à ¬ ·µà‡√“ ®–„™„â π√Ÿª¢Õß neednût ‡™àπ You neednût teach. I can do it. C. ‡√“„™â neednût + have + V ‡æÕ◊Ë · ¥ß°“√ 3 °√–∑”„πÕ¥’µ∑Ë’‰¡à®”‡ªπì ·µà ß‘Ë π—πÈ °Á∑”‰ª·≈«â ‡™πà My mother neednût have cooked for us. We ate out. 10. §”«“à dare À¡“¬§«“¡«“à ç°≈“â é ‡ªπì ‰¥∑â ßÈ— °√‘¬“™à«¬·≈–°√¬‘ “·∑â A. ‡√“„™‡â ªìπ°√‘¬“·∑â dare + to + v1 ‡™πà He dare to do everything. B. ·µà∂â“πâÕß Ê µâÕß°“√∑”‡ªìπª√–‚¬§ ªØ‡‘  ∏·≈–ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡„Àπâ ” Verb to do ¡“™à«¬ ‡™πà I doesnût dare to play with him.

Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 151 C. „π «à π¢Õß°√¬‘ “™«à ¬‡√“®–‰¡àπ‘¬¡∑”‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈“à ·µ‡à √“®–„™â darenût °—∫∫“ߧπ∑ˉ’ ¡à°≈“â ∑” ∫“ß ‘Ëß∫“ßÕ¬à“ߢ≥–∑Ë°’ ”≈ß— 查 ‡™πà I darenût do it. I darenût eat. 11. §”«à“ ought ·ª≈«“à 秫√®–é A. ‡√“®–„™â ought °∫— to ‡ ¡Õ„π°“√·π–π”  Ë‘ß∑’˧«√∑”„Àâ°—∫§πÕ◊Ëπ·≈–µ—«‡Õß ´÷Ëß®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬ §≈“â ¬°—∫§”«à“ should ‡™àπ Everybody ought to cross the road at zebra crossing. B. ‡√“®–„™â ought to + have +V ‡¡ÕË◊ 查∂÷ß 3  Ë‘ß∑Ë’§«√∑”„πÕ¥µ’ ·µà‰¡‰à ¥∑â ” ‡™πà You ought to have come yesterday. 12. §”«“à used to ·ª≈«à“ 燧¬é ‡√“‰¡πà ‘¬¡„™â used to „π√ªŸ ¢Õß°√‘¬“™à«¬ πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â‡©æ“–‡ªìπ°√‘¬“·∑â∑˒查∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’Ë∑”‡ªìπ π ‘ —¬„πÕ¥µ’ ‡™πà I used to go to school.

152  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ·µà∂â“πÕâ ß Ê µÕâ ß°“√∑”‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡ ·≈–ª√–‚¬§ªØ‡‘  ∏πÕâ ß Ê µÕâ ßπ” Verb to do ‡¢â“¡“™«à ¬ ·µà∂“â ‡Õ“ Verb to do ¡“™à«¬ ‡√“®–µÕâ ߇ª≈’¬Ë π use „À⇪πì °√‘¬“™Õà ß∑’Ë 1 ‡™πà Did you use to eat a salmon? ∂Ⓡªìπª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏‡√“®–„™â çnever used toé I never used to watch the news.  ”À√—∫§”«à“ 燧¬™π‘ é ‡√“®–„™â (be) used to + noun / V.ing I am used to swimming in the morning. He is used to the warm weather. Unit 11 ∆

Question Words and Question 153 Question Words and Question D Question Words À√◊Õ∑’ˇ√“π‘¬¡‡√’¬°°—π«à“ Wh-Question ´ßË÷ §”∂“¡‡À≈“à π·È’ ∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªπì 2 ª√–‡¿∑ §Õ◊ 1. §”∂“¡∑Ë’¢÷Èπµâπ¥â«¬ Question Words ‰¥â·°à What, Where, When, Why, How, Who, Whom, Whose, Which, How much, How many etc. 2. §”∂“¡∑’Ë¢÷Èπµâπ¥â«¬ Helping Verbs ·≈–‡ªì𠧔µÕ∫∑’µË âÕß°“√µÕ∫ Yes À√Õ◊ No °“√„™â Question Words D A. What ‡ªπì ‰¥∑â —ßÈ Adjective ·≈– Pronoun ´÷ßË ·ª≈«“à çÕ–‰√é 1.1 „™°â ∫—  µ— «å·≈– ‘ËߢÕß ‡™àπ What is in the cage ? A bird

154  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 1.2 ∂“â „™â∂“¡°∫— §π ®–‰¥â§”µÕ∫· ¥ßÕ“™æ’ ‡™πà What are you ? A student 1.3 What...like „™∂â “¡∂ß÷ √ªŸ √“à ß ≈°— …≥– ·≈–  ¿“槫“¡‡ªπì ‰ª¢Õß§π  µ— «å ·≈– ßË‘ ¢Õß µ“à ß Ê µ—«Õ¬“à ߇™πà What is she like ? She is a very beautiful girl. 1.4 What...for = why ‡¡Õ◊Ë „™°â —∫ Verb ‡™àπ What did he come here for ? = Why did he come here ? 1.5 What for = ‡æÕË◊ ª√–‚¬™πÕå –‰√ ‡¡ÕË◊ „™°â ∫— Noun ‡™àπ What is this book for ? B. Why „™‡â æ◊ËÕµâÕß°“√∑√“∫‡Àµÿº≈ ‡«≈“µÕ∫®– „™â because, in order to, to, so as to À√Õ◊ for ‡™πà Why did you go to the bookshop ?

Question Words and Question 155 } - because I wanted to buy some books. - in order to buy some books. I went to the bookshop - so as to buy some books. - for some books ? C. Where „™‡â ¡Õ◊Ë µÕâ ß°“√∑√“∫ ∂“π∑Ë’ (place) ‡™πà Where do you come from ? I come from London. Where are you going ? I going to the cinema. Where did you graduate ? I graduate from Bangkok University. D. When „™â‡¡Ë◊Õ‡√“µâÕß°“√∑√“∫‡«≈“ ‰¡à‡®“–®ß ‡À¡◊Õπ What time ‡™àπ When do you go home ? I go home at five oûclock. When will you have a party ? I shall have a party next Sunday.

156  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ·µà What time ‡√“¡—°®–„™â°∫— ‡«≈“∑’Ë·πàπÕ𠇙àπ What time did you go out ? At seven. E. Who ‡√“®–„™°â ∫— §π·≈–„™‡â ªπì ª√–∏“π‡ ¡Õ √ªŸ §”∂“¡ §◊Õ Who + Verb ·≈–§”µÕ∫∑Ë’‰¥â¡—°®–‡ªìπ™◊ËÕ§π ‡™πà Who is our headmistress ? Miss Churee- porn. Who broke the window ? Mike. Who is knocking at the door ? Mark. F. Whom ‡√“®–„™â whom °—∫§π∑‡Ë’ ªìπ°√√¡ ‡™àπ Whom did you meet yesterday ? I met Joy yesterday. Whom are you speaking to ? I am speak- ing to Meen. G. Whose ‡ªπì ‰¥∑â ßÈ— Adjective ·≈– Pronoun ‡æÕË◊ „™â°∫— §π∑·Ë’  ¥ß§«“¡‡ªπì ‡®“â ¢Õß ‡™àπ Whose is this car ? („™â‡ªπì Pronoun) Whose car is this ? („™‡â ªìπ Adjective)

Question Words and Question 157 } Maryûs car. } Itûs Maryûs hers. H. Which ‡ªπì ‰¥∑â Èß— Adjective ·≈– Pronoun ´÷ßË „™â°—∫§π  —µ«å  Ë‘ߢÕß ´Ë÷ß¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬«“à §π‰À𠵫— ‰Àπ À√Õ◊ Õ—π‰Àπ ‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ‡≈◊Õ°√–À«à“ߢÕß 2  ‘ßË À√◊Õ®“°®”π«π∑’Ë ®”°¥— ‡™àπ Which is your pen ? (pronoun) The red one. Which house is yours ? (Adjective) The green one. Which of you has done this ? Peter. ·µ∂à “â What + Noun „™∂â “¡‡æÕ◊Ë „À‡â ≈Õ◊ °®“°®”π«π ∑ˉ’ ¡à®”°¥— ‡™πà }shirt What size would you like ? colour shape

158  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR I. How ®–„™∂â “¡„𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õß≈°— …≥–Õ“°“√ À√◊Õ«∏‘ °’ “√ ‡™πà How do you come to school ? By car. How does she dance ? Beautifully. How does he play football ? Well. How do you like it ? Very much. J. How many ®–„™â°∫— §”∂“¡∑’ˇ°Ë’¬«°—∫®”π«π ¡“°πÕâ ¬ ‚¥¬„™°â ∫— π“¡∑‡’Ë ªπì æÀæŸ ®πå How many + plural noun ‡™πà How many books did you buy ? Five hundred. K. How much ®–„™∂â “¡‡°’¬Ë «°—∫®”π«π¡“°πÕâ ¬ - ®–„™°â ∫— π“¡π∫— ‰¡à‰¥â ‡™àπ How much rice do you have ? How much money do you need ? - „™â∂“¡√“§“ Ë‘ߢÕß ‡™πà How much is this radio ? How much did this radio cost ?

} Question Words and Question 159 - „™â∂“¡πÈ”Àπ—° How much do you weight ? How much is five plus three? How much is five minus three ? How much is five multiplied by three ? How much is nine divided by three ? L. How about What about }How Gerund about What Noun }‡™πà How about going to the zoo ? = ‰ª‡∑¬’Ë « «π- What  —µ«å¡“ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√∫â“ß ? M. How tall „™°â ∫— §«“¡ ßŸ ¢Õߧπ À√Õ◊  ßË‘ ∑‰’Ë ¡ à ߟ ¡“°π—° À¡“¬§«“¡«à“  ßŸ ‡∑à“‰√ ‡™àπ How tall are you ? How tall is this flagpole ? N. How high „™°â ∫— §«“¡ ßŸ ∑ Ë’ ߟ ¡“° ·ª≈«“à ç ßŸ ‡∑“à ‰√é ‡™πà

160  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR How high is the school building ? O. How wide „™â∂“¡‡°¬Ë’ «°∫— §«“¡°«â“ß À¡“¬- §«“¡«“à °«â“߇∑à“‰√ ‡™πà How wide is the Chao Phaya River ? P. How long „™∂â “¡‡°¬’Ë «°∫— §«“¡¬“« (‡∑“à ‰√) ·≈– ‡«≈“ (π“π‡∑à“‰√) ‡™πà How long does it take to fly from Bangkok to Singapore ? Q. How far „™∂â “¡‡°¬’Ë «°∫— √–¬–∑“ß À¡“¬§«“¡«“à ‰°≈·§‰à À𠇙àπ How far is it from Bangkok to Pattaya ? R. How often „™â∂“¡‡°¬Ë’ «°—∫§«“¡∂’Ë«à“∫Õà ¬·§à ‰À𠇙πà How often do you take a bath ? S. How old ®–∂“¡‡°’ˬ«°∫— Õ“¬ÿ ‡™πà How old are you ? T. How fast ®–∂“¡‡°¬’Ë «°∫— §«“¡‡√«Á ‡™πà How fast can he drive ?

Question Words and Question 161 À¡“¬‡Àµÿ πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â How + Adjectives / Adverbs „π°“√µß—È §”∂“¡‰¥‡â  ¡Õ ‡™πà How big / How well / How fluently etc. «‘∏’µ—Èߧ”∂“¡‚¥¬„™â Question Words D 1. À“ Question Words ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫§”µÕ∫ 2. µ—¥§”µÕ∫∑Ë’µÈ—ߧ”∂“¡¥â«¬ Question Words ·≈«â ∑ß‘È 3. ‡ª≈¬Ë’ πª√–‚¬§∑‡’Ë À≈Õ◊ „À‡â ªπì ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡‡™πà Mr. Phillip went to Paris last week ? A)  ¡¡µ‘«à“ πâÕß Ê µÕâ ß°“√®–„Àâ Mr. Phillip ‡ªπì §”µÕ∫∑µË’ Õâ ß°“√µß—È §”∂“¡‚¥¬„™â Who ·∑π Mr. Phillip ·≈– Who °Á “¡“√∂„™â‡ªìπª√–∏“π¢Õߪ√–‚¬§‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡√“®–‰¥âª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡¥—ßπ’ȧ◊Õ Who went to Paris last week ? B) À√Õ◊ πÕâ ß Ê µÕâ ß°“√∑®Ë’ –π” Question Words µ—«Õ◊Ëπ¡“·∑π°Á “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‚¥¬ ¡¡µ‘«à“ µâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–∑” last week ‡ªì𧔵Õ∫ ·≈– last week ‡ªì𧔵Õ∫∑Ë’ ‡°’Ëଫ°—∫‡«≈“ ‡√“ “¡“√∂π” Question Words ∑Ë’‡°’ˬ«°—∫

162  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ‡«≈“¡“¢÷Èπµâπª√–‚¬§ ´÷Ëß°Á§◊Õ when ‡√“°Á®–‰¥âª√–‚¬§ §”∂“¡¥ß— πÈ’ When did Mr. Phillip go to Paris ? §”∂“¡∑Ë’¢÷Èπµâπ¥â«¬ Question Words ‡√“  “¡“√∂µÕ∫‰¥∑â —Èß·∫∫ —Èπ·≈–·∫∫¬“« - Who telephoned this morning ? Jim telephoned this morning., Jim did or Jim. πÕ°®“°πâÕß Ê ®–„™â§”∑’Ë¢È÷πµâπ¥â«¬§”∑’Ë„™â Wh-question ¢È÷πµâπª√–‚¬§·≈â« ‡√“¬—ß “¡“√∂„™â Verb ™à«¬À√◊Õ helping verb „π°“√µÈ—ߧ”∂“¡‰¥â ´÷Ëߧ”∑’ËπâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â¢π÷È µπâ „πª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡‰¥â¡’¥ß— πÈ’ Is this a book ? Am I clever? Are these pens? Was Mike here yesterday ? Were you busy this morning ? Have you finished your assignment ? Has your father returned from Phuket ?

Question Words and Question 163 Had the train left when you arrived at the station ? Do you live on Sathorn Road ? Does she speak English well ? Did you sleep well last night ? Shall I open the door ? Should I tell her the truth ? Will you be here tomorrow ? Would you like some more coffee ? Can you speak Chinese ? Could he save her life ? May I go home now ? Might I make a suggestion ? Ought I to drink alcohol ? Used she to live in France ?

164  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR «‘∏’µßÈ— §”∂“¡∑¡Ë’ §’ ”µÕ∫ Yes À√Õ◊ No πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂ ∑”‰¥¥â ß— π’È D 1. ∂“â ª√–‚¬§ππÈ— ‡ªπì §”µÕ∫∑¢’Ë πÈ÷ µπâ ¥«â ¬ Yes ‡√“  “¡“√∂µ—¥ yes ∑ß‘È ·≈–π” Verb À√◊Õ°√‘¬“¢Õߪ√–‚¬§π—Èπ ¡“¢÷Èπµâπª√–‚¬§·∑𠇙àπ Yes, he is an actor. = Is he an actor ? 2. ∂“â ª√–‚¬§∑‡Ë’ ªπì §”µÕ∫∑‡Ë’ ªπì no πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂ µ¥— no ·≈– not ∑ß‘È ·≈â«®ß÷ ‡ª≈¬Ë’ π‡ªìπª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡ ‡™àπ No, he does not fast drive. Does he fast drive ? ª√–‚¬§∑π’Ë Õâ ß Ê æ∫‚¥¬∑«Ë— ‰ª®–‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§∑µ’Ë Õ∫ Yes À√◊Õ No πâÕß Ê °ÁÕ“®®–æ∫ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’¡’§”«à“ çoré Õ¬„Ÿà πª√–‚¬§¡“∫â“ß ´÷ßË °“√µÕ∫ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’¡’ çoré πÈ’ ‡√“®– µâÕ߇≈Õ◊ °Õ¬“à ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπË÷ß ‡™àπ Do you like soft drink or fruit juice ? I like soft drink, but I donût like fruit juice. Unit 12 ∆

Tag Question 165 §”∂“¡∑“â ¬ª√–‚¬§ (Tag Question) D Question Tag ‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§∑¡Ë’ ’ 2 ª√–‚¬§¬Õà ¬ „π 1 ª√–‚¬§À≈—° ´÷Ë߇ªìπª√–‚¬§∑’˵âÕß°“√„Àâ‡√“√—∫À√◊Õ µÕ∫ªØ‘‡ ∏ Question Tag π’ÈπâÕß Ê ®–æ∫Õ¬Ÿà 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ Negative Tags ·≈– Positive Tags 1. Negative Tag §◊Õ Question Tag ∑’Ë à«π Àπ“â ‡ªìπª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈“à ·≈–¡’ «à πÀ≈ß— ‡ªìπª√–‚¬§ªØ‡‘  ∏ ∂â“πâÕß Ê µâÕß°“√‰¥â√—∫§”µÕ∫ çYesé Tag Question ∑Ë’πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™‰â ¥·â °à Negative Tag. 2. Positive Tag §◊Õ Question Tags ∑Ë ’ «à π·√° ‡ªìπª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏ ·≈–¡ ’ à«πÀ≈—߇ªπì ª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈“à

166  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR „π à«π¢Õß Positive Tag π’È πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â ‰¥â°ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕµâÕß°“√∑Ë’®–‰¥â§”µÕ∫À√◊ÕÀ«—ß®–„ÀâºâŸµÕ∫ µÕ∫ çNoé „π°“√∑Ë’®– √â“ߪ√–‚¬§¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…¢È÷π¡“ —° ª√–‚¬§ππÈ— πÕâ ß Ê ®”‡ªπì ®–µÕâ ß√®âŸ °— ‚§√ß √“â ß·≈–À≈°— °“√ „™â‰«¬“°√≥å·µà≈–™π‘¥ ·≈–µàÕ‰ªπÈ’‡√“®–Õ∏‘∫“¬‡°Ë’¬«°—∫°“√ „™â Question Tag. ‚§√ß √“â ߢÕߧ”∂“¡∑“â ¬ª√–‚¬§ D °√¬‘ “™à«¬ + ª√–∏“π (√Ÿª¢Õß √√æπ“¡)+ ? À≈°— °“√∑” Question Tag D 1. ∂“â „πª√–‚¬§‰¡¡à °’ √¬‘ “™à«¬ πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â °√‘¬“™à«¬„π Question Tag ‰¥‡â ™àπ It is warm today, isnût it ? («π— πÈ’Õ“°“»Õ∫Õπàÿ „™‰à À¡) The girl isnût ill, is she ? (‡¥Á°ºŸâÀ≠‘ߧππÈ—π‰¡‰à ¥ªâ «É ¬„™à‰À¡) She wasnût unfortunately, was she ? (‡∏Õ‰¡‰à ¥â‚™§√“â ¬„™‰à À¡)

Tag Question 167 ·π–π” F πÕâ ß Ê ‰¡à®”‡ªπì µÕâ ߪؑ‡ ∏∑Ë’ Verb ‡ ¡Õ‰ª πÕâ ß “¡“√∂· ¥ß°“√ªØ‡‘  ∏∑Ë’ Adverb À√Õ◊ Pro- noun °‰Á ¥â ‡™πà We saw no-one smoking, did we? (‡√“‰¡àæ∫„§√∑Ë ’ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√‡’Ë ≈¬„™à‰À¡) ·µ∂à “â πÕâ ß Ê æ∫ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’‡ªπì ªØ‡‘  ∏‚¥¬°“√„™â§” «à“ hardly , scarcely, barely, seldom, never, none, neither, rarely, nothing ·≈– nobody „π à«π¢Õß Questions Tag πÕâ ß Ê ®–µÕâ ß∑”‡ªìπ∫Õ°‡≈“à ‡™àπ We never see him nowadays , do we? (‡√“‰¡à‡§¬æ∫‡¢“‡≈¬„π√–¬–π„’È ™à‰À¡) She seldom read the book before exam, does she ? (‡∏Õ·∑∫®–‰¡Õà “à πÀπß—  Õ◊ °Õà π Õ∫‡≈¬„™‰à À¡) 2. ‡¡ÕË◊ πâÕß Ê æ∫§”«à“ somebody, someone, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone ·≈– everybody πÕâ ß Ê ®–µâÕß„™â they „π Tag ‡™àπ

168  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Someone has blundered in Airport, havenût they ? (¡§’ π∑”º‘¥æ≈“¥„π π“¡∫π‘ ) 3. ∂“â πÕâ ß Ê æ∫§”«“à can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, need, dare, ought, be ·≈– have πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂𔧔‡À≈à“π’‰È ª„™„â π Questions Tag ‰¥â‡≈¬ ‡™πà We must go to University, musnût we? (‡√“µÕâ ߉ª¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬„™à‰À¡) They have finished our assignment, havenût they ? (æ«°‡√“∑”ß“π∑‰’Ë ¥√â ∫— ¡Õ∫À¡“¬®“°Õ“®“√¬‡å  √®Á ·≈â«„™à‰À¡) ‡°√¥Á ‡≈°Á Ê πâÕ¬ Ê F  ”À√∫— §”«à“ need ·≈– dare ∑‡Ë’ ªπì °√¬‘ “·∑â„πª√–‚¬§ πâÕß Ê ®–µÕâ ßπ” Verb to do ¡“™à«¬ ‡™πà We need some rice , donût we ? (Verb ·∑)â We need go to the supermarket, neednût we ? (Verb ™à«¬)

Tag Question 169 4.  ”À√∫— °√‘¬“∫“ßµ—« ‡√“®–¡’«‘∏’°“√∑” Question Tag ·µ°µà“ß°—π‰ª ‡™πà They have breakfast, donût we? (æ«°‡¢“√∫— ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√‡™“â „™‰à À¡) Verb to have ‡ªπì °√‘¬“À≈°— „™â„π ”π«π«“à √—∫ ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√‡™“â ‡√“®ß÷ „™â Verb to do ‡¢“â ¡“™à«¬ He used to be quite a good fencing player, didnût he ? (‡¢“‡§¬‡ªπì π°— øπí ¥“∫∑’¥Ë ’„™‰à À¡) 5.  ”À√—∫ª√–‚¬§§” Ëß— πâÕß®–µâÕß„™â will you À√Õ◊ wonût you „π Tag ‡™àπ Have another cup of coffee, will you ? (¥Ë◊¡°“·øÕ°’  °— ∂⫬‰À¡) ‡°√Á¥‡≈Á° Ê πâÕ¬ Ê D ∂⓪√–‚¬§πÈπ— Ê ¢È÷πµâπ¥â«¬ Letûs „Àπâ âÕß Ê „™â shall we „π Question Tag ‡æ√“–«“à ª√–‚¬§∑¢’Ë π÷È µπâ ¥«â ¬ Letûs ‡ªìπª√–‚¬§™—°™«π ‡™πà Letûs go to shopping, shall we ? (‡√“‰ª™Õªªßîô °—π‡∂Õ–)

170  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ·µ à ”À√∫— Let ∑¢Ë’ π÷È µπâ ª√–‚¬§‡ªπì °“√¢ÕÕπ≠ÿ “µ À√Õ◊ ¢Õ√Õâ ß πÕâ ß Ê ®–µâÕß„™â will you „πª√–‚¬§ Tag ‡™àπ Let me go out with my friend, will you ? (Õπÿ≠“µ„Àâ©—π‰ª‡∑¬Ë’ «¢â“ßπÕ°°—∫‡æ◊ÕË ππ–) Unit 13 ∆

Active and Passive Voices 171 Active and Passive Voices D Active and Passive Voices ‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§∑‡’Ë ª≈¬’Ë π- ·ª≈ß®“°ª√–‚¬§∑—Ë« Ê ‰ª ∑π’Ë Õâ ß Ê ‡§¬æ∫ §◊Õ ª√–‚¬§ ∑«—Ë ‰ªª√–∏“π®–‡ªπì º°âŸ √–∑” ‡√“‡√¬’ °ª√–‚¬§·∫∫π«È’ “à Active Voice ·µà ”À√—∫ª√–‚¬§ Passive Voice §◊Õª√–‚¬§∑Ë’ ª√–∏“π‡ªπì º∂⟠°Ÿ °√–∑” À√Õ◊ Active §Õ◊ ª√–∏“π‡ªìπº°âŸ √–∑”„πª√–‚¬§ Passive §◊Õ ª√–∏“π‡ªπì ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°√–∑”„πª√–‚¬§ ‡™πà Active Passive She writes a letter. A letter is written by her.

172  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ¢πÈ— µÕπ°“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ πª√–‚¬§ Active „À‡â ªπì Passive D 1. π”°√√¡¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ Active ¡“‡ªπì ª√–∏“π¢Õß Passive 2. ‡ª≈¬Ë’ π Verb „πª√–‚¬§ Active „À⇪πì Verb ™Õà ß 3 „πª√–‚¬§ Passive 3. π” Verb to be ¡“π”Àπ“â Verb ™Õà ß 3 ·≈– µâÕß„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ª√–∏“π„πª√–‚¬§ Passive ·µà„™â Tense ‡¥¡‘ „πª√–‚¬§ Actives 4. π” çbyé ¡“«“߉«âÀ≈ß— verb ™Õà ß 3 5. ‡ª≈¬Ë’ πª√–∏“π „πª√–‚¬§ Actives ¡“‡ªπì °√√¡ „πª√–‚¬§ Passive ¢âÕ —߇°µ D 1. πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕßÕà“πª√–‚¬§πÈ—π Ê „À⇢Ⓞ®«à“ ª√–‚¬§π—È𧔄¥‡ªìπ°√√¡ ·≈⫇√“®÷ßπ”°√√¡¡“‡ªìπ ª√–∏“π„π Passive Voice 2. ª√–‚¬§∑¡Ë’ ∑’ ß—È °√√¡µ√ß·≈–°√√¡√Õß ‡¡ÕË◊ ‡ªπì Passive ®–„™°â √√¡µ«— „¥¢÷Èπ¡“‡ªπì ª√–∏“π°‰Á ¥â πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õß Passive Voice ‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡‰¥â¥—ßπÈ’

Active and Passive Voices 173 1. ‡ª≈¬Ë’ πª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡¢Õß Active Voice „À‡â ªπì ª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈à“ 2. ‡ª≈¬Ë’ πª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õß Active Voice ¡“ ‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§ Passive Voice 3. ‡ª≈¬’Ë πª√–‚¬§ Passive Voice „À‡â ªπì ª√–‚¬§ §”∂“¡‚¥¬°“√π” Verb to be À√◊Õ°√‘¬“™à«¬µ—«Õ◊Ëπ¡“‡ªìπ ª√–∏“π ·≈«â π” Question Mark (?) ¡“‰«â∑⓬ª√–‚¬§ °√≥’∑Ëπ’ âÕß Ê µÕâ ß°“√„™â Passive Voice §◊Õ D 1. ‡¡ËÕ◊ πâÕß Ê µÕâ ß°“√®–‡ππâ «à“ª√–∏“π‡ªìπºŸâ∂°Ÿ °√–∑”„πª√–‚¬§ππ—È 2. ª√–‚¬§ Passive Voice 𬑠¡„™„â πª√–‚¬§∑‰Ë’ ¡¡à ’ º°âŸ √–∑”°√¬‘ “ À√Õ◊ ‰¡à∑√“∫·π™à ¥— «“à „§√‡ªìπºŸ°â √–∑” ‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡µ‘¡ F πÕ°®“°ππÈ— πâÕß Ê ¬—ß®–æ∫°√¬‘ “°≈ÿà¡ÀπËß÷ ∑’Ë®–µÕâ ß„™„â π√ªŸ Passive Voice ‡ ¡Õ °√‘¬“·∑â„πª√–‚¬§ ®ß÷ ∑”Àπ“â ∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπ Adjective ‰¥·â °à accustom - to be accustomed (§ÿâπ‡§¬, ‡§¬™π‘ ) bore - to be bored (‡∫ËÕ◊ Àπà“¬) disappoint - to be disappointed (º¥‘ À«ß— )

174  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR interest - to be interested ( π„®) surprise - to be surprised (·ª≈°„®, ª√–À≈“¥„®) use - to be used (§πâÿ ‡§¬,‡§¬™π‘ ) °“√„™â°√‘¬“∫“ߧ”„π°≈¡àÿ π’‡È √“®–µÕâ ß„™â Preposi- tion §«∫§Ÿ‰à ª¥«â ¬·≈–µ“¡¥«â ¬§”π“¡À√◊Õ Using ‡™àπ }to be interested + in + v.ing À√◊Õ noun to be used + to ‡™πà We are not interested in mathematics. °“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ πª√–‚¬§ Active ‡ªìπ Passive ¢Õß ·µ≈à – Tense Present Simple = Subject + Verb ™Õà ß 1 ‡ªπì Subject + is, am, are + V. ™àÕß 3 + by Present Continuous= Subject + is, am, are + V. ing ‡ªìπ Subject + is, am, are + being + V. ™Õà ß 3 + by Present Perfect = Subject + has, have + V.™Õà ß 3 ‡ªπì Subject + has, have + been + V. ™Õà ß 3 + by

Active and Passive Voices 175 Present Perfect Continuous = Subject + has, have + been + V.ing ‡ªìπ Subject + has, have + been + being + V. ™Õà ß 3 + by Past Simple = Subject + V. ™àÕß 2 ‡ªìπ Subject + was, were + V. ™Õà ß 3 + by Past Continuous = Subject + was, were + V.ing ‡ªìπ Subject + was, were + being + V.™Õà ß 3 + by Past Perfect Continuous = Subject + had + been + V.ing ‡ªìπ Subject + had + been + being + V. ™àÕß 3 + by Future Simple = Subject + will, shall + V.™Õà ß 1

176  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Future Continuous ‡ªπì Subject + will + Future Perfect shall + be + V. ™Õà ß 3 + Future Perfect Continuous by = Subject + will, shall + be + v.ing ‡ªìπ Subject + will, shall + be + being + V. ™Õà ß 3 + by = Subject + will, shall + have + V. ™Õà ß 3 ‡ªìπ Subject + will, shall + have + been + V. ™Õà ß 3 + by = Subject + will, shall + have + been + V.ing ‡ªìπ Subject + will, shall + have + been + being + V.™Õà ß 3 + by Unit 14 ∆

If Sentence and Subjunctive 177 If-Sentence and Subjunctive D πâÕß Ê Õ“®®–‡§¬§‘¥À√◊Õπ÷°ª√–‚¬§∫“ߪ√–‚¬§ ¢÷Èπ¡“ ´÷Ëߪ√–‚¬§∑’ËπâÕßπ÷°À√◊Õ§‘¥π—ÈπÕ“®®–‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑Ë’  ¡¡µ‘¢÷Èπ¡“ ´Ë÷ß„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‡√“®–‡√’¬°ª√–‚¬§∑’Ë ¡¡µ‘ ¢÷Èπ¡“À√◊Õ∑’ˉ¡àÕ“®‡ªì𧫓¡®√‘߉¥â«à“ çIf-Clauseé ·≈– çSubjunctiveé ´ßË÷ æË’ Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬ª√–‚¬§‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢ 2 ™π‘¥ §Õ◊ 1. If-Sentence §Õ◊ ª√–‚¬§‡ßÕ◊Ë π‰¢ ∑ºË’ æ⟠¥Ÿ  ¡¡µ‘ ¢÷Èπ¡“«“à ∂“â ¡’‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥åÀπËß÷ ‡°¥‘ ¢÷Èπ °®Á –¡’Õ°’ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥åÀπË÷ß ‡°‘¥¢π÷È µ“¡¡“ 2. Subjunctive §Õ◊ ª√–‚¬§‡ßÕË◊ π‰¢ ¡¡µ,‘ · ¥ß §«“¡Õ“®®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â, · ¥ß§«“¡ª√“√∂π“ À√◊Õ· ¥ß

178  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §«“¡ ß —¬À√◊Õ‰¡à·πàπÕπæ’Ë Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â If- Sentence Õ¬“à ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥µÕà ‰ªπÈ’ If - Sentence ¡Õ’ ¬Ÿà 4 ®”æ«°§Õ◊ D 1. ‡ßÕË◊ π‰¢∑’ˇªìπ®√ß‘ ‡ ¡Õ (Real Conditions) ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’ˇªìπ®√‘߇ ¡Õ §◊Õ ∂â“¡’‡Àµÿ°“√≥å„¥ ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥Àå πßË÷ ‡°¥‘ ¢π÷È Õ°’ ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥Àå πßË÷ ®–µÕâ ߇°¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ µ“¡¡“ ‚¥¬‰¡¡à ‡’ ßÕË◊ π‰¢À√Õ◊ ¢Õâ ¬°‡«πâ „¥ Ê ‡™πà ∂“â  ¡»°— ¥µÏ‘ ßÈ— „®‡√¬’ π ‡¢“°Á®– Õ∫ºà“π∑ÿ°«™‘ “ ‚§√ß √â“ߢÕߪ√–‚¬§‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑Ë’‡ªìπ®√‘߇ ¡Õ ¡∑’ Èß— À¡¥ 3 ·∫∫ §Õ◊ ·∫∫∑Ë’ 1 D If + Present + , + Present If the students study hard, they pass their exams. present present ∂“â π—°‡√’¬πµ—Èß„®‡√’¬π æ«°‡¢“°Á®– Õ∫ºà“π

If Sentence and Subjunctive 179 ·∫∫∑Ë’ 2 D If + Present + , + Future If Ariya walks straight on, she will reach the drug store. ∂â“Õ√‘¬“‡¥π‘ µ√߉ª À≈Õà π°Á®–æ∫√“â π¢“¬¬“ If Sopa win the game tomorrow, she will be happy. ∂â“‚ ¿“™π–°“√·¢àߢ—πæ√àßÿ π,È’ À≈Õà π°®Á –¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢ If the tree lack a water, it will die. ∂“â µâπ‰¡â¢“¥πÈ” ¡π— °Á®–µ“¬ ‡æ¡‘Ë ‡µ¡‘ D „π‚§√ß √“â ߢÕß çPresenté ππÈ— πÕâ ß Ê ®–„™â Present ·∫∫‰Àπ°Á‰¥â ‡™πà Present Simple, Present Perfect À√◊Õ Present Continuous ¢÷ÈπÕ¬àŸ°—∫«à“ πÕâ ß Ê ®–楟 ¢Õâ §«“¡„¥‡ªπì À≈°— ·≈–„π «à π¢Õß çFutureé °Á‡™àπ°—ππâÕß Ê ®–„™â Future ·∫∫‰Àπ°Á‰¥â ·≈â«·µà§«“¡ À¡“¬¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ If the dog has seen a stranger, it will give bites. ·∫∫∑’Ë 3 D If + Present + , + Imperative

180  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR If you are alcoholism, donût drink. ∂“â §ÿ≥‡ªìπ‚√§æ‘… ÿ√“ §ÿ≥°ÁÕ¬à“¥◊Ë¡‡À≈â“ If you go to the Entertainment Complex, donût let the child. ∂“â §≥ÿ ‰ª ∂“π∫π— ‡∑‘ß, Õ¬“à 𔇥°Á ‰ª¥â«¬ ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ¡‘ D °√¬‘ “∑‡’Ë ªπì º≈¢Õߪ√–‚¬§‡ßÕË◊ π‰¢∑’Ë ®–‡°‘¥¢πÈ÷ „πÕ𓧵 πÕ°®“°πÕâ ß Ê ®–„™â will À√Õ◊ shall ·≈«â πÕâ ß Ê ¬ß—  “¡“√∂„™â°√¬‘ “µ—«Õ◊πË Ê ‰¥âÕ°’ §◊Õ can, may, must, should 2. ‡ßË◊Õπ‰¢∑’˵√ߢⓡ°—∫§«“¡®√‘ß∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈â« (Unreal Conditions) ‡ßÕË◊ π‰¢∑µË’ √ß°π— ¢“â ¡°∫— §«“¡®√ß‘ ∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ¢π÷È ·≈«â À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√ ¡¡µ‘∑’ˇ°‘¥¢È÷π·≈â«„πÕ¥’µ ·≈–ºŸâ查°Á√âŸ«à“ ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥åπÈ—π‡ªπì Õ¬“à ߉√ ·µàºæ⟠¥Ÿ π”¡“æ¥Ÿ ‡ ¬’ „À¡à À√Õ◊ 查 µ√ߢ“â ¡°∫— §«“¡®√‘ß √Ÿª·∫∫¢Õ߇ßÕË◊ π‰¢π’ȧÕ◊ If + Past Perfect + would have+ °√¬‘ “™Õà ß∑Ë’ 3 If I had studied before the test, I would have passd the test. ∂â“©π— ‡¢â“‡√’¬π°Õà π∑®’Ë – Õ∫ ©π— °Á§ß Õ∫ºà“π

If Sentence and Subjunctive 181 (§«“¡®√‘ߧ◊Õ©—π‰¡à‡¢â“‡√’¬π°àÕπ∑’Ë®– Õ∫ ©—π®÷ß Õ∫ ‰¡àºà“π) If I had drunk, I would have a headache. ∂â“©π— ¥¡Ë◊ ‡À≈“â ©π— °Á®–ª«¥À—« (§«“¡®√ß‘ §◊Õ ©π— ‰¡à‰¥â¥◊¡Ë ‡À≈â“ ©π— ®ß÷ ‰¡àª«¥À«— ) 3. ‡ßÕ◊Ë π‰¢∑ÕË’ “®‡ªπì ®√ß‘ À√Õ◊ Õ“®‰¡‡à ªπì ®√ß‘ °‰Á ¥â (Possible Conditions) ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑Ë’Õ“®‡ªìπ®√‘ßÀ√◊ÕÕ“®‰¡à‡ªìπ®√‘ß°Á‰¥â À¡“¬∂÷ß ∂â“¡’‡Àµÿ°“√≥åÀπË÷߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ º≈¢Õ߇Àµÿ°“√≥åπ—Èπ Õ“®®–‡°‘¥¢πÈ÷ À√Õ◊ Õ“®®–‰¡‡à °‘¥°Á‰¥â √Ÿª°√‘¬“∑’Ë„™„â π‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢π·È’ ∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªπì 2 °√≥’ §◊Õ °√≥∑’ Ë’ 1 D If + Present + ª√–‚¬§ will + °√¬‘ “™àÕß∑Ë’ 1 „™â‡¡Ë◊ÕºâŸæŸ¥·πà„®«à“ ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢À√◊Õ‡Àµÿ°“√≥åπ—Èπ®– ‡°¥‘ ¢π÷È ®√‘ß ·≈–º≈∑˵’ “¡¡“°Á‡ªìπ®√‘ߥ⫬ If Lita work hard, she will a lot of money. (∂â“≈‘µâ“∑”ß“πÀπ°— À≈àÕπ®–¡’‡ßπ‘ ¡“°)

182  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR °√≥∑’ Ë’ 2 D If + Past + ª√–‚¬§ would + °√¬‘ “™Õà ß∑Ë’ 1 „™â‡¡◊ËÕºâŸæ¥Ÿ ‰¡à·πà„® ·µ‡à æ◊ÕË µÕâ ß°“√∑®Ë’ –查ÕÕ°‰ª If Peter left early, he would catch the train. (∂⓪Õ√Õå Õ°·µà‡™“â ‡¢“°Á®–∑—π√∂‰ø) 4. ‡ßÕË◊ π‰¢∑‡Ë’ ªπì ‰ª‰¡‰à ¥â (Impossible Condition) ‡ßÕ◊Ë π‰¢∑‡’Ë ªπì ‰ª‰¡‰à ¥â À¡“¬∂ß÷ ‡ßÕ◊Ë π‰¢∑‰’Ë ¡Õà “® ‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ‰¥â∑ßÈ— „πªí®®∫ÿ π— ·≈–Õ𓧵 √Ÿª·∫∫ D If + Past Simple, + Future in the Past = If + Subject + Verb 2, + Subject + would + verb 1 If I were a bird, I would fly around the world. (∂â“©—π‡ªπì π°©π— ®–∫π‘ „Àâ√Õ∫‚≈°) If I were Miss Universe, I would be very happy. (∂“â ©—π‡ªìππ“ßß“¡®—°√«“≈ ©π— ®–¡§’ «“¡ ¢ÿ ¡“°) ‡æ¡‘Ë ‡µ¡‘ F verb to be ∑’πË ”¡“„™â°—∫‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë ‡ªìπ‰ª‰¡à‰¥âπ’È πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕß„™â were Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‰¡à«à“ ª√–∏“π®–‡ªπì ∫√ÿ ÿ…∑‡Ë’ ∑à“‰À√Àà √◊Õ √√æπ“¡Õ–‰√°µÁ “¡

If Sentence and Subjunctive 183  à«π¢Õß°√‘¬“™à«¬„πª√–‚¬§ Main Clause §◊Õ ª√–‚¬§∑Ë’µ“¡À≈ß— If-clause πÕ°®“°πâÕß Ê ®–„™â would À√Õ◊ should ·≈«â πÕâ ß Ê ¬ß—  “¡“√∂„™°â √¬‘ “µ«— Õπ◊Ë §Õ◊ might ·≈– could ‰¥¥â ⫬ ·µ®à –¡’§«“¡À¡“¬µà“ß°π— ‡≈°Á πÕâ ¬ ‡™πà If he came, I should watch a movie with him. ª√–‚¬§‡ßË◊Õπ‰¢∑‰Ë’ ¡à„™à çIfé „πª√–‚¬§‡ßË◊Õπ‰¢ πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™§â ”ÕËπ◊ ·∑π if „π°“√¢πÈ÷ µπâ ª√–‚¬§ ‰¥·â °à should, were ·≈– had ·µà πÕâ ß Ê µÕâ ß√–«ß— „À¥â «’ “à §”∑ßÈ— 3 §”π®’È –‡À¡Õ◊ π‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§ §”∂“¡ ·µà§«“¡®√ß‘ ·≈«â ‰¡„à ™à Should the weather good, we would go for a picnic. = If the weather good, we would go for a picnic. (∂“â Õ“°“»¥’ æ«°‡√“°®Á –‰ªªî§π§‘ )

184  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §”∑Ë’„™â·∑π If ª√–‚¬§‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ πÕ°®“°§”«à“ çIfé ·≈«â ¬—ß¡§’ ” ÕË◊ππÕ°®“° çIfé §Õ◊ Even if = ·¡â«“à Even if Sunee work hard, she wouldnût serious about it. (·¡«â “à  πÿ ’∑”ß“πÀπ°— ‡¢“°®Á –‰¡‡à §√’¬¥°—∫¡—π) Unless = ∂â“....‰¡à Unless you work, you will have no money. (∂ⓧ≥ÿ ‰¡∑à ”ß“π, §≥ÿ ®–‰¡¡à ’‡ßπ‘ ) πÕ°®“°ππÈ— ¬ß— ¡§’ ”ÕπË◊ Ê ∑¡’Ë §’ «“¡À¡“¬‡À¡Õ◊ π°∫— if §◊Õ so long as = µ√“∫‡∑“à ∑’Ë , À“°·¡â«à“ }suppose (that) = ∂â“ ¡¡µ‘«à“ supposing (that) }provided (that) on condition (that) = „π°√≥∑’ ’Ë in case

If Sentence and Subjunctive 185 æË’ Ê ¢Õ √ÿª°“√„™â Tense √–À«“à ß If- Clause °∫— Main Clause ‡æ◊ÕË ∑Ë’πâÕß Ê ®–‰¥‰â ¡à —∫ π„π°“√„™â Tense If-Clause Main Clause (ª√–‚¬§‡ßÕ◊Ë π‰¢) (ª√–‚¬§À≈°— ) Present Simple Future Simple Past Simple Future in the Past Past Perfect Future Perfect in the Past µ“¡∑æË’ ’Ë Ê ‰¥°â ≈“à «¡“·≈«â «“à ª√–‚¬§ ¡¡µ„‘ π¿“…“ Õß— °ƒ…¡’Õ¬Ÿà 2 ™π‘¥ §Õ◊ If-Clause °∫— Subjunctive ·≈–∑Ë’ æ’ˉ¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬¡“¢â“ßµâπ §◊Õ°“√„™â If-Clause µàÕ‰ªπ’È®–¢Õ Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â çSubjunctiveé Subjunctive §Õ◊ ª√–‚¬§· ¥ß‡ßÕ◊Ë π‰¢ ¡¡µ‘ À√Õ◊ · ¥ß§«“¡ª√“√∂π“ ´÷Ëß Subjunctive ·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 ™π¥‘ §Õ◊ 1. Present Subjunctive 2. Past Subjunctive

186  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 1. Present Subjunctive Present Subjunctive §Õ◊ °“√„™â°√‘¬“™àÕß∑Ë’ 1 ∑Ë’‰¡à¡’ to ·≈–‰¡¡à ’°“√‡ª≈ˬ’ π·ª≈ßµ“¡ Tense „¥ Ê ∑—Èß ‘Èπ À√◊Õ·¡â·µà Verb to be °¬Á —ߧ߄À„â ™â çbeé ‡À¡Õ◊ π‡¥¡‘ ‡™πà The Prime Minister suggested the everybody reads the book everyday. 𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’·π–π”«à“∑ÿ° Ê §π §«√Õà“π Àπß—  Õ◊ ∑°ÿ Ê «π— everybody ‡ªπì ª√–∏“π‡Õ°æ®πå ·µπà Õâ ß Ê °‰Á ¡µà Õâ ߇µ¡‘ çsé ∑’Ë read ‡æ√“–‡√“„™„â π√ªŸ ¢Õß Present Sub- junctive. „π «à π¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ªØ‡‘  ∏ πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂‡µ¡‘ not Àπâ“ verb ™Õà ß 1 ‰¥â‡≈¬ My mother suggested that we should not go out at night. (§ÿ≥·¡à¢Õß©—π·π–π”«à“æ«°‡√“‰¡à§«√ÕÕ°‰ª ¢â“ßπÕ°µÕπ°≈“ߧ◊π)

If Sentence and Subjunctive 187 „π «à π¢Õß¿“…“楟 ·≈–¿“…“∑‰Ë’ ¡‡à ªπì ∑“ß°“√πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â should + °√‘¬“™àÕß∑Ë’ 1 ·∑π Present Subjunc- tive ‰¥â The doctor advised that you should take a rest after Operation about two months §ÿ≥À¡Õ·π–π”«à“§ÿ≥§«√æ—°ºàÕπÀ≈—ß®“°ºà“µ—¥ ª√–¡“≥ 2 ‡¥Õ◊ π πâÕß Ê ∑√“∫°π— À√◊Õ‰¡«à “à Present Subjunctive ®–„™µâ Õπ‰Àπ ·µà∂â“πÕâ ß Ê ‰¡∑à √“∫æ’Ë Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏∫‘ “¬¥—ßπÈ’ (Present Subjunctive §Õ◊ °√¬‘ “™Õà ß∑Ë’ 1 ‰¡‡à µ¡‘ s) 1. Õ¬ŸàÀ≈ß— §”°√‘¬“ + that ´÷Ë߉¥·â °§à ”«à“ ask that ¢Õ√âÕß«“à advise that ·π–π”«“à demand that µÕâ ß°“√«“à insist that ¬π◊ ¬π— «“à order that  ßË— «“à prefer that ‡ÀπÁ ™Õ∫«“à

188  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR propose that ‡ πÕ«“à request that ¢Õ√âÕß«à“ require that ¢Õ√Õâ ß«à“ suggest that ·π–π”«“à urge that ‡√àß«à“ Peter advised that she donût go out at night alone. ªï‡µÕ√å·π–π”«à“ À≈àÕπ‰¡à§«√ÕÕ°‰ª¢â“ßπÕ° µÕπ°≈“ߧπ◊ §π‡¥’¬« 2. Õ¬ÀŸà ≈ß— It is À√Õ◊ was + Adjective ∫“ߧ” + that It is important that you tell the teacher. ¡—π‡ªπì ‡√◊‘ËÕß ”§—≠∑Ë’§≥ÿ ®–µÕâ ß∫Õ°Õ“®“√¬å ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ F ∂â“πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß°“√„™â Present Subjunctive (°√¬‘ “™Õà ß∑Ë’ 1 ‰¡‡à µ¡‘ s) µ“¡À≈ß— §”§≥ÿ »æ— ∑å πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â Infinitive with to ·∑π‰¥â πË—π°Á§Õ◊ It is important + Adjective + for someone + to - Infinitive It is important that for you to tell the teacher.

If Sentence and Subjunctive 189 2. Past Subjunctive Past Subjunctive §◊Õ°“√„™°â √‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 2 ∑Ë’ µ“¡À≈ß— °≈àÿ¡§”µàÕ‰ªπ’È ª√–∏“π + would rather + ª√–∏“π + °√¬‘ “™Õà ß 2 ...Õ¬“° ®–„À⇪ìπ«à“... Itûs time + ª√–∏“π + °√‘¬“™Õà ß 2 ∂ß÷ ‡«≈“·≈«â ∑.’Ë ... It hight noon + ª√–∏“π + °√¬‘ “™Õà ß 2 ∂÷ß°”À𥇵Á¡∑’Ë ·≈«â ∑.Ë’ ... It hight time + ª√–∏“π + °√‘¬“™àÕß 2 ∂÷߇«≈“æÕ¥’·≈â« ∑.’Ë ... ‡™πà It hight time we finished to play. (∂÷߇«≈“∑æ’Ë «°‡√“®–À¬¥ÿ ‡≈àπ‰¥·â ≈â«) °√‘¬“∑˵’ “¡À≈—ß°≈¡ÿà §”∑Èß— 4 πÈ’ πâÕßÊ ®–µÕâ ß„™â Past Subjunctive §◊Õ „™â°√‘¬“™Õà ß 2 ‡ ¡Õ ·µà§«“¡À¡“¬ ®–‡ªπì ª®í ®∫ÿ π— ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ F ∂“â πÕâ ß Ê ‰¡µà Õâ ß°“√„™â Past Sub- junctive πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™Õâ ’°‚§√ß √â“ß §◊Õ It is time + for someone + Infinitive with to ‡™πà It is time for we to finished to play.

190  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR °“√„™â Subjunctive µ“¡À≈—ß wish from „π‡√Õ◊Ë ß¢Õß subjunctive πÕ°®“°¡’ Present Sub- junctive ·≈– Past Subjunctive ·≈â« ¬—ß®–¡’Õ’°√Ÿª·∫∫ Àπß÷Ë §◊Õ wish form µàÕ‰ªπ’æÈ Ë’ Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â wish form wish form À¡“¬∂ß÷ ª√–‚¬§· ¥ß§«“¡ª√“√∂π“ §◊Õ¡’‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥åπ—πÈ ‡°‘¥¢Èπ÷ Õ¬à“ßÀπß÷Ë ·µºà Ÿæâ ¥Ÿ µÕâ ß°“√„À‡â ªìπ Õ’°Õ¬à“ßÀπË÷ß wish form ·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªπì 3 ™π‘¥§◊Õ 1. ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°„À⇪πì ‰ª„πÕ¥’µ À¡“¬§«“¡«à“  Ë‘ß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èππ—Èπ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß ·µàºâŸæŸ¥ª√“√∂π“®–„À⇪ìπÕ’°Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß À√◊ÕÕ¬“°®–„À⇰‘¥ µ√ߢ“â ¡°—∫ ßË‘ ∑ˇ’ °‘¥¢÷πÈ ®√ß‘ had + °√‘¬“™àÕß 3 (Perfect Subjunctive) I wish my friend had not dead in last year. ©π— ª√“√∂π“∑’®Ë –„À‡â æ◊ÕË π¢Õß©—π¬—߉¡àµ“¬‡¡◊ËÕªï∑Ë’·≈«â (·µà§«“¡®√‘ß∑Ë’‡°‘¥§◊Õ ‡æ◊ËÕπ¢Õß©—𵓬‰ª·≈⫇¡◊ËÕªï ∑Ë·’ ≈«â )

If Sentence and Subjunctive 191 I wish he had picked me up at the office last Monday. ©π— ª√“√∂π“∑®Ë’ –„À‡â ¢“¡“√∫— ©π— ∑∑Ë’ ”ß“π‡¡ÕË◊ «π— ®π— ∑√∑å ·’Ë ≈«â (·µà§«“¡®√‘ß∑’ˇ°‘¥§◊Õ ‡¢“‰¡à¡“√—∫©—π∑’Ë∑”ß“π‡¡Ë◊Õ«—π ®—π∑√å∑’Ë·≈â«) 2. ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°„À‡â ªìπ‰ª„πª®í ®∫ÿ π— §◊Õ ¢≥–∑˒查πÈ—π‰¥â¡’ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å®√‘߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ Õ¬“à ßÀπß÷Ë ·µºà æ⟠¥Ÿ ª√“√∂π“∑®’Ë –„À°â ≈“¬‡ªπì Õ°’ Õ¬“à ßÀπßË÷ §Õ◊ „À‡â °¥‘ µ√ߢ“â ¡°—∫§«“¡®√‘ß °√¬‘ “∑˵’ Õâ ß„™„â π «à ππ§’È ◊Õ wish + ª√–∏“π + °√‘¬“™àÕß 2 „π à«π¢Õß Verb to be „Àâ„™â were ·≈–  “¡“√∂„™â‰¥°â —∫∑°ÿ ª√–∏“π I wish I met him today. ©π— ª√“√∂π“∑’Ë®–„Àâ©π— æ∫‡¢“„π«—ππ’È (·µà§«“¡®√ß‘ §Õ◊ ©π— ‰¡‰à ¥âæ∫‡¢“) I wish I stayed in England. ©—πª√“√∂π“∑’Ë«à“©—πÕ“»—¬Õ¬à„Ÿ π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… (·µà§«“¡®√‘ߧÕ◊ ©—π‰¡à‰¥Õâ “»—¬Õ¬Ÿ„à πÕ—ß°ƒ…)

192  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 3. ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°„À‡â ªìπ„πÕ𓧵 À¡“¬§«“¡«“à ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥åÀπËß÷ °”≈—ß®–‡°¥‘ ¢È÷π ·µºà Ÿâ楟 ª√“√∂π“∑®Ë’ –„À‡â °‘¥¢÷πÈ Õ°’ Õ¬à“ßÀπß÷Ë °√‘¬“∑’πË Õâ ß Ê ®–„™â §Õ◊ wish + ª√–∏“π + would + °√‘¬“™Õà ß∑Ë’ 1 I wish I would have a dinner at a luxurious restaurant. ©—πª√“√∂π“®–„Àâ©—π‰¥â‰ª√—∫ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√ §”Ë ∑Ë’√â“πÕ“À“√À√Ÿ Ê  √ÿª°“√„™√â ªŸ ª√–‚¬§ wish form D ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°®–„À‡â ªπì „πÕ¥µ’ wish + Past Perfect ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°®–„À‡â ªπì „πª®í ®∫ÿ π— wish + Past Simple ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°®–„À‡â ªìπ„πÕ𓧵 wish + Future in the Past Unit 15 ∆

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 193 Finite and Non-Finite Verbs D 1. Finite Verbs Finite Vebs §Õ◊ °√¬‘ “∑‡’Ë ªπì °√¬‘ “À≈°— À√Õ◊ °√¬‘ “ ·∑â¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ Finite Verb ®–‡ª≈Ë’¬π√Ÿªµ“¡ Tenses ·≈–®”π«π¢Õߪ√–∏“π °“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π√ªŸ ¢Õß Finite Verb  “¡“√∂ √ªÿ ‰¥¥â ß— πÈ’ D 1. Finite Verbs ®–‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿªµ“¡®”π«π¢Õß ª√–∏“π„π Present Simple Tense ‡™àπ Lookwa goes to shopping every Sunday. Lookwa and Yui go to shopping every Sunday. 2. Finite verbs ®–‡ª≈ˬ’ π√ªŸ ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥∑å ’Ë‡°‘¥ ¢πÈ÷ ‡ªìπÕ¥µ’ ‡™πà

194  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Peter and David went to the zoo last week- end. 2. Non-Finite Verbs Non - Finite Verbs §Õ◊ °√‘¬“∑‰Ë’ ¡à‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿªµ“¡ ®”π«πª√–∏“πÀ√Õ◊ Tense Non - Finite Verbs ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥â 3 ™π¥‘ §Õ◊ 1. Infinitive 2. Gerund 3. Participle Infinitive D Infinitive §◊Õ°√‘¬“∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õß°√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1 (Present Simple) Infinitive ·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªìπ 2 ™π‘¥ §Õ◊ 1. Infinitive with çtoé 2. Infinitive without çtoé 1. Infinitive with çtoé to-infinitive §Õ◊ √Ÿª¢Õß°√¬‘ “∑Ë„’ ™ â ”À√∫— ∫Õ° ®¥ÿ ª√– ß§å

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 195 1. My mother goes to the market to buy a vegetable. 2. My mother and I go to the market to buy a vegetable. ª√–‚¬§∑ß—È 2 π‡’È ªπì ª√–‚¬§ Present Simple Tense ´÷ßË ∑ßÈ— 2 ª√–‚¬§¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬‡À¡Õ◊ π°π— ·≈–„π «à π¢Õß to -infinitive §◊Õ çto buyé ‡æ◊ËÕ∫Õ°®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å«à“ ‰ªµ≈“¥‡æË◊Õ‰ª´Õ◊È º—°  à«πµ“à ߢÕß∑Èß— 2 ª√–‚¬§π’ȧÕ◊  «à π¢Õߪ√–∏“π ´Ë÷ߪ√–‚¬§∑’Ë 1 ª√–∏“π‡ªìπ‡Õ°æ®πå§◊Õ çMy motheré ·µªà √–‚¬§∑Ë’ 2 ª√–∏“π‡ªπì æÀæŸ ®πå §Õ◊ çMy mother and Ié °√‘¬“¢Õß∑È—ß 2 ª√–‚¬§§Õ◊ çgoé ´ß÷Ë ‡ªìπ Finite verb (°√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õߪ√–‚¬§) ‡¡Ë◊ÕÕ¬àŸ„π√Ÿª¢Õß Present Simple Tense °√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õߪ√–‚¬§®–µâÕ߇ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª„Àâ  Õ¥§≈Õâ ß°—∫ª√–∏“π ¥ß— πÈ—π çgoé ®ß÷ ‡ª≈¬Ë’ π‰ª go ‡¡ËÕ◊ ª√–∏“π‡ªìπ‡Õ°æ®πå (My mother) ·≈–‡ªìπ go ‡¡Ë◊Õª√–∏“π‡ªìπæÀæŸ ®πå (My mother and I ) ·µ à «à π∑‰Ë’ ¡¡à °’ “√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈߇≈¬ §Õ◊ çto-infinitiveé

196  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 2. Infinitive without çtoé πâÕß Ê ‡§¬ ß —¬‰À¡«à“‡¡Ë◊Õ‰À√à‡√“®÷ß≈– çtoé ‰¥â·≈–„™°â ∫— °√≥„’ ¥∫“â ß µÕà ‰ªπ’ÈπâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß ß ¬— °—πÕ’° µÕà ‰ª·≈«â ‡æ√“–æË’ Ê °”≈—ß®–Õ∏‘∫“¬„ÀâπâÕß Ê ∑√“∫°π— §–à Infinitive without to ‡√“®–„™â°—∫°“√查·≈–°“√ ‡¢¬’ π°∫— °√≥’µàÕ‰ªπ’È 1. πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â infinitive without to ‡¡ÕË◊ «“ßÕ¬àŸÀ≈—ߧ”°√‘¬“µàÕ‰ªπ’È do, does, did will, would can, could shall, should may, might , must need, dare Malee can speak French very well (¡“≈’ “¡“√∂查¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‰¥¥â ¡’ “°) Sulee may go out with him. ( πÿ Õ’ “®®–ÕÕ°‰ª¢“â ßπÕ°°—∫‡¢“)

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 197 Joe doesnût read the book before test (‚®‰¡à‰¥âÕà“πÀπ—ß Õ◊ °Õà π‡¢â“ Õ∫) You must clean your bathroom. (§ÿ≥µÕâ ß∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ÀÕâ ßπÈ”¢Õߧÿ≥) 2. πÕâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â infinitive without to ‡¡Ë◊Õ«“ßÕ¬àŸÀ≈—ß°√‘¬“∑Ë’‰¡à¡’°“√‡§≈Ë◊Õπ‰À« À√◊Õ°√‘¬“∑’Ë· ¥ß °“√√—∫√Ÿâ bid  —Ëß behold  ß— ‡°µ‡ÀÁπ feel √Ÿâ ÷° hear ‰¥¬â π‘ know √Ÿâ look at ¡Õß overhear ∫ß— ‡Õ‘≠‰¥â¬‘π see ‡ÀπÁ watch ¡ÕߥŸ help ™à«¬‡À≈Õ◊ let ¬Õ¡„À,â Õπÿ≠“µ listen to øßí

198  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR make ∑”„Àâ notice  —߇°µ observe  —߇°µ perceive √—∫√⟠sense √Ÿâ ÷° smell ‰¥â°≈‘Ëπ I help him clean the car. (©—π™à«¬‡¢“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥√∂) I let John use my car. (©π— Õπ≠ÿ “µ„À®â ÕÀπå „™â√∂¢Õß©—π) I listen to my friend sing a song in my car. (©π— øßí ‡æÕË◊ π¢Õß©π— √Õâ ߇æ≈ß„π√∂¢Õß©π— ) 3. πâÕß Ê  “¡“√∂„™â infinitive without to ‡¡ËÕ◊ «“ßÕ¬ÀàŸ ≈—ߧ”°√¬‘ “«≈’µàÕ‰ªπÈ’ cannot but need hardly would rather would sooner

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 199 had better had rather had sooner My mother would rather take a rest after worked. (§ÿ≥·¡à¢Õß©—π§«√®–æ—°ºàÕπÀ≈—ß®“°‡≈‘° ∑”ß“π) He had better go to the party with girl- friend. (‡¢“§«√®–‰ªß“π‡≈È’¬ß°—∫‡æË◊ÕπÀ≠‘ߢÕß ‡¢“) Gerund D πÕâ ß Ê √⟮—° Gerund °π— ‰À¡§à–«“à Gerund §◊Õ Õ–‰√ ¡’Àπâ“∑∑Ë’ ”Õ–‰√∫“â ß ·≈–¡À’ π“â µ“‡ªπì Õ¬“à ߉√ ∂“â ‰¡à√æ⟠’Ë Ê ®–Õ∏‘∫“¬µÕà ‰ªπÈ’ Gerund §◊Õ §”°√¬‘ “™àÕß∑’Ë 1 ∑‡Ë’ µ‘¡ ing ·≈«â ∑”„Àâ §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”πÈ—π‡ªìπ°Ëß÷ §”°√¬‘ “À√Õ◊ °Ë÷ߧ”π“¡ Gerund ∑”Àπâ“∑’¥Ë —ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È 1. ∑”Àπ“â ∑ˇ’ ªìπª√–∏“π¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ ‡™πà