Установление Советской власти в областях Казахстана (1917-1918)

uapH3Ma, rocno/icTBo b ayjie naTpHapxaJibHo-eJieoAajibHbix OTHOiue- hhh. Gna6 a ew e 6biAa napTHfinan opraHH3auHH o6.nacTH, oKOHwa- Te-ibHo o(}>opMHbuianew h ynpenuBmaacn AHuib nocae OKTHCpbCKofi peooAiouHH. HecMOrpn Ha sth TpyzuiocTH, cpa3y >Ke noc.ne ycTaHOBJieHHw Co- BeTCKofi BJiacTH b CeMHna.aaTHHCKe h CeMHnajiaTHHCKOH o^JiacTH naua^acb jiomk3 CTaporo, 6yp>Kya3HO-noMeiuwibero rocyAapcTBeii- Horo aniiapaTa. 6 MapTa 1918 ro^a CeMHnaAaTHHCKHH Cobct pa6o- hhx h co^arcKHx AenyTaTOB, paccMOTpeB Ha cbocm 3KCTpeHH0M 3ace/iaiiHH Bonpoc 0 6 aHTHcoBeTCKOH AenTe^ibHOCTH ropoucKOH AyMbi H ropOACKOfi ynpaBLJ, CBH3aHHbIX c KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOHHblM «BpeMeH- HbiM npaBHTeAbCTBOM aBTOHOMHoft Ch6hph», nocTaHOBHJi: «TopoA- CKyio AyMy h ropoACKyio ynpaBy pacnycTHTb h co3A2Tb C obct ro p o A - CKoro xo3HficTBa H3 6 neAoaeK npH CoBeTe pa6o»iHx h coaa3tckhx AenyTaTOB*1. Flo nocTaHOBAeHHio o6.nacTHoro HcnojiHHTejibHoro KOMHTeTa Co- bctob 6bian ynpa3AHeHbi no.\\iewHHbC-6yp>Kya3Hbie ynpoKAeiiHsi h op- raHH3auHH h BMecTO hhx co3AaHbi coBeTCKHe opraHbi; pacnyweiibi CTapwe cyAe6nbie opraiibi b o6.nacTH. B nocTaHOBAeHHH oSaacTHoro HcnoJiKOMa no 3TOMy oonpocy roBopujiocb: «H a ochobehhh AeKpera ConeTa HapoAHbix KoMwccapoB ot 24 Hon6pn 1917 ro.ua21 Bee cyAe6- Hbie yupe>KAeHHH b ropoAe CeMHna.naTHHCKe h CeMHnaJiaTHHCKoft oCiiacTH ynpa3AHHTb, a cocTaB hx pacnycTHTb*3. BpeMeHHbiM KOMHccapoM iocthuhh rop. CeMHna.naTHHCKa h Ce- MHna.aaTHHCKOH otfjiacTH 6 uji Ha3Ha9eH (joJibiiieBHK M. Ko.MapoB.4 KoMHecapy iocthuhh 6 biJio npemioweHO npHHHTb b CBoe BeAenne HMywecTBo, apxHBbi, jie jia h Aeiie>KHhie cyMMbi bccx ynpa3AHeiiHbix cyAOB b ropoue h o&aacTH5. n ocjie no6 eAW CoBercKOH BJiacrn b HexoTopbix Mcciax 06/iaCTH sjiacTb 6 biaa CHanaAa cocpeAOroHeHa b pyxax ye3AHbix PeoKowoB, a no3>Ke 6 buia nepeAaHa CoBeraM h hx HcnoAHHTe/ibHbiM komhtc- raM. 1 MapTa 1918 roua CeMnna.TaTHHCKHfi HcnoAHHTejibHbiH komhtct C oBeTa pa6ownx h co^iAaTCKHx AenyTaTOB H36pa.i npe3HAHyM hc- no/iHHTe,-ibHoro KOMHTeTa b cocTane 7 HeAoseK, nopyHHB eMy ocy- wecTBHTb pnji MeponpHBTHft no ynpeunenHio CoBeTCKon BJiacTH. B npe3 HAHyw bow/ih 6 ojibweBHKH K. IUyraeB, M . TpycoB, n . CaaOB, A . 3 Be3A0B h Apyrwe.6 C o Bcex KOHUOB o6jiaCTH, B HaCTHOCTH OT Ka3aXCKOH HaCTH Ha- 1 ra3era «H3BecTHn» CoBeTa pafiowx h cojiAaTciCHx AenyTaTOB CcMHnana* TWHCKa ot 6 MapTa 1918 r. 2 WenpcT o cyae Own naAaH 22 »ioa(5pa h onyG/iHKORan b «ra3eTe Bpewen- Horo Pa6o»iero h KpecTbHHCKoro ripaBHTeabCTua» 24 Hoa6pa 1917 ro,aa. 3 CeMnnaaaTHHCKHft o&nrocapxHB, 4>. 116, on. 1, a . 9, ji. 8. 4 TaM «e , 116, on. 1, a . 9, ji. 10. s TaM »e , 11— 12. 6 Ta3eTa «H3bccthb» CoBeTa paConax h coaastckhx AenyTaTOB CeMHnaaa- THHCKa ot 6 MapTa 1918 r. 150

cejieHHH, nocTyna/iH cooOmeHHH Ha hmh CeMnna^iaTHHCKoro CoBeTa pa6oq«x h coAAaTCKHX AenyTaTOB o npH3HaHHH Cobctckoh B/iacTH. Tax, b ra3eTe « H 3BecTHa» CoBeTa paCoqwx h coaAaTCKHx AenyTa- tob CeMHnaAarHHCKa 3 MapTa cooCmaAocb: «CoBeTaMH paOoHHx h cojiAaTCKHx A^nyTaTOB noJiyqeHa H3 Kapxapa-ibi Te-aerpaMMa cjie- Ayiomero coAep>xaHHa: «CeroAH « KHprH3CKHft komhtct CoBeTa pa- Cohhx AenyTaTOB noc/ie cepbe3Horo 0 6 cy>KAeHHH npejuio>k6hmh nup- rH3CKoro upo.ieTapHaTa nocTanoBHJi npH3HaTb CoBeTCKyio BJiacTh HapoAHbix KoMHCcapoB h o6pa30BaTb CoBercKyio BJiacTb b ye3Ae»'. Taxwe >xe TejierpaMMbi h cootfmeHHH nocTynaAH h H3 Apyrnx ropo- AOB, CeJieHHft H Ka33XCKHX ayJlOB. riepeA HcnoJiHHTe.ibHbiM komhtotom CoseTa paOoMHx h co/maT- ckhx AenyTaTOB BCTajia oTBeTCTBeHHan 3aAaqa co3BaTb nepBbift otisiacTHOH ci»e3A CoBeroB, rAe a o j i>k q h 6 u j i Ou t l pemeH pha bo- npocoB, cBH3aHHbix c yxpenAeHHeM Cobctckoh bjibcth h pa3 BepTbiBa- HHeM TOCyAapCTBCHHOrO, X03HHCTBCHHOrO H KVAbTypHOrO CTpOHTeAb- CTB3. McnOAHHTeAbllblft KOMHT6T npHHflA OSpailieHHfl K pyCCKHM H Ka3 aXCKHM paCOMHM H TpyAHIUHMCSl KpeCTbBIiaM c npH3blBOM nOCAaTb Ha crbe3A cbohx JiyMLUHx npeACTaBHTCJiefi. CneunaAbHoe oOpameHHe 6 hjto npHHHTO k HaceAeHHio rop. >KaHa- CeMeH, r j i e n o c j i e ycTaHOBAeHHH Cobctckoh BJiaCTH b CeMHnajia- THiicKe Ka3axcKaa HauHOHajiHCTHHecKaa 6yp>xya3HH ycHJieHHO npo- BOAH-ia aHTHCOBeTCKyio arHTauHK) cpeAH Ka3axcKoro HacejieHHH. B 3tom otfpameHHH rOBopujiocb: «ToBapmixH, 6yAbTe npHHUHnHa;ibHbiMH k BbitfopaM cooero hcitoa- HHTe-ibnoro opraHa. Bjiacrb 3Ta AOA>KHa 6 uTb CHAbHa, pcmHTeAbHa H A0A>KH3 n0Ab30BaTbCH aBTOpHTCTOM CpGAH HaCeJICHHH. n0Ab30BaTb- ca A<e aBTopHTeTOM B.iacTb 6 y & e t to n x a , xorAa 0Ha HenocpeACTBemio 6 yAeT H36paHa H3 cpeAbi TpyAHiiiHXCH. A nosroMy, TpyAHiUHeca, 0 C0 6 bIH npH3blB Fiaili K Ba.Vf: npOHBHTe HCKJHOMHTeJIbHOe BHHMaHHe H npeAaHHocTb Ae.qy padonero K J i a c c a » 12. B ApyroM o6pameHnn k TpyAnuiHMcn rop. }Kana-CeMeft npe3H- A«yM HcnoAHHTCAbHoro KOMHTeTa npH3biBaA 6eAHefluiyio qacTb Ha* ceAeiiHH npHHHTb aKTHBHoe yqacTHe b Bbitfopax MecTHoro CoBeTa h n o c J ia T b ACAeraTOB Ha nepobift o C ji a c T H O H cT>e3A CoBeioB. OAHOBpe- MeHHO AaBaAHCb KOHKpeTHbie yxa3aHHH O TOM, KTO MO>KeT 6 bITb H3- 6pan b CoBeT h kto AHUiaeTCH H36HpaTeAbHbix npaB.3 10 MapTa 1918 roAa otkpmach nepBbifi o(5aacTnoH CT>e3A C obctob c ynacTHeM npeACTaBHTejiefl ot paOoqwx h co.riAaT, Ka3axcKoro h pyccKoro HaceJieHHH, ot KpecTbHHCTBa h Ka3aqecTBa.4 H a cbe3Ae npucyTCTBOBaAo okoao 200 AejieraTOB. B wah paccMOTpeHbi cAeAy- 1 Ta3eTa «H3BecTHH* CoecTa pa6oMHX h coaAaTCKHx aenyTaTOB CeMHnajia- THHCKa ot 3 MapTa 1918 r. 2 OMHna^iaTHHCKHA ofiarocapxHB, (J). 26, 2, ji. 356. 3 TaM « e . ji. 57. 4 Ta3CTa <H3BecTHH> CoeeTa pa(5o«iHX h co^aTCKHx AenyTaTOB CeMHnaaa- THucKa ot 16 MapTa 1918 r., Kc 15. 151

loiune Boripocbi: o baacth h TeKymeM MOMeirre, Bonpoc o aeMJie, o BBeAeHHH pa6 oqero kohtpoah naA npoH3 BOACTBOM, o nauHonaAH3 a- uhh 6 aHK0B h Ba>KHeftmHX OTpacjiefi npoMbiniAeHHOCTH, o nepejio>Ke- hhh HajioroBbix THroT Ha ruieqH HMymnx KJiaccoB, o BBeAeHHH rpy- AOBOH nOBHHHOCTH, O C03AaHHH H yKpenAeHHH KpaCHOft ApMHH H AP- C AOKAaAOM no nepBOMy Bonpocy noBecTKH ahh BbiCTynHJi 6ojib- iueBHK A. 3 bc3aob, ko topuh cooGluha, hto cor^acHo npoeKTy 06 opraHH3auHH C obctckoh bjibcth Ha MecTax, yTBep>KACHHOMy II Bce- Cn6 HpCKHM Cbe3AOM COBeTOB paGOMHX, C0AA3TCKHX H KpeCTbHHCKHX AenyTaTos 26 (j^BpajiH 1 91 8 roAa, bucuihm opraHOM BJiacTH b Ce- .MHnajiaTHHCKOH o 6jiaCTH HBAflCTCH Ce.MHnaJiaTHHCKHH CooeT, HMC* HyiommlcH ornbiHe C obgtom paGoqnx, coAAaTCKH X, KpecrbBHCKHX, KHprH3CKHX (xa3axcKHx) h Ka3aqbHX AenyraTOB. n ocjie BbicTynACHHji pnAa AejieraTOB cbC3A eAHHOAyiAHo iiphhha cAGAyiomcc peuiCHHe: «ripHHHB BO BIlHMaHHe pa3HOpOAHOCTb HailHOHaAbHOrO COCTaBa HacejienH^ CeMHnaAaTHHCKoft o&nacTH, b cocTan GyAymero oG-beAH- HeHHoro CooeTa aoajkho GbiTb H3Gpano 7 KHprH30B (Ka3axoB), 6 Kpe- CTbHH, 5 paGoqnx h coaabt h 3 Ka3axa, Bcero 21 ^ejiOBeK.1 I lo Bonpocy 0 TeKymeM MOMeHTe GbiA paccMOTpeH Bonpoc 0 3a- kaiohchhh MHpa c repMaHHeft. JlejieraTbi, BbicrynaBiime Ha cte3Ae, OAo6pHAH pcmcHne CoBercKoro npaBHTeJibCTBa 0 3ai<juoqeHHH BpecT- CKoro MHpa. Obe3A OTMCTHA HeoGxOAHMOCTh fianpHJKCHHOft GopbGbl npOTHB BparoB Cobctckoh b a 3cth. B npmiaTOM nocTaHOBACiiHH cte3A npn- 3biBaji: «...oT A aT b Bee Ch a u eft a a b GopbGbi c B paroM . I7o nepBOMy 30B y C on eTa, TOBapHmn paGoMHe, coAAaTM, KpecTbflH e, KnprH3bi h K333KH, Mbi BbiCTynHM c o p y n cu e M b p y K a x Ha 3 am H T y ... C o bctck o h BJiacTH. H a 6 a p p tiK a A b i, n o A K p a c H o e anaMH, rA e noGcAH M hjih yM pCM , ho fie 6yAe.\\t paGaM H. C M e p T b B p a r y » .12 r io ApyniM BonpocaM T3K>Ke dbiJin npHiiHTbi cooTBeTCTByioiuhe pe- UXeHHH. H a OCHOB3HHH j^ C K p e T a O 3eMAe, npHHBTOTO I I BcepOCCHftCKHM C be3A O M COBeTOB, oGAaCTHOft C-be3A eAHHOrJiaCHO peLUHA, HTO Bee nOMeiUHMbH H UepKOBHbie 3eMAH H 3eMAH peJlHrH03HbIX O^LUeCTB KOH- 4>HCKyiOTCH h nepeAaiO TCH b p a c n o p H ^ e n n e boaocthhx h y e3 A H b ix C O B eT O B , KOTOpue AOA>KHbI GblAH pacnpC A C A H T b HX M O K A y KpeCTbH- HaMH.3 OBAacTHofi cbe3A npwHHMaeT Tanxce pemeiiHe o bbcachhh pa- Gonero kohtpoab HaA npOH3BOACTBOM b npoMhiiiiAeHHbix npeAnpHH- TH5IX. n o 3TOMy BOnpOCy CT>e3A II0CT3H013HA: «CeMHnaAaTHHCKHH Co- 1 Ta3eTa «H38ecrHa» CoaeTa pafioRHX h co^AaxcKvix AcnyTaTOB CeMHiia- jib t h h c k b ot 16 MapTa 1918 r., Na 15. 2 CeMHna^aTHHCKiift o6^rocapxHB, 118, an. 1, a . 35. ji;1. 186. 187. 3 TaM jiji. 187, 188. 152

BeT na ocHOBe yTBep>KAeHHoro BTJ.HK 16 (29) Hoa6 pH 1917 roAa nojio>KeHHH o pa6oqeM KOHTpojie, .aoMaa corrpoTHB.aeiiHe ca6oTa>K- HHKOB, 6 yAeT yCTaHaBJIHB3Tb paCOMHft KOHTpO.Tb HaA KOKeBBHIlblMH H CyAOpeMOHTHbIMH 3aBOA3MH 3aT0lia H ApyrHMH npeAnpHHTHHMH, hmcjoiuhmh rocyAapcTBeHHoe sHaqeiiHe*1. n o Bonpocy o HauHOHaJiH3auHH 6 aHK0B h Ba>KHefiniHx OTpacjieft npoMbriLL'ieHnocTH CT>e3A bwhcc CAeAyiomee n ocT a tiO B J iem ie: «npnAa- Ban orpoMHoe 3HaqeH«e iioahhthio skohomhkh CTpaHbi, b tom hhcjig CTenHoro Kpaa, He3aMeAJiHTejibH0 npHCTyriHTb k HanHOna^H3auHH Bcex OTAe^reHFft 6 aHKOB h c.THTb hx b oahh o6 mnft (pHSJHa.l Tocy- AapcTBeHHoro 6 am<a PC<t>CP b CeMHiiajiaTHHCKe. HaunoHajiH3Hpo- BaTb KpyriHbie upeAiipuHTHH o6 .«iacTH no corjiacobaHMto c 3anaAHO- Ch6hPCKHM KOMHTCTOM COBGTa HapOAHOrO X03flftCTBa»21. n o Bonpocy o HajioroBOH nojiHTHKe o6JiacTHoft ct^ a Cobctob BhiHec pemeHHe o tom, hto ocHOBiiaa TH>KecTb na-noron A o -^ n a 6 biTb B03A0>«eHa Ha HMymne KJiaccbi.3 06cy>KAaH oonpoc o bbcachhh TpyAOBOH iiobhhhocth, CT>e3A npn- HHwaer pem enne, hto b o 6 cTanonKe HenpcKpamaiomeftcfl cxb3tkh c BparaMH npoJieTapcKofl AHKTaTypw no Bcefi CTpaHe Heo6xoAHM0 npHB/ieqb k r p y jiy Bee TpyAocriocoCnoe HacejieHHe 0 6 /jacTH nan Ha npOMblUJAeHHblX npeAIipHHTHHX, TaK H B Ce.lbCKOM X03HftCTBe, «a oc­ HOBe 33KOHOB COBeTCKOH BJI3CTH HO OTOMy BOnpOCy.4 n o Bonpocy noBecTKH ahh o co3AaHHH KpacHofi ApMHH c^e3a npHiiHMaeT HCK/noquTeAbHO B3>KHoe pemeHHe. n o 3TOMy Bonpocy b pemeHHH c-be3Aa yKa3biBacTCH, hto «coryiacno AexpeTy CoBeTa Ha- poAHbix KoMHecapoB ot 15(28) HHBapa 1918 roAa h coo6pa3yacb C HaCTOHTe^IbHOH HeoCxOAHMOCTblO MOMeHTa, CeMHnaJiaTHHCKOMy 06- JiacTHOMy KoMHTCTy nopyqaeTCH npncTyriHTb k cneuiHOH opraHH3a- UHH MaCTeff KpaCHOH ApMHH».56 npoBeAeHHe b >kh3Hb npHHHTbix pemeHHH crbe3A nopyqH.q o6jiacT- HOMy COBeTy pa60HHX, C0AA3TCKHX, KHprH3CKHX (Ka3axCKHx) H Ka- 3aqbHx AenyTaTOB. nepBoe 3aceAaHHe C e m tn a jia T U H C K o ro o 6 jia c T u o r o CoBeTa co- CTOHAocb 22 MapTa 1918 roAa. Ha 3aceAaHHH 6biJi H36paH npe3H- AHyM CoeeTa H3 5 qe-noseK bo rjiaBe c Ky3bM0H AnApeeBnqeM lUy- raeBbiM.0 npH o6jracTH0iu CoBere 6bum o6pa30Banw cjieAyiomHe OTACJIbi: (f)HHaHC0BbIH, 3eMeJIbHbIH, TpyAa H npOMbllHJieHHOCTH, nOMTbl, TCJierpacfja h nyTeft coo6meHHH, napoAiioro npocBemeHHH, cyAe6»biA, BpaqedHO-caHHTapHbiH h mcahuhhckhh, ynpaBAenun o6uiecrBeHHbiM HMyiACCTBOM, npOA0BOAbCTB6HHhIH, BOCHHhIH.7 .1 CeMHna^aTHHCKHft oCjirocapXHB, cj>. 118, on. 1, a. 37, j i 1. CeMnna-ia- .2 TaM » e , j i 194. 3 TaM )Ke, jin. 19*1, 195. 4 Ta3eTa «H3BecTHfl> CoBeTa paCoqnx, cojixaTCKHX AenyraTOB THHCKa ot 27 MapTa 1918 roAa. * CeMMiiaaaTHHCKnii o6.nrocapxHB, <{>. 26, on. 1, a. 1, a. 23. 6 TaM >Ke, 4>. 118, on. 1, a. 37, ji. 1. 7 TaM >Ke, ji. 2. 153

B hjih opraHH30BaHbi otfAacTHoft h ye3AHwe peBOJHOUHOHHwe TpH- 6 yHa;ibi h Hpe3BbmaHHan komhcchh no 6opb(3e c KOHTppeBOAiouHeA h catfoTaweM.1 CeMHna/iaTHHCKHH o6^acTHOH CoeeT o6pama.i caMoe cepbe3»ioe BHHMaHHe Ha ynpen.ieHHe C obctob Ha MecTax. O h npH3weaA Tpy- AfllUHXCH 06.iaCTH BWtfHpaTb B COCTaB COBCTOB patfOMHX H TpyAH- mwxcn KpecTbHH, npeAamibix AeJiy paConero KAacca, 6ecnomaAHO jloM aTb conpoTHB.ieHHe 6yp>Kya3HH.12 B npHHBTOM o6.TaCTHbIM CoBCTOM OOpameHHH rOBOpHJIOCb: «npOTHB BCGH 6yp>Kya3HH MbI AOAJKHW HeMeAAeHHO CTpOHTb CBOH •CoBeTbi na MecTax, Mbi a o a >khw rpoMorviacKO 3a$mnTb, hto OTHbine y n a c HeT hhkbkoh B jiacT H , KpoM e BAaCTH T p y A m u H x c n , BAaCTH C o - BeTOB. Ha c03AaH«e ee Mbi ota^Ahm HaLUH 3HaHHH, HaniH chaw. Ha 3auiH Ty aroH B A a cm MW BCTHH6M Bee, K a x oahh, h HHHero He no>«a- jie e M aah Hee, Aa>ne >kh3hh» 3. npoAOAwan ocymecTBAHiouiyiocH b o6/iacTH pa6 oTy no AOMKe CTaporo h co3AaHHio HOBoro rocyAapcTBemioro annapaia, BHOBb H3- 6 pamibifi o6.iacTHOH CoBeT npHCTynwi k AHKBHAaunH otfAacTHoro h ye3AHbix 3eMCTB, KOTOpwe BBAHAHCb onopofi 6yp>Kya3HH h KyAaneCT- Ba H HCn0Ab30BaAHCb HMH B 6opb6e npOTHB CoBeTCKOH BAaCTH. Ha BiieoHepeAHOM 3aceAa»HH, cocTOHBmeMCH 20 MapTa 1918 roAa, Co­ BeT npHHHA pemeHHe o AHKBHAauHH 3eMCTBa h nepeaaMe Bcex ero a eA OTAe.naM, o6pa30BaHHWM npn ye3imwx h o6a 3cthom Conerax.4 Ha ocHose yTBepwAeHHoro B U H K 29 Hondpn 1917 rona noAowe- hhh o paOoneM KOHTpoAe ceMHnaAaTHHCKHe 6 oAbine8HKH, AOMan co- npoTHBAeHHe caOoTawHHKoa, noAHHAH pa6oHHA K-aacc Ha ocymectB- AeHHe CoBeiawH paOoqero kohtpoah Ha npeAnpHHTHax. flpn CoBerax C03A3BaAHCb komhcchh no paOoueMy KOHrpoAK). BnepBwe b CeMHna- AaTHHCKOii o6AaCTH pa6 0 HHfl KOHTpOAb CblA yCTaHOBAeH B KOHUe cjieBpaAH 1918 roAa Ha KO>KeBeHHWX h cyAopeMOHTHWx 3aBOAax. Pa6oHHe 0Ka3UBaAH BceMepHyio noAAep>KKy b noMomb opraHaM KOHTpOAH. CeMHnaAaTHHCKHft ofiAacTHofi CoBeT Ha^aA ocymecTBAHTb Mepo- npHHTHH no COCpeAOTOMeHHK) B pyxax CoBeTCKOH BAaCTH K0M3HAHWX bwcot HapOAHoro X03HHCTB3 otfAacTH. Tax, pyKOBOACTByncb Aexpe- tom CoBeTa HapoAHWx KoMHccapoB ot 18 MapTa 1918 roAa h nocTa- HOBAenneM o6AacTHoro ci>e3Aa Cobctob, CoBeT HauwoH3AH3HpyeT MecTHbie OTAeAeHHH tfaHKOB, o6pa30BaB (})HAHaA rocyAapcTBeHHoro ‘Ganna PCO CP. CAy>KamHM 6 aHKOB Gwao npeAAOKeno ocraBaTbcn Ha cbohx MecTax h npoAOA>xaTb cboio paGoTy, OKa3WBan coAeflcTBHe Ha3Ha- MeHHWM K HHM KOMHCCapaM COBeTa.5 KOMHCCapOM (|)HAHaAa focy- 1 CeMHnaaaTHHCKHH o6.nrocapxHB, <J>. 118, on. 1, r . 37, aa. 2, 3. 2 TaM we, <J>. 26, on. 1, a . 2, a. 46. 3 TaM 5Ke. a. 47. 4 TaM we, 118> on. 1, r . 35, a . 188. 6 Ta3eTa «H3BCCth*> CoBera paOoHHx h ccwmaTCKHx AenyTaTOB CeMHnaAa- THHCKa ot 13 Mapta 1918 r. 154

flapcTBefmoro 6 a»K a PC<J>CP 6 wa na3HaqeH q.rceH HcrroAHHTeAbHoro KOMHTeTa CooeTa IlaBeji I\"Iop(j)HpbeBHq CaAOB.1- riocJie HauHOnajiH3auHH 6 anKOB Cobct npHCTynaji k HauHonaAH- 3aiiHH TpaHcnopTa h KpynHbix npeAnpHHTHft. OrpoMHoe 3HaqeHne aah ocymecTB/ieHHH 3toh 3aAaqH hmeah noAnHcamibie B. H. JTeHHHbiM AenpeTbi CoBeTa HapoAHbix Ko.MHCcapoB o Hau.HOHa-in3aunH 3KH6ac- Ty3CKHx Konew ( I I Maa 1918 roAa) h Bcex npeAnpHHTHH PwAAep- cKoro oCmecTBa (17 Man 1918 roAa) . 21 Bhah Taxwe nannona.TH3H- poBanbi CeMHnajiaTHHCKaa >Kejre3Haa Aopora, BepxHe-HpTbiincKoe napoxoACTBo c npHCTanaMH, Ko>KeBeHHbie, cyAopeMoiiTHbie 3aBOAU h Apyrne npeAnpHHTHH. riocTaHOBJieiiHeM oGAacTHoro HcnoAHHTeAbHoro KOMHreTa or 7 anpeAH 1918 roAa bcc GoraTCTBa neAp 6 mah oGbHBAeHbi oGmena- poAHbiM AOCTOHHHeM. AKUHonepFibie o 6 mecTBa, npHHaAAe>KaBMHe HHOCTpaHHbIM H pycCKHM KanHTaAHCT3M, 6 b!AH AHKBHAHpOBBHbl.3 Bee 3th MeponpMHTHH no yKpenAenHio CoBeTCKoft ba3cth, npoBe- ACHHbie CeMHnaAaTHHCKHM CoBAenoM, Bbi3B3An euie GoAee Gemenoe conpoTHBAenne KoirrppeBOAFouHH. Tax, KOHTppeBOAK>unonephi bo PAaBe C GbFBWHM peAaKTOpOM 33KpbITOH COBeTCKOft BAaCTbK) KaAeT- ckoh ra3eTbi «C B o6 oAnaa peqb» opraHH30B3AH GaHAHTCKHft naAei na THnorpa(})HK)f rAe neqaiaAacb ra3eTa «M3BecTHH»— opran CeMHna- AaTHHCKoro CoBOTa pafioMHx h coAAaTcKHX AenyTaTOB.4 c ueAbio 3axBaTa THnorpa(})HH h BbinycKa aHTHCOBeTCKHx npoKAaMau.Hfi, npn- 3bFBaK>LUHX K CBep>KeHHKD CoBeTCKOH BAaCTH. 9 tOT 63HAHTCKHH Ha- jie r Gwa AHKBHAnpoBaH h opraHH3aTophi ero apecTOBaHbi.5 KOHTppeBOAFOUHOHHbie BbJCTynAeHHH GhIAH B Ka3aMbeft CTaFFHFie; 3Aecb Aa>Ke 6biJi cAyqaw apecTa npeACTaBHTeAH CeMHnaAaTHHCKoro CoBera.6 B eJio rsa pR e fin bi h 6yp>Kya3Hbie H am onajincTbi npoBOAHAH aHTKCOBeTCKyio a rn ra n n io .7 CeMHnaAaTHHCKHM CoBAenoM 6biJio H3AaHO cneiznaAbHoe nocia- HOBAeFiHe, HanpaBAeHHoe Ha GopbGy ripoTHB Bcex KOHTppeooAfouHO- HepOB h c a 6 oTa>KHHK0B. B nocTaHOBAeHHH yK33WBaAocb, hto 3anpe- uxaiOTCH bchkoto pOAa npoBOKauhh, pacnpocTpaHenne AO>KHbix CBe- AeHHH B OTHOUJeHHH napTHFiHbFX H COBeTCKHX opraHH3auHH. CTporo 6 wah 3anpemeHbi xpanenne, npoAa>Ka h noxynna Bcex bhaob opy- jkhh. BHiroBFFbie b 3tom noABepraAHCb cypOBOMy HaKaaaHHfo.8 CeMHnaAaTHHCKan napTHHHan opraFFH3auHH h opraFfbi CoBeTcxoft BAaCTH OCymeCTBHAH pHA MepOnpHATHfi no npOBCACHHFO AeHHHCKOft 1 Ta3era «H3BccTMn> CoBera p a d o w x h conaaTCKUx nenyraroB CeMimajia- THffCKa ot 13 Mapra 1918 r. 2 CofSpaHHe 33KOHOB PC1>CP, r. I I , H3A. 1929 r., cip. 402. 8 Ce.MHnaaaTHHCKHfl o&nrocapxHB, 4>. 118, on. I, a. 29, a. 9. 4 ApxHB Ka34)nana/ta HMJI. «B*ocnoMHHaHHH yqacTHHKOB peBO/nouHOHHoro ABHweHHH B Ka3ax<rraHe», a . 436. 6 TaM >Ke. 6 ra3eTa «H3BecTHH» CoBeTa pa6o*iHX * coJiAaTCKHX AenyTaTOB CeMHnaaa- TWHcua o t 10 wapTa J918 r. 7 TaM }« e . * 8 Taw « e . 155 /

HauHOHajibHofi iiojihthkh. O hh npHBjieKaJin TpyAflWtfxca Ka3axoB K ynacTHio b paGoTe opranoB Cobctcko# bascth. CeMHna/iaTHHCKHfi C ooer opraHH30Ba;i Kypcbi arHTaropoB ju in Ka3axoB. 0 6 opraHH3a- Uhh 3thx xypcoB 6bi.no H3ABH0 cJieAyiomee nocTanoB^enHe: «HeMe^eHHO opraHH30BaTb jum KHprn3CKoro HaceJieHHH Kypcu arHTaTopoB... M a c ra e na Kypcax aojijkhm npHHHTb npeACTaBHTC- ah ot KHprH3CKHx BOJiocTeft. Hhcjio npeACTaBHTCAefi OT BOJIOCTH AOahcho 6hiTb ABa, Ha3HaqHTb hm no 5 py6/ieft cyTOMHbix. Haqajio KypcoB 10 anpe.ia c. r. no cTapoMy cthaio. M36paHHbiMH na nypchi MoryT 6biTb TO.ibKO .THua H3 GeAHHUKoro cocaobhh, Jinua, HMeiomne He 6ojiee 10 roAOB Kpynnoro poraToro CKOTa h 15 6apaHOB»l. Ce- MHnajiaTHHCKHfi CoBeT b uejinx oGecneqeHHH arnraTopoB-Ka3axoB h KopenHoro HaceAeHHn noAHTHnecKOH AnreparypoH opraHH3yeT ne- peBOA 3T0H JIHTCpaTypW Iia Ka33XCKHH H3bIK.12 B anpe^e 1918 roAa CeMHnaJiaTHHCKHH oGAacTHofi Cobct em e pa3 oOpamaeTcn k Ka3axcKon Gcahotc c npH3biB0M GopoTbcn 3a ynpoqenne B/iacTH CoBeTOB b bojiocthx h ayjiax. .BeAHeHLuaa qacTb Ka3axcKoro HacejieHHH CeMnna.naTHHCKoft 0 6 - JiacTH ropaqo OTK^HKHyjiacb na oOpamenne CeMHnajiaTHHCKOro Co- BeTa. 0 6 3tom CBHuereJibCTByeT cjieAyioman pe30AK)UHH, npHHHTan K33axcKHMH TpyAHmHMHCH b yponniue Kapa-KonHAbi: «Bccuejio npH3HaeM CoBeTcxyio BAacrb, hGo OHa ecTb BJiacTb BcenapoAHaa, b- nefi — necTb w cnpaBe^HBOCTb. He maAn cooefl >KH3HH, ao nocyieA- Hefr xan^H xpoBH GyAOM GopOTbcn co bccmh BpeAHbiMH sjieMeHiaMH, nocaraiomHMH na CoBeTCKyjo BJiacTb. ByaeM cnocoGcrBOBaTb pa3BH- thio CoBercKofl BJiacTH cpeAH KHprH3CKoro Hace/ienHH... Kanma^Hc- Tbi ribirajiHCb BocnoJib30BaTbCH cjiaGocTbio HapOAa, htoGw 3axBaTHTb BJiacTb b cboh pyKH, ho paGomie h coAaaTbi noAaBHAH BOccraHHe KanHTajiHCTOB h BJiacTb nepeAa.nn Hapo/iy. y>xe HecxoAbKO MecaueB cpeAH KHprH3CKoro HaceJienHB G.iaroaeHCTBHe. J\\a 3ApaBCTByeT cbo- GoAa, paBeHCTBO h GparcTBo! JXa 3ApaBCTByeT napOAHan CoseTCKaH BJiacTb! Zlo.iofi crap bin pe>KHM! ToBapniHH KHprH3bi CeMHna^iaTHHCKofl oG-iacTu! ToBapmuH KHp- rn3bi Bcex KHprH3CKHX oGAacTeii! M li, GpaTbH oauiH, npH3biBaeM Bac: hc Me/VWTe hh MHHyibi. Hahtc apy>KHO, pyxa oG pyxy. 06pa3yibe b cbohx ay.iax h roaocthx Hapo/iHyio BJiacTb — BAacTb CoseroB. H e BepbTe 6yp>Kya3iibiM npOBoxaTopaM, BepbTe AHinb TeM, KOTopwx bh H36npaeTe b CoueTbi...».3 TpyuaiUHecH xa3axH CeMHnaJiaTHHCKOH 06- JiaCTH GopO.THCb C Ka33XCKHMH GaflMH, KOTOpbie CTpeMHJlHCb 3axBa- THTb MecTHbie opraHbi bjihcth b cboh pyxn. Ka3axcKan Ge^HOTa blj- ABHrajia b ayjibHbie h BOJiocTHbie CoBeTbi cbohx npe^CTaBHTejieft, KOTOpbie noAftep>KHBaJiH CoBercxyio BJiacTb. Tax, b K O H u e anpe^ia 1918 ro;ia TyjieHTaeBCKHA bojiocthoh CoBer no HacTOHHHio Ge^HOTbi co3Ba.i SKCTpeHiioe co6paHne, rAe ctoha bo- 1 CeMHnajiarHHCKHft o6jirocapxHD, 4>. 26, on. 1, a 2 a 27 2 TaM >Ke, jui. 27, 28. 3 Tam Mte, <J). 116, on. 1, a 4, ju i. 20, 21. 156

npoc « 0 6 oC'bjiBJieirHH BparaMH HapoAa OaeB, opraHH3aTopoB aHTH- coseTCKOH rpynribi». B pemeHHH ye3AHOro CoBeTa no STOMy Bonpocy roBopHTcn: «1918 roAa, anpejin 30 ahh , TyjieHTaeBCKHfi boaocthoA CoBer KpecTbHHCKHx ^enyraTOB CeMHnajiaTHHCKoro ye3#a, HaxoAtfCb cero nncJia H a SKCTpeHHOM coSpaHHH, aacAymaA AomiaA TyAeHTaeo- cKoro BO.iocTHoro HcnoAHHTeAbiioro KOMHTera o bo3hhkhob6hhh b BOAOCTH aHTHCOBeTCKOft napTHH, pyKOBOAHTe^BMH KOTOpoft HBJIHIOT- ch 6oran Cahm }Kycynon h cro poactbbhhhkh — ByjiaT YTeKaH, KoM6ap KyAaftdeprenoB, TeiiTCK6aeB, A6biJiKacbiM MaTaeB. FlepBbiH H3 03HaMeHHbix a h u — O ihm >KycynoB, He dy/iyra H3(5paH Aenyra- TOM BOAOCTHOrO CT»e3Aa, 33AaJlCH LievIblO AO^HTbCH STOrO H36paHHH BO hto 6hiTO iih CTajio, a noaroMy noxKynuji HeKoropux rjianapefi, CTap- uihh TyjieHTaeBCKoft boaocth, pa3AaBan hm AouiaAeft, nopon h achi»- rit, noOyKxan HacejieHne He AOiiycnaTb Bhi6opoB ayabHbix C obctob h HCriO^IHHTeJIbHhlX KOMHTeTOB Ha TOM OCHOB3HHH, HTO 6oAbHJeBHKH «Ko6bi cKopo naAyT h hhkqkhx C obctob hc 6yxer. 0 6 cyAHB bcgcto- poHHe H3.7o>KeHHoe h yAocTOBepHBuiHCb Ha M ecrax b cnpaBeAAHBocTH AOJ10>KeHHOrO HCnOAHHTCAbHblM KOMHTeTOM, MW, ACIiyTaTW TyAeHTa- eBCKoro BOAOCTiioro CoBeTa, BbinecAH cjieAyiomyio pe30Jnou.Hio: «npH3HaTb 03H34eHHbix Cahm s ?KycynoBa, Byjiara yreKana, KowOapa KyAaft6eproHOBa, TcHTeK6aeBa h A6uAKacbiMa MaTacBa B p a ra M H HapoAa w npocHTb CeMnnaAaTHHCKHA ye3AHbifi C obgt pa- 6oHHX, KpeCTbHHCKHX H KHpTH3CKHX AenyiatOB yAaAHTb 03HaH6HHWX Bbime AHU H3 BOAOCTH. FIpOCHTb ye3AHblft CoBeT peKBH3Hp0B3Tb P03- AaiiHbie C ahmom ^KycynoBWM c ueAbio noAKyna ckot h Aenbrn h orpaAHTb TyAeHTaeBCKHfi boaocthoh C obct ot noAOtfirux BwnaAOB KnprH 3CK H x (S y p J K y e B ...*1. J J j i x 3amHTbi CooeTCKoft babcth b <5opb6e c bhciuhhmh h BnyT- pcHHHMH BparaMH Hy>KHO 6 wao coaAaTb Kpacuyio ApMHio. CeMHna- A3THHCKHH C obct, pyKOBOACTByHCb AeKpeTOM CoBera HapoAHWx KoMHecapoB ot 15(28) HHBapn 1918 roAa, (j)opM«pyeT nacTH Kpac* hoh ApMHH. MHorne K 'd3axn AodpoBOAbno BCTynHAH b ee p»Abi. C^opMupoBamibie b CeMHiiaAaTHHCKe nacTH KpacHoft ApMHH 6 bu in ompaBAenbi n a 3amHiy moaoaoh C obctckoA pecny6AHKH. * ** Oahoh H3 3aMenaTeAbHbix CTpanHu hctophh couhaAHCTHHecKoro CTpoHTCAbCTBa Toro BpeweHH HBAneTCH npnGbiTHe BecHOH 1918 roAa no HHHUHaTHBe B. H. JleHHHa H3 rieTporpaAa b CeMnnaAaTHHCK KO M M yH pa6oHHX 06yXOBCKOrO H CeMHHHHKOBCKOrO 33BOAOB. UeAb KOMMyH (Smia — noxasaTb o(5pa3eu MecTHOMy naceAeHHio, KaK HaAO 3aHHM2TbCH CCAbCKHM X03HHCTB0M H'd KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHX HaHa- Aax. Hxefi opraHH3auHH KOMMyH 6uAa BbiABHHyTa B. H . JleiiHHWM eme b anpeAe 1917 roAa. Bot hto roBOpHA 06 stom B. H. /Ighhh 1 CeMHnaAatHHCKHfi o6nrocapxHB, 1IS, cm. 2, a . 3, nn. 15, 16. 157

14(27) anpejiH 1917 m aa : « C HauHcwa;iH3auHefi 3eMJiH 6yp«ya3HH M O K C T nOMHpHTbCH, eCJIH KpCCTbHHe B 03bM yT 3eMJlK>. MbI, KaK n pO - jiC T ap cK a« napTHH, a o jijk h u CKa3aTb, h t o o ;m a 3eMJifl eme He na- KOpMHT. R j m o 6 p a 6 o T K H e e HywHO GyjieT, cfiezioaaTefibHO, ycipoH Tb KOMMyHy*1. ZlaJiee B. H . ^IeHHH roBopHJi: «C oB eT b i patfoHHx a e n y - TaTOB Bnonne w oryT wa M ecTax ycTanoBHTb KOMMyHbi. B onpoc, xBa- t h t j i h y npo/ieTapwaTa opraHH3oaaHHOCTH, h o S T oro aeJib3H 3apaHee nO/dCMHTaib, nano Ha A e jic y^H Tbc**12. Ha opraHH3auHio nepBbix npcxieTapcKHX KOMMyH oTKJiHKHyjiacb n e p e a o B a a MacTb neTporpa/icKHx pa6oMnx, b nacTHOCTH pa6onne 06y- xoBCKoro 3aBo;ia, opraHH30BaBiiiHe «FIepBoe PoccwAcKoe otfmecT- BO 3eM.fiepO()OB-KOMMyHHCTOB».3 0 6 9T0fl KOMMyHe padoHHe cjio- xchjih necHio: B IleTporpane, 3a HeecKoA 3aeraBoft, ' Ot anTeKH eepcTU no/iTopw, | CofiMpa^ncb n oCyxoncKofi uiKOjie KOMMVHapbl Pocchhckoh aeMJIH. CoCwpajmcb ohm we cjiynaftHo, Ho o6i,qTfca H^eefl oaHOH, MtoGw >KHTb TpyaOBOK) KOMMyHOft, BsiecTo >KHTb npojieTapcKofl ceMbefi4. H. K. KpyncKayi TiHca/ia, hto cpean HiiHuwaTopoB opraHH3anHH 06yxoocKofl KOMMyHbi 6 buw yncHHKH JleHHHa, ynacTHKKH peBO-fiio- uhh 1905 ro/ia, noCbiBaBiiine HecnojibKo pa3 b chOhpckoh ccw.fiKe. O hh 3Ha.nn, hto b CeMHna^aTHHCKoA oGjiacTH ecTb xopomaji, x;ie6o~ po^Han 3eM.na, rue mo>kho noKa3aTb MecTHowy HaceJienHio npHMep' nDo.neTapcKoro noHHHa KOJiJieKTHBHoft o6pa6oTKw 3eM.7H. Bcxope pa- tfOHHMH CeMflHHHKOBCKOrO 3aBOHa 6 bl-10 0praHH30B3H0 T3KOe >Ke 06- iucctbo noa Ha3BaHHeM «B ro p o e PocCHHcnoe otfmecTBO 3eM/iepo6oB- KOMMyHHCTOB».5 B CewnnajiaTHHCKOM o6jiacTHOM rocyaapcTBemioM apxHBe, a T3K>Ke b U r A O P Ka3CCP xpanaTCH zioKyMeHTbi, pacKpbiBaiomHe HCTOPHK) KOMMyH. OtH >Ke XOKVMeHTbl tfhl.fiH OnyfrfiHKOBaHb! B >KypHa- Jie «HcTopiftiecKHH apxHB», Ns 3, 3a 1956 roa. H 3 hhx BHaiio, hto ueJibio P occhAckofo o6 mecTBa 3eM.fiepo6oB-KOMMyHHcroB 6 buio pe- LUCHHe 33HHTbCH Ce.fibCKHM X03HHCTB0M Ha KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHX HaHa- Jiax. ripHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe T3K>Ke W TO, HTO KOMMVHbl, COCTOHBLUHe H3 pa6oMHx neTporpa^CKHx 3 a e o A O B , hmcjih b BH^y eme h peMOHT 3eMJieiiejibHecKHx MauiHH ju in onpywaiomero Hace^ieHun, o6jiacTHofi c-be3ii CoBeTOB BbicKa3aJicH 3a npe^ocTaBJieHHe hm ynacTKOB 3eM/in B O^JiaCTH. H a OCHOB3HHH nocTanoBJieHHH o6jiacTHoro cbe3n a CoBeTOB or- 2 anpejiH 1918 r o n a HcncwiHHTeJibHLiA KOMHTeT o 6jiacTHoro CoBeTa< 1 B. H. J l e h h h. Coh., r. 24, H3/l 4-e, cTp. 123. 3 TaM » e . 3 >KypHaji «HcTop«qecKHA apXHB*, ^ 3. 1956 r.t ctd. 18 4 >Kypna^ cBoabuieBHK*. *6 15, 10 anrycra 1936 r., ctp 170 5 >KypHa^ «HcTopH<iecKnA apxHB», 3, 1956 r., CTp 18 158

npocHJT ycTb-KaM eH oropcKH H ye3AHbift C obct 0Ka3aTb coaeifCTBHe npeACTaBHTCJlBM KOMMyHbl TOB. KpHHKeBHHy H TOB. KoHTaKeBHMy B noAbicKaHMH noAxoAamero ynacTKa 3eMAH aah KOMMytibi1 b npeAeAax ycTb-KaM eH oropcKoro ye3Aa. B ot mto paccKa3biBaeT 06 hctophh atux KOMMyn H. K. KpvncKaa: «rp yn n a patfoMHx HeBCKofi 3acTaBbi — oCyxoBueB h ceMHHHHKOB- ueB — 3aAyMajia npoaBHTb npoJierapCKHft pomhh b aejie opraHH3auHn o6pa3UOBbix KOMMyH. Koraa opraHH30B3Aacb CoBeTCKaa BAacTb, nocna/iH ohh k Hjibwny AejrerauHio, bo r.naBe KOTOpoft 6 biJi tob. KpHH- kcbhm (napTHeu). XloAro TOAKOoaAH. Mabhm noAAepwaA HiiHUHaTHoy, COBeTOBaJI TOAbKO TAe-HH6yAb no6jTH>K€ yCTpOHTbCR, noA JlyroA, HanpHMep. H o cpeAH oSyxoBueB h ceMaHHHKOBueB 6u a o MHoro pa- 6omhx, no6 hiBaBiiiHx b ch6hpckhx ccbiAKax. O hh 3HaAH, nanaa TaM CoraTan 3eMAa, CKOAbKo TaM HenoAHaToft ucahhu, h HacTanBajin na n o e 3 j i K e b CcMHnaAaTHHCK. JIchhh pacnopaAHJica AaTb hm 200 boch- Hbix n a j i a r o K , 6 BoeHHbix KyxoHb, xjie6oneKapH»o... KoMMyHapu npOCH^H Opy>KHfl. HAbHM 3HaJ], MTO HM Hy>KHO 6yA6T Opy>KHC AAH sauzHTbi ot KyjiaHbH, Aa.i 50 bhhtobok h naTponoe, o6ecneMHA nepe- B03Ky, pacnopaAHJica AaTb KOMMyHapa m 28 nyjibMaHOBCKHX BaronOB... 5 MapTa 1918 roAa ABHHyAacb b CeMHnajiaTHHCK nepoaa KoMMyHa o^uiecTBa 3eMJiepo6oB-Ko.MMyiiapoB— 145 ceMeft o6 yxoBueB»12. B KOHUe a n p e jia 1918 rona 0 6 y x o o cn aa KOMMyna n p H 6 w A a b C e- MHna.iaTHHCK. CeMHHHHKomihi n w e x a A H necKOJihKO no3>Ke. MecTO AJia KOMMyiibi HaMeaeHO 6 w a o BBCpx no MpTbimy. 3aAcp>najiHCb o h h Ha npoAOJi>KHTeJibHoe BpeM a b CcMHnaAaTHHcKe, n o n a TaM b m - A ejiaA H a j ih h h x 3eMJUo; 3aTeM H aA o 6btJio 3aKynHTb ceM eH a, opyA na o6pa6oTKHt AouiaAeft. HcTopna OtfyxoBCKoft h CeMHHHHKOBCKO# KOMMyn — ojina H3 apMaAuiHX crpaHHU repoHMecKotf 6opb6 w rrpoACTapHATa an hobwA yKJiaA >kh3hh. OOpafiorKa 3Cmah 6 biJia npywHan, He XBaTaJio jihiub TarAOBoA chaw, 6 wao Bcero 18 AomaAen. KoMMynapw hhoh pa3 BnparaAHCb csmh, Aa>Ke >KeHiiiHHbi, KOTopwe ocoCchho ropano B3a- AHCb 3a opraiiH3anHio KOMMyiibi. HecKOAbKO AecaTHH npHiiiAocb bcka- nbmaTb AonaTaMH. CeMCHa 6wah nAoxne. HaebiKH ceJTbCK0 X03aficr- BeHHOPO TpyAa y 60AbLUHHCTBa MACHOB KOMMyHbl OTCyTCTBOBaAH. MacTb npHexaBiiiHx machob komMyHbi yiuAa b Kpacuyio roapAHK), MacTb CTaAa 3aHHMaTbca Ky3neMHbiM acjiom. MecrHwe npecTbaHe c yAHBAeHHeM h HHTepecoM CMOTpeAH Ha npnexaBUJHX ncTporpanueB. Hx nopamaAH bha, noBaAKH, ropoACKaa OAC>KAa KOMMyHapoB. Bora- Twe KpecTbane ctaah cpa3y >Ke TpaBHTb machob KOMMynbi, yTBep- JKAaTb, MTO OHH npHexaAH rpaOHTb KpeCTbaHCTBO H T. A. H T. n. BeAHaKH noHHMaAH, mto KyAaMecTBO o6 MaHbiBaeT hx h, rio Mepe cha, noMoraAH KOMMyHapaM b AeAe BcnaniKH. KoMMyHapw cpa3y >kc 3a- Hfwwcb nponaraHAOH hach CooeTCKoA baacth o KOMMyne, oah3ko OHH 6bZAH CAHUJKOM OAHHOKH. 1 CeMwna/iaTHHCKHff o&nrocapxHB, 4>. 118. a. 35, jt. 61. 2 >KypH3A «BoAbiue8HK», N q 15, 1 asrycTa 1936 r., ctp. 69. 159

C Hanajia 1918 ro,aa BiiyTpeHHflH KOHTppeBOJiiouHH aKTHBHO bm- crynaJia npoTHB BJiacTH CoBeTOB. KoMMyHapbi noABepraAHCb nocTO- 53HHbiM norpoMaM h HanaAeHHBM. HaKoneu, 15 ceHTfl6pa 1919 roAa KOJinaKOBUbi 3axBarH^H 28 KOMMyHapoB, b tom hhcac BacHAHH TpH- 6 aKHHa (npeAceAaTeAH O 6 yxoBCK0H KOMMyHti) w flcTpoBa (npeAce- flarejm KOMMyHbi ceMHHHHKOBneB), yBe3JiH hx, a noTOM H3py6aAH b KyCKH. 1 HCTOPHH 06yXOBCKOH H CeMflHHHKOBCKOA KOMMyH HBAJieTCH hpkhm npHMepoM repoHqecKoA 6opb6bi nepeAOBbix pyccKHX patfoMHx 3a HOByiO, COUHajlHCTHHeCKyiO >KH3Hb, HX 5paTCKOH H GeCKOpbICTHOfi nOMOIUH TpyABIUHMCH HaUHOHa;ibHUX OKDaHH. 11 hiohh 1918 roaa CeMHnaAaTHHCK (5bi;i 3axBaqeH HHTepBeHTaMH h 6 e^orBapAGHuaMH. HaaaAHcb ahh qepHOH peaKUHH. Ho TopwecTBO 5eJiorBap,aeAueB 6mao KpaTKOBpeMeHHbiM, TaK KaK y>Ke b nepBbix qHCJiax ^eKaCSpa 1919 roAa CeMHnaAaTHHCK CHOBa CTaA cobbtckhm. Mnorne pyKOBOAHTeAH h opraHH3aTopbi CoBeTCKoA BJiacTH b CeMHnajiaTHHCKe nornGjiH b 6opb6e c KOHTppeBOJuouHen 3a acao naprHH, 3a CoBeicKyio BJiacTb. Flocjie ocbo6o>kachhh CeMHnaAaTHHCKa TpyAHiuneca ropoAa, CKAOHHH CBOH rOAOBbl, noxopoHHAH HX B 6paTCKOA MOrHJie, B ueiupe ropoAa ( b JleHHHCKOM caAy), rAe ceftqac ctoht MeMopHaAbHaa AOCKa c nepe^HeM norHSiuHx 6opuoB 3a acao Cobctckoh b a 3cth. KoMMyHHCTHqecKan napTHa h CoBeTCKan BAacTb, coaothb Tpy- AflmHXCH ropoAa h AcpeBHH, opraiiH30BaAH no6eAy b rpa>KAaHCKofi BOHHe h OTKpbiAH Ka3axcKOMy HapOAy, Kax h BceM HapoAaM Hauieft crpaHU, Aopory b CBeTAoe coijhaa hcthqecKoe 6yAymee. 1 >KypHaji «Bo^bureBMK», JS? 15, 1 aBrycra 1936 r., CTp. 70.

T , E . E A e y o e. KHUH/iaT HCTOpHMCCKHX HayK BOPLKA 3A yCTAHOBJIE H IfE COBETCKOH TiJIACTH B yPAjlfcCKOfl OBJIACTH H E H B W E ft r>7KEEBOf>'Oft 01’J.E TeppHTopas) 3anaaHoro Ka3axcraHa, Kan hsbcctho, fibiaa npiicoejH- nena k P occhh paHbrne Apyrnx o6,iacTeH Kpaa. 3 to pamiee npaco- eAHHGHHe Ypa^bCKoft o6.iacTH k P occhh h TeppHTopHa.ibHaH 6jih- 3ocTb ee k ueHTpa.ibiibiM npOMunuieHHUM pafloHaM, a t3K>kc npHMbiKanne o6.riacTH k 6eperaM KacnHftcKoro Mopa OKa3ajiH cii.ib- Hoe BAHHHHC Ha pa3BHTHC 3KOHOMHMCCKOH H 06meCTBeiIH0-n0JIHTHMe- ckoh >kh3hh KaK ropoAa ypa^bCKa, TaK h Bcefi o&iacnf.1 B Haqajie X X Bona b YpajibCKOH oSjiacTH cymecTBOBaAo aAMHHH- CTpaTHBHO-TeppHTopHajibHoe aeJiGHHe, ycTaHOB.i€HHOC eme «BpeMen- hum nojroHceHHeM o6 ynpaBJieHHH b CTeiwux o6.'iacTHx» 1 8 6 8 roAa. 06pa30BaHHa?i no aroMy «nojro>KeiiHio» ypajibCKaa o6jiacTb jxe^in- Jiacb Ha neTupe ye3Aa — ypaAbCKHft, JI6HmencKHft, TyphCBCKHH, Te.MHpcKHH h .Mafirum^iaKCKoe npHcraBCTBO. IlepBbie Tpn ye3Aa oxBaTbiBaJin nan BOHCKOByio ToppiiTopHio, TaK h TeppHTopmo, 3ace- jieHHyio Ka3axaMH, a TeMHpcKHH ye3A h MaHruuuiaK 6 u.ni! 3ace^eau noHTH HCKjnoHHTejibno Ka3axaMH. TeppHTOpHH 6 uBiueii ByKeeBCKoii opAU bxoahah TorAa b codaB AcrpaxaHCKOH rytfepmiH. Eme b 1847 rojy, nocjie cMepTH xaHa J X / K a u m p a , xaHCTBo b OpAe 6uuio ynpa3AHeHO, a B;iacTb nepeuma b pyKH Tax Ha3UBaeMoro «BpeMCHHoro CoBeTa no ynpaBJiCHmo Bnyi- pei/Hetf Opao h ». «BpeMeHHUH Cobct^ 6 u .t noAHHHeH acrpaxaHCKOMy ry6epnaTopy, KOTopuft jibjihach OAHOBpeMCHHO BoeiiHUM ryCcpiia- TOpOM ByKCCBCKOff OpflU. TeppHTOpHH OpAbI ACAHAaCb Ha 1151Tb nac- tgh: KaMuin-CaMapcKyio, TajioBCKyK), TopryHCKyio, HapuHcnyio h K aAMUUK>«o ^acTH h Ana oKpyra: 1-ft h 2-h FIpHMopCKHe oKpyra. r4HCjieHH0CTb Hace.ieHH5i ypa.ibCKoft oC.nacTH Ha 1 5iHBap5i 1916 roAa Aoerarajia 866 946 'l e J i o B C K o6ocro n o j i a ; H 3 hhx pyccxoc HaccjieHHe cocraBviB^o 21,2 npoueiiTa, Ka3axcKoe— 74,3 nponeHTa h nponee— 4,5 npoueHTa. fopOACKoe HacejieHHe no oTiiomeHHio ko 1 B ypa^bCKyio o&nacTb c iightpom a r. ypa.ibcxe h b fibiBiuyio ByKeeBCKyio Opjy c ueHTpoM b r. Xbhckoh CTaoKe (yp^a) Bxojuuia TeppiiTopuR Tenepeuj- hhx 3ana,aHO-Ka3axcTaHCKofi h TypheBCKofi oCsiacreii.— /IpuM. aeropa. i t — iro: 161

Bce.M >KHTejiHM o6;iacxH cocTau.nflJio 8,7 npoueHxa. B ByKeeBCKofi opae naKanyHe OKxaOpbCKOfi peBOJiioimH HacHHXhiBajiocb 373 950 nejiOBeK odoero no.ia. B ay-ie rocnoAcxBOBaJin naxpHapxa:ibHo-(|)eoAaJibHbie othoiuchhh, b 3HaliHTCJibHoft cTeneHH coxpanH.iHCb naTpHapxa.ibHO-po^oBbie ne- pe>KHTKH. BaHCTBO KOHUeilTpHpOBa.lO B CBOHX pyKaX OCHOBHyiO Maccy CKOTa, (JjaKTwqecKH BJiaAejio jiynuiHMH nacrfenmaMH, naxoxHUMH 3eMJIHMH, .leTOBOWHblMH H 3HMOBO*MbIMH CTOHOHlUaMH, Jiy’HUHMH HjKQUJiHy (Bbinaca.MH). BaHCXBO Hcno.ib30Ba*no b cbohx HHxepecax coxpaHHBiiiHecji b ayjie HHCTHxyTbi (|)eo,najTbHofi crapHHbi, nepe>KHTKH naTpnapxa.'ibHoro h poAOBoro dhixa, Kax nayxHiioft, onyTbiBa.no hmh Tpy^jimnccH Maccbi. Oho iunpoxo npHMeHHAO xadajibiiyio sxcnxya- TauHio ay.ibHOH OeAiioTH. B ypa.ibCKoft oOjiacTH, xax h bo bccm Ka3axcxaHe, 6hji ycxaHOB- jien KOJiOHHajibHbift pexcHM poccHftcxoro BocHHo-c})COAa;ibHoro H M n e - pnajiHSMa, onupaBUJHftcH Ha Boopy>KeHHyfo CHjiy xa3aqecxBa h Ha noAAcp>KKy KOJiOHH3aTOpOB-KyjiaKOB h 5aeB-$eoAajioB. Ben nojraoxa Kax rpa^AaHCKoii, rax h BoeHHOH BJiacxH 6buia cocpeAoxoqeHa 3^ccb b pyxax BoeHHoro ry6cpnaropa, noAHHHHBiiierocH HenocpeA- CTBeiiHO MHHHCTpy BHyTpeilHHX ACJI- ypajibCKoe Ka3aqbe bohcko, Kan h Apyrne Ka3a%H Boftcxa, hb.ih - jiocb BOopyjKeHHofi onopoii uapH3.via. Ka3aqecxBo Hcno/ib30BaAocb AJih noAaBJieHna HauHOHajibHo-ocBo6oAHxejibHbix ABH>xeHHH napo- Aob CpeAHefi A3hh h Ka3axcxaHa h peBOJiiouHOHHbix BbicxyruieHHH padOHHX H KpeCThHH UCHTpaJIbHblX iyCepHHH PoCCHH. H3BCCTHO, <1X0 cothh ypajibCKoro xa3aqbero Boficxa nocToamio Hecna CJiyacdv b riexepdypre h npHUHMaJia axruBHoe yqacxne b noAaBJTeiiHii Bhicxyn- jieHHft nexep(5yprcKHx pafionHx b peBOJiiouHH 1905— 1907 rr. Ky^au- xasi qacTb ypajibCKoro xa3ariecxBa b ncpHOA OxxfltfpbCKOH peBOJifo- UHH h rpajKAaHCKoii boUhu oxa3a.iacb 6a3oii KOHxppeBOJUOUHH. -Ho ypajibCKoe Ka3aqecxB0 He 6 hi;io KJiaccoBO oAHOpoAHUM. CxaxHCXHHecKHe ziaHHbie noKa3biBaiox ycnAeHHe npouecca KAaccoBo- ro paccAoeHHH K33aKOB. rio nepenncn 1915 roAa, 6o«nec 14 npoueuxos xa3axos ObiJiH 6e3.noma^iibiMH h axcruiyaTHpoBajiHCb xyjiauKOH qacxbio Ka3anecxBa. B 1915 roAy CBbirne 2 640 oe.Mefl Ka3axoB pa6o- xajio iia H3B03e,! 6o;ibinoe KO/mnecTBo xa3axoB 3anHMa;iocb peMec- jiaMH h 6 h;io 3aH«xo Ha pwOnbix npoMbic;iax b Kauecxee pa6owHx. Ka3aqbH Oe^Hoxa Sopojiacb c rHexo.\\i h decnpaBHeM, ho b ciuiy HCTOpHHeCKH C.10>KHBIIlHXCfl IipHHHH He CMorjia cbirpaTb TaKOfi peoo- 4Tiouhohhoh pojiH b cxaiiHuax, Kaxyio curpajio 6e,aHeHiiiee pyccxoc KpecxbHHCTBo b ^epeBHe. C cepe^HHbi XIX Bexa b ypajibcxofi o6jiacTH HaqaJiH pa3BHBaxbCH KannxajiHCXH'iecKHe OTHomeHHH, noHBHjincb OTAejibHbie npoMbiuiJieu- Hbie npeAnpiiflXHH. B 1894 ro/iy 6bi.na nocipoeHa PH3aH0-ypa.ibCKan >Ke*ne3HaH Aopora. Pocjih ropo^a h B03HHKaJiH HOBbie xoproBue ueux- pbi. Pa3BHxHe xoBapno-AeHejKiibix OTHouieHHft BxnrHBajio ypajibCKyio 1 O63op YpajibCKofi oC^acTH 3a 1915 r., crp. 69. 162

otfjiacTb b ccj)cpy BcepoccHftcxoro pbiHKa. 3 to cnocoOcTBOBaAO nepc- xoAy 3iiasHTejibHOH nacTH Ka3axcKoro HacejietvHSi k oce/uio^ xch3hh H 3CMJlG/ieJlHIO. B 1900 roA y no ctohmocth Bbipa6 oTaHHOH npOAyxnHH (^a^punHO- 3aBOACKoft npoMbiiiijieHHOCTH ypajibCKaa odnacrb 3aHHMa«'ia BTOpoe MecTO b Ka3axcTaHC, ycrynaa jiHiiib A kmojihhckoA o6 jiacTH, Kyua bxoahji Tor/ia ropOA O mck. 1 K HaMajiy nepBOH mhpoboh HMnepHaAHCTHnecxofi notiHbi xoAmie- ctbo npoMbimjieHHbix ripeAnpHHTHH b oOAacTH no cpaBiieriHio c 1900 roAOM OoJiee qeM yAnoHAoeb. r io o<J)HUHajibHbiM AaHHbiM 3a 1913 roA, TOJILKO Ha TCppHTOpHH xa3aHberO BOllcxa 6bIJI0 650 npOMbllUJICHHblX npezinpHHTHH c roAOBOH npoAyxmicft b 5 948 282 py<5,ifl. Ila lore o6a 3cth Hanajia p a 3BHB3Tbcn iiec£>TeAo6 b!Baiomafl h FiechTeo6 pa6 aTbiBaioiii.aa npoMbiuuieimocTb. CpcAHeroAOBan ao6 m- na hc(J)th b 1915— 1917 rr. coeraBjinjia 6 ojiee 250 Tbicnn tohh. C Hana^ia X X bexa k ypajio-xacnHHCKOH He(j)TH CTajiH npoTarn- BaTb cboh mynajibua anrjiHHCKHC KanuTajiHCTbi h y>Ke ko BpeweHH n e p B o f t HMiiepnajiHCTHnecKoft BoftHU ocHOBHbie hctohhhkh ee naxo- AHJiHCb b p y x a x aiirAHnan.2 0 6 i u a n cyiuwa aHrjiHHCKoro x a n i n a j i a , Bjio>KeHHOro b 3 m6chcxom paHOHe, BbipawaAacb b cyMMe 13 mhji- jihohob pyfoteft. AnrAHHCKHe Het[>THHbie KOMnaHHH b nepnoA OxTaOpb- ckoh pcBo.iionHH h rpa>KAaHcxoH BOHiibi oxasbraaAH BCCMepuyio nOMOUtb ypajIbCKOH KOHTppeBOJIIOUHH.3 B ypajibCKOH o^.iacTH 6 b(jia umpoxo pa3BHTa ToproBJin. Kpynnyfo pojib b pa3BHTHH ToproBAH HrpajiH npwapKH, KOTopwe k 1900 roAy no Cy.MMBM HX TOAOBblX TOprOBbIX oOopOTOB 33HHMaAH nepoOC M6CTO n Kpae.4 ToproBAH rnyOoKO npoHHXJia b to amy Ka3axcKoro ayAa, ObiCTpo pa3Aaran ero naTypaAbHo-xo35iHCTBCHHyio ocHOBy. OcHOBiibi- MH npCAMeraMH BbIB03a H3 K33aXCKHX ayAOB H B nejIOM H3 o6AaCTH 6 hiAH CKOT H npOAVKTbl /KHBOTHOBOACTBa. B 1915 rOA>’ TOBapO- o6 opoT o&iacTH no npoAyKUHH >KHBOTHOBOACTBa, b tom HHCAe h no cKory, cocTaBAHJi 9 683 137 pyti-ieft. B xanecTRe areiiTOB TOprOBAH BbicTynaAa 3a>XHTOHHaa qacTb HaceJiciina Ka3axcKoro ayjia. Ban TOprOBaAH He TOAbKO C06CTBeHHHM CKOTOM, HO H CKynaAH CKOT, niepcTb, xo>xy h Apyrne npoAyKTbi >KHBOTHOBOACTBa 3a OecneHox y K Q 3 a x c K O fi 6 gahoth h nepenpoAaBaAH areiiTaM ToproBHx xawnaHmi. OcHOBHOH OTpaCAbK) CeAbCKOrO X03HHCTBa ypaAbCKOH o6AaCTH AO pCBOAIOUHH BBJIHAOCb CKOTOBOACTBO. Pa3BHTHC CKOTOBOACTBa npH- hhmbjio Bee 6 oAee T O B a p H u ft xapaxTep, n o A v m i n n c b T p e d o B a m i X M pwHKa. OcHOBiian Macca CKOTa KOHueHTpHpoBa.nacb b pyxax xa3ax- ckhx 6 aeB-c()eoAaA0B, a cpeAH xa3anecTBa — b pyxax ero xyAaiixofi BepxyinxH. 1 « P occhk. nariHoe reorpad)HMecKoc onucaHHe Hamero OTe»iecTBa». noa pe- AaKUHea n . n. CeMCHOBa, t . X V III. «KHprH3CKHft Kpaf»». C.-I'IeTepCypr, 1903 r., crp. 289. 2 TypbeBCKHfl o6^rocapxnB, $. 70, a . 395, a a . 10— 17. 3 Ta\\f >Ke, a . 77. A « P o c c h h . J lo J iH O e re .o rp a fp H V e c K o e orwcaHHc H a m e r o OT£«iccTBa», noa paA n . n . CeMeHOBa, t . X V I I I . «KHprH3CKHfl K p a ft». C .-rieT ep 6 yp r, CTp. 289. 11* 163

Flo KOJiHuecTBy ckoth ypajibcxan o6;iacTb b 1900 roAy 3aHHMa-ia ncpBoe Mecro b Ka3axcrane, b hch HacHHTbiBajiocb 3 554 672 rojiOBbi Bcex BHAOB CKOTa.1 B 1915 ro^y BaJIOBOH AOXOA OT >KHBOTHOBOACTBa B Ypa^bCKOH o6.iacTH cocraBAHJi 56 682 070 pyCjieft, hto b iiHTb pa3 npeBbima.no AOXOAbI OT 3eMJlC^e/IHB.12 3eM.ieAe-iHe b ypajibCKofi o&iacrci CTa;io oco6 eHiio 6bicrpo pa3- BHBaTbCH c 70-x roAon X IX Bexa. 3 to o6 'bncH*iJiocb He rojibxo tcm, HTO K33aKH, IiapHAy C HGCCHIieM CJiyw6 bl B ap.MHH, n0.iyHHJlH B TO BpeMH B03M0>KH0CTb 33HHMaTbCH 3eMJieAC^HeM, HO H TCM, 'ITO Ka3ax- cKoe nace^ieHHe o&iacTH nocTeneimo nepexoAHJio k oceA.nocTH h 3 eM-ieAe^H}0. Bee B03pacTaiomee 3HaqeiiHe b 3tom OTHomeHHH hmc- ao Taioxe 3aHHTHe aeMAeAeAHew pyccKHx xpecTbflH-ncpeceAeimeB. Pa3BHTHio 3eM-ieAe«iHH cnocodcTBOBa^a nocTpoiiKa Pa3aiio-ypaAb- CKOH >KeJie3H0H AOpOTH. XapaKTepHo, hto nepBOiianajibiio no pa3Mcpaw noceBHUx njioiua- Aefi h Ba^OBOMy c6opy 3epHOBbix Ka3axcKoe HaceJieHHe 33HHMajio nepBoe Mecro b o6.nacTH. Tax, b 1895 roAy xa3axH 3aceBajiH 59 npo- ueHTOB njiomaAeft, a xa3axH — 40 npoueHTOB. OAHaxo c Hanajia X X Bexa, oco6einio b cbh3h c H31>5ith&m y xa3axoB njiOAopoAHbix 3eMejib b nepHOA, xorAa npoBOAHAacb CTOAbinHHCxaa nepecejien- qecxafl noAHTHxa, pa3Mepbi noceBHUx njiomaAeft y xa3axoB 3H3HH- Tcjibno npeBUCHjiH BejiHHHHbi noceBHux nAomaAeft y K33axoB. CejibCKoxo3HHCTBeHHue MauiHHM craAH y>xe 3 aMemo paenpo- CTpaHBTbcn c naqajia X X Bexa. B 1913 roAy Ha bohckoboh Teppmo- pHH otfJiacTH 6 njio 14 180 njiyroB, 7 669 Ao6 orpeex, 274 ca.MOc6 poc- kh, 5 800 ceHOKOCH^OK, 179 KOHHbix rpa&ieft, 31 ce&Axa, 5 081 Be- juixa, 119 napoBux mqaothaok, 219 kohhux moaothaok, 38 CHono- BH33AOK, 5 Cawa.IOK. Bojibinoe 3naHeHHe aah ypaAbcxon oO^acTH hmcjio h pu6o- JIOBCTBO, KOTOpUM 33HHM3AHCb BCC CAOH IiaceACHHfl, OCo6 eHHO Ka3aqecTRo. C xomia X IX Bexa B03HHxaioT pa3iibie putfoAOBHue o6 mecTBa h apTcnn, aoxoah KOTopux nocTynajin b pyxn puGonpo- MbiuijreHHHKOB. OGmaa cyMMa, Ha xoTopyio BbiB03HAocb H3 oG.nacTH Bcex bhaob pu6 u, cocraBjinjia exceroAHO ot 2 ao 3 mah. py6;iefi. C oahhx To.nbxo BbiB03HMBix pbiGnux npoAyxTOB BOHCKOB3H xa3iia b bhac oco6ux c6 opoB e>xeroAHO noAyqajia ot 100 ao 150 tlichh py6 jieft. npeoGAaAaiomeH qacTbio Hace^eHHa b ByxeeBcxoft opAC hb/ih- AHCb xa3axH (97,5 npoueHTa). H3 48 Tbicaq xo3hhctb ByxecBcxoH OpAbJ 40 TblCflH 3aHHMaj!HCb CXOTOBOACTBOM H OXOJIO 8 TUCHM — 3eMjieAejiH6M. Uapcxoe npaBHTeAbCTBo n HMnepHajiHCTHqecxaH 6yp- >Kya3HH CTpeMHAHCb X pa3BHTHK> Ky.iaUKHX H 6 afiCKHX CKOTOBOA- 1 «P occha. FIo^hoc- rearpa4>HMecKoe onwcaHHe Haiuero OTewecTua*, noa pe- AaKUHefi n . n. CeMeHOBa, t . XVIII. «KnprH3CKHH npafi>, C.-neTen6ypr, 1903 r., crp 246. 2 OCaop ypaabCKOM oGaacTH 3a 1915 r., cTp. 32. 164 I

mcckhx h 3eMJieAe.nbMecKHx xo3hhctb, o6penaa TpyAsmmxcn Ha pa- 3openHe h HHiuery. BancrBo h Mecnfa* uapcKaa KOJiOHHa.ibnaH a^MHHHCTpauHH 3axBaTHjiH b cboh pyjcn jiyquiHe naCT6HIHHhie h ceHOKocHbie yqacT K H . Tpy;;oBbie ckotoboam, 3a/iaBJiennbie tfaficKOH SKCruiyaTauHeH, HajioraMH, niTpa^aMH, paaHUMH no6 opaMH, pa30- pajiHCb, hiJiit b otxoa* na pbitfiibie npOMbicjibi h cojieHue 03epa. KojnniecTBO Ka3ax0B-0TX0AHHK0B b ByneeBCKOH opAe b 1910 may AOCthivio 30 Tbioiq qejioBex. O TH>Ke;ioM nojio>KenHH TpyjiBinnxcH ByKeeBCKofi op^bi b nc*pBbie JWIH PCBOJIIOUHH B OAHOM H3 AOKyMeHTOB TOBOpHTCH TaK: «BAHHCTBeHHOe 33HSITHO HacejieHHB KnprH3CKOH CTenH, Ha KOTO- pow >6a3HpyeTCH n o q ra see cro xo3hhctbo, cocTaBjiaeT ckotoboactbo. Kpanne HeAOCTaToqHaa nJiomaAfa noKoaibix npocTpaHCTB, no.iHoe OTC>TCTBHe TpaBOceHHiiH h Apyrnx KyjibTypHbix MeponpHHTHft no pa3BejeHHK) KOpMOBMX CpeACTB, B CBH3H C qaCTbIMH B CTenw Heypo- >k3hmh noKocoB h noAHO>KHbix KOpMOB... oqeHb qacTO noABepraioT KHprH3CKHe xo3HHCTBa oKOHqaTejibHOMy pa3opeHino. n o npnqiiHe neAOCTaTKOB b crenH KopMOBbix cpeACTB MHonie Tbicaqn Kiipni30B JKHByT b AcTpaxaHCKoft, CaMapcKoft ryOepiiwax h ypajibCKoft o6.nac- th, rue oiih caMUM 6ccnomaAHbiM o6pa3ow SKcnjiyaTiipyiOTca. B ypajibCKOH oOjiacTH KHprH3hi >KHByT (fjHKTHBiibiMH nacryxaMH Ka33KOB... 6 ecnjiaTHo kocht h yxa>KHBaioT 3a hx ckotom, oahhm cjiobom, jKHByr paOaMH b iiojihom cMbicJie 3Toro CJiOBa»1. Pa3BHTHC KamiTa.iHCTHqccKHx OTHOiueHHii, pocT npoMbimneHHOc- TH H rOpOAOB npHBOAHJIH K 3HaqHTeJIbHhIM H3M'QHGHHHM B KJiaCCOBOfi crpyKType Hace.neHHJi oGJiacrn, k H3M6H6HHHM b cooTHomeHHH KJiac- COBWX CKJI. Pa6 omie c()a6pHqHO-3aBOACKHx npeAnpnaTHH, putfHbix npoMhic- jiob bo rJiaBe c pa6oqHMH-HceJie3HOAOpo«HHKaMH Pn3aHO-ypa.nbCKoft >KeJie3Hon AoporH yxce ao peBojiiounn npeACTaBJiajiH 3iiaqHTejibH.yio chav. B 1917 m ay tojibko b ropoAe ypa.ibCKe HMejiocb okojio 8 000 HaeMHhix paGoqnx, b hc^ thwlix panonax 3 m6w koahhcctbo pa6oqero HaocvieHiin aoxoahao ao 6 Tbicsiq. Koahhcctbo p.a6oqHX pocjio h 3a cqeT Kaxa3CKoro iiacejieHHH. n o nenojnibiM AaiiHbiM o 6 3 o p a n o V p a jih C K o ft o6;iaCTH, Ha 1 aiiBapa 1916 roAa 11a pbi6nux npoMbicjiax h ira Apyrnx npeAnpHHTHax oOjiacrH HMejiocb 16 887 Ha- CMHbix paOoqHX, H3 hhx 9 742 Ka3axa. B ropo/ie h paAe «ace.neH- Hbix nyHKTOB o 6 j i a c m hme j io c b 6 o j i b i n o e KanHqecTBO peMecjiCHHHKOB, B TOM qHCJie peMeCJICHHHKOB-Ka3HXOB. I la naqa.no 1916 roAa b 3aypaJibCKoft cienn pasjnwHbiMH pcMec- jiaM H 3aniiMajiocb 2 869 Ka3axoB, cpeAH hhx 6 b u iu 23 n.noTHHKa, Tepa2 378 cano>KHHKOB, 231 Ky3iieu, 47 cmnapoB, 23 nopTHbix, 43 Mac- no MeTajuiy, 17 KaMeHiu,HKOB, 2 nequaxa, 2 cTCKOAbmHKa. KpoMe Toro, 4 048 K33axcKnx ceMefl 3aiiHMaJiHCb H3B030M h 6oJiee 500 qeJiOBeK pa6oia.no Ha Ao6bine co.noAKOBoro Kopna. OcHOBHyio Maccy pa6oqwx Ha npeAnpuaTHax o6jiacTH, ocodeHHO 1 ypajibCKHH o6,irocapxHB. 319, on. 1, a. 18, .i. 19. 165

Ha ca.noo6 pa6 aTbiBaiomHx npejunpHHTHHx h pbidnux npoMbicAax, cocTaBJiH.'iH Ka3axH. 3apa6oTHaH iwiaTa hx Obuia caMaa hh3K3h — ot 10 ao 25 Kon. b AeHb. Oc})HuepcKo-Ky.iauKaH BepxyuiKa KasanecrBa, KyjiaKH-KO^OHH3a- TOpLi h OaH-({jeoAa^bi, aaOnpaa jiy^uiHe nacTdumiibie h cenoKocHbie yroAb^i, BbiTecHH;iH Macchi TpyAHtuHxcn Ka3axoe b GeciiAOAHbie pafioHU. JlnineHirbie n.iOAopoAirbix seMCJib h jiyniuHx nacrdHiu xo3flfi- CTB3 GeAHHKOB H CCpeAHHKOB pa30pHJIHCb. 9 tS HaCTb TpyAHlAHXCH, 6pocan CBoe HCKOimoe 3aii5iTHe — ckotoboactbo, nepexoAHJia jihoo Ha noAo>KCHHC 6aTpaKOB, jih6o yxoAHJia Ha phiOHue npoMHCJibi. B 1916 roAy ypajibCKHH rySepiiarop OTMeqan, hto « o 6biHHO b oahom AHUib rypbeucKOM yc3AC BbiAaeTCH ao 6 000 nacnopTOB Ha BhixoA Ha pa6oTbi b Apyrne ryOepHHH h odAacm TypbCBCKHC Kuprn- 3Li nacTbio yxoA H T na no.aeabie pa6orbi b CaMapotyto h OpcH6ypr- CKyio (ryOepHHii), Ha pbiOHhie npoMbicjiu b AcTpaxaucKyio ry6ep- hhio. . . » ! B 1916 roAy noTiTH H3 Ka>KAoro OeAHHUKoro xo3fliicTBa Ka3axoB na npoMbic-ibi KacnHH h b Acipaxaiib yxoAHAo ot OAHoro ao AByx B3pOCJIbIX. KpecTbHHe-nepcovieHUbi BiuiOTb ao OiroiOpbcKOH peBoniouHH ne MOTAH n0Ab30BaTbCH BOHCKOBblMH >TOAbHMH. MCTOqHHKOM cymeCTBO- oaHHH nepecejieHMecKOH OeAiioTU 6uah otxoahhhgctbo h peMecJia, a Macib ec HaHHMa.nacb b OaTpaKH hah nepexoAHJia Ha noAO/Kenne pa- 6ohhx npoMbiCAOBUx npeAnpuHTHH. B 1915 roAy H3 8 258 ce.vien ne- pecejieHuea VpajibCKoro ye3Aa 1 154 lie nweAH AomaAefi, 5 836— bojiob, 1 393 — KopoB, 5 593 — oBeu, 2 572 — iuiyroB, a 131 ceMbH He HNfe.ia Aa>Ke codcTBeHnoro >KH;ibH.2 riepeceJieimecKoe ynpaBJiCHHe yqHHHAO .viaccoBbic 3JioynoTpe&rce- HHH He TQAbKO no OTHOUieHHIO K Ka3axCKOMy HacevieilHK), OT^HpaH y Hero Aymune naxorHbie h nacrOHuyibie aeMAH, ho h no oTHouieHHio k pyccKHM nepeceAenuaw; HacaHCAa.ao b nepecejicHnecKHx pawonax KyAaUKHe SAeMeHTbl H3 pyCCKHX KpeCTbHH II Ka33K0B. B pe3yAbT3Te 3toA noAHTHKH caMbie Jiymune iiAOAopoAHbie h nacrOHmHbie yroAbH «nepeceAeH^ecKoro c))OHAa» nona;iH b pyKH HeOoAbiiioii Haora KyAa- KOB-KOAOHH3aropOB, 3a>KHTOHHbIX K33aKOB; a OdHOBHaH Macca Kpe- CTbHH-riepeceAeHueB ocTaBa^acb b thhccaom noAoxceHHH. B nepnoA CTOAbinHHCKOH peaRUHR yCHAHAOCb pa30peHHe H oOHHIuaHHe KpeCTb- hhckhx wacc, hto 3acTaBAHAO nepeceAeHHecKyio CeAHory yxoAHTb H3 AepeBeHb b nowcKax 3apa6oxKa. >KecTOKiiH KOAOHiiaAbHbifi rneT uapH3Ma h pyccKoft 6yp>Kya3HH b coneraHHH co Bee ycHAHBaBineHCH SKcnAyarauHefi HapoAHbix Macc KyAaKaMH-K0A0HH33T0paMH H 6aHMH-(j)eOAaAaMH, HBAHB11IHMHCH npHMoft areinypoH uapH3Ma, co3A3BaA noHBy aah pa3BHTH« b Ka3ax- CTaHe, B TOM HHCAe H B ypaAbCKOH OC.iaCTH, peBOAIOUHOHHOrO H HamioHaAbHO-ocBo6oAHre.ibHoro ABHXteHHH. : UrHA AeiiHHrpa^a, cp. 1291, on. 82, 1916 r., a. 1956, ji. 58. 2 Ofoop ypa-nbCKofi ofoacTH aa 1915 r., dp. 20. 166

Byp>Kya3H0-^eM0KpaTHHecKa5i peBOAiouHfl 1905— 1907 rr. b P oc- chh oxa3ajia Moryqee bahhhhc na noAHTHqecxoe npo(5y>KAeHHe Tpy- AHIUHXC5! K a 3 axCTa:Ha, b tom qncAe h TpyAHiunxca YpajibcKOH 0 6- Aacm h 6 biBiueH EyieeeBCKoft o p a w . Ba>KneftiiieH ocoOeiniocrbio ycHAHBiueHCH c naqa.ua XX Bexa peBOJiiomiOHHOH h HauHOHa«TbHO-ocBo6 oiiHTc.ibHoft 6opb6 bi b Ka3ax- cranc Obi.io t o , qro oria nBJiHJiacb oprannqecKOM c o c r a m io ii qacTbio o 6 ui.epoccHHCKoro peBOJiiounonHoro upouecca h pa3BHBa.nacb noA rcrcMOHneH pyccxoro npoJieTapnaTa. PCBOAKDUHOIHfbrH KpH3HC, Ha3pCBIliHH B TOAbl nepBOH MHpOBOH HMnepHaAiiCTHqecKOH Boftiiw, cKa3ajicH h b ypaAbcxoft o6a 8cth. B pe3yAbTare nepBoft MHpOBOH BOHHbi xoAiiqecrBO naceACHHH b ypaAbCKoii o(5AacTH yMeHbiiiHAOcb k iiaqaAy 1917 roAa na 14 485 qe- AOBex1 no cpanneiiHio c 1915 t o a o m , noceBHan ruiomaAb coxparnAacb c 559 073 a o 440 716 a ^chthh.21 Eme b OoAbmeH creneHH ynaAO ckotoboactbo; TOJibKo y Ka3axcKoro naceaennH xoAHqecrBO CKOra yMenhiuHAOCb no cpaBiienmo c 1913 toaom c 2 206 131 ao 391 171 TOAOBbl.3 IleO h iB ajioe ycHAenne KOAOHnaAbHoro rueTa b t o a h HMnepnaAH- CTHqecKon BOftiibi, yBCJinqeHHe n a jio ro B h noOopoB, pexBH3HUHH o rp O M n o ro KOAnqecTBa c x o r a h , iia x o H e u , M o6m iH 3auHn Ha TbiAOBbie paGoTbi — bcc 3t o npHBeao k HaiuiO HajibHO-ocBoCoAHTejibHO M y bo c- CTaiiH io H apoA O B C p c A n e ii A b h ii h K a a a x c r a H a b 1916 ro A y , npowc- x o A H B m e M y h b y p a jib C K o ft o 6A acTH . O ho Ch a o HanpaB.aeHO He TOAbKO npOTHB KOAOHH3aTOpCKOH nOAHTHKH AapiI3M a, HO H npOTHB HMnepHaAHCTHqecKo^ b o A hhi h coM KH yA ocb c ^ esp aA b C K o fi 6yp>xy- 33Ho-AeMOKpaTHqecKOH peB O A iom iefi 1917 roAa. *** riocA e noCeAH <J>eBpaAbCxofi (5yp>Kya3H0-AeM0Kpa rnqecKOH pe- boaiouhh 1917 roA a b ypaAbCKOH o6a 3 cth 11 ByKceBCKoft opAe, xax 11 bo Bceii crpaH e, co3A3Aocb ABoeBAacriie. HapnAy c opraHaMH B p eM eH iio ro npaBHTeAbCTBa, o6pa30BaAHCb CoBerbi paOoqwx, coa- AaTCKHX, a HeCKOAbKO n03>KC KpeCTbHHCKHX H KHprH3CKHX (K33ax- ckhx) AcnyraTOB. B mccto aoaachocth ry 6 epHaTopa 6 bua yqpexcAena AOAOKiiocTb KOMHecapa BpCMeiiHoro npaBHTeAbCTBa; b ByxceBCxoft opAe bmccto B peweiiHoro xaHCKoro c o B e r a 6 w a yqpe>KAeu JHen'rpaAbHbiH ncnoA- HHTeAbHbiii komhtct BpeMeHHoro npaBHTC.ibCTBa no ByKeencKoi'i op­ Ae. ZJah ynpaBAenHJi rpa>KAancKHMH AejiaMH xasaxoB npn o6a 3cthom npaBAeHHH KOMHecapa BpeMenHOro upabUTejihorna O u jia o6pa30Ba* Ha Tax na3 biBaeMaH KwprH3CKaH ynpaoa. PeaKUHOiiHuc xa3aqbH BepxH cobmgctho c xaAeTaMH, ocepaMii, 1 CTaTHCTHqecKHH cnpaBOHKitK ypa-iry6craT(3K>po, ypa.ibCK, 192o, crp. -15. 2 CTaTHcrimecKO-axoHOMHqecKHft o63op K C C P , OpeHfiypr, 1924, TaC/mua 7. 3 TaM CTp. 117. 1G7

MeHbllJeDHKaMH H aJiaiU-Op.OJblHUaMH peBHOCTHO npOBOAHAH B >KH3Hb nanH'rHKy BpeM eHHoro npaBHTCAbCTBa. B MapTC 1917 r o A a b YpaJibcKe h b anpeAe T oro xce roAa b B y K e e B C K o fi o p A e c o c ro a A H C b Cbe3AH 6yp> Kya3H bix HauHOHajiHCTOB h C>aeB-(j)eoAaJioB, KO Topw e nocranoBHAH B ceM epH o noAAepjKHBaTb B p eM eH H o e npaBHreAbCTBO h BbicKa3aAHCb a a npoAOA>KeHHe boAh u «Ao noCeAHoro Konua^.1 AAam -opAH H U bi npoBOAHjiH peaKunouH yio, aiiTHHapoAHyio itoah- THKy. l*IoAAep>KHBaB B p eM eH H oe npaBHTejibCTBo, o h h crapaAHCb co- xpaH H Tb O Tda.nocTb K a 3 a x cT a H a , ocraBHTb b HcnpHKocHOBeiniocTH rocnoACTB o (J)eoAaAbHo-6 aA cK oA BepxyiiiKH b a y A e. cfreBpaAbCKaa 6yp>Kya3HO-AeMOKpaTHHecKaH peBOAiouHH 1917 r o ­ A a He p^3peuiHAa h He M onna pa3peuiHTb HauHOHaAbHoro Bonpoca b P o c ch h . BpeM eHHoe npaBHTeAbcrBO, npHKphraaHCb rpowKHMH ^ p a - 3aMH O CBOCOAe H AeM OKpaTHH, IlpOBOAHAO Iipe>KHK)IO KOAOHH33TOp- CKyto noAHTHKy aapH3M a. B ypaAbCKoA o^AacTH, nan h bo bccm K a 3axcraH e, coxpaHHAca b HenpHKOCHOBCHHocTH c ra p h iA a n n a p a T KOAOHHaAbHoro n ieT a , n p o- AOA>K3ACH 3aXBaT y TpyAHIHHXCJl Ka3aXOB AyHLUeA 3eMAH, nOAaB- JIHAOCb peBOAlOUHOHHOe H HaUH0 HaAbH0 -0CB060AHTeAbH0e ABH>Ke- Hne. IlocAe cBep>xeHHH u apH 3M a BNiueAiuaH H3 n o A n o A b a 6oAbmeBHCT- CKan rrapTHH <pa3BepHVAa o r p o M iiy io n oA H TH necK yio h opraHW 3aTop- C K yio p a 6o T y b M a c c a x . B y p a A h C K o fi o& i &c t h n o A p v k o b o a c t b o m 6 oAbiueBHCTCKofi napTHH r a io K e npoHexoAHAO (J)opMHpoBaHHe peBo- AtOUHOHHblX CHA. POCJIH MeCTHbie napTHHHbie KaApbl. AKTHBHyKD peBOAlOUHOUH^TO pOAb H rp aA H B03BpaTHBHIHeCH B O&iaCTb COAAaTbl- (JjpOHTOBIIKH, a TA K)KC Ka3aXCKHe (HJAHHKH H 6 aT paK H — yHaCTHHKH TbIAOBbIX pa60T. C oB erb i pa6oH nx h cojiAaTCKwx A en yT aroB b w a p ie 1917 roA a o6pa30B aA H C b b y p a A b c x e h J lo c c o p c ; b n c p s b ix HHCJrax anpeAH — b T yp b eB e. n o HacroHHHio y p a A b c x o ro C oB eTa BHue-ry6epHaTop M opAB H H O B 6bIA apeCTOB3H H 33KAK)HeH B TTOpbMy. JleTOM Ha Kpe- CTbHHCKHx c'be3Aax BbiCHpaAHCb CoBerbi KpeoThHHCKHx AenyraTOB H C o n eT b i KHpni3CKHx (K 3 3 a x cK H x ) AenyraTOB b T eM H p e, yH A b cxe h b A p y r n x ye3AHbix h HenoTOiphix boaocthux u eH T pax. B rrepBbie m c c h u u pc b o afo u h h b C oB eTax n peotfA aA aA H npeACTa- BHTeAH corAam aTeAbCKHx napTHft — MOHbmeBHKH, a c e p ti, a ra iO K e 6 y p > K y a 3HO-HauHOHaAHCTHHecKHe SAeMeHTti. I I o a h x bjihhhhcm Co- B e ru oCAacrH noAAep>KHBaAH 6ypx<ya3Hoe B peM eH H oe npaBHTeAbCT- b o , e r o rroAHTHKy npoAOA>KeHHH HMnepHaAHCTHHecKOH b o h h u « a o n o 6 e A H o ro KOHua» h OTKAaAbiBaHHH pa3peuieHHH 3eM eA bH oro Bonpo- c a a o co3H Ba yM peA H T eA b H oro co6panH ,H. T a x o e naio>KeHHe 0 6 'bHCHHAocb TeM, h t o HeHCKym eHHbie b. n a iH - THKe h onbHHeHHbie yc n ex a M H peBOAiounH u in p o K H e M accu HapoAa b n ep B b ie Mecsnu* n o c A e CBepaceHHH caMOAep>KaBHH oi<a3aAHCb noA 1 «B(vibmcBHK Ka3axcraHa*, 1935, j\\p? 9-10. ctp. 149. 168

BJIHHHH6M SCepOB, MCHbUICBHKOB H 6yp>Kya3HbIX HaU.HOHaAHCTOB H AOBepHHBO OTHOCHJIHCb K BpeMCHHOMy npaBHTeJIbCTBy. AnpejibCKHe Te3Hcbi JleHHiia h HCTOpHMecKHe pemeHHsi V I I (An- pe^ibCKOH) KOHcpepemiHH 6oAbineBHKOB hmcah BejiHMafiiiiee^ 3Ha^eHHe tu rn 6 opb6 u 3a BJiacrb C obctob h b VpajibCKOH o 6j\\ a c n \\ . BojibiueBH- kh o&iacTH npoBOAHJin Gcwibinyio pa6 o ry no Mo6nAH3auHH TpyAfluuix- cji Macc BOKpyr A03yHroB nauieft napTHH, pa3o6jiaHan HMnepHajmc- thhecKyio iiO J U ir u K y BpeMeHHoro npaBHra-ibCTBa h npeAaTeAbCTBo MeHbineBHKOB, acepOB h 6yp?Kya3Hbix ttaiiHOHaJincroB, OopOAHCb 3a 6 ojibineBH3aumo C obctob. BoAbiuoe 3HaqeHHe jyin 3aBoeBaHHH Macc hmcah nepBOMancKife AeMOircrpauHH, npoHcxoAHBiHire b ypaAbcxe, I'ypbeBe, TeMHpe h Apyrnx ropoAax o 6.iacTH. Ha nepBOMaficKHx MHTHHrax npeAcraBHTeAH YpajibCKoro h Typb- eBCKoro rapHH30H0B TpetfoBaAH otfbeAHHCHHH Cobctob pa6 o*?Hx h co-^aTCKHX .nenyTaTOB, ycTaHOBJieHHB tcchoh cbsi3h M e ^ y CoBera- MH OtfABCTH. B COOTBCTCTBHH C peUJeHHC.M MHTHHTa TypheBCKHtl Co- BeT pa6oMHx h coAAaTCKHX AenyTaTOB nocaa.i cBoero npeAcraBHieJifl B ypa.lbCKHH CoBeT A.'IH OpraHH3aUHH COBMCCTHOft padOTbl. IIInpOKHK H OpraHH30B3HHbIH XapaKTep npHHHJIO pCBOJUOUHOHHOe ABH>KeiiHe paOo-HHx na npOMbicAax ypajio-KacnmicKoro He(|)THnoro o 6m ecT sa. 3 A e c b , HapflAy c C obctom p a6o*JHx AenyTaroB , no hhh- unaTHBe c b m h x patfonHx 6m a h 0praiiH3OBaiibi 3aBOACKiie k o m h ic t w , maBHbIMKC 3aAaHaMH KOTOphlX HBAHAHCb: «1 ) npeAcraBHraibCTBO o r pa6 oHHx nepeA ynpaBAOHneM npej.- npHHTHK no BOnpOCaM, KacaiOIU.HMCH B3aHMOOTHOLUeHHH MOKAy HHMH h pa6 oHHMH, KaK-To: 3apa<5ornaH njiaTa, pa6oMee BpeMn, ripaBHJia BHyrpcirHicro pacnopaAKa h t . n.; 2) pa3pem eH H e BonpocoB, K acaiouinxca BnyipeH nux B3aHMOOT- HOUICHIlft MOKAy pa604HMH iipeAnpwiTHH; 3) upeACTaBHTeAbCTBo patfoHHx npeAnpHfiTH5i hah ero otacaob b hx CHomeHHJix c npaBHTejibCTBCHHbiMH h o6 LuecTBeHHhiMH ynpe>K- AeHMHMH...»' P a 60 HHe He4>THHbIX npOMbICAOB Tpc60BaAH yCTaHOBACHHH 8-na- coBora pa d o n e r o ahh h pa6oHero kohtpcah hba iipohsboactbom. Cooerbi h 3aB0ACK«e k o m u t c t h no npeAAO/KeHHio pa6 oMHx o t - CTpaHH.'iH o r o6n3aHHOcreft CAy>KamHx upoMbicAOB, 3am HiuaBUiHX HHTepecbr a k u h o h c p o b , n o c h u i a j m c b o h x ynoAHo.MoqcHHbix b npoAo- BOJibCTBeunbie opraitfbi, TpeOoBaAH o t KannraAHCTOB yBCAHneiiHH 3a- paCoTHOH nAarbi h 3aKAfoneHH5i KOAAeKTHBHoro AoroBOpa c pa6 o- h h m h , Tpe6 oBaAH ypaBHHTb 3apa6oTHyio n.iar y a o c c o p c k h x paCo^Hx c 3apa6 oTHoft nAaTOft paCownx Bany. 18 hiohh 1917 roAa CoBeT paSoHHx AonyraTOB ,3M6eHCKoro HecpTHHoro panoua nocTaBHji b H3BCCTHOC'n> ynpaBv7HioiJU.ero ypaAO-KacnnHCKHM He4)'rHirwM odmecr- b o m : «...Ha.MH Bbidpano 2 AeAeraTa b Baxy h Mbi >k a c m , KorAa >kc b m oTKAHKHeTecb. OOpautaeMCH c naTeropuMecKHM TpeGoeaHHeM AaTb. o iB e T a o 20. V I — 1917 r.» *2. H T t H a \" K aaC C P. cj>. 695, on. 1, x 288. Jin. 110— 110 o6. 2 TaM we, cf). 683, on. 1, &. 23, ji. I. 169

10 HKJJifl 1917 ro A a K a3axcKH e p aG o n n e, y p a jio -K a cn H H C K o ro necjmiHoro oOmccTBa ripeAT>HBH.iH n paB A eH H io otfmecTBa oCmHHeHHe b tom, hto oho npoBOAHT AHCKpHMHHauHio h xeecroKyio 3Kcn.iyaTa- UHio pa6oH H X-Ka3axoB. B qaCTHOCTH, ohh yKa3ajiH »a to, hto ao chx nop cymccTByiOT: « 1) HenpaBHAbiioe p a c n p c A e n e iin o JiaBOHHbix TOBapoc: He o m y - CKaioT KHprH3a,M to, hto OTiiycxaiOT pyccKHM h TOTapaM; 2) OCKOpfaeHHH npOAOBOJlbCTBeilHblM KOMHTCTOM BCeX KHprH30B; 3) njiomaAHue pyraTejibCTBa npHKa3HHKOB...; 4) He Aaior KBapTHpbi pa6owHM-KHprH3aM naTypofi; 5) KHprH33M, n o cT yn H B iiiH M nocjie 1 M a p T a c. r., ne A a io r hh npoAO BaabcrBH H , hh B oe H H oro noco6w r; 6) XOAOCTbl.M A aiO T THHAbie 6apaKH , B KOTOpbIX HeB03M0>KH0 HCHTb He TOflbKO JIlOAfiM, Aa>KC C06aK3M; 7) H3A3K)T OCO(5bIC U H pKyAH phl HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHO JUIH K lip rH 3 0 B » .1 Pa0oiiHe-Ka3axH T p e C o B a jiH ot npeA n p hhhma T e jie fi ypaBwrrb hx B n p a B a X C pyCCKHMH H TaTapCKHMH patiOHHMH, npHBvieMb K OTBeT- CTBeHHOCTH BHHOBIIfclX B AHCKpHMHHaUHH pa60H H X-Ka3aX0B. K a 3 3 X - C K iie pa6oHHe 3a«BHAH, hto ao yAOBJieTBopchhh hx TpetfoBaiiHg ohh He BbiftAyr na patfoTy.2 PyccKHe pa^OHne, co cbooh croponbi, noTpe6 oaaAH ot yripaBAe- HHH ypaJio-KacnuffCKoro Het|)THHoro o6mecTBa hcmeA^eHnoro yAO- bjieTBopeiiHfl TpetfoBaHHft Ka3axcKHx pa6oHHx. MacTb K333XCKHX pa-OoHHX ACHCiBureAbHo npeKpamia pa6oTy, HTO Oepbe3HO BCTIpeBOKH.TO Hecj)Ten'pOMhIIiI.ieHHHKOB. 22 HfOAH 1917 roAa cocroH/iocb nneowepeAHoe 3aceAainie /IoccopcKoft npHMH- pHTevibHoft Kawepw, cneuwaAbHo nocBHtueHHoe paccMOTpcmno Tpe- OonaHHft K333XCKHX pa<5oHHx. H a 3aceAaHHH npncyTCTBOBa;iH npeA- CTaBHTe/iH or Bcex o6m.ecrBenHbix opraHH3auHft /Joccopa h ot xa3ax- ckhx h pyccKHx patfoHHx. nocjie AOAroro o6cy>KAeHH$i npeAcraBHTejib He(|)TenpoMbiiiiJieHHHKOB Bbuiy>KAeH 6 w.t 3a*iBHTb, hto « bcc cneun- ajihubie orpanHHCHHn, KOTopue 6 w;ih y Hac BBeAeHu no othouichhio k pa6oHHM-KnprH3aM, OTMeneiibi naMH... (trnpMa >Ke co CBoefi cTopoHbi odemaer cAe^arh Bee B03Mo>KHoe, mo6bi yBejiHHHTb A^a patfonux- KHprH30B cymecTByiomne Hbine iiopMbi...*3 Zlajiec oh aojiojkhji, hto TpeOoRaHHfi Ka3axCKHx pa6oMHx HacTHHHO y>Ke yAOB.'ierBopeHbi. BoAbinyio 'po.Th b pa3BHTHH peBOAiouHOHHoro paOonero ABH>Ke* HHH, B naCTMOCTH, B 0>KHBJieHHH AeHTeAbHOCTH ypaJlbCKDro CoBCTa cbirpaAH pa6oiiHe->KeAe3HOAopo>KHHKH. O iih ycTanoBHAH tcchvio CBH3b c CapaTOBCKHM C obc/tom h oftecneHimajiH ypajibCK OoAbllie- BHCTCKOii AHTepaTypOH H3 UeHTpa. BoJlbllieBHKH npOBOAHAH pa3^HC- HHTeJibnyio pa6oTy h cpeAH Ka3anecTBa, b pe3yAbTaTC Hero 6eAiien- LUHe CAOH K33aKOB nOCAa.TH CBOHX npeACTaBHTCAeft B ypaAbCKHH •CoBeT. 1 LirHA KaaCCP, 0. 605, on. 1, 283, n. 67. 2 TaM >Ke. 3 TaM )Kc, .i. 101. 170

Floa DJ1HHHH6M pa3BepTbIQaBUIHXCH peBOAIOU'HOHHbJX C06blTHfi B CTpaHe HaqajiMCb KpecTbHHCKHe BbiCTynjiemia b YpaJibCKOH o6.iacTH, a raKMe w b ByKeeBCKoii opAe. TpyAaiuHecH Macchi Ka3axoB h KipecrbHH-nepeceAGHUeB Ypa.ib- ckoh 66.aacTH noBceMecnio cTaJiH Tpe6oBaTb npeAOCTabachhh hm IipaBa n0Ab3O Ba‘HHB BOKCKOBbIMH 3GMeAbHbIMH yrOAbHMH H aHHy.TH- poBaiiHH npHBH.aerHH, npeAocTaBJieunbix KasaxaM uapcKHM npa- BHTCAbCTBOM. B Ma-e 19^7 roAa HAHaAHCb caMOBOAbHbie BTOp>KeiiHa Ka3axoB ByxeeBCKoft opAw Ha nacT6nma ypaAbCKoro Ka3aiibero Boftcxa, co- npoBo>KAaBUJHecH ctoakhobghhhmh c Ka3a*ibCH oxpanoft. KpecTbHHe-Ka3axii I, 2 h 7 boaoctch KaAMbiu-xoii Haem EyxeeB- cxofi opAfaf a 3to >xe Bpe.MH 3aHBHJiH li,eHTpa.ribiiOMy Hcno*imiTejib- homv KOMHTeTy DyxeeBcxoff opAbi: «K a k H3BecTHO, Ka3eHHbie 3gmah, npeAOCTaaACHHbie KHpnoaM BnyTpeHHeft opAfei b noAb30Bamie 100 jict TOMy na3aA, cmc bo bpcmh cymecTBOBaiiHH x a «a BvKea, TorAa >xe pacnpeAeAeHb! Me>KAy xap- rw^aMH nepaBHOMepHO. Xan h ero npHCAyacmfKH 3axBaTHAH see yAo6Hbie ce-HOKOCHbie h naxoTHhre 3e\\uiH, a pa6owm'i Ksiacc octa.ncfl <5e3 aaAGAa. Tenepb, noAyqHB cboOoav h pasejicTBo, 6e33eMCAbHbie H MaA030M6JIbHMC KHpiH3bI XOTHT IlOAyMHTb OT 3aXBaT'IHKOB CBOH AOah 3eMJiH h ripocflT BbicAaTb npoact abin eAfi AJin ypaBiieHHA»!. ypaAbCKHH O&iaCTHOfi KpCCTbHHCKHH COBGT B CBOGM 3aCeAaHHH 26 xiaa 1917 roAa o6cy>KA-aA a o k a s a o6AacTHoro KOMHccapa o ca- MOBOAbHblX 3aXBaTax KpeCTbaiiaMH-Ka3aXaMH 3CMAK B TeMHipCKOfM ye3A0. C o b c t n o npeAAo>xeHHio acepoB iiociaHOBHA npcAynpeAHrb TpvAauiHXCH Ka3axoB TeMwpcKoro ye3Aa 0 to m , hto 3axB ar 3e\\ie;ib « hbahctch fie3aKoiiHbiM BnpeAb AO peineHHJi Ae.ia o 3e.\\iAe b y<ipe- AHre.ibHOM c o 6 paHHH»2. 24 Hioiifl 1917 roAa KpecTbjwe-Ka3axH KapaxoAbCKotf bojiocth na CBoeM cxoAe u KOAiwecTBe 351 hcaobgk nocTaiioBHAn: «IlpH- 3H3HHOG H3AHUIHHM ceiio y 6aeB nepcAaTb ny>KAaK)mHMCA». 3aTe.M Ha 3TOM H<e CXOAG KpeCTb51HC OTBeJIH H3 COCTaBa BOAOCTHOrO HCnOJI- Kowa cBocro npeACTaBHTeAfi h noTpe^OBaAH ncpeH36paiiHH npeAce- AaTCAH HcnojiKOMa boaocth, KaK ahix, «He OTBC^aioiunx HHTepecaM 6oAbiHHHCTBa boaocth, ocoSewio 6eAnoro KAacca».3 B ycAOBHflx HapacraHHH p eso A io u H o n H o ro KpH3Hca bo s e e n crpa- He ocBo6oAHTeJibHaH Oopbda t p v a h iu h x c h YpaJibCKoft oGjiactH Bee Tecnee CBH3biBaAacb c oOm en peBOAiouHomiOH 6 op b 6 ofi p y c c K iix p a - 6 0 'IMX H KpeCTbHH. Ha ycHAcriHG peBOAfomioiiHoro a b h /Kgumh TpyAHLUHXCfi opraHbi Bpe.vfeHHoro ripaBHTe^’ibCTBa h noAAepHiHBaBHiHe hx KaaaHba cep- xyuiKa h aAauj-opAbiHUbi otbcthah ycHAGHHCM pcnpeccHH. Eme b HioAbCKHe ahh ira oahom H3 3aceAaiiHH BoficKoiioro cTje3Aa 6brAa BoccraHOBAena BJiacTb arai\\iana, ynpa3AnenHaH nocjie O cb- 1 «Bo.iLUJennK Ka3axcTa»a», 1935, 9-10, cTp. 123. 2 Ta3eTa «Ypa.ncu», Xs 114, 1917 r. 3 «Bcvh»uiobhk Ka3axcTana», 1935, jYa 9-10, crp. 124. 171

pa^ibCKOH peBOJiJOLUiH. 3^ecb onHTb-TaKH noAAyio poAb cbirpaAH m enbiiiCBHKH h acephi, noMOraBiUHe Ka3aHbeft BepxyuiKe ncwoTaBJiH- B8Tb yCTaHOBvlCHHC B 0 <$AaCTH KOHTppGBOAIOUHOHHOH BOCHHOH AHKTa- Typu. AKTHBH3HpoBa.iacb h dyp>Kya3Ho-HauHOHajiHCTH*iecKaH kohtp- peBOJiiouHa. 3ana^Hoe OTAeAeHHe AAauj-OpAM, nepeneca cboio cTaBKy H3 YpajibCKa b Z t»a M 6eftTyt pa3orHaJio ZkKaMtfeHTHHCKHH CoBeT Ka3axcKHx ^enyTaTOB. Cneuna^bHbie Ka3 anbH orpflAfri, pa3i>e3 >KaH no patfonuM noceA- KaM, AepeBHa.M h ayAaM, yqHHflJiH >xecTOKyio pacnpaBy HaA pe- BOJiiouHoiiHbiMH MaccaMH. CoAAaTbi rypbeocKoro rapHH30Ha 6 biAH oraymeHU aomoA, a rapHH30H ycKJieu Ka3aqbofi coTHefi. HanaAHCb MaccoBbie apecTU npeACTaBHTeAeft SoAbuieBHCTCKOH napTHH, peBO- JltOUHOHHblX padOHIIX H COAAaT. CoBCTbl C HX SCepO-MeHbUJeBHCTCKHM pyKOBO^CTBOM npeBpaTHAHCb b npH^aTOK opranoB Bpe.vieHHoro npa- BHTeJIbCTBa. EOAbLIieBHKH nOCJie HiOAbCKHX AHeft, H3MeHHB CBOIO TaK- THKy, yuiJiH b noAnoAbe, h to 6 u noAHHTb waccbi na BOopy^KeHHoe b o o CTaHwe nporHB ba3cth 6yp>«ya3HH. OrpoMHoe ana'ieHHe a ah ycneimiow 6opb6 bi 3 a noSeAy connajiH- cTHqecKOvi pesoJiiouHH hmbji V I Cbe3A 6 oJibineBHC.TCKOH napTHH, Ha- uejiHBUiHfi napTHK) H.a Boopy>KeiiHoe BoccTaHHe. I I oa bahhhh6 M pa3- BHBaiOIUHXCJl peBailOUHOHHbIX C06WTHH B CTpaHC, HeCMOTpH Ha ycTaHOBjieHHyio BoeHHyio AHKTaTypy, h b YpaAbCKoft oSAacrH iuaa Mo6HAH3auHH pcBauouHOH'Hbix cha. OHa npoxoAHAa noA HenoqpeA- CTBeHHbiM pyKOBOACTBOM 6oAbuieBHCTCKoft napTHH h pyccxoro npOAe- TapHaxa. BoAbineBHKH YpaAbcxa, npeACTaBHTeAH AcrpaxaHCKoro, CaMapcKoro h CapaTOBCKoro Cobctob, a Taione napTHHirbie pator- hhkh H3 uenTpa, npHCbiBixine b YpaAbCK h ByKeeBcxyio opAy, oxa- 3biBaAH 6 oAbinyio noMomb TpyAHiAHMca otfAacTH. Eme 3 hioah J917 roAa na cTpaHHuax MecnioA -6>p5Kya3Hoft ra3erbr «ypaAbCKHH BecTHHK» c o o 6 n ia jio c b , hto « b TeMHp np«6bi- ah 2 AeAeraia H3 KpoHiiiTaATa h uponaraHAHpyfor TaM ca.Mbie xpan- line HAeH 6oAbiiieBHKOB. P chh 3thx AeAcraroB nopox<AaK)T CMyTy h BOAHemie Me>KAy HaceAeHiieM TeM iipa».1 KoppecnofrAeHunH o6 3tom (})aKTe 6biAa any6AHKOBaiia h na crpaHHixax ra3eibf «Typxe- CTancKHc BeAONfocTH» noA 3aroAOBKOM «riocAaimbi KpoHniTaATa». B new oTMe^aAOCb, hto Mopnxn « nacrpahsaa h TOAny npHcrynHTb k 3axBaTy 3eMAii»21. BAHHHHe tfOAblUeBHKOB Ha HapOAHbie MaCCbl YpaAbCKOH o6a 3cth Bee 6oAbine B03pacTaA0. OcnoBiiayi Macca coAAaT YpaAbCKoro rapHH- 30Ha oceHbio 1917 roAa nepeniAa Ha CTopowy 6 oAbineBHKOB; ona HanpaBHAa b Cobct cbohx npeAcraBHTeAeih Hy>KAHHa, rapKyuiHHa, H»aHOBa h Apyrwx. I I pohcxoahjih croAKHOBeHHH h opeAH Ka3aMC- crBa. Ka3aKH 6-ro h 7-ro Ka3a^bHx noAKOB, BepuyBinwecH c rep- Ma-HCKOro ([jpOHTa, 0praHH3OBaAH KOMHTeT (JipOHTOBHKOB H COBMCCTHO c ypaAbCKHM CoBeTOM noTipedoBa.iH ot reHepaAa MapTbiHOBa orxa- 3a ot aTawaHCKoro 3B3hhh. 1 ra3era «ypa.ibCKHfi BeCTHHK», 3 hkviji 1917 r., JsTs 77. 2 ra3CTa cTypKecTaitCKnc bcaomocth*. 14 hkwih 1917 r., Jsfc 128. 172

Ba>KHyio pojib b Ae.'ie peBOAK>uHOHH3HpoBaHHH Ka3axcK «x TpyAH- CXHXCH O birpa.IH yHaCTHHWH TblAOBbiX p a (3oT, B03BpaTHBUJHeCH JieTOM 1917 ro/ia. Eiue b HKUte 1917 roaa AcTpaxaHCKHH ryftepucKHH ko- MHccap cootiiuaji b TejierpaMMe BipeMeHHOMy npaBHTejibCTBy npo Ka3axoB, B3«Tbrx b 1916 roAy Ha ThiAOBhie patfoTu: «Bo3BpaTHBiinicb b HacTOHiu.ee BpeMH b KHprH3CKyK) cTerib h 03Jio6^eHHbie Ha cbohx Aoajkhocthwx jihu H3-3a pa3AH<moro poAa 3JioynoTpe6jieHiift, ohh npoH3BOABT caMOcyAu naa hhmh...» B aBrycre 1917 toas KpecTbHHe- Ka3axn AByx boaoctch ByKeeBcnoft opAW 3aHBHAH, hto «Bce HanaAb- CTByioiUHe b KHprH3CKofi cTenn JiHua He 3ac-ny>KHBaiOT AOBepHH» h hto ohh «HHKorAa He pemaTCH hath npoTHB tforaTbix*1. B ceHTH6 pe 1917 roAa b ropOAe YpaAbcxe coctohach nepBbift oC.iacTHOH cT)e3A npeACTaBHTCJiefi mccthux Cobctob, Ha kotopom 6 biA o6pa30Ban HcnoAHHTeAbHbift KOMHTer o&iacTHoro CoocTa pa6o* hhx, KpecTbHiioKHx h coaaat-ckhx A-enyTaTOB. Bo TAa&e o 6jiaoTHoro CoB6Ta 'HaXOAHAHCb dOAbUieBHKH FI. A. JI.MHTpHeB, FI. H . MepBHKOB H coqyBCTByioiuHe 6oAbiueBHKaM A . AfiTHeB, M. HriMaraM6 eT0B h Ap. B HanaAe okth6 p « 1917 roAa HcnoAHmeAbiibiH KOMHTerr Ypajib- ckoto ofviacTHoro CoBeTa nocAaA CBoero npeAcraBHTeAH I I. A . A mht- pneBa b I leTporpaACKHH CooeT aah ycTanoBaeHHH cbh3h. B kohuc okth6 ph b YipaAbCKOM, T cmhpckom ye3Aax h Ha hc(|)- THHblX npOMblCJiaX ^OCCOpa 'HaHaAHCb BOOpyWCHHbie CTOAKHOBeHHfl Ka33XCKHX H pyCCKHX 'pa6oHHX H KpeCTbHH C 'KapaTeAbHUMH OTpa- AaMH KR3a^IbHX BOHCK. TpyAHUlHeCH BypJIHHCKOH B0.10CTH c no3opoM nporHaAH iiJicnoB ajiaui-opxbiHCKOro KOMureTa, npH0biBUJHX aah c6o- pa cpeACTB na co-Aep>KaHHe KOMHTeTa. *** 25 oxth5ph (7 Hoatfpa) 1917 roAa no6 eAHJia BeAHKan OKTnfipb- CKan counaAHCTHqecKaH peBOAiounn. O h s 0Txpbi;ia nepeA xa3axcxHM HapoAOM 3aMeqaTeAbiibie ncpcnexTHBbi a h kbhasuhh bckoboh otct3- AOCTH H nOCTpOeHHH C0UHaAH3MA, MHHyH K3IIHT3AHCTHHCCKyJO CTa- AHFO pa.3BHTHH. IlOA ipyKOBOACTBOM KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOH TiapTHH TpyAfliiiHecH noBCiOAy csepraAH 6yp>xya3Hyfo baacTb h ycraHaBAH- B3AH COBeTCKyiO BAaCTb. TpyAnocTH 6 opb6 bi 3a ycTaifOBAenne CoBeTcxoii bahcth b YpaAb- CKOft o6AaCTH 3aKAK)qaAHCb He TOAbKO B 'M.aA04HCACHHOCTH H CAa<)0- cth b Heft npoMbiuiAeiiHoro npoAeTapnaTa, ee 3xohom Hqecxoft h KyAbTypHOH OTCTaAOCTH no CpaBHCHIIIO C UGHTpaAbHWMH paftOIiaMH P occhh, xapaKTCjpHbix aah bcgx o 6AacTeft KasaxcraHa. B YpaAb- CKOH OdAaCTH HMeAH-Cb H ApyrHe, Aon 0AHHTeAbHbie TpyAHOCTH, OCJIOPKHflBlUHC lie TOJIbKO '6opb6y 33 yCTaHOBAeHHe CoBCTCKOft Bjiac- th b o6AacTH, ho h Becb xoa rpa>KAQHCKOH BOHHibf. noAHepKHew TAaBHbie H3 3THX TpyAHOCTeft. Bo-nepBbix, ypaAbcxoe 6e.iOKa3avecTBo, Tax >xe xax h AOHCKoe, x y 6 aiicxoe, opeHitfyprcxoe h ApyrHe, c iiepBbix >xe A«eft OKTa6 pbCK0H 1 «BcuibiiieBHK Ka3axcTaHa», 1935, JsT« 9-10, C T p . 131. 173

peBOJiiouHH npeBpaxmiocb b 6a3y KOHTppeBOJnouHH. PeaKUHOHHbie KaaaubH BepxH, >KejiaBLiiH€ BepHVTb crap tie, 6yp>Kya3HO-noMeiuH4bH n o p ^ K H , npn noMomw amvio-a.MepHKaHOKHx HMnepnaAHCTOB b KOHne 1917 ro^a co3Aa.au cboc KOHTppeBOAioUHOHHOe BoficKOBoe «ripaBH- T€JIbCTBO» H IiepeiUJIH K OTKpbITOMy MHTOKy TipOTHB CoBeTCKOBt BJiaCTJI. npH nowomn SCepOB H MCHbllieBHKOB OHH AOtfHJIHCb RCMO- 6njiH3auMH co.nAaT YpajibcKoro h rypbeacKoro rapiiH30H0B, no/ucp- )KHBaBIDHX COBeTbl, H HCMeA.aeHHO OTnpaBAHJIH no AOMa.vt npuCw- BaBiimx c (j)poHra KaaaKOB. B o6^acTH co3AaBaAHCb BoopyweHHbie 6 ejiorBap.,i€HCKHC OTpyi^bi. Bo-Bropbix, ypajibCKaa otf.iacTb na lore HMCAa rpaHHiiy c 3a- KacrrHiIcKOH o6.iacTbio, rae ocoGchho 3kthbho pa3BepHy.iacb anTuco* BCTCKaa ACflie-ibHOCTb aiir^HHcioix HMnepHajiHCTOB. ypajibCKan KOHTppeBO.nfou.Hyi 6biJia nenocpe^ci'BeHHO CBH3aHa c afirjiuftcKHMH HMnepHa.iHCTa.MH h 6ejiorBapAefiuaMH b 3aKacnHH.! B-TpeTbiix, b ypaJibCKe iiauijin npinoT MHorae 6 e>KauiUHe b a h h O kth^ ph H3 ueHTpajibHbix pawoHOB P occhh no\\ieu;HKH, KanHTajiHcrbi, GejiorBapAeHCKHe cx))Huepi>i h Bcanne HHwe K0 HTppeB0Jif0ii,H0Hepbi.2 Z U h oprami3auHH h pyKOBOACTBa KOHTppeBOAioiiHoiiHbiM Ka3aue- ctbom cio^a npnGbijiH oTCTaBHOH uapcKHH renepaji T ojictob, no;iKOB- hhkh uapcKofi apMHH ropfiyHOB, K hphjuiob h Apyi'He CeJlOrBapAGlI- uu. TeHcpaJi T oactob c noMouubfo aHrjiHiicKHx hmnepna.HHCTOB co3 - AaBaji b TypbeBe CejiorBapAcflcKHe lOHKepcKHe ujKojibi, (j)opMHpoBaA BOHCKOBbie nacTH H3 orbHBJieHHbix BparoB CoBeTCKOii P occhh, soopy- *Kaa hx aHrjiHHCKHM opy>KHCM. Bliji opranH30BaH ujTa6 6 e.aoxa- 3aiibeii apMHH bo rjiane c k o m aHAyiomHM renepajioM T ojictobum, Ha- wavibiiHKOM iuia6 a apMHH reHepa.aoM TnipyeBbiM. BoeBbiMH coeAH- HeHHHMIl H ‘iaCTBMH tfeJIOH apMHH pyKOBOAHAH renepajIW MapTblHOB, Muxeea, HoanoB, A kvthh, CaBe;ibeB, OiaAKon, noJiKOBHHKH Bopo- A hh, K hphjijiob, ropdyiiOB h ApyrHe/' B-ueTBeprbix, b ypajibCKofi ofoiacTH 3anaAuoe OTA^eHne A^aiu- OpAbl CO3A3.H0 CBOe «npaBHTe^1bCTB0», Koropoe, HBAHflCb ueurpoM HauHOHajiHCTHuecKoft KOHTppeBOviJOUHH b 3 anaAH0M Ka3axcTane, npHirHMavHo aKTHBHoe yqacTHe b BOopyHceiiHoft 6 opbde npoTHB Co- BeTCKOH B.13CTH. riocjie ycTahobjichhh CoBeTCKofi babcth b ueHTpe, nifcaA A. A h- THeB b cbohx BOcnoMHHaHHyix, «npeAceAaTejib ynpaobi X. ,H,ocMyxa- MeAOB BbinycTH.-! AeKAapanHio, b kotopoh yrpow aA bcgmh >kccto- KOCTHMH 3a COHyBCTBHC COAbUICBIfKaM... CraJIH Ca>KaTb B TfOpbMbI bccx, kto coHVBCTRORaA 6 o^buieBHKaMf yrpo>KaAH paccTpejiOM h Apy^ thmh penpeccuHMH 3a npHHaA*ne>KHOCTb k napTHH 6 oAbiueBHKOB...»4. B ^eBpavie 1918 roAa b ropOAe Ka3aHH coctohach 6yp>Kya3ifO' HaUHOHaAHCTHHeCKHH «Cbe3A MycyJIbMaH*, Ha KOTOpOM 6bIAO BbJHe* • ceno nocTaHOBACHHe o co3Abhhh TiopKo-TaTapcKOH (jjeAepaTHBHofi i '\"u rA K A , 4). 134, on. 3, a. 426, ji. 47. 2 fa3cTa «KpaCHhifi Ypaji» ot 7 nofl6pa 1922 r. 3 TaM )kc. vNb 52-54 3a 1928 r. 4 A. A h t h € b. CtenHue 3opw, 1923, I—V, crp. 39—43. 174

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HeCMO-rpn Ha Bee npenHTCTBHfl, HHHHMbie KOHTppeBOAlOUHOHHblMH 3Ae- M6HT3 MH. Cbe3A noJiaraeT, hto 3aKAK>MeHHe MHpa AacT hhm bo3mo>k- HOCTb He3bl6AeMO yKpenHTb BCIOAy BJiaCTb COBCTOB H nOCTpOHTb 3KH311H Ha HOBblX HaMaAaX, BUABHliyTblX OKT^CpbCKOfi pCBOJHO- UHeH»l. CT>e3A cneunaJibHo o6 cyahji nonpoc o KOHTppcBOAiou.HOHHbix AeH- CTBHflX «BOHCKOBOrO IipaBHTCAbCTB3» H AjiaiU-OpAbI H npHHHA pe- UiCHHe o pocnycKe BOHCKOBOro Ka3aMbero «iipaBHTCAbCTBa» h «npa- bhtojibCTBa» Ajiaui-OpAbi h 06 apecTe KOHTppCBOAK>miOHHbix rvia- Bapcft. Ci>e3A BbiHec peiueHne, hto b cAynae HenoA^HHeiiHH 6eAOKa3aKOB h aAam-opAbiHueB ero nocTanoBAemno npoH3Becrn Mo6nAH3auHK) ^jpoHTOBHKOB b KpacHyio FBapAHio H npHHflTb neo6xoAHMbie Mepbl, ocymecTBvieHHe KOTOpbix 6bLao nopyneno ironoMy cocrraBy HcnoAKOMa, H36paHiioro CT>e3AOM. B cocTaB fIpe3HAHVMa ncnoAKOMa bolujih: npeAceAaTejib— n. A. JIv.HTpHeB (KOMMyHHCT), BTopoft npeAceAaTeAb— 71. Koao- ctob («jieBbifl» acep), 3aMc.CTHTe.rib npcAceAaTeAH —- A. Ahthcb (KOMMyHHCT), mach npe3HAHyMa— M. HnwaraMderoB (KOMMyimcT). OdAacTHbiMH KOMHecapaMH 6burn H36paiibi: CneTHHKOB h C. riy- >Ka;uiH — KOMHccapbi npoAOBOAbCTBHH, B. KapaTaeu — KOMHecap IOCTHUHH, A. A mTHCB — KOMHCCap OXpaHbl, n. HcpBflKOB — KOMHC- cap no napoAHOMy o6pa30BaHHio, H. HnwaraM^eTOB — KOMHecap 3Apai3ooxpaneiiHH, A . AjiMa30B — KOMHecap scmacacahh, IlapaMO- hob — KOMHecap TpyAa. OAHaKO BbinOAHHTb pCZlieHHe 06AaCTMOI'O CbC3Aa COBCTOB H B3HTb B CBOH pyKH BCIO HOAHOTy BA3CTH OtfAHOIOJIKOMy He yAaAOCh. B HO'Ib c 28 iia 29 wapTa 1918 toah «BOHCKOBoe npaBHTCAbCTBO* cobmcctho C aAam-OpAbIHUaMH COBepiIIHAO KOHTppeBOAIOIXHOHHhlft nepCBOpOT 13 ypaAbCKe, apecTOcaAo hachob o6a HcnoAKOMa h ypaAbCKoro Co- oeTa.21 BeAorBapAeHUbi pa3orH3AH cOBeTCKHe opraiibi, yiHHUAH Kpo- BaByio pacnpaBy Haa wieHaMH CoBeroB, napTHHHWMH h cobctckhmh pa6oTHHKaMH.3 H mh 6biAH noBeme.Hbi qjieHbi ypaAbcnoro CoBeTa: HAOTHHK 3. riOAOBHHKHH, KpaCHOFBapACeU. 11. HyjKAHH, y'lHTeAb n. MepRHKOB, npeAceAaTeAb o&mcnoAKOMa n. A. /Jmhtphcb oTpa- BHACH B TIOpbMe.4 HeKOTOpbIM HACHaM oOAHcnOAKOMa H ypaAbCKoro CoBeTB, B TOM MHCAe A. AiiTHeBV, yAHAOCb CKpbJTbCH H nepCHTH Ha neaeraAbHoe noAo>KCHHe.5 Bohckobwm «npaBHTeAbCTBOM» 6ma yqpe?KAeH BoeHHO-noAeBofi cyA, KOTopwH npwroBopHA k cMepmoft Ka3Hii nepe3 noBemeime mac- hob ypaAbCKoro CoBeTa C. FIy>KaAHHa, fl. M o p o 30 Ba, n. MepBHKOBa, 1 UrAOP CCCP, (J>. 393, on. 2, a. 100, jt. 14. 2 ra 3 e ia «HnuKaa npan/ia* o t 2 4)cnpajja 1919 r., N? 2. 3 3auaAHO-Ka3axcraHCKHH <>6jirocapx»B, cj>. 38, a . 39, jia. 130, 131. 4 I'a3cra cftmiKasi npaBAa* o t 7 HoflOpn 1919 r., jsfe 151 6 l i r A O P Ka3CCP, (J). 1349, on. 1, A- 2, ji. 43. 178

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H3 HenpaBH^bHOro ero OTiiomeHHH k xa3aMecTBy, xoTopoe on pac- CMaTpHBa^ Kan eAHHoe ucjioe, riOAHOCTbio BXOAHBiuee bo Bpa>KAed- Hbiii Jiarepb. Bopbda 3a BOCCTaHOBAeiine CoBeicxoft bascth h pa3rpoM xohtp- peBO^iouHH b jiHue 6e*aoKa3aHCCTBa h aJiam-opAbmueB ciajia iviaBHofi 3a,aaqcH TpyAfliAHXCH ypajibcxoii odjiacTH. AKTHBiiyio noMomb b 3tom HM OKa3b!BaJIH Tpy^HIU,HeCH UeHTpa.lbHOH POCCHH H FIOBOA/XbA. riocv'ie KOHTppeBOJihDUHOHHoro nepeBOpOTa b ypa-ibcxe 6hjih ape- CTOBaHbi b CapaTOBe npeAcraBHTeAH ypajibcxoro Ka3anbero Bowcxa.1 CapaTOBCKHii CoBeT upeA'bHBHA deAoxa3aqbeMy .«BoflcKOBOMy npa- BHTeJibCTBy» yjibTHMaTyM, norpedoBaB de3oroBopoMiio npH3iiaTb BJiacTb BcepoccHHCKoro UeirrpaAbHoro HcnoAiiHTeJibHoro KoMHTeTa KHK BepXOBHyKJ BJiaCTb POCCHHCKOfl CoBeTCKOft <PeAeparHBHOH Co- UHajiHCTH*iecKoii PecnydjiHKH, hcmcaachho BoccTanoBHTb pa3orHan- HbiH odjiaciHott Cobct h ocBodoAHTb apecTOBaHHbix ero qjieiiOB, H3rHaTb H3 ypa;ibCKOH odjiacTH de>KaBUiHx TyAa KOHTppeBo-iioiXHOH- Hbix oc})HuepoB, dyp>Kya3Hio h noMemnxoB.2 TpedoBaiine CapaTOBCKoro CoBeTa dbi.no OTBcprHyro « bo0ckobum npaBHT6JibCTB0M>. TorAa CapaTOBcxHH ConeT n p exp am i BCffime ne- perOBOpbl C HHM H IiaMCTHA MepOllpHHTHH no nOArOTOBKe BOeHHblX AefiCTButf npOTHB ypajibCKoro de;ioxa3aMCCTBa. 17 anpe-iH 1918 roAa dhiJio o<j)HmiaAbHo odbaaneHO, h t o Capa- TOBCKHH CoBer «peillHA B OTBeT Iia npH3bIB CeAHeHUIHX K333K0B H padoqnx ypajibcna nocAaTb AOCTaTOMHoe koahhcctbo coBeicKHX BOftCK AJIH JIHKBHAaUHH KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOHHOrO BbiCTyruieHHH. Boh- cna BbiCTyiiMJiH c apTHJuiepHeH, dpoHeBHKaMH, asporuiaHaMH h y>xe 33H5L1H IT03HUHH. Ka3aMHH KOMHTer npH B U .H K IlOCJiaJI B ypaJIbCK Ae«ieraTOB, <rrodbi OTKOAOTb deAHoe xa3aqecTB0 o r xoiiTppeBOAio- AHOHHOfi daHAbI». «M w rjiydoKo BepHM,— roBopHAocb b odpameHim CapaTOBCKoro CoBeTa k xa3axaM,— hto deAHoe xa3aiiecTBo cxopo oco3HaeT CBoe no.io>KenHe h cdpocHT c CBoeft mew xax npHiivibix, Tax h MecTHbix KOHTppeBOAiouHOHepoB... HaAe>KAbi Ka3axoB Ha KHprH30B ne onpaB- AaAHCb. KHprH3w He 3adhiAH, xax y hhx OTHHMdjiH 3cmjih a *™ Haae- AeHHH doraTeeB-Ka3aKOB, ohh hc 3adbiAH toh pe3HH, Kaxyio hm ycTpaHBaAH h npoAOJi>xaiOT ot cAyqaa k cjiy*iaio ycTpaHBaTb rocno- Aa KOMaHAHpbl. CTOAKHOBeHHe B ypaJIbCKe KOHHHTCH Te.M, MeM OHO KOHHHAocb Ha /loHy, b AcTpaxaHH H ApyrHX M edax. ypaAbCKHii CoBeT dyAeT Tax >xe cymecTBOBaTb, xax h ocTajibHbie CoBerbi b a p >th x ropoAax P occhhcxoh OeAepaTHBHOH pecnyd- AHKH»3. B 3to BpeMH doAbiiieBHKH ypaAbcxa, ymeALUHe b noAnoAbe, npH noMoiuH h noAAep>xxe CapaTOBexoro rydxoMa napTHH H CapaTOB- 1 ra36Ta «flHUKaa npaBAa* ot 7 hohCdh 1919 r., .N* 151 2 UTAOP CCCP, (t>. MO, on. 3, r . 1, jut, 43—59. 3 «H3BecTH« CapaTOBCKoro CoBeTa PC h K £ » , ^2 82, ot 26 aiipwn 1918 r 180

CKoro C oB eT a ripoBOAHAH doA biiiyx) p adoTy b TbiJiy deAorBapAGHACB no pa3Jio>KeHHio Ka3anecTBa h opraHH3anHH napTH3aHCKHx orpaAOB. B TpHropbCBCKOM h ApyrHX n o ceA x a x ypaAbcxono ye3Aa nposo/ui- jmcb n o ^ n o A b iib ie ct^cbah xpecTbsm, na KOTopbix dbijio p em eiio oxa- 3biBaTb 6eJiOKa3aKaM peiiiHreJibHoe conpoTHBjieHHe.1 HeB3Hpa$i na onacnocTb, 5oJibineBHKH pacnpocTpaHHJiH B033naHHa k ypaAbcxHM Ka3axaM, bcjih peBOAiouHoimyio p a d o T y b odJiacTH h b caMOM Ypajib- cxe. «ycHJieHHO BeAeM a rn T am iom iyio p a 6ory,— nncaJiH H3 Capaio- Ba b M o cK B y,— hsxoahm 6 e3ycjioB iio HeodxoAHMhiM bccth Ty >xe p a d o ry n cam o m YpaAbcxe, x y a a B U cw iaeM arHTaTOpoB.12 ITlapTH3aHCKHe OTpsiAbI, O praHH30BaHHbie dOAbLUeBHXaMH B pafi- ohg /Idum eHcxa, Ha rpaHHue c ByxeeBCKoft opAofi, b CTenax .ZI/xaM- 6 enTW h y n J ia , b pa flowax c e a e p n e e y p a jib c u a , pa3opy>xaAH deAO- rBapACHneB, yHHMTO)KajiH KOMMyiiHxauHH Ka3aMbHX bohck, decno- maAHO pacnpaBJiH.nHCb c KyjianecTBOM, noMoraBniHM dejioxa.aaxaM,3 h nepcABBa/iH k o m ahaobahhio K p a c tio ft ApMHH cbcachhh o nepeABH- 2XGHHH 6 e.nOrBapAefiCKHX OTpHAOB. dlpOHCXOAHT O>KeCT0HeHHbI€ cTbiMKH MC>KAy xy.nanecTBOM h 6 eAHOTOH, omyuiaeTCH ocTpo HeAOCTa- tok opy>KH n»4,— cooCmaJiH CaparoBCKOMy CoBeTy H3 OAHoro pafi- oHa ypaJihcK ofi o 6jiacTH. TpyA^iLUHecn TeM Hpcxoro ye3Aa He AonycxaAH b cboh npeAejiw hh 6eJiOKa3aKOB, hh a^aiu-opAtiHucB h noqTH na npoT5i>xeHHH Bcero BpeMeini rpa>KAaHCKOH bohhm coxpaiiH jiH y ceda opraHbi CoBeTCxoil BAacTH. O ahh H3 deAorBapAeHCKHX hhhobiihkob nwcaji: «MaHrbnu- jiaitCKHft h KpacHOBOACKHft ye3Abi, a T aioxe io>xiibie bojiocth TypbeB- CKoro ye3 A a r o nocAeAHero BpeMeHH yKJionaAHCb ot BbinoAHeiiHH no- BHHHOCTefl H lie A3B3AH A^KHTHTOB A-HH KOMriJieKTO»anH51 noAxa... C anBapn 1918 ro A a Tcmhpcxhh ye3A nee bpcmr dbui bo BjiacTH do.ib- ureBHKOB, h a b >kc Tcncpb raw (JjyHKUHOHnpycT ye3Anw fl komhtct ap- ko 6oAbiiieBHCTCKoro nanpaBACHHH»5. B anpeJie 1918 roA a b cbh3H c 6eAorBapAeficKHM nepeBopoTOM b Y paA bcxe TeMHpcxHH CoBeT nocnajr c B o e ro npeACTaBHTeAn b O p cH d yp r x TyprancKo.viy od.iacT- Howy C o B e ry c xOAaTancTBOM o npucoeAHneiiHH T eM H pcxoro ye3Aa Bpe.weHHO x T y p ra iic x o fi ofoa cT H . 27 anpona 1918 roA a TypraiicxHH oCAacTnoH CoBeT, 3acAymaB co o d m eH iie npeACTabhtgah TeM Hpcxoro ye3Ai/oro CoBeTa h npufiaB bo BiiHMaHHe, mto TOAbKo b oaiiom Te- MHpcXOM ye3AG H3 BCeH YpaAbCXOH o 6A3CTH COXpaHHAaCb CoBeTCKaa BAacTb h mto ye3A oxa3aACH H30JiHpoB3HHbiM ot CBoero u eirrpa H co- BepiiieHHO AHUICHHblM npOAOBOAbCTBHJI H (J)HHaHCOB, HOCTailOBHA: «npHcoeAHHHTb TeMHpcxHH ye3A K T yp ra n cx o n oCa s c t h BnpeAb ao o6pa30BaHHsi [Y p aA b cxoro] od ^acT H oro CoBeTa»6. B to BpeMH xax ypa jib C K iie 6 a n b w e B H K H p a 3D c p H y jin orpoMHyio 1 A. A fi t h e n. OreiiHLie 3opn, 1923, X? I—IV, crp. 39—54. 2 U rA O P C C C P, c|). 1.30, on. 2. a . 560. ji. 7. 3 TascTa cftHUKaa npaBAa*, 29 MapTa 1919 r., X? 37. 4 U rA O P C C C P, 130, on. 2. a - 620, ji. 10. 5 TaM >ne, 701, on. 7, A. 5, a j i . 186— 188. 6 Taw >kc, (J). 1943, on. 3, a . 124, a . 28. 181

paCoTy b Tbuiy cpara, npocAaBACHHbie no.iKH B. H. HanaeBa HanajiH CBoft rcpoHliecKHH noxOA npoTHB ypa.ibCKHx OejiorBapAenneB. TaK nanajiacb Boopyxcetmasi 6opb6a 3a YpajibCK. Eo.iee opraHH30B3HHO, qeM b ypajibcne, ho b lie MCHee T8>Ke.iopi o6craHOBKe npoxo^H/ia 6opb6a 3a CosercKyio B.iacTb b Typhese h A occope. npOMbitvioBbie paOonnc ypa.io-KacniiHCKoro netjrrHHoro otfmecTBa b OKTHope 1917 rojja crajin (JjaKTHnecKH xo3HeBaMH npo- MblCJIOBblX npeiinpHHTHft, yCT3HOBHJIH KOHTpOJIb HaA npOH3BOACTBOM h pacnpeAc,ieiineM, yAa.iHJiH c 3aHHMaeMhix aojixcHocTeii wacTcpoB h cjiy^Kam.HX, 3aiunmaBiiiHx HHTepecbi 6yp>nya3HH, npe^o>KH^H bccm npe^npHHHMaTejiaM HCMC^ieHiio 3aKjii04HTh KO^ieKTHBHue Aoro-no- pbl C pafiOHHMH.1 PaOonne He^TBHbix npo.Mbic.ioB k aTOMy BpeMCHH hwean cboh opraHH3auHH*. KpoMe CooeTa, 3aBoacKHe h CTaneHHbic KOMHTeibi, ne- pe3 KOTOpbic h npea'bHBJiaan cboh TpeCoBaiiHH Hecj)Tenpo\\ibinjjienHH- KaM. ripaRjicHHe ypaao-KacrmflcKoro Heijmmoro oOmecTBa b Konue ceHTfltfpn 1917 roaa iio a Jipea-ioroM nex»aTKn npoaoBOJibCTBHH pe- iiiHJio npHOCTaiioBHTb noHTH uce padoTbi Ha npoMHCJiax. 3 ia wepa AOJiJKHa CbLia npHBCCTH k coKpaiHCHHfo pa(5o4Hx Hano.iOBHHy. Cobct paGouHx aenyTaTOB h 3aB0ACKHe KOMHTeibi peniHTeJibiio BbiciynuJiH npoTHB 33KPWTHH npo.Mbic.ioB h coKpameiinn patfOHHX. Hmh 6hlJia co3aana komhcchh, KOTopan npoBCpn.ia HajiHHHe upoAOBO.ibCTBeHHbix npoayKTOB. B ncTporpaa 6biaa HanpaB.ieHa paSonan Ae.icrauHH c ue.ibio npHOCTaHOBHTb aHTHHapoanue aeHCTBHH He(j)renpoMbiiu.ienHH- KOB. 1 okth6ph 1917 roaa C obct pa6o4nx acnyTaroB 3M6eHCKoro pafioHa HanpaBHn b ricTporpaa MHHHCTepcTBy rpyAa Te.ierpa.MMy c.ae/iyioiuero coAep>KaHHH: «Hec[)TenpOMbUij.aeHHbie (JwpMbi iia.MepeHbi COKpaTHTb pa60TbI, MOTHBHpyn HeAOCTaTKOM npOAOBOvlbCTBHH. Ham no^cneT noK33aji: npOAOBOAbCTBHH xb3tht Ha 10 Mecnuen. Bo3AeHCT* ByftTe, hto6bi (J)HpMbi He paccHHTbiBa.in .iioAeft ao pemeHHH Bonpoca Ae^ieraunefi, BbiexaBiiicH: b EleTporpaA, HHaqe bo3mo>kho 3Kcueccbi». Ta3eTa «AcipaxaHCKHH p a 6 o w ft» 8 OKTJitfpn 1917 roAa cootfmajia, HTO «AJ1H BblHCHCHHH 3TOro BOnpOCa, AJ1H 3aiUHTU 6-TbICHMHOrO pa* 6o*iero HacejieHHH b IleTporpaA Bbie3>KaeT Ae^ieraunn ot paGonux h cyry>KamHx»123. 9 okth6ph 1917 roAa rypbeBCKHft HcnojiHHTeAbiibift komhtct Co- BeTa pa6o4Hx AenyraTOB oSparH.ica b neTporpaACKHii CoBer pa6o- HHX H COJIA3TCKHX ACnyTaTOB C npOCbCofl «npHHHTb BCG Mepbl H He- AonycTHTb npoBeACHHH b j«H3Hb n.iaHa yBO.ibiieiniH paOoMHx^. B^iHHHne paCo^Hx opraHH3auHH Ha HecJjTenpoMbicAax Bee 6o.iee B03pacTa.io. 28 0KTH6pn 1917 roAa npcACT3BHTe.iH ypa.io-KacnHft- 1 u rn A Ka3CCP, cj). 695, an. I, a. 288, jui. 31, 32, 40, 41, 46. 2 l'a3era «AcTpaxancKnfi paCcwmi», 8 okth6ph 1917 r. N° 19 3 UI'AOP CCCP, 472, on. 1, a . 18, aa. 81, 82. 182

CKoro iie^ T H H oro o6mecTBa, o6cyAHB na cbocm 3accAainiH Bonpoc o novio/KeHHH n a npoMtdcjiax, BhiHy>KAeiibi 6luih KOHCTarnpoBaTb, «wro bch HMCBuiancH b uaiiinx p yK ax miacTb nepeuuia k pa6o* 21 iion d p H 1917 roAa ot n o c jia iiH o ft TypbeBCKHM CoBeroM b FIct- porpaA p a C o u e ii x e jie r a n n u 6b u ia n o jiy v e n a re/rerpaMMa 06 otm ch c iijia n a iipaBJieHHB yp aA o-K acn H iicK oro hc(])thho i'o otfm ecTBa no .iHKBHAanHH npOMbiCJioB. 3 to 6biJio 3H8liHT&ibHoft no6eAoft pa6o- m h x . O A ica K o npaB.aeHHC He(|)THHoro o d m e crB a o n n r m u u i o 3 a tu iK m e - MHe K o .i.ie K T H B iio ro AoroBopa c p a 6ouHMH. Flpn npocj)Coi03HOft o pra- HHaan-iH 6hui o6pa30Bafi CTanenHbin k o m h t c t , KOTopuft Ha ccoeM 3aceAaHHH o t 10 A eKaG pa 1917 r o A a B b ip a 6o T a j cim a H a c h c t b h h Ha cAynaii rioAynenHH HeyAOBAeTBopHTCJibHoro oTBeia o t He<j)THHoro oCmecTBa n o BonpocaM 3aKjnoMeHHH KonjieKTHBHoro A o r o n o p a ». Tan npoA O A w aA acb 6 o p b 6a 3a KOAJieKTHBHbift AoroBop. 27 HHBap5i 1918 roAa noMomHHK OKpy>KHoro HHxceiiepa cootfmaji TopHOMy ynpaBJieHHio, mto « b nacTonmee BpeMH patfonHe opraiuiaa- uhh ua iXoccope — Cooer paGoqnx AenyTaTOB h 3aB0ACKHe komhtc- Tbl — COCTOHT H3 AHU, npH31iaiOmHX 3aKOHHLIM IIp3BHTGJILCTBOM BJiaCTb HapOAHbIX KOMHCCapOB*12. B (Jjeepajie — iianane MapTa 1918 roua BJiacrb b J^occope h fypb- erie nepeoiJia k CoBery p a 6 o v n x A c n y r a r o B . 13 MapTa ynpaBAuiouuie npoMUCJiaMH noc*iaAH b FlerporpaA npaBJieiiHsiM He(J)THHbix o6 mecTB TejierpaMMy: « H a ahhx AoccopcKiiii CoBer paOoMHx AenyTaroB, COCTOHIUHH HCKAfOMHieAbHO H3 patfOHHX He(JjTCnpOMbHUAeiIHbIX <{>HpiYf, oCbHBHA c e 6 n o 6 JianaioiUHM Bceft iioaiiotoh babcth Ha upoMbiCAax, rocyAapCTBeHHOfl h MeeTiioH»3. Og^eAHneHUbiH aaBOACKoii komhtot npo.MbiCviOB XIoccopa c 23 MapTa 1918 roAa ycraHOBHA paOomiH KOiirpoAb iiaA bcgmh Aene>KHbi- mh oiiepaunHMH4 h 26 MapTa npeA*ao>KHJi Bcew (jinpMaM, HToObi ohh « nepcBe.iH H3 fypbeBa Ha jXoccop Bee Aene>KHbie cyMMbi, HMeioiune- C5i b TypbeBCKOM Ka3naweHCTBC hah b Kaccax kohtop, aah aaKynKH HCO(3xOAHMOrO npOAOBOAbCTBH51»5. B MapTC 1918 roAa b FleTporpaAe, KyAa Bbiexa^a AeJieramw or pa6 o v n x h cjiy>KamHx l Zoccopa, o6cy>KAa.7CH npoeKT KOAAeKTHBnoro AoroBopa Me>KAy paOonnMH h HeijiTenpoMbiniAennbiMH (pupMawn 3M6eHCKoro paftoria, npHna;yie>KaBiijHMH HiiocrpaHHbiM KanuTajinc- TaM.6 B np oeK T e KOAAeKTHBiioro AoroBopa, npeAcraBAeHHoro p a 6o- uhmh, npeA ycM aT pH BaA H cb 8-n a c o B o ii pa6o4HH A e iib A»'i5* ocex KaTcropHH pa6 omix, oahh cboOoahbih Aeiib b neAe.no, conpameHne pa6onero ahh naKaHyne cboOoahoio a h 51 Ha ABa naca, npa3AHOBamie flepBoro Man, npeAOCiaBAeHHe Mecannoro ornycxa pa6 oniiM, ycia- 1 ApxnB Ka3(J)HJiHa^a HAAA, ejx. xp. J^2 10, .n-i. 56—58. 2 Taw » e , eA. xp. 32, 1918 r., jjjt. 171, 172. 3 TaM >Ke, cp. 811, a. 33, Jt. 275. 4 IXTHA Ka3CCP, dp. 695, on. I, a - 320, ji. 17. 5 TaM x<e. ji. 14. 6 TaM >k c , ju i. 1— 40. 183

HOBJieHHe MHHHMyMa noAeHHofi 3apruiaTbi. OpoeKT Aoronopa npeAy- cMaTpHBHJi pHA MeponpiiHTHH no KyjibTypHOMy h 6uT0B0My o6cjiy- JKHBaHHK) pa6 oqnx. B naqajie anpeJia npoeKT KOJiJieKTHBHoro a oroBopa, npeAJio>KeH- Hwfl paCoqiiMH He(j)THHhix npoMbrejioB 3MfieHCKoro paftoHa ypa^b- CKOft ofijiaCTH, 6bIJI OAo6 peH SKOHOMHHeCKOH KOMHCCHeft H npHHHT HHOCTpaHHbIMH HC(j)TenpOMblLLIJieHHHKaMH. B OCHOBy 3Toro npOCKTa 6 biJi noJioxceH kojuickthbhbift AoroBop, 3aKJiio*ieHHbifi pa6 oliHMH iiecJjrenpoMbicviOB B any.1 3aKJiK>qeHHe KOJiJieKTHBHoro AoroBopa Mew- Ay pa6o«(HMR h HCcJ)TenpoMbiiiiJtCHHHKaMH 3M6cHCKoro paiioHa hbh- jiocb no6eAOH pa6 oqHX-He<j)T$iHHKOB, cBHAGTejibCTBonaBiiieH o Bbico- KOM ypOBHe HX OpraHH30BaHHOCTH H C03HaTCAbHOCTH. B cbh3h c 6 eAorBapAeHCKHM nepeBOpoTOM b ypajibcne h Typbe* bc CoBeT pado^Hx h my cyji bmatickhx AenyraTOB npoMbrejioB JXoccop 7 anpejia 1918 rona ycTaHOBHJi KOHTpoJib naA iiomtoh h Tejierpa<j)OM. AAMHHHCTpauHH (j)HpMH (5buio npeAJioweno Bee npeACTaBAaeMbie eio ju in KOHTpo^a b CoBeT TeJierpaMMbi «npHCbiJiaTb b AByx 3K3eMruiB- pax, npHHGM KonHH ajih CoBeTa o6fl3aTejibHo AOJiJKiia 6 biTb cicpenjie- na noAnHCbio OAHoro H3 jihu aAMHHHCTpauHH, 6e3 Koeft pa3peuieHHe ua nocbi.iKy npHCburaeMoft TeJierpaMMbi AaBaTbcn He <5yAeT»12. Cobct pa6oqHx h MycyjibMaHCKHx AenyTaroB Jloccopa npHCTyrnM k opraHH3auHH otpaaob KpacHOH rBapAHH h pa(5oqeft Apy»HHbi jura 6opb(5bi npOTHB 6ejiorBapAenueB. OAHaKo BCJieACTBHe npcoocxoACTBa chji Bpara coxpaHHTb CoBeTCKyio BJiacTb b .ZJoccope He yAajiocb. rypbeBCKHH H JloCCOpCKHH COBCTbl 6 bIJIH otf'bCAHIieUbl H 3B3Ky- npoBaAHCb b AcTpaxanb. B w ecie c CoBeTOM 3BaxyHpoBaj!ocb Muoro pa^OHHx. 12 hioiih 1918 roAa o AenrejibHocTH ryphCBo-ZloccopcKoro CooeTa 6 bUio coo6 iucho cjieAywmee: « <Z^eHCTBHH rypbeno-jloccop- cworo CoBAena t s k o b u : o 6 *beAHHHTb Ronpyr cc6 h 6eweHueB H3 TypbeBa, /Ioccopa, M axaTa, PatcyiUH, HoBO-BoraTmicxa, OKa3biBarb [hm] noMomb, cjieAHTb 3a AeticTBHHMH rypbeBCKoro, ypajibcxoro xa- 3a'iecTBa h koiitppcbojhouhohhoh 6yp«ya3H H , oxa3hiBaTb ceMbHM apecTOBaHHwx qjienoB rypheocxoro CoBeTa AenewHyio noMOUtb... Bee ACHCTBHH CoseT npOH3BOAHT B KOIITaKTe C AcTpaxaHCKHM Py(5- coBAenoM h BoeHiibiM CoBeroM...»3. *** B 6oJiee 6jiaronpHHTHofi o6cTaHOBKe, tcm b ypajibcxoft o&iacTH, npoTexajia tfopbtfa 3a noCcAy Cobctckoh bjibcth ua TeppHTopmi 6bin- meft ByKeeBCKoii opaw , BxOAHBiueft b cocTaB AcTpaxaHcxofi ry(3ep- HHH. BoAbuieBHKH ByKeeBCKoii cTenn, noJiynaBWHe iiocTOHimyio no- Monib ot napTHHHbix opraHH3aiwfi AcTpaxaHH h CapaTOBa, b nepnoA nepepaciaiiHH 6yp>nya3HO-AeMOKpaTHqecKoft peBOAiounn b peBcwiio- 1 U.I H A KaaCCP, (J). 695, on. 1, n. 320, ji. 40. 2 TaM we, j i. 18. 3 LITAO P C C C P . <J>. 393, on. 2, a. 96. js. 36. 184

uhk> c o u h HCTH^ecKyK) npoBeJiH Cojibiuyio patfOTy no ocBo6o>KAe- hhk) Macc H3-noA bjihhhhh 6ypxcya3Hbix HaanoHajincTOB, MeHbineBH- kob, acepoB h Mycy.ibMaHCKoro AyxoneHCTBa, no npHBJieneHHio Tpy- ahluhxch Ha CTopony couHaJiHCTHnecKon peoo^iomiH. B pe3yjibTaTe 3Toro ocHOBiian Macca TpyAHiuHxcn ByKeeBCKOH cTenn CTaJia cnaa- MHBaTbCH BOKpyr CoJIbUICBHCTCKOH napTHH. B to spcM a Kax Tpy^niuHecn M accu Tpe6oBaaH HeoTJio>KHoro paspeuieHHn ueJioro pa/ia Ba>KHefiiiiHx >KH3HeiiHbix BonpocoB, t 3khx, Kax 3eMejibHbifi, HannoHajibHbiH B onpocw , 6opb6a c npoAOFtojibCTBeH- IlblM KPH3HCOM, UeHTpaJIbHbifi HCnOAHHTCJIbHblH KOMHTCT ByKeeBCKOfi opzibi, coctohbiuhh H3 6yp*<ya3Hbix h a uhoha .ihctob n coiviaiiraTejieH, raftno p a a p a O o ra ji rviau jia jih H e P iiu e ro aaKatfaACHHH Tpy^nm u xca h npHcoe^HHeHHn ByxeeBCKo n opa n k KOHTppeBOjnomfOHiiOMy lOro- BocronH ow y COK)3y. Bo.abineBHKH AcTpaxaHH h ByKeeBCKOii ctchh pa3o6viaqa.7H KOHTppeBOviiouHOHHyio nojiHTHKy 6yp>Kya3Hbix FiaunonajiHCTOB, 3ce- pOB h MeHbmeBHKOB, noAHHMajw Maccbi na 6opb6y 3a ycTanoBJieFiHe ('oBeTCKon BiiacTH. Bo3MymeHne HapoAa pocjio. B XancKoii CraBKe, Ha OAHOM H3 MHTHHFOB C0JIA3TKH H Ka3aXCKafl 6CAHOTa npOTFiaJIH npasoro acepa KyJiHKOoa, npeAceAaTejin komhcchh no Bbi6opaM b Y npeAHTeAhHoe coCpaiiHe. KaiiAHAaT n YnpeAHTevibnoe co6 paiiHe, Kpymibift (})eoAaA Ky-iMaHOB, on >kc KOMHccap y>xe cBeprHyToro Bpe- MeHHoro npaBHTeAbCTBa, Concb pacnpaBbi HapoAa, TaMHo 6e>na.i H3 ByKeeBCKOH opAbi. B hoii b na 1 AeKa6pa 1917 roAa b XancKOH C ia o K e na coBcmauHH Co^bineBHKOB h conyBCTByioiUHX 6ojibiueBHKaM Cbi;i o6cv>kach bo- npOC O pa3FOHe KOHTppeBO^IIOUHOHHOrO U,CHTpa*TbHOIO HCnOAHHTCJIb- Horo KOMHTera ByxeeBCKOH op A u h ycTaHOBjieHHH Cobctckoh BJiacm. H a c n e x y io im ifi jjeHb, 2 AenaSpn, noA pyKOBOACTBOM 6ojibmeBHKon coctofu icfi MaccoBbiti napoAHbiii muthht, BhicKa3aBinnHcn 3a pocnycK KoirrppeBOJiiomiOHHoro U ,cnrpajibnoro Hcno.uiHTe<nbHoro KOM m eia ByKeencKoft opAW h ycraHOBAemie CoBercKoft BjiacTH. M hthht iiocraHOBH.i: ycTpaneHun h HeAonymeHHH b A ivib - HeflnieM... HeHopMa.ibHwx hb/ichhh h a -ih coxpaHeHHH 3aBoeBaiiHft 0KTH(5pbCKOH peBOJIIOUFlH H CB06OAW — 0(5pa30BaTb PeBOJIFOUHOHHbFH KOMHTCT H paCnyCTHTb KnprH3CKHH UCHTpaJIbllblH HCnOAHUTe^bHLIH KOMHTCT...»I. riOA pyKOBOACTBOM PeBO.TFOUHOHHOrO KOMHTCTa, BO3r.naBA}ieM0rO 60vibmcBHKaMH, Gbum .iHKBHAHpOBaHbi opraiibi BpeMCHHoro npaBH- TeAbcTBa, a hx pyKOBOAHTejiii 6biJiH apecTOBanbi. B ByKeeiiCKofi opne ycTaiiOBHAacb CoBeTCKan BjiacTb. AcTpaxaHCKne 6ojibiueBiiKH a j \\h opranH 3auHH h yKpenjieHHH Co­ bctckoh BAacTH Ha MecTax iianpaBHAH b ByKeeBCKyio CTenb otbctct- BCHHWX paCoTIIHKOB, KOTOpbfC BMeCTC C 6yKeCBCKHMH 6ojibuieiHiKa- 1 «Bcv2biueDHK KasaxcTawa^, 1935, X? 9, 10, crp. 195. 185

mh oprami30BbiBajiH Maccw, cnAanHBaAH TpyAHmuxcn BOKpyr Cobc- TOB. Ha npoBC/ieiiHux b HHBape— MapTe 1918 toah ayjibHbix h boao- cthlix cT>e3Aax 6buih o0pa3OBaHbi ayjibHbie h BOAocTHwe CoBeTbi KpeCTbBHCKHX AGHyTaTOB. O6pa30BaHHbiK b MapTe 1918 rona HcnojiiiHTejibHbiH komhtct Co* Bcra o6iuecTBCHHbix opraHH3auHH no ynpaBACHHio ByKeeBCKofl cTenbio pa3BepHyji no^roTOBKy k co3biBy ci>e3Aa CoBeTOB ByKeeB- ckoh cTcnn. Cbe3A co3biBajicH b XaiiCKOH CraBKe, iia Hero npwrjia- majiHCb npe^cTaBHTejiH rpyAOBoro HaceJieHHH CTenn, 1 a 6ypa<ya3HH h 6 a a m npe^Jiara^ocb « hc nocbiAaTb cbohx npcACTabhtcach, t . k. hm Kax rpa6HTeJi5iM Tpy^onoro KAacca neT .wec/ra; e c j i u >ne TaxoBbie hbhtch, to ira cbe3a AonymeH w we 6 yAyT»^. n o yKaaanHK) HcnojiHHTejibHoro KOMHTeTa Ka>KAan boaoctl jiO J D K H a 6 w i a H36paxb hs CBoeii cpCAbi oahoto AeJieraTa ot Ka>KAbix cxa qe-'toBex »a ynacTKOBbift ci>e3A. FIocJieAHHH Bbi6 npa;i ot 500 >ie- JiOBeK >KHTeAeft ynacTKa oahoto AeAeraTa Ha oOAacTHofi Cbe3A. TeppHTopHH ByKeeBCKOH opAU, Kan mm yKa3biBajiH Bbirne, acjih- Aacb Ha narb ynacTKOB (pafionoB) h Ana oKpyra, KOTopwe b cboio onepeAb coctohah H3 90 BonocTeft. B kohuc MapTa 1918 roAa npOBOAHAHCb npeABbiOopiibie coBeina- HHH iia Bcex 3thx ynacTKax h b oxpyrax, na KOTOpbix oficyw/iajincb Bonpocbi 06 opraHH3au,HH ConeTCKoft BJiacxH na MecTax h o cpoxax npoBGAenwa BbiOopoB C obctob b ayjiax h boaocthx.321 ynOAHOMOHeHIIbie HCUOAHHTeAbHOIO KOMHTeTa ByKeeBCKOft OpAbl h q.ieHbi ynacTKOBbix h oKpy>Kiibrx Cobctob noMora.TH noAroTSBAH- BaTb h npoBOAHTb Bwdopbi Ha Mecrax h opraHH30BHBaTb paCoTy bo- AOCTHMX CT>e3AOB COBGTOB. ,0,0 CCpCAHHU anpCAH 1918 r o jia Bbioopbl BOAOCTIIblX H ayJIbHbIX CoBeTOB B OCHOBHOM 6 bIAH 3aKOHUCHbl. H 3 cnHCKOB HsOnpaTeAeft nepeA BwOopawn 6b u in HCKAfonenw 3KcruiyaTaTopcKne 3AeMeHTbi. Tax, b TpeTbeft boaocth HapwHCKoro ynacTKa 6 mao HCKAfoneHo okoao 100 mcaobck. OaKTbi cBHAOTejib- CTByiOT 06 aKTHBHOM ynacTHH TpyAHLunxcH ayjia b Bbrtfopax HH30Bbix opranoB CoBeTCKofi BAacxH, 06 hx noHH.waHHH Toro, mto Cobctck3 H B JiaC Tb --- 3TO BJiaCTb p a fiO H H X H 6eAHeHUJHX K p eC Tb H H . M eC TH bie o p - raHbi C obctckoh BJiacxH c nepBbix we AHeft c B o e f t AenTeAbHociH na- H3AH AHKTOBaTb CBOfO BOAIO 3KCfIAyaTaT0pCKHM 3AeMeHT3M. TaK, HanpHMep, b npOTOKOAax boaocthhx crbe3AOB CoBeTOB BcrpenajoTCH IIOCTaHOBAeHHH, o6H3MBaiOmHe COCTOHTeAbHhTX AHU CHa^AHTb nOABO- A3mh AeAeraTOB h BbinAaTHTb hm cyroHHue: no 3 pytfAH b cyTKH — AeAeraTaM ynacTKOBbix cr>e3AOB CoseroB h no 15 pyOAen b cyTKH— AGAeraraM o6AacrHoro cT>e3Aa.4 Ha h : Ha3HanHTb AGAeraraM na 1 3anaflHO-Ka3axcTaKCKnft oCArocapxnB, 319, on. 1, a- 21, jiji. 10, 11. 2 Tavi >k c . 17— 19, 26. 3 XaM jkc ji. 21. 4 UrAOP'KaaCCP; * . 1453. on. 1, a H, 186

Cbe3A Cobctob cyTOHiibie no 15 py6 jiefi b cyinn h o6 « 3aTb 6 oraiieH CHa6/iHTb noji.Boxi.aMH AeAeraxoB na o6,7acTHOfi cx>e3A CoBeTOB. 1 Ta- KHe pCUIGHHH BbIHOCHJIHCb Ha C()6 paHHHX TpyAHlUHXCH MHOl'HX BO- jiocTeft. Tevi ne Menee TaM, rxie 6 buia cjia6o upoBCACua noAroTOBHTeAb- nan pafiora, b CoBeTbi npo6 npajiHCb (jieoAajibHO-CaftcKHe sjieMeHTU. TaK 6 w.no, HanpHMep, b OTAeAbHbix boaocthx KajiMbiiiKoro yqacTKa, liepBoro onpyra, h HeKOTopbix Apyrwx MecTax. HcnoAHHTeJibHbift ko- MHTeT ByKeoBCKOH opxiw h yqacTKOBbie ncno.nKOMbi no 3aHB.neHHio H36npaTe,neH OTMensura 3th BbiCopbi h noMoraan H36npaTe.nsjM bm- 6 paxb b CoBerbi noA-nnHHbix npexjcTaBHTejiefi Tpy^aiUHxca ayjia. Ilocne Bbi6 opoB ayxibHbix h Bo.nocTHbix CoBeTOB npoBOAHJiHCb vwacTKOBbie < rh C 3 jxu Cobctob, na KOTopbix 6huin H36panbi yqacTKO- Bbie HcnoxiHHtcvibHbic KOMHTeTbi h Aejieraxbi Ha o6jiacTHOH CT>e3A Co- uerou. C o6 p a n n e ACJieraxoB 1-ro FIpHMOpCKoro onpyra ByxeeBCKOH opAU cocTOH.nocb HecKOJibKO paHbiuc, 24 Mapra 1918 roAa. Ha co6paiine npu6bu\\u AC-iorarbi o t AneHaAUaxH noJioCTCfi onpyra b HHCJie 53 qe- Aocen. CofipaiiHe nocTahobujio «oprann3onaTb b onpyre CoBCTcnyio BAacTb b jinne yqacTKOBoro H cn o jin u re J ib H o ro KOMHTCTa H3 TpyAOBoro icnacca»2. ynacrnoBbiH Hcno-nHHTejibHbift komhtgt 6bi.:i H36paH H3 7 uejiOBeK. H a coOpamm 6hwin H36panbi TaK>ne Ae^ieranJ Ha ofijiacr- IIOH CX^A CoBeTOB. 10 anpeAH 1918 roAa coctoaach yqacTKOBbiff cbe3A ACJieraTOB ot bccx bojioctch HapbiHCnoii qacTH BynecBcnoH cTen w , iia noropoM npHcyTCTBOBa.7 91 ACJicraT. Oi>e3A H36pa,7 yqacTKOBbrii H cnosuiiiTe.ib- HbiH KOMHTeT H3 5 a Hu: npeAceAaTeAH, ero 3aMecTHTe/m, 2 q^eiion n cenpeTapa.3 5 bi.nn H36paHbi ran>KC h AcacraTbi Ha od^acrHOH cbe3A CoBeroB. K *neTy 1918 roAa CoeeTbi 6 biAH co3AaHbi bo Bcex boaocthx h Miiornx ayviax ByKeeBcnofi cxeiiH.4 PaOoTa jmaoBbix CoueTOB Bbipa>naAacb b npoBexieiiHH u >KH3Hb xienpeTOB h nocranoBAeHiifi Bbiciunx opraiioo Cobctckoh B.nacTH, b pcuiCHHH MHoroqHCJiCHHbix BorrpocoB — npoAOBOJibCTBemibix, ae- MCvibiibix, cyAc6Hbrx, npoH3BOACTBeHiibix h ApyrHX. HanpuMep, yqa* CTKOBbift CoBeT 1-ro IIpHMopcnoro onpyra iia cbocm 3aceAaiiHH I moim 1918 roAa paccMOTpexi Tanwe Bonpocbi, nan opraHH3auHH npoAOBOjibCTBeiiHoro oTAe.na, Bbi6opw iiapoA»oro cyAa, o ^ihkbhah- UHH y q a C T K O B b IX H BOJIOCTHbIX HCnOJIHHTCAbHblX K O M H T eTO B BpCMeH- Horo npaBHTeAbCTBa h Apyrne. Bc.neA 3a yexaHOBJienHeM CoBeTCKoft BAacTH b DyneeBCKOH opAe 6wah AHKBHAHpoBaHbi cTapwc yqpoKAeHHHi ynpaBAeHHe KOMHCcapa BpCMeHHOrO npaBHTejIl>CTBa, MHHOBHHqbC-KOAOHHaAbUaH aAMHHH- 1 H r A O P K aaC C P. <J>. 1453, on. 1, ji. 14, ji-i . 17-19, 20. 2 Ta.M >ne, a. 25, jiji. 3, 4. 3 Ta.M >ne, a . 14, aji. 30—35. 4 3anaAHO-Ka3axcTaHCKaft o6arocapxnB, 319, on. 1, a. 21. jwi. 1—5. 187

crpauHH, HcnoJiHHTejibiibie komiit^tw BpeMeHHoro npaBHrejibCTBa (otfjiacTHofi, vMacTKOBbie h BOAOCTHbie), crapaa cyAe6Han CHCTeMa. BbUI IipOBeAeil B 3KH3Hb A^KpeT B U H K o 6 yHHHTOJKeHHH COCAOBHH h rpa)KAaHCKHx hhhob. Ha MecTe craporo, 6yp*ya3Horo rocyAap- CTBeHiioro annapaTa b o 6jiacTH co3AaBaAcn hobuh, cobctckhh anna- paT rocyAapcTBeHHoii bjihcth. 21 wapia 1918 roAa b ByKeeBCKofi opAe Cujih HasuaqeHbi KOMnccapbi no oTAeJiaM: 3ApaBooxpaHCHHH, uapoAiioro o6pa30B3HHH, BJiyTpeHHHx AeA, iocthuhh, (})HiiaiicoB, 3eMJieABJiHH, TpyAa, npOMbmuieHHOCTH, npoAOBOJibciBna h Ap.’ B ByKeeBCKofi opAe, Kax h bo ncefl c ip a n e , na ochobc AeKpeia o 3eMJie 6h a a npoBeAona Koiic})HCKauHH rioMemHWbHx, uepKOBHbix, BOHCKOBhix, neHCHOHHWX 3eMeAb, Kpyniibix hmchhh h 3e.vie.ib, nepe- AaHHblX UapCKHM npaBHTeJIbCTBOM B KOJIOHH33U H OH H blfi (pO IIA . BblAH OTMeiienbi AoroBopw iia A<virocpoMHoe apeHAOBaHne KyAanaMH 3e- MejibHbix yaacTKOB y nepeceacHaecKoro ynpaBJiCHHa H K33axcKHX o 6meciB. BoAbmesHKH AcTpaxaHH h ByneeBCKOH cienn CBoei3pe.wen- ho pa3o6.TiaaaJiH acepoB h 6yp>Kya3Hbix HauHOHa.iwcTOB, nwTaBuiHxca ocTaBHTb seMJiio b pyKax MacTHbix BAaA&ibueB h apeHAaiopoB.2 n PH BO.iocTHbix h ynacTKOBbix CoBeiax 6 uah opraHH30BaHbi 3e* MejibHbie oTAejibi. B pacnopsDKeHHH 06 hx opraHH3auHH 6mao yKa- 3aH0, aio «cAeAyeT o6 paTHib ocoCo CTporoe BHHMaHHe, qioSfai b ye3A»bie KOMHccapwaTbi h 3ewejibHbie OTAe.ibi bxoahah ahua, koto- pbie no CBoeviy HMymecTBCHHOMV no.io>KeHHio h y 6e>KAeHHK) AasaAH 6 bi noAHyio rapaHTHio b HCKpewieM npoBeAeHHH npHHHTbix coBeTCKHx noJioxceHHft. S In u a , He Morymwe npoooAHTb sth noAo>KeHHH, aoajkhu C b iT b yAa.meMbi H3 aeMeJibHbix otacaob* 3. HecKOAbKO no3>Ke, b Mae 1918 roAa, 3eMeAbHbie oiAeAbi npn bo- Aocnihix CoBeiax Cliah yiipa3Anenhi, ohh ocTaaneiibi TOAbKO npn ynacTKOBWX n 0Kpy>KHbix CoBeiax. KoMHccapnai 3eMAeAeAHH AcTpa- xaHCKofi ry6epHHH OKa3brBaA 3eMeAbHbiM OTAeAaM ByKeeBCKofi opAbi nocTOHHHyjo rroMOiub, AaBan hm yKa3aHHH h nocbiAaa cbohx ynoAHo- MOKeHHbIX. O c o 6oe BiiHMaiiHe otfpamaAOCb na to, «rro6u b pa6o ie boaocthux CoBeroB h 3eMeAbHbix otacaob yqacTBOBaAa Ka3axcKaa <5eAHOTa, 6oAee Bcero 3aHHrepecoBaHiiafl b npoBeACnnn 3aKona o comiaAH3a- UHH 3GMAH.4 BoAbiuesHKH ByKeeBCKofi opAW npw nenocpeACTBeHiioH noMOiiw AdpaxaHCKoro ry6epHCKoro KOMHTeia napTHH h ry6epacKoro uchoa- HHTe.ibHoro KOMHTexa yKpeiiAHAH opranbi CoBeTCKOii BAacm b ay- Aax h boaocthx, HaAa>KHB3AH npoAOBo.ibCTBeHHHul annapaT, CHafi- x a j i n HaceAenne xa6<5om. Bbi.io ripHciynAeHo k opranH3auHH oTpn- aob KpacHoft rBapAHH, a sateM Ha ocHOBe /leHHHCKoro AeKpeia ot 10, 1113. anaAH0-Ka3axcTaHCKHfi oC.irocapXHB, $. 319, on. \\, a . 21, cs. 2, jiji. 2 T a M >k c . 3 TaM JKe, A. 19. JiJi. 7, 8. 4 TaM )Ke, ji. 131. 188

15(28) HHBapH 1918 r o A a — nacTeft Kpaciion ApMHH. Bee 3th Me- ponpHHTHn ocym eCTBJiH.iHCb b 6opb6e iipothb 6yp>Kya3Hbix naunoHa- ahctob, 3cepoB h MeHbLueBHKOB. KyiaccoBan 6opb6a p a 3B e p n y jia cb Tenepb no B o n p o c a M peopraHH3anHH caMbix iviytfoKHX SKOiioMHqe- CKHX OCHOB 2KH3HH IiapOAa. CBoeo6pa3He h TpyAHOCTH ynponeHHH CoBeTCKon BJiacTH 6 mah b 3HaTiHTeJ7bHOH CTeneHH cb513ahw c OTCTaAocTbio od^iacTH. B pe3y.abTa- re Ko-noHnaJibHOH iioahthkh uapw3Ma h ii mnephaah cthhec koft 6yp- >Kya3HH ceJibCKoe xo3nftcTBo ByKeeBCKofi op^bi HaxoAHAOCb na Kpaft- He HH3KOM ypO D H C , npOMbHUJlCUHOCTH nOHTH He 6WA0. OcHOBHbIM 3a- HHTHeM HacejieHHH HBjiaAOCb ckotoboactbo, 3eM.ieAe.iHe ne noAVHHAo CKo;ibKO-HH6yAb 3HaHHTeAbiioro pa3BHTHH. LLInpoKne Maccu Ka3ax- CKoro KpecrbHficTBa, BWTecHeHHbre uap«3MOM c j i y m u n x 3 e M e jib b no- AynycTWHHbie pafionbi, b HapbincKne necKH, jkgctoko 3KcnAyaTHpo- BaAHCb KyAaKaMH-KOAOHH3aTOpaMH H Ka3aXCKHMH 6aHMH. B HCKO- TOpblX BOAOCTHX BCCHOH 1918 TOAB HaiI3ACH TOAOA- OcyiUeCTBAHH Ae.HHHCKyK) HailHOHaAbliyiO nOAHTHKy napTHH, tfOAb- UieBHKH ByKCCBCKOH OpAbi, npHHHM3AH Mepbl HO AHKBHA3UHH TH>Ke- Aoro iiacACAHn KOAOHnaAbHoii noAHTHKH uapH3Ma ii BpeMeiiHoro npaBHTeAbCTBa, no oCecneneHino roAOAaiomero HaceAeiiHH CTenn npo- AOBOAbCTBHeM. 15— 24 Man 1918 roAa npoxoAHA nepBhitf otfAacTHoft crbe3A Co- BeTOB ByKeeBCKofi opAbi. GbesA noAbiTO>KHA BbiGopu Mecnibix C obc- TOB, npHHHA pHA B3>KHbIX peilieHHft no BOnpOCaM X03HHCTBeiIIIOrO H KyAbTypnoro CTpoHTeAbCTBa, no ynpenAeiinio Cobctckoh BAacTH na MecTax, no npoAOBOAbCTBemibiM, cjiHiiaHcoBhiM h ApyniM BonpocaM. CT>e3AOM 6lm o npHiiHTo peweHHe o $opMifpOBaHHH xa3axcKHx coBeT- CKHX BOHHCKHX HaCTeH AAH 3aiAHTbI 3aBOeB3IIHH peBOAIOUHH. «H a- CTonuxHft ai<T,— tobophtch b pemeHHH ci>e3Aa,— hbahctch nepBbiM b >kh3hh Ka3axcKoro HapoAa, pairee ne npHBJieKaBiuerocH k oTtfbiBaHHio BOHHCKOfi nOBHHHOCTH, KOTOpblH C3M AOtfpOBOAbllO BCTynaeT B pHAbl CAaBHoft Kpacnoft ApMHH aah 3aKpenAenHii 3aBoenanHfi penoAio- Ct>C3A H36paJl HCnOAHHTeAbHblft KOMHTeT 06AaCTHOrO COBeTa pafioHHx h KpecTbHiicKHx AenyTaTOB. CT>e3A n p n iiH A nociaH O BAeH iie 06 o6jioxcetiHH c k o t o b o a o b naAO- tom no K O J in v e cT B y cko ta. H a jio r 6 bU i ycTaiiOBAen nporpeccH BH bifi, t . e. new (5ojibine 6 lia o y B A aA eA bua CKOTa, TeM 6anbiue 6biA H aAor Ha o A n y roAOBy CKOTa. O t o 6a o >k c h h h ocoo6o>KAaAHCb c k o t o b a 3- AeAbUbi, H M eiom jne a o 5 t o a o b K p y n H o ro h a o 10 t o a o b w e A K o ro c k o - T a . 3 v o o3naqaa o , hto ot o()Ao>KeHHH H&noroM ocBo6o>KAaAacb ociioBHan Macca deAHHKOB-c k o t o b o a o b . IlaAoroBan noAHTHKa AOA>KHa 6bUia otfAeniHTb noAOHceHHe Tpy- AHIH.HXCH KpeCTbHII-CKOTOBOAOB H A^Tb HM B03M0>KH0CTb V'KpenHTb CBoe pacmaTaimoe xo3hhctbo. BMecTe c TeM ona 6biAa cepbe3HbiM yAapOM no 3KcnAyaTaTopcKOH BepxyuiKe ayAa. B cooTBeTCTBHH c AeKperoM B U .H K ot 18 Man 1918 roAa HcnoA-* * U fA O P CCCP. 1318, on. 1, A. 117, ji. 167. IS9

k o m EyneeBCKOH o p A u n o cra n o B H A n p n c T y n H T b k opraHH3ai|HH npoa- o rp H A a b cocTSBe 30 qe/ioBeK.1 B 3 a A a n y npoAOBOJibCTBeHHoro orpa- A a n p o K A C Bccro b x o a h j io n3i>HTHe h 3Ji h i u k o b x jic 6 a y KyjiaKOB h 6aeB. JXxn oKa33HHH noMoui.H roJiO Aaiom HM K o M H C c a p H a r couwajibHoro o6ecne»ieHHJi ByKeoBCKOH opAbi 2 0 hkmih 1 9 1 8 r o A a nocTaHOBHJi npa- liHTb cji'eAyioiUHe Mepbi: a) oTKpWTb b X a n c K o ft C/raBke, H o B o fi-K a 3 a n K e m T ajioB K e nm a- TejibHbie nyHKTbi h aotckhc AOMia; 6 ) a .151 6eAHCHiiiHx rpa>KA3H, npo>KHBaiomHx b boaocthx, ot- KpbiTb b rex >Ke nyH KTax citnaAbi npoAyKTOB rmraHHH, KOTOpwe 6y- A y r oTiiycKaTbCH no H3BecTHofl Hop.vie w u en e; b ) npno6pecTM jxjih 6eAHeAuiHx rpa>KAaH hcoGxoahm oc TenJioe 6ev’ib e.21 3HawHTaibHaH qacTb sthx M epon pnnrH ft 6biJia npoecAena b >KH3Hb. O & iacT iioft CoaeT ByKeeocKofi crenn h ero M ecriibie opraHH upo- b o a h jih pa6oTy m n o K y jib T y p H o w y cTpoHTOJibCTBy. B m a h nauHOHaJiM* 3HpoBaiibi 6 h6jihot6k h , apxHBbi h A p y rn e Ky*ibrypHbie uchhocth, npnoOpCTeHa Tnnorpacj)H5i jxjih B bin ycn a r a 3 e r Ha icaaaxcKOM H3biKe. BhlJI AHKBHAHpOBaH CTapblH 'IHHOBIftPIHH a m ia p a T MHHHCTepCTBa n p o cB e m e iin a h c o 3 A a n b i HOBbie, cooeTCKHc o p ra H b i— H a p o A u u ft KO M H ccapnar npoc»eiu}eHH5i EyKeeBcKoft c re im , yqacTKOBue h o k - py>KHbic OTAe/ibi H a p o A H o ro o6pa30Ba»Hn,3 ycTaHOBJieHo 6ecnJiaTHoe o 6yqeHHe, npeoAOACH ca6 ora>K n a m t yHHTeAbCTBa, HaxoAHBiiicHca n oA BJiHHHHeM 6yp>Kya3HH, acepoB, m c h i>ih 6b h k o b h 6ypxcya3Hbix HaUHOILaAHCTOB. 2 — 4 ceifTHflpfi 1918 ro A a b ropoA e Y p A e coctosijich riepobift Cbe3A y w re A e ft ByKeoBCKOH opAbi. B iifeM y xiacTBOBaAH 44 ACJieraTa. C b e 3 A oGcvahji AOK-naABi 06 oprahh3Hu h h HOBbix Ka3axcKHx uikoji, 06 y q e 6no-BocriHTaTeAbHOH paGoTe b W K o .ia x , o nporpaMMax u COCTaBAGIIHH yqedHHKOB, 06 OTKpUTHH KpaTKOCpOMHbIX KypcoB AAJI MyraAHMOB (y m r r e jie ft), 06 opraHH3aunn BHciHKOAbHoro ”o6pa30Ba- HHH H no ApyrHM Ba>KHbIM BOnpOC3M HapOAHOl’O o0pa3OBaHHa. n o bccm o 6c.y>K,T.eHHhiM nonpocam Gu a m npuH arw KOHKpeTHbie pemeiiHH, HanpaBJieHHbie na KopeHHyio n ep ecrp ofticy scero j i e j i a HapOAHoro o6pa30BaHHH. B pe30JiiounH cb e3 A a 06 opraHH3ai;HH h oblix uikoji roBopHJiocb: «1) Bceo6ui,ero 06513aTeAbHOro oG yqeiiH H A e re fi b O p A e o r- KpNTb... B 3T0M TOAy 9 0 HaUHOH’aAbHbTX UIKOJI. 2 ) Boe cym ecTByiom ne uauHOHaJibiihic uucojibi, HaxoA?mj.Hec5/ b BeAenwH Myj u i, n epeA arb ByKccBCKOMy noAOTAe*ay KHprn3CKoro ko- MHCcapHaras>. CT>e3A nocTaHOBHJi oT Kpbirb b y p A e m ecTHHeAejibHbie xypcw 1UrAOP Ka3CCP, 1453, on. \\, a. 42, ji. 1. 2 3anaAHO-Ka3axcTaHCKHH oO.’rrocapxiiB, (b. 319, on. 1 a. 11. ji. 19. 3 UJ AO P Ka^CCP, ty. 1453, on. 1, A- 13, ji. 3. 190

MyrajiHMOB Ha 50 ^ejiOBeK, nopy^HJi cneuHajibHoft komhochh H3 MGTUpeX JIHU. COCTaiiHTb yMe^HHKH AAH HaHHOHaJIbHblX IIIKOJI, npHHHJI pCLUeHHe O Heo6xOAHMOCTH OTKpblTb npil LUKOJiaX HlITepmaTH. no BonpocaM BHeiiiKOJibiioro o6pa30BanHH h Ky.'iLTypho-BocnHTaTejibiioH paOoTbi cpeAH B3pocnbix crbeoa npe/yio>KHJi OTKpblTb b CTenw 30 ne- peHOCHblX 6H6.riHOTeK-4HTajieH.1 B parterre c'bcaAa npHHHMajiH ywacTHe Hbine ywHTe.ib KereHbCKofi cpe;uieii uiKOAbi F a O n ji CapwCaeB, Hhwo crapiuHfi Haywibift coTpyA- hhk MHCTHTyTa H3biKa h AHTeparypH AKaAewnH iiayK Ka3axcKofi C C P , KaHAHA^T (J)HAOJiorH4ecKHx iia yn I'aAH BeraaHen. Tan TpyAfliUHecH ByneeBCKoft opAw iioa pykoboactbom napinH OowibiucBHKOB h acrpaxancKoro npoAeTapnara, iipeoAOJieBan conpo- rHBJieHHe 6 y p x < y a 3 H b ix H a u M o n a J in c tob, 6aeB-<peonaJiO B, y c r a n o B H A H CoBercKyio BjiacTb h npHcrynHAH k ee ynpoMennio. B ycjiOBHHX Ha- uaBiu-eficfl rpa>KA<iHCKOH boAhu b ByKeeBCKOH opAe (JjopMHpoBaAHCb K33axcKHe CoBercKne naira, Kcrropbie nBJWAHCb H a jie x tH o ii onopofi CoBCTCKOH BAaCTH. 3a DCCb IICpHOA Tpa>KAaiICKOH BOHHbl B ByKCCB- ckoh opAe CoBeTCKaa BAacrb cymecTBOBaAa nenpcpbiBHO. *** HHawe o Gcto h ao acao b .VpaAbCKofi 06.-1acth, aaxB a^enifoff 6e- AOK33aKaMH H aJiaill-OpAbIHUaMH. 3ACCb CBHpeilCTBOBaA KpOBaBblH 6cAOPBapAeHCKHH Tcppop. H 3 CapaTOBa tojierp a({>npo baa h b M ock- ny, b CoBiiapKOM, o tom , « « ito b ypajibCKe apecTOBaHo bo BpeMfl noc.icAHHX coCbiTHft [pe.Hb hact o dejiorBapAeftcKOM nepCBOpOTC B MapTe 1918 r.] o«ieiib Miioro Ka3akoB-6oAbiijCBHKOB, HHoropoAHce HaceJieuHe TeppopH3iipycTcw h apecTOBbiBaerCB»21. Ka3aKH HnKOAafi h AAeKceft MoryTKOBhi (H3 ypa.abc.Kofi cTarau hi), C. J l po h h h ( h3 KaMeHCKofi cTanHUbi), MnxaH.1 XoxAaneB, H ayw K y 3HeuoB (H3 MaraHCKoii daH H U hi) h mhothc A pyrH e na oCbaBACimyio « bohcko- BblM ripaBHreAbCT30M» Mo6HAH3aiI,HIO OTBCTHAH 0TK33OM, 33 MTO Boewifo-noACBbiM cyAOM 21 M3B 1918 ro;ta ohh 6w ih npHroBopeHw k CMepTiioft K33HH MCpe3 iioBemenne. 3 th 3BepcKaa pacnpaBa p.earaH- oriHofi Ka3a*ibefi BepxyuiKH rHa.na m hothx Ka3ai<on Ha ())poHT npoTHB m x boa if. B p n ji,b i 6 c .io K a 3 a v b e fi a p M H u 6biJih n p H 3 8 a iib i Aa >Ke c ia - PHKH H IOHOUIH. He orcrraBajia o r 6cAOKa3aKOB h KOHTppeBOAJouHOHHan A jiam - OpAa. «Ka>KAbifr, 6yAb 6eAhhk, Goran, aojiacch Biiecra no c r o p y 6 ;ie P i Ha oprairH3aumo BoenHofi mhahuhh» , — TpeGoBaAH aAaui-opAUHUbi. O hh c|)opMnpoBaAH anTHCOBCTcrae KapareAbiibre orpHAbi h ycHAHBajiH Teppop. B Mac 1918 roAa b ^ncaM(5efiTe coctohacb cijC3a 0yp>Kya3- HblX HaUHOHaAHCTOB CO CnOUHaAbllOH HeAblO, KaK TOTAa ohh o6t»bb- jifiJ in , «B b ip a 6oTKH Mep 6opb6bi c 6oAbiueBHKaMH». C-be3A nocTaHO- bh a BcryriHTb b cok>3 c OcjiOKaaaKaMH. rio cJ ie cxbe3Aa 1 3i»r^KO*Ka.3^vcTaHCKJffl o6jiroc^pxns, <}>. 30G, on. 2, r . 1, jiji. 65—68. 2 LirAO P CCCP, 130. on. 2, r . 620. ji. 11. 191

«npaBHTejibCTBo:» KOHTppeso;iK)iiHOHHoft Ajiaui-OpAU 3aKJIK>qH;iO AO- roBop c ypa.nbCKHMH CcvioKa3aKaMH «o b33hmhoh no/aA.cp>KKe b 6opi>- Ce c 6o.ibmeBHKaMH». OAHOBpeMCHHo ycTaHaBJiHBajracb cBH3b h c opeu6 yprcKHMH 6eJiOKa3aKaMH. PyccKHe h Ka3axcKHe patfoqne h KpecTbHHe ypajibCKoA oGjiacrn BejiH reponqecKyio 6 opb6 y npOTHB 06'u o jm u e m m x ctui KOHTppeBOJiio- Uhh. Ohh npHHHMajiH yqacnie b HaciyiweHHH Ha ypajibC K coseTCKHX B o iicK H3 CapaTOBa, co3AaBajiH napTH3aHCKHe orpHAbi b caMoft ypajibCKoA otfJiacTH, no;mep>KHBaJiH GoJibiiieBHCTCKoe noAnoJibe. B o p b 6 a 3a o c B o 6 o jK A e iiH e ypajibCKa b ycA O B H flx H aq a B iu e A ca jiotom 1918 ro^ a rpa> KAaH CKoA boAhh c r a A a q a c T b io o6m,eA 6 o p b 6 h i HapoAO B Pocchh npoTHB BHeiiiHHX h BHyTpeHHHX B p aro B CobgtckoA BJiaCTH.

1f, B . T > y c a n o e , AoueiiT, KaHAM^aT HCTopHnecKHx nayK y C T A H O B J I E H H E H y j l P O ’T E H H E C O B E T C K O f t B . I A O T H B C E M H P E 'IE H C IC O ft O B JIA C T H I” ! pHcoeaHHeiuic Ka3axCTaHa k P occhh, naiaBuxeecn b nepBoii rpera X V I I I B e n a , 3aKOHqHJiocb tojibko b 60— 70 roAax X IX Bexa. K 3Towy 3aBepmaK)meMy BTany othochtch h bxo>kachhc CeMHpe'iba b cocran PoccHncKoro rocyAapcTBa. Flocjie npHcoeAHHeiiHa CeMupeqbH k P occhh, b 1867 roAy, 6buia o6pa30BaHa Ce.MupeqeHCKaji oOjiacTb c nenTpOM b ropoAe BepHOM (AjiMa-Ara).1 OHa AeAH.iacb TorAa Ha yc3Abi BepHGHCKHH, riHiiirieK- CKHH, Ilp>KCBaJlbCKHH, Kana.'lbCKHH, JleilCHHCKHH H /X>l<apKeHTCKHfl.2 rio3AHec 6mjih BbiAejienbi CeprnonojibCKHH h HapbiHCKHft ye3AH. n o craTHCTHHecKHM AaiHHbiM Ha 1 HHBapa 1913 roAa, TcppHTopua od.iacTH HcqncJiHJiacb b 353 tl>ichmh KBaApaxHbix BcpcT, a 3CMejib- Haa imomaAb oOAacTii cocraBJiana CBbiuie 35 mhjijihohob AecaTHH,3 H3 HHX yAOOHOH 3eMJlH 6bUIO OKOJIO 16,5 MHJIAHOHa AeCHTHH H HeyAO^Hofl Oojiee 17,5 mhajihoho. HaiKanyH'e nepBon MHpOBOft nMnepwajiHCTimecKOH BoftHbi Hacene- HHe o6jiacTH cocTaBAHAO 1227 723 HejioBexa, H3 iihx 881 417 mcao- B€K Ka3axoB h Kiiprn30By 210 000 pyccKHX u yKpauHueB. KpOMe Toro, b CeMHpc*ibc npoxcHBajiH y f ir y p u , AynraHe, TaTapu h Apyrne iia- UHOHajibHocTii, HTO roBOpHT o MHoroHauHOHajibHOM cocTase HaceAe- hhh o&JiacTH. noAaBAHiomee OoAbmHHcrBo nacejieHHH coctabjisuih -KpecTbHHC. >Khtcach ropoA O B Obiao Meiicc 9 npoueH TO B o t oCmeii Maccbi HacejieHHH.4 B aAM HHHcrpaTHBHO M oTHOiueHHH CeiviMpe^eHCKaH o O JiacT b 6biJia BKAiOHewa b cocT aB T y p K e c T a H C K o ro re H e p a A -ryO e p n a T O p C T B a 5. 0 6 m e e y n p a B A C H H e oO^acTbio O buio B03.io>KeHo Ha a o e H H o ro ry 6 cp - 1 B CeMHpeqeHCKyio o6^acTh 6bina BKmoneHa TeppHTopua TenepeiBHHX AaMa- A thhckoh h Tajuibi-KyprancKOH o6jiacreH, Macrb CeMnna;iaTHHCKofi o6;iacTH— CepriionojibCKMH. ye3j (Aary3) h ceBepHaa nacTb KHprn3HH — nmiineKCKHfl (<l>pyH3e), ripjKeBajibCKHft h HaphJHCKHii y e 3 A u I I p hm. a b t o p a. 2 U r A O P K aaCCP. 109. on. 1, a. 8, jui. 115, 116. 3 3anncKa o ikviojkchhh u Hywxax ncpcccJiefwccKoro ji&ia b CeMHpeneHCKOM p a A o H e k 1 JTHBapn 1913 r., n o a s h h u m C . n . B&rcem Koro, c r p . 5 . 4 TaM * e . 5 AAMHHMCTpaTHBuoe ycTpoficTBO, oceA-nue nyHKTbi h Ko^eBbie BonocTH Ce- MHpeMCHCJCOH O^AaCTH, CTp. I. 13-1201 193

Haropa, np« kotopom (SbUio C03AaH0 o6jiacTiioe npaBAemie. BoeH- HbDH ryOepmaTop na3HaqaACH uapeM h oOAaAaA HeorpamiqeHHofi BJiacTbio. Bo niaBC yeaAOB ctohah ye3AHbie HaqajiwiHKH. Hm iioahh- hhach necb KOjioima.TbHbiH annapaT ye3Aa. U,apcKoe npaBHTejibCTBo co3AaAo H3 (j)eoAaAbHO-6 awcKHx 3JieMeH- tob raK Ha3biBaeMyio «Ty3eMHyio aAMHHHcrpauHio* — bojiocthhx ynpaBHTe.ien h ay/ibHbix crapuiHH. Boaocthuc ynpaBHTCAH h ayjib- Hbie crapuiHHbi yTB-ep^KAaAHCb ye3AHbiMH 'HaqaAbHEKaMH h ryOepHa- TopOM, no.fiHOCTbio noAHHHHAHCb uapcKHM qHHOBHHKaM, b pyxax KOTopux 6btJia cocpeAOToneHa BJiacTb. HHCTHTyT «Ty3eMHOft aAMHHHCTpaUHH» 6 hIA RJin c})eOAaJIbHO- 6 aHc.KOH 3H3TH yAoOiibiM opyAne.M 3KcnjiyaTauHH h npaMoro rpa- 6e>Ka «a3axcKHX TpyAHiUHXCH Macc. KaaaxcKHe, KHprnacKHe, yaryp- CKne h AynraHCKHe Maccu 6 uah iiohth noroAOBHO HerpaMOTHbiMH. Tax, b 1913 roAy b ZI^KaipKeHTCKOM ye3Ae Ha xa>KAbie 1000 qeAOBex nacejiemiH rpaMOTHux Owjio Bcero 23. B ye3Ae 6 buio Bcero 25 >KeHmHH-Ka3ameK, rpaMOTHbix Ha poahom H3biKe, h TOAbKo qeTbipe Ka3aniKH yM6JiH HHTaTb h nHcaTb nO'pyccKH.1 AnajiorHMHoe iioao- >xeHHe 6 hao b BepHencKOM, JlencHHCKOM h Apynix ye3/iax. KoAOHnajibHhiA meT, HcecTOKan sKcnAyaTauHH co cropOHhi pyc- CKHX nOMClUHKOB H KailHTaAHCTOB H Ka3aXOKOrO OaHCTBa 06peKa^H Ka3aXCKHX TpyAHlAHXCH H TpyAHlAHXCH ApyrHX HaHHOHaAbHOCTeft Ce- MHpeqbH Ha OTCTaAOCTb H HHLUCTy. B SKOHOMHqeOKOM OTHOUieilHH B ayAe rocnoACTBOBaAH naTpHaipxaAbHO-(|>eoAaAbHbie othoih^hhh, koto- pbie coqcTajiHCb c ajieMenraMH KaiiHTa.iHCTHqecKHX orHouieHHfi, pa3JiaraBiuHMH HaTypaAbiioe xo3hhctbo ay.ia h ero naTpuapxaAb- lUHHy. <- He3aBHCHMo ot peaxuHOHHOH noAHTHKH uapn3Ma, npHcoeAHiienne Ka3axcTaHa k Pocchh HMeJio rAyOoxo nporpeccHBHioe 3naqenHe h 6 biAo oOycJioBJieHO bcgm xoaom HCTopHqecKoro pa3BHTHH xpan. Oho cnacjio K33axCKHH HapoA ot rropadomeHHH coceAHHMH (j)eoA2a bHbimh TOCyAapCTBaMH, OIOCOGCTBOBaAO pa3BHTHIO npOH3BOAHTeAbHbiX CHA xpaa, ycKOpHAo npouecc SKOHOMHqecKoro, noAHTHqecKoro h KyAb- TypHoro pa3BHTH« Ka3axcTaHa. B Kpae bo3hhkah h pa3BHBaAHCb oceAAbie noceAeHHH, 3eMAeAeAHe, peMecAa, npoMbiCAhi h ToproBbie UeHTpbP, a C HHMW If TOBapHO-.HeHC/KHbie OTHOUieHHH. rioBBAeiiHe B CeMnpcqbe pyccKHx h yxpaHHCKHX nepeceAGHUCB OKa3biBaAO OAaro- TBOpHOe BAHHHHe Ha ayA H CITOCOOCTBOBaAO pa3BHTMlO H VKpenAeilHfO Apy>x6 br pyccKoro h Ka3axcKoro napoAOB. Oah3ko nporpeccHBHbie COUHaAbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHe H3M6II6HHH npOHCXOAHAH KpaHHe MeAAdl- HO. TAaBHOH OTpaCAbK) X03HHCTBa HBAflAOCb aKCTeilCHBHOe KOHeBOe CKOTOBOACTBO. Ho AaHHUM 3a 1911 toa, 'KoqeBHe xo3hhctb3 b ^acapKeiircKOM ye3Ae coctabahah 96,4 npou-eHTa oOiAero qncjia xa3axcKHx xo3hhctb, 1 MaTepHajibi no oCwieAOBaHHio Ty3eMiioro h pyccnoro CTapojKii.n.HecKoro xo3aiicTBa h 3eMjienojib30BaHHH b CeMHpeMeHCKOH o6jiacTH, tom 3. C.-rieTepCypr, 1913 r, crp. 335, 336. 194

BepHeHCKOM — 84,7 npoueHTa, JlencHHcxoM — 72 npoueHTa, Kanaab- ckom — 71,8 npoueHTa.1 To >xe 6hiJio h b Apyrax ye3uax. y Ka3ax0B-K0neBHHK0B we cymecTBOBaJio HHAHBHAyaJibHoro 3eMjie- naib30BaHHH. OopMajIbHO 3eMJlH CHHTaJIHCb B n0.Tb3OBaHHH HJieHOB pojOBofl o 6mHHhi. ^aKTHHecKHM xo3hhhom 3eMejib HnjiHJiacb axcnjiya- TaTopoxaH BepxyuiKa ayjia, h6o oha BJiauena ochobhoh Maccoft CKOTa. FIosTOMy otfmHHHbrii nopnnoK 3eMJienojib30uaHHH He npOTHBopemui HHTepecaM 6 aeB. 3axBaT CaHMH jiyqiUHx oOmHHubix 3eMCJib, cocpeuo- ToneHHe b hx pyx ax BunacoB, BouonoeB h cxora, c ojiHofi cropoHbi, HHmera npyAHiuHXCfl, c Apyroft,— Bee 3to orpaw ano KJiaccoBoe pac- cnoeHHe ayjia h HBjiajiocb ochoboh A n n >xecroKOH axcnjiyaTauHH xa- 33XCKOH CeAHOTbl. UapH3M npOBOJHT 6e3yAep>KIIbIH 3aXBaT 3CMJIH, OTTeCHHH Ka- 3aXCK0e KpeCTbHHCTBO H3 pOAHbKX MeCT B 6eCnJIOAHbIC CTeilH.12 B 1905 roAy b CeMHpeueHCKofi oOjiacTH 6uji OTKpbiT nepecejieHHecxnM paftoH h o6pa30Ba»bi Tax Ha3braaeMbie 3eMJieycTpoHrejibHbie napmn, KOTopbie npHCTynHJiH k nape3xe 3eMejibHbix yMacrxoB 3a cneT xa- 3axcxoro HacejieHHH.3 Baibiuyio nacTb oceA-noro HacejieiiHH Hepyccxnx HauHonajibHoc- Tefi b CeMHpenbe cocraBAHJiH yftrypH h AynraHe, coxpahhBurae h pasBHBWHe cboio caMo6biTHyx) xyjibTypy. yfirypu h, oco6eHHO, Ayn- raHe crpa^aJiH ot Maao3eMejibH. I I ohth qeTBepTan qacTb yttrypcxoro HacejieHHH (23,4 npoueHTa) coBepuieHiio ne Hwejia 3eMjiH h oxojio nojroBHrru yftrypcxxx xpecrban n\\ienn seMviH no 3 AecnTHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, noqTH Tpn HeTBeprn ynrypcxoro Haceaeir/HH cocraBJinjiH 6e33eMejibiiue h Majio3eMejibHbie xpecTbjme, xo3jihctbo xotophx ne o^ecrieMHBajio hm Heo6xo;xHMbrx xcH3HeHHbrx ycviOBHtf. BbiTecnneMafl H3 KHimiaxa nyxcAoft h 6e33e.vieJibeM, 3HauHTejibHan uacrb 6caho- Tbi HaHHMa^acb OaTpaHHTb y xyjiaxon h 6aeB. KpenocTHHuecxHH xapaxiep nepecejienqecxoH iiojihthxh uapn3Ma ryOHTejibHO cxa3biBa;ic5i h na noAOHceiiHH TpyAOBoro nepecejieHqec- xoro xpecTbHHCTBa. Jlyunine nepecejieiniecxne yqacTXH npHcnanBa- AHCb uapoxHMH HHHOBHHxaMH h xyjiaxaMH, nosTOMy B O&JiaCTH HenpepwBiio p o c jio hhc.to HeycnpoeHHLix nepecejienneB. K.-TaccoBan AHCpcpepeHiwauHB b nepeBHax h xa3aqbHX CTaHnuax Cewnpenbu AOCTHnaa 3naqHrevibHbix pasMepoB. 50,1 npoueHTa pyc- cxoro KpecTbuncTBa oOjiacTH cocTaBJinjiH 6e33eMejibHbie h Ma-io- 3eMe*fibHbi€ (c HauejioM Menee 5 acchthh) nepeceAeHUhi. Ky-uauxo- 3a>xHTOHHa5i Bepxyiuxa c HaA&noM 3cmnv. cBbinre 15 agcathh cocraB- 1MaTepnajibi no oGc-'icaoBaHino Ty3eMHoro u pyccnoro cTapojXnjib^eCKoro xosHHCTBa b CeMHpewHCKofi oGjiacTH, t . i, CTp. 294; T. 2, CTp. 151; T. 3, CTp. 325f t. 4, CTp. 127. 2 3armcKa o nojioweHKH h n>TK^ax nepece^en'iecKoro b , CcMHpeMeH- ckom pafloHe k 1 H-HBapa 1913 r.t no abhhbim C. H. Beaeunoro, crp. 8. 3 B. A. B a c h .i b e b, CcMHpeqeHcxan o6,iacn> K2K kojioiihh n po^b b Mcfl MyftcKoft aojihhm, nerporpaii, 1915, CTp. 70. •1 3 195

aha a .17,3 npoueuxa acex xo3fliteTB b AepeBiie h BJiaAejia ^ByMa TpeTHMH Bceft noceBHoft n/iojua^H.1 :j MHonie nepccejieHUU, ocrraBaacb neycTpoeHHbiMH, a o x o a h a h - a o noAiioft HumeTbi. CopBaimue c poAHbtx MecT, odHHmaBimie h roAOA- Hhre, OHH HO m o iv ih c t 3tf> na HorH, ocHAHTb ny^KAy h moriaAaAH b xatfaAy « Ky.iaxy, 6 a io h aTaMany. H o m h o t h m Ayqmc 6 h a o noAO~ >KCHHe h t c x KpecTbfiH, iKOTophio cyMeAH no.nyqHTb 3eMejibHbiw yqacTOK. Muorne hs h h x ue iiM-ejiH paGonero cKOTa, ceAbCKOxo3Hftcr- BeHHoro HHBCHTapH h ne MorAH o6ecneiiHTb ce6 n xjieGoM. BeAHHKH Bbiny>KAeHbi Cu a h h a t h k KyAaxy, 6paTb y iie r o xAetf B3aftMbi, b c h o t OTpa<)OTKH h t . it. HeaaAOAro a o nopBofi m h p o b o h b o h ii h , 29 Man 1914 roAa, «CeMHpeiieiiCKHe odnacTHbie b o a o m o c t h * nncaAH: «M Horne HOBocejibi o t nawaAa 3h m u HaquHaiOT nonynaTb h a h o a h a - >KHB.aTb xAe6. Hy>KAa t o h h t 6eAHHKOB o t m c k h b a t b noAeHHyio pa6 o- Ty h a h naHHMaTbCH b 6 arpaKH»2. >KecTOKHM 3KcriAyaTaT0p0M na- 3aXCKHX, pyCCKHX H ApyrHX TpyAHLHHXCH HBAHAaCb Of})HuepCKO-KVAau- «a a BopxyuiKa Ka3anbHx craHHU. Mexta.y Heft h KyAanecTBOM nepeceAeHqecKoft AopeBiiH <5hiAa cyiuecTBeiLHaa pa3«HU.a b CHAy npHBHAerHpOBaimoro noA.oKenHH Ka3aqecrBa. Ona BAaAeAa AyqiiiH- m h 30MAHMH, CoAbiuyio HacTb KOTopux oTAa BAa a b apeiiAy Ha KaCaAbHbix ycAOBHHx KaK GeaaeMeAbHOMy aacejieHHio oKpyataioiHHX pyCCKHX CCACHHH, TaK H o6e33CMeAeHHOH Ka3axCKOH 6GAHOTC. B KyAaUKHX X03HHCTBaX IIlHpOKO npHMCHHACH IiaeMHblH TpyA daxpaKOB. KyAaKH HaHHM.aAH h x ah5o iia roAHMHbift cpoK, a h 6 o rio- MecHHiio; MecTaMH uacTb AeHOJKHOH luiarbi 3a-MeHHAacb noceBaMH xAe6a a a h pafioAHX.3 XHinHHHCCKaH 3KcnAyaTauHH 6 eAH0TH, Ka6aAbHaa apeHAa no- pO>KAaAH ocrpblft aHTarOHH3M Me>KAy TpyAHIHHMCH IiaceieHIieM, c OAHOH OTOpOHbl, H KyAa’feCTBOM, C Apyroft. 06oCTpflAHCb KAaCCOBbie TipoTHBopeHHH h K A a c co B a H 6o<pb(5a b K aaaxcK O M ayAC, b pyccKoft AepeBHe h b Ka3aqbew craw H ue. U,apH3M npeBpaTHA Ka3axcraH b cupbeBOH npHAaTOK poccnftcKO- ro BoeHHO-(})eoAaAhHoro h mnephaa H3ma, b pbiHOK c6bira TOBapoB, npOH3BOAHMbIX B UCHTpe. B CeMHpeMbe He CymCCTBOBaAO CKOAbKO-HH- 6yAb 3HaqHTe^ibHOH npoMbiiuAenHOCTH. b BepnoM paGcmie cocTaBAHAH Bcero nHTb npoueHTOB ko Bcewy HacejieHHK> ropoAa. rio AaHHbiM 1913 roAa, b ropoAe BepiiOM 6liao 29 npoMbiuiAeHHbix 3a- ueAeHHft, Ha KOTopwx pa6oTaAo HecKOAbKO cot paCoqHX.4 Eme MeHee CbiAa pa3BHTa npoMbiuiAeiuiocTb b ApyrHX ropoAax o6a 3cth. B 1913 roAy b Ce.MHpeqeHCKoft o&nacTH 6 hao 94 npeAnpHHTHH 1 npHBeaeHHue uHtjjpu BbiBeaenu Ha ochobc aaHHhix KHurn B. A. Bacn;u>eBa «CeMHpeMeHcK3«M °a^ aT\" bp aK3K KOJIOHHH H PCMb B IlPfi MyiicKOft 2 Fa3eTa ♦CeMHpeweHCKHe o6.nacrHue bcaomocth^ ot 29 Man 1914 r ewy 063° P 4 O63op CeMHpeqeHCKoii oC/iacm 3a 1913 r.f BcpHbifi, 1915. 196

c 2 075 paCoH'HMH1, He BKAioq-afl (Sojibinoro KOJiuncCTBa mcakhx, KycrapHoro THna npeAnpuaTHH. YiieJibHbift Bee npoMbiimieiuiocTH b oGiueft npojxyKUHH napoAHoro xo3HHCTBa o&nacTH cocTaejiHji Bcero 5 npoueHTOB. Handojibiuee 3naqeHne 3Aecb HMejiH oTpacjin npo- MbmiJieHHOCTH, o6pa<5aTbiBaBiuHe npoAyKTid ce.ai»cKoro xo3hhctb3 n cocTaBJiHBUiHe 85 rxpoueiiTOB Bcex npe^npHHTHH. O hh BbinycxajiH 91,9 npoueHTa BaAOBoft <npo.nyK.UHH npoMhHiweHHOCTH. JXjw xapaKTepncTHKH HH3Koro ypoBHH npoMbmuienuoro pa3BHTHB CeMHpenbH cvieAveT eme yKa3arb, mto b 1913 roAy b o6jiacTH HMe- jiocb Bcero 73 ABHraTejin, b tom UHCJie h Komiue itphboam, o6meft MOlUHOCTblO B 764 AOIIiaAHHfalX CHJIbl.*2 3^eKTpH4eCKOrO OCBemeHIIB b BepHOM, Kax h BOHonpoBo^a, ue 6buio. FIoJio>KeHHe paCoqnx b CeMiipeqbe 6 biJio oneiib thjkcjium. Pafio- mhh AeHb ^jihjtch lie MeHee 12,5 qaca, a b jieTHee BpeMfi 3anacryio or 3apn ao 3apu. 3apa6oTnaa njiaxa ChiAa iioiiOMepno HH3Koft. Oco- 6eiuio T5i>KGJibiM 6 buio nojioxceHne Ka3axcKnx paCkwnx. O hh 6biJiii 3aHBTbi na caMbix TpyAHbix paCorax, nojiyqaH 3a KaTop*KHbift Tpy/i HHmencKyio 3apa6oTHyK) njiaTy. B KOHue X IX — naMajie XX Bexa CaiiKH uciiko oxBaTHJiH cbohmh iuynajibnaMH Ka^axcTaii. B Ce.MHpeMbe aoboabho GoAbinoe bjihhhhc hmcjih PyccKO-A3HaTCKHH, rieTepGyprcKHH qacTHhifi KOMMepqecKHft h Apynie” 6aHKH. Pa3Hhie ToproBbie (JjwpMbi, Kpyniibie CKoronpoMbim- jieHHHKH, 6ecnomaAiio otfHpamime ipyAOBoe OKOTOBOA'iecKoe nacc- jieHHC, HBjiH.nifCb aireHTypoii 'Kpynnoro (J>HHaHcoBoro, b rTepByio oqe- pe^b HHocTpaiiHoro, KainiTaJia h naxoAHJincb b naiHoft 3abhchmocth 0T 6aiIKOB. n oA bjihhhhcm UcHTpaAbiioft P occhh pa3BHBa.aacb H KyJIbTypHO- nojiHTHqecKaa >KH3iib n CeMHpenbe. B Ka3axcKyio cierib npoHHKa;iH HAen pyccKHx peBOJiiouHOiiepoB, iraquHan ot npocBGTHTCACft ivropoft noAOBHHbi X IX Bena. C Konua X IX h oco6chho b Haqajie X X Bena cioAa, kbk h Ha Apyrne HaiurouaAbHbie OKpaHHU P occhh, erajJH npOHHKaTb HACH peBOAIOUHOHHOrO MapKCH3Ma. yqaC-THHKH pCBO.TKDUHOHHblX MapKCHCTCKHX KpyWKOB, COCJiaHHbIC b CeMHpeHbe, HanajiH pacnpocrpanaTb hach MapKcii3Ma cpeAH Tpy- AamHxca ropoAa BepHoro h ncpcAOBow ywaineHcn mojjoaokh Bep^ IieHCKOH rHMH33HH. OlIH 0K33a.TH OOAbLJJOe BJlHHHHe H Ha Moao- Aoro M. B. <I>pyH3e, KOTopuft yunjicn b BepHencKon rHMHa3HH b 1896— 1904 rr. h okohmha cc c 3o.iotoh MCAajibio. B rHMiiasHH H3 HanOojiee nepeAOBOH moaoaokh CTajiH c03AaBaTbca xpy>KKH caMOo6- pa30BaHHH, CBH3aHHbie CO CCblAbHhIMH peBOJIIOUHOHepaMH, H-evlCra.lb- HO 3a ropOAOM npOBOAHBIUHMH CeCeAbl C Kpy>KKOBUaMH. ^ripOHHKHO- BeHHe peBO.niouHOiiHbrx HAefi, ocoOeHHO '6oAbuieBHcroKoft aniTauHH h nponaraHAbi, ycHAiiaocb bo BpeMH nepBOH pyccKOH penoAiouHH J B. A. B a c H J i b e B . 'CeMifpeqencKaH o6jiacrb nan ko^ouhh h pcvib b nefl HyficKOH AOJiHHfai, rieTporpafl, 1915, crp. 180— 182. 2 Taw >Ke. crp. 186. 197

1905— 1907 rr., hto oKa3ajio orpowiioe bjihhhh6 Ha noATOM nanno- HajibHO-ocBoOoAHTejibHoro ABHweHHH Ka3axcKoro napoAa. B pe3yAh- TaTe nojiMTimecKoft pa6o r a OaibiueBHKOB cpejxw pyccKoro h Ka3ax- CKoro Hace;ieHHH <J)opMHpoBaAHCb chaw aah peBOAiouHomibix cxBa- TOK. B CeMHpeqbC B03HHKAH COUHaJI-ACMOKpaTHHeCKHe KpyJKKH, B KOTopbie, iiapn^y c couwaji-ACMOKpaTaMH, bxoahah h acephi. 3 th npyjKKH npeACTaB;iHJin co6ofi CMeuiaHHbie counajiHCTHqecKHe rpyn- nbi. BepHencKHe coimaA-AeMOKpaTW, HApo KOTopwx coeraBAHAH paOoHHe THnorpac()HH h Apyrux npejmpHHTHft, paOoia.iH b 1905 roAy npH noMOum TauiKeiiTCKOH couHaA-AeMOKpaTHqeCKOH opraHH3anHH, OKa3aBuicfi 6oAbiuoe bahhhhc na (l)OpMHpoBaHHe BepHCHCKoii rpyri- nw. Bo.TbuieBHCTCKii HacTpoeHHaH nacTb ee npoBOAHAa peBOAiouHOH- Hyio pa6oTy b Maccax. BcKope BepHCHCKan rpynna crajia HMciioBaTb- ch CcMupeneiicKOH h pa3Bepnyjia riponaraHAy b Apyrux ropoAax oftnacTH. BcepoccHficKaa oKTnOpbCKan noAHTHnecKan crraq-Ka 1905 roAa pacnpocTpaiiHJiacb h Ha AajiCKoe CcxinpcHbe. B Bcpiio-M h Apyrwx ropoAax oOjiacTH 6 hah npoBeAeiibi nojihthhcckhc 3a6acTOBKH, co- CTOHAHCb MaCCOBbie MHTHHTH H AeMOIICTpaUHH, 6bIAH 0praHH30BaHbI nepBbie npoc|)eccHOHa.ibHbie corc>3w. B nofl6 pe 1905 roAa paOoHHe h cay>KamHe noqTbi h TeAerpa(J)a ropoAa B e p n o r o diphcocahhhaHCb K BCepOCCHHCKOH 3a6aCTOBKC nOHTOBO-Te.ieipacJ)HbrX paOOTHHKOB. B npaKJiaM anHH « K jkh tcjih m ropcxaa B e p n o ro » , BbinymeHHoA CeM upeqGHGKofi r p y n n o ii couHaA-Ae.MOKpaTOB b aiiBape 1906 roAa, roBopiuiocb: « B ro p o A e ycrp an B aioT C H T e n e p b HapoAHwe co6paiiHH, H apO A B3AOM BaAHT 113 HHX, T3K KaK y3H aCT TyT, HTO H KaK AeJiaeTCH na PycH*1. ConnaA-AeMOKpaTbi CeMiipeqba npoBOAHAH pcBOAiounoHHyio npo- naraHAy cpcAii coAAaT rapiiH3ona h xaaaqbHx qacreft. Zl>KapKeiiT- ckhA ye3AHbiH HaqaAbnnK 26 iioaOpn 1905 roAa b panopTe bochho- My ryOepnaropy CeMiipeneHCKOH o6;iacTH co o6ma.i o nejierajibiibix cxoAKax Ka3aKOB h coaast, cpeAH KOTopbix «pacnpocrpaHHioTCH npoKAawauHH mcctiioto npoH3noACTBa»21. rpyn n a couwaa -Ae.Moxp a- tob LUHpoKo pacnpocTpaHHAa HeAora.ibnyio napTHHiiyio AHrepaTypy. B 1907 may hoahuhh 3axBamia HCAeraAbHyio OHdAHOTexy, b ko- Topon 0Ka3ajincb npoH3BeAeHna B. H. JTeHHHa: «nepecMOTp arpap- hoh nporpaMMbi paOoneft napTHH», « fIo 6 e A a KaAGTOB h 3aAaqa pa6 o- q-en napTHH», «JioKAaA o 6 oO'beAHHHTejibnoM c*be3Ae» h Apyrne. n Pn apecTe KoHcraHTHHa BeiiAioKOBa 6h a naiiAeH 3K3eMTiAHp 6oAb- uiCBHCTCKoii ra3eTbi «n,poACTapHii» OT 20 OKTH6pa 1907 roAa.3 PCB0.1K)UHOHHbie IiaCTpOCHHH npOHHKaiOT II B Ka3aXOKHe Macchl. B 1905— 1907 rr. ynamaiOTCH c^ynaH BucTynjieiiHH npoTHB boaoct- Hbix ynpaBUTeAeii h Apyrnx koaohhaa bhbix BAacrrefi, ynoAa ckots 1 PeBO-iiouHOHHoe ABH^cenne b Ka3axcTaHe u 1905— 1907 rr Arma-ATa, 1956, CTp. 131. 2 TaM we, CTp. 88. 3 I'a3CTa «Ka3axcTancKaji npaB^a* ot 22 «HBapn 1935 r. 198

y KyjiaKOB h 6aeB, MaccoBbix noTpao xjie()OB h cchokocob Ky^a^ecT- ua, nopyCoK b JieCHbix Aanax h t . n. 0 6 3tom CBHAeTCAbCTByioT aohc- cenHH uapcKHX BJiacTeft c MecT, npHKa3bi CeMapeneHOKoro ry6epHa- Topa, uHpKyjiaphi TypKecTaHCKoro renepaA-ryCepnaTopa. Pa3BepTU- BaeTCH peBOJiJOUHOHHaa 6opt»6a h b ceMHp-eneHCKOH AepeBiie. B nee BTHi'HBaioTCH b nepByro oqepeAb HeycTpoeHHwe nepece-ieHUbi. B ot- AejibHbix MccTax pyccxasi h Ka3axcKan <5eAH0Ta Bbicrryna;ia BMecTe npoTHB cbohx o6iuhx BparoB. HanpnMep, b nocejine >Keprec (IlpjKe- najihCKoro ye3Aa) pyccKHe, Ka3axcKHe h KHprH3CKHe 6eAH«KH, o6t>- eAHireunbie 6aTpaK0M IlaranOaeM HcTandexoBbiM, BbiCTynHAH npo­ THB KyjiaKOB h yuacTKOBoro HanajihHHKa. UapcKHe BJiacTH ofoaBHAH CeMHpeMbe Ha ncuioxceHHH ycaneH- hoh oxpaiibi. Mjfonre aKTHBHue yqacTHHKH peBOAiouHOHHhix Bueryn- JieHHfi 6bIAH 6 pomeHbI B TIOpbMbr HAH BbICAaHbi H3 O&nacTH. OAHaKO 6oeBofi Ayx HapoAHhix Macc He 6 wa caomach. B iiepnoA peBOjno- mioHHoro noA^eMa 1910— 1914 rr. noAHTHnecKaa paOoTa b Maccax pa3BepHyAacb c hoboh chjioh. B 1913 roAy b ropoAe BepnoM o6pa- 30BaAacb OoAbineBHCTCKaji rpynna, oaiihm H3 opraHH3aTopOB h py- KOBOAHTeAGH KOTOpOH 6blJl ll. M. BlfHOrpaAOB. BoAblUeBHCTCKaH rpynna npoBOAHAa arHTauHOHiiyio h iiOAHTHHecKyio paOory cpeAH TpyAHiAHXca Macc ropoAa n ayAa, BbLpamHBajia H3 hhx peBOArouHOii- Hbie CHAbi CeMHipeqbn. JleTOM 1914 roAa HanaAacb nepBaa MHpoBaa HMncpiiaAHCTHHe- CKaa BOHHa. B roAbi bohhu neH3MepnM0 ycHAHACsi npo»3BOA uap- CKHX HHHOBHHKOB H HX npHXBOCTHeH — BOAOCTHbIX ynpaBHrCACH If ayAbHbix CTapiiiHii. Bljah bbcaghw hobuc HaAorn h no6opw, CBH3aH- Hbie C Boftlioft. npOBOAHAHCb MaCCOBbie PCKBH3HUHH CK0T3, KO>K, KOUIM AAH H y * A apMHH. IIOA BHAOM nOMOUiH X03HHCTBaM M06HAH30* Bamihix na BOHHy Ka3axcKHe TpyAnmneca npnny>KAaAHCb Occn-iaTHo paCoraTb Ha KyAauKHX noAax. CnAbHo CKa3binaA0Cb na noAO>KCHHH ■rpyAHuiHxcn Macc noBbnnenHe ueH na TOBapu h npOAyKTbi. Y>kc b 1915 roAy uchu Ha xag6 noAHHAHcb b 2— 3 pa3a, na Haft h ca- xap — b 5— 6 pa3. Hy>KAa n pa3opciiHe TpyAHiunxca B03pacTaAH c Ka>KAUM AHeM. Ban, MaHanw, xyniihi h «yjiaKH nojib30BaAHCb 6cactbchhlim no- Ao>KeiiifeM Macc aah ycmieHHSf hx ^xcnAyaTaiWH h SKOHOMHHecKoro 3aKa6aAGHHH. HanaBmeeca actom 1916 roAa iiauHoiiaAbHo-ocBodoAHTcvibHoe BoccTaHiie oxbbthjio h CeMHpenbe. AKTHBHoe ynacTHe b noAroTOBKC H pa3BepTbIBaHHH BOCCTaHHH B CeMHpeHbC npHHHMBA 33MeMaTeAb- Hbifi cbiH Ka3axcKoro HapoAa Toxam Bokhh, KOTOpbift ncxope 6ha apecTOBaH. JXBMKymeii chjioh BoccrauHH 6bl w yniereHHwe xpecTb- HHCKHe Ka3aXCKHC Maccbl. «B o IViaBC ABHJKeHHH HaXOAHTCH TC, y KOTopbix hct HHKaKoro HMymecTBa»t-— aohocha BoerfHOMy ryOepHa- Topy CeMHpeneHCKOH o6a 3cth BepneHCKHft ye3AHbift HauaJihHHK.1 B CeMupeneHCKoft oOAacTH, xax h b Apyrnx odnacrax Ka3axcTa- 1 >Kypna/i «5o.ribuieBHK Ka3axcTaHa», 1936 r., 7. 199