A 3 * CQBE
KA3AK CCP FbUIHM AKAAEMHSCbl Tie xene zdeCuej uncruryim Kazan coeei »de6ueri OeAiMi KA3AK COBET 9/tEBMETIHMT M3CE.TlE.nEPI I TOM A. MAJIOBHHHO orme C. CEHTOB ES KA3AK CCP FEUIUM AKAflEMHHCblHblH BACttACbl AJIMATbl —1957
BOnPOCbl KA3AXCKOH COBETCKOM jlMTEPATYPb! A. MAJIOBHWO u C. CEHTOB HSaATEflbCTBO AKAiJEMMM HAYK KA3AXCKOB CCP AJ1MA-ATA-1957
i Hi ii|- | s f iif l f |:i fill I Mi ijMss!isS\"| s M P -iiitill1 ! * g | | <, S | S . s ‘a s ! !iii| I ] li J i n- U \" j ilfli 1 | | SJ sjjls-slislg fs iR l |*|s IIiPlIflH f ■Is!; M i; Iff! = l^ i!ial““!
BA3APEAEB TEMA TPyflA B KA3AXCKOH COBETCKOH n033H H 30-x TOflOB 30-e roabi HBHJMCb hobum aranoM b pb3bhthh Ka3axcxoft coscrcKoft jih- Tepaiypu. Ecjih ao aioro BpemenH xasaxcKaa jiirrepaTypa cocroaaa noara H3 oaHoft no93HH, to Tenepb nosB-iHioTcH npo3aHiecKiie h ApaMaTyprHie- CKHe i]poH3BeaeiiHfl. B Koime 20-x h b nepBoB nojiOBHHe 30-x roaoB c paccxa 33MH, nOBeCTHMH H P0M3H3MH H3 3KH3HK KaSaXCKHX 6eaHSKOB, CTpOBWHX HOByio >KH3Hb, BbiciyiiHaH I\\ MycracjmH, T. Mycpenos, C. MynanoB, M. Aya- 30B, C. Epy6aes H ap. HeyKjioiiHbifl noateM couHaancrHiecKofi skohomhkh h xyabTypa Ka3ax- CTaHa, OaaroTBopHOe BAHanHe pyccKoft xyjibTypfai h AHTepaTypu ofiycaoBHati ycnemnoe pa3BHTHe Ka3axcKofl anrepaTyphi b 30-x roaax. OOoraiueirae Ka3axcKofl AHTepaTypu hobumh npoH3BeacHHBMH B noa- 3hh, npo3e h apa.'iaTyprHH aaaaocb pe3yabraT0M TBop'iecxiix noacKOB ho- Bbix cpeaCTB xyaowecrBeHHoro H3o6pa*eHHa HBaeHHft aeficTBirreJihiiocTH. PacuaeT Ka3axcKOH aHTepaxypu cra a bosmokhum 6-naroaapa hobum o(5me- CTBeHiibiM ycaoBHHM, aaBaBiUHM nncareaHM H nosTaM, BuuieamHM H3 Hapo- aa, mnpoKyio bo3mo)Khocti, pa3BHBan> cboh TaaaHTbi. TeMa couHaJiHCTHBecKoro Tpyaa b Ka9axcxo# axTepaType 30-x roAOB craaa Beaymefl, xoth b npoH3BeaeiiHax 3thx act noauMManHcb h MHorne apyrHe tcmli. Kax HcropmecKHe, Tax h coBpeMeHHbie. B 20-x h 30-x roaax b pyccxoft coBeTcxoii airrepaType o aioaax Tpyaa 6bum co3aaHbi 3HaiKTenbHue np0H3BeneHHH. BoraTuii o n u r pyccioix nuca- reaefl b orofipaweHHH tcmu Tpyaa TBopaecKH ocBamsaioT nncaTejia apyrHx CpaTCKHX pecny&nHK. B 9tot nepHoa napraa, Hcxoaa H3 3aaaq CTpoHTeabCTBa cooHaansMa, 3a6orflCb o HeyKaoHHOM pocre KyabTypu, jiHrepaTypu h HcxyccTBa, yciuiH- BaeT pyxoBoacTBo BceMH yiacTKaMH HAeoaormecKoro cppoHTa, b tom iHcne h xyaowecTBeHHofi nirrepaTypofi xax oaHHM hs aeflcTBeHHbix cpeacra co- UHaaHCTHqecKoro BOcnuTaHHa Tpyaauuixca. B nenax oGecneqeiwa eiue 6oaee ycneuiHoro pa3BHTHa cOBeTcxofi AHTepaTypu napraa ocymecranaeT nepe- CTpofixy h KOpeHHoe ynyqmeHHe pa6 o n j AHTepaTypHO-xyaowecTBeHHbix op- rauH3amifl. «... 3 a nocjieaHue roan, — KOHCTarapoBaa UK b nocTanoBaeHHH « 0 nepecipofixe AHTepaTypHO-xyaowecTBeHHbix opraHH3auHfi». npHHSTOM 23 an- peaa 1932 r., — Ha ocHOBe 3HaaHTenbHbix ycnexoB couHaancTH>iecKoro CTpon- TeabCTBa aoCTHTHyT 6ojibwoft xax xojiHiecTBeHHHA, Tax h KaiecTBemiuS poor jiHTepaTypu h HcxyccTBa. ... B Hacroaiuee Bpewa. xoraa ycneaa ywe Bhipacra x aapu npoaeTap- cxofi jinTeparypu h HcxyccTBa, BuaBHHyaacb HOBbie nHcareaH h xyaowaaKH c 3aBoaoB. (jiaOpHK, K0.TX0308, paMKH cywecrayioiaHX npoaerapcKHX aare-
6A3AP6AEB paTypuo-xyAowecTBeHHUx opraHH3auHH (BOAnn, P A nn , PAMn h ap ) craHOBSica ywe yaKHMH h ropM03HT cepbe3iiufl pa3Max xyaowecrBeHHoro TBopiecTBa*.1 B cuny sthx oGcTOHTetibCTB UK BKn(6) nocraKOBHA AHKBHAHponaTi, ece accouHauHH r o<h>eaHHHTb Bcex nHcarejiefi, npHflepjKHBaiaiUHXCR no3B- uhh CoBeTCKoft BAacra h rorOBbix skthbro yiacTBOBaTb b CTpoHTeJibCTBe co- UHaAH3Ma, b eaHHbifi Cok>3 cobctckhx riHcareAeB c KOMMyHHcnmecKoB ((ipaK Tcm caMbiM ObijiH co3flaHbi HOBbie npeanocbiAKH aha cbo6oahoi-o h Bce- eropomtero pa3BHTHH JiHreparyphi h JiHieparypHofi kphthkh Ha ochobc MapK- CH3Ma-aeHHHH3Ma. riocTaHOBneHHe UK BKn(6) « 0 nepecrpoMKe AHTepaTypHO-xyaowecr- BeiiHux opraHH3auHB» Hautao ropHMee ojo6pemte cpean cobctckhx nHcaTe- aefi. OprKOMHTer CCF1, co3aaHHbift b 1932 r. bo r.iaiie c M. TopbKHM, npo- Bea Goabiuyio noaroTOBHTeabHyio paSory k Cbe3ay nHcaTeaeB. riepBbift cbesa cobctckhx micaTeaefl, coctohbuihBch b aBrycTe 1934 r., HBHACH SOAbUIHM Co6iJTHeM B HAefiHO-nO.IHTH'leCKOfi JKH3HH CTpailbl. •OTKpuBaa Cbe3a. M. ropbKHft roBopna, <rro 3Haqemie coio3a, o&bean- HRioiuero cobctckhx HHcaTeaefi, coctoht b tom, ito «pa3HonaeMeHHaH, pa3- iioaauiHan AHTeparypa Bcex nauiux pecny6anK BbicrynaeT KaK eaHHoe lte- Jioe nepea ahuom npo.TCTapwaTa CrpaHbi Cobctob, nepea ahuom peBoaio- UHOHHoro npoaerapHaTa Bcex crrpaH h nepea ahuom apywecrbetmux HaM JiHTepaTopoB Bcero MHpa».J nepBufl cT>e3a nHcaTeaefl CCCP noaBen htoth pa3BHTHH coBetcKofi ah- Tepaiypbi hohth sa aBa aecHTHACTHH h HaMeran nyTH ee aaabHefiuiero pa3- bhthh. BbicTynan Ha Cbe3ae, A . A. JKuaiioB onpeaeAHA xapaKTep Hauiefi AH TepaTypu KaK «caMofl imeflitoft, caMofi nepeaoBOfl h caMoB peBoatouHOHHofi* AHTepaTypu MHpa. Coieraa b ce6e couHaaHCTH'iecKHft peaaH3M H peBoaio- UHOHHyio poMaHTHKy, cOBercKaa anrepaTypa npH3BaHa rayfioKO pacxpuBaTb npaBay WH3HH, BocnmiiBaTb coBeTCKHx aioaefl b KOMMyHKcra'iecKOM ayxe; «3o6pajKaa hx ceroaHHUiHHfl repoHMecKHfi Tpya, npH3UBaTb Bnepea, K a y ii- meMy OyayweMy. «CoBCTCKaa aHTepaTypa, — roBopna Ha cbesae A, A. >Kaa- hob, —aoawHa yMen, noxasaTb HauiHx repoes, aoawHa yMeTb 3araaHyTb b Harae 3aBTpa. 3 to He 6yaer yronHefi, h6o Haute 3aBTpa noaroTOBAaeTCH naaHOMepHoil co3HareabHoB paOoTofl y*e ceroaHH*.3 B pern A. A. XaaHOBa, b aoKaaae M. TopbRoro fluah HpKo onpeae- aeHu ocHOBHbie tepiu cobctckoB AHTepaTypu. Cbe3a noKa3aa, kto MeroaoM CoBeTCKoft AHTepaTypu aBaaeTca cotmaaHCTHHecKHfl peaaH3M. XapaKTepH- CTHKy 9Toro MCToaa aaa b cBoeM aoKaaae M. ropbKHii. «CoiwaAHCTHKecKHfi peaaH3M, — TOBOPHA M. ropbKHS Ha riepBOM c-beaae nHcaTeaeit, —yTBepjtuaeT 6uTHe KaK aeHHHe, KaK TBoptecTBO, u Koroporo — HenpepuBHoe pa3BHTHe aeHnefiniHx HHaHBHayaabHux c CTeH qeaoBeKa paan notSeAbi ero Haa cnaaMH npwpoau, paaH ero aaopoBbs h aoaroaeTHH, paaH BeaHKoro cuacTbH jkhtb iia 3eMae, KOTopyto oh coo6pa3- ho HenpepuBHOMy pocry ero noTpeOKOcrefi xokct o6pa6oTan. bcio KaK npe- KpacHoe WHAHuie qeaoBeqeCTBa, 06-beaHHeHHoro b oaHv ceMbto** JKH3HH'^ f MnCB'HnnepCaaBKHHiA' bPH6o3f^i 1013U\"6HTKpKefiHyBCATeHoHtBxfyleaftocwTBHHHTKeAabHraOyCfToHK, oHro30(35Hpaa>HKHeK- oofcwneuL Pa3BHTHH. Ben 6opb6a paOoqero Kaacca 3a cBoe oc- waeHHe, bch aeaTeabHocTb KOMMyHHCTHqecKoft napraH noanu eephi b
dyaymee. B Konemiyio no6eay KOMMyrnmia. ToabKo daaroAapa Tpe3BO0, peajibHofl oueHKe HBjieHHfi KH3HJf, raydoKOMy BcecropoHHeMy 3H8hhk> aeft- CTBHTeabHOCTH, noHHMaHi(H) nyrefi pa3BHTHH co6brmfi napTHS cyMeaa npa- bmwio pyKosoaHTb 6opb6ofi p adoiero Kaacca, Bcero yrHeTeHHOro napoaa 3a CBepweHHe caMoaepwaBHa h aa ycraHOBaeHHe AHKTaTypu npoJiCTapna- Ta. riapTHH b cypOBOfi, TpyaHoS dopbde BHAeaa KOHeiHyio ueab, mean CBoii — nocTpoe.HHe decKaaccoBoro KOMMyiiHCTHMecKoro odmecTBa. JlaTepa- Typa conHaaacrHqecKoro peajin3Ma, yTBepjKaaa HOBoe, 3apowaaiomeeca, do_- pacb npoTHB orcraaoro, Kocnoro, b to we BpeMa npH3Bana ycrpeMaaTb cboB B3op Bnepea, K aynueMy CyaymeMV, BoemmjBaTb b ABMax bojiio h SHepraio b hx dopbde 3a ocymecTBJieuHe KOMMyHKCTHiecKoro HAeaaa. B noBbifl nepHOA pa3BHTHH coBeTCKoro odmecTBa napraa notrraBHJia nepea AHTepaTypofi u nHcaTeaaMH noobie 3aAani. OcywecTBaemre hx aoaw- ho duao ewe doaee yKpenHTb b Hauiefi airrepaType ee couHaancTHiecKoe navaao, nepa3pbiBiiyio cBH3b c TpyAOBHM HapoAOM, coujtaaHCTH'ieCKHM cTpoHTeabCTBOM. ToabKo npHcraabiio Hayiaa wnaiib h aeaa cobctckhx aio- aefi — cTpoHTe.neft couHa.'iH3Ma, mowuo 6bDlo co3Aan> AeficTBHTejibHO aKTy- a.ibHtie, OTBewaioiiuie 3aAaiaM ahh xyAOwecTBeHHbie npoH3BeaeHna. rfpoB03raauian comiaaHCTHMeCKhB peaa«3M mctoaom coBeroxoB jihtg- paTyphi, IlepBbifl cbe3A cobctckhx rmcateaefi nocraBHA nepeA xyaowHHKa- mh cjioBa daaropOAHyio saaaqy aKTHBHo BTopraTbca b >kh3hi., BcecTopoHHe H3o6pa>KaTb dopbdy h aeaa coBercKHx aioaeft, co3AasaTb apKHe odpa3bi CTpoHT&nefl couHajiH3Ma. B CBoeM AOKaaae M. TopbKHft roBopua o tom, hto iepocM Hauiux khht aaaweii Outb nenoBeK, orpaKH3yeMbiB npoueccaMH Tpy- Aa, aejioBCK, KOTopuH, odaaaaa BceMH aocthjkchhhmh coBpeMeHHofi toxhh- kh, b cboio oqepeAb opraHH3yer TpyA, B03B0AHT ero b CTeneHb HCKyccrea. •fljra ycnexa Haiueft padoThi,— roBopHJi M. fopbKHfi,— naM Heodxo- AHMO nOHSTb, npoqyBCTBOBaTb TOT (jiaKT, MTOB Haiuefi POAHHe COUHajIHCTH- mockh opraHH3yeMbiS TpyA noAyrpaMoraux padoanx h npHMHTHBHoro Kpe- CTbHHCTBa C03AajI B KpaTKHS CpOK---B UieCTHaAttaTb ACT— rpaHAH03Hbie Baoxhobahioiuhm cTHMyaoM aah Ka3axCKHX nHcaTeaefi asHAHCb hcbh- AaHHHe H3MeHeH«H, npoHcxoAHBuiHe b 3th roAU b KasaxcTaHe. flepeA KaaaxcKHMH nHcaTeaaMH orapbisaaca neorpaHtmcmiuft npocrop TBopaecKOB AesrreJibHOCTH; wn3Hb, codbiTHa TpedoBaan aKTHBHoro yxacTHs hx b bcahkom BceiiapoAHOM aeae — cTpoHTeabCTBe cou.HaaH3Ma. Kax h Bee Apyrae coBeTCKHe nnca-rejia, Ka3axcKHe nHcaTeaH cBofi aoar nepeA coBeTCKHMH ajoabmh BHuejiu npewae Bcero b H3odpawcHHH Toro ho- Boro, 1TO BHOCHAO B >KH3Hb CTpOHTCAbCTBO COUHaaH3Ma B OTCTaAOM npewAe Ka3axcTaHe, bo BcecTopoHHeM, rAydoxoM nona3e H3MeneHHa odAHKa ne TOAbKo Kpaa, ropoAa H ayaa, ho h caMoro TBopua 3to0 hoboS jkmhh — co- sercKoro MeaoBeKa, CTpoHTeaa cou»iaaH3Ma. Ho Aan moaoaoB Ka3axcKofi awTepaTypu nyrb oBaaAeHHa TeMaMH cob- peMeiiHocrH h C03AaHHa Ha ocHOBe MeToaa coaHaAHCTHaecKoro peaaH3Ma 3peaux b HAeftHO-xyAowecTBeHHOM OTHOUieHHH npoH3BeAeHHft dua caow- hum, Cao*HOCTb ara 3amiiOMaAacb He TOAbKO b H0BH3He TeM, coaepwaHHa h HAefl, HO H B HeAOCTaTOBHOfl npHTOAHOCTH AAa B0CIipoH3BeAeHHa HOBfciX HB- aeHHfi AefiCTBHTeabHOCTH crapux <]>opM, cthah h ApyrHx H3odpa3HTeabHbix cpeacTB. riosTOMy nepeA KaaaxcKHMH nncaTeaaMH bo Becb pocr Bcraaa sa- Aaqa coBepmeHCTBOBaHHn CBoero MacrepcTBa, npocpecCHOHaabHbix bosmohc- Hocrea xaK nyreM hohckob hobux cpopM, crHaefl, onnpaHCb, pasyMeerca, Ha HaKonaeHHbia onur, Ha doraToe HapoAHoe TBopaecTBo, Tax h nyreM yaedhi y nepeAOBUx pyccKHX nosTOB, ocodeHHo y MaaKOBCKoro. TBopaecKoe oCBoe- 1 M. r o p b .x n i O AHTcpaType. M., 1953, crp. 710.
t. BA3APEAEB ,i cnoco6cT80Ba.no tomjt, vro KasaxcxHe nosThi C03M8H h no (t>opne h no conepjKaHHio aeficTBHTeabHO nonue npoH3Beae- HH8. y<ie6a y M. TopbRoro h B. ManKOBCKoro noMoraa KaaaxcKHM nHcaTe- jihm fibicrpee oaaaflCTb couHaJiHcnmecKHM pea.iH3MOM. Ho caMoe yraepw- Aeiwe Meroaa couHa.iHCTHiecKoro peaJiH3Ma b KaiaxcKOft Jinreparype He Mo wer CbiTb uenHKOM h noJiHOCTbio o&bacHeHo ToabKO y*ie6oa h saHMCTBOBa- hhbmh. HoBbifi MCTOA xyAowecTBeHHofi BHTepaTyphi 6hui no^cKaaaH caMOft wH3Hbio, c3mhm xapaKTepo.M hoboi-o oSwecTBeKHoro ycTpoficTBa. Ka3axcKHe nHcaTeaH, KaK a Apyrae coBeTcxae xyaowiiHKH, He Moran He BhipawaTb b cbohx npoH3Beaemiax hoboto Ayxa, hoboto ccwepwaHHH wh3hh. TBopieCKHe yCHjina Ka3axcRHx nHcaTeaefl, TaRHM ofipaaoM, Cujih npauaeHu Ha OBjiafleime MacTepcTBOM, hoboB iJiopMofl. CouHajiHCTHK peajiH3M npeanonaraeT pa3HooCpa3He cmnefi, <|>opM, npneMOB, cpeacTB xy- AojRecTBeHHoro H3oCpajKeiiKH h t. a., Roropbie, Keen b ce6e coiwaaHCTHqf CROe coaepwanne —npaBAHBoe xyAOwecTBeHHoe OTo6pa>KeHHe HarneB ael CTBHTeJibHOCTH, — aeaaioT npoH3BeaBHHe npeflMeTOM, acTeTHHecRH B03aefl- CTByiomHm iia yM « co3HaHHe iHraTejin. ■JlymiHe cthxh C. MyxaHOBa, K. A6auRaflbipoBa, A. ToKMaraMfleTOBa. T. >Kii|!OKmia. A. Ta«H6aeBa. I'. OpMaHOBa. >K. Cbi3flMROBa h flpyrHX o rpy- weHHKax ay.aa h npoMbiwaeHHocni npaBHabHo OTpawaan 6opb6y h kb- aaxcsHx TpyjiHUiHXca 3a cosaaHHe hoboh wh3hh b 20-x roaax. Ho uiee pa3BHTHe coCuthB, rpoMaAHhie ycnexn, aocTHrayThie CROMcejlbCKOM X03SiiCTBe H B IipOMblUJ.'ieHHOCTlf, pa3BHTH6 KV-lbiyphl, IiayK:; DpeabsiBaaaH riHca-rejiHM HOBbie TpeGoBaHHH. Mhoto npoH3BeAeHHfi Ha TeMy Tpyaa b 30-x rowax 6u ao co3,iano noa- TaMH C. MyKaHOBbiM, A. ToKMaraMOeroBbiM, T. /KapoKomjM. A. Tawn6ae- bum h Ap. B ocHOBy hx npoH3BeAehhB aeraa TBopuecKan TpyaoBan Aesrreab- Hoctb Ka3axcxoro HapoAa, ROTopbifi BMecTe co bccmh apyrHMH HapoaaMH CoBeTCRoro Coio3a ycnenmo CTpoim cou>iaaH3M. rioBT C. MyRaHOB B 30-x roAax npoAoawaeT noHCRH hobux (fopM h npneMOB xyAOwecrBeHHoro H3o6pa*eHHH. Hobub xyAowecTBeHHbie npneMbi, BHeceHHue hm b Raaaxcxyio no93HH> ewe b npon3BeaeHHHX ROHua 20-x ro- AOB, ocoGchho b nosMe «MiiHCb, moB bopohoB KOiib!», noJiyiaiOT csoe aanb- Hefiuiee pa3BHTHe b npoH3BeAeHHHx bthx aeT. Otmcthm, mto b 3tot nepHOA cpeAH Hexoropbix noBTOB HMeno MecTo npHMHTHBHoe yTBepwaeHHe o tom, hto bjib BepHoro OTo6paJKeniia AeflcTBH- TeabHOCTH HeoSxOAHMO. HT06bl CTHXH np0H3B0AHJIH 3ByKOBOfi 3<j)lf)eHT, T. e. «Ayx coBpeMeHHofi AeficTBHTeabHOCTH*, HanpHMep rnyMbi CTpoHTeabCTBa, rpOMU npOH3BOACTBeHHUX npouecCOB B npOMbUDXeHHOCTH, POROT MOTOpOB h t. a-, cjieayeT nepeAaBa-rb nyreM 3ByKOBoro noApawaHHH, B0cnp0H3BeAe- HHH 9THX 3ByKOB. TaKOfi HaTypaAH3M, nOHBTHO, 6blA COBepmeHHO HenpHCM- JIeM- riepeA no33Hefi crosaa flpyraa *H3neHHaa aeo6xoAHM0CTb— co3AaTb npaBAHBue, peaaHCTHuecRHe o6pa3bi crpoBTeaefi counaaH3Ma. KaaaxcKOft nos3HH, pocuiefl BMecTe co Bcefi cobctckoB aHTepaTypofi, b 30-x roaax 6buio CMJly c03A3Tb noaHoueHHbie o6pa3bi coBpeMeHHHR0B. HywHO craHTMbHOCTHB0,aHTb HOB“ e npHeM“ *yAo*ecTBeHHoro H3o6paweHHH Aefl- B 1933 r. C. MyRaHOB HanHcaa cTHXOTBopeHHe «MaSpa caaeMl*. («ripH- » nepeBoae Ha
DHOHajIbHUft KOJIOpHT CTHX3 C HOBbIM CHHTaKCHieCKHM nocTpoeHHeM (j)pa3. B pe3yjibTaTe CTHXOTBopeHHe 3a3Byqajio coBceM no-HOBOMy, naiHOBecHO, yOejuTc-'ibHo, Bbipaataa Haeio m aaMucea nosra. HeKOTopue kpkthkh (HanpHMep, jinrepaTypoBea T. HypraaBH) HOBa- TopctBO C. MyKaHOBa bhast b tom, mto oh hph6jih3hji cthxh k pa3roBop- Hofl peqa, OTKa3aBiuHCb ot rpaaHUHOHHofl HaneBiiocTH Ka3axcK0fl no33HH. OaHaKO Mbi CHHTaeM, mto npocToe npeBpameHHe jickchkh nossHH b jieKCHxy pa3roBopHofi peqH He yjiyqiUHJio 6hi aejla, — cthxh b tokom cjiyiae motjih 6u npocro noTepan. nosTHMHOCTb h npeepaTHTbca b npocroe, MexaHHqecxoe cuenaeHHe Koe-Kax 3apii<f)M0iiamuJx c-ion. CexpeT hobh3hli cthxocjiowchhh y C. MynaHOBa KopeHHTca b Oojiee rayOoxofl npHMHHe, hokcjih npocroe pacmeHCHHe cjiob b CTpoxe. Bo3bmcm asm npHMepa HaqaJibHyio CTpotJ'y K cowajienHK), b xy/jox<ecTBeHHOM nepeBoae H. CiiaopeHKo He to.ibko He coxpaHeHO CTpoeaue 3thx cthxob, ho h OTcyrcrByioT ue-ibie crpoKH H3 3Tofl crpoipbi. noACTpoMHbifi nepeBoa, rae no bo3mo>khocth coxpanen iiopaaoK cjiob opnrHHajia, BurasaHT Tax: M u BuaHM, mto, coaaaBan KapTHHy bcchu. noar He OTKaabiBaercH ot TpaaHUHOHHux MeTaijxip, Macro ynoTpeCjmeMbix b Ka3axcKoA no33HH. ripea- craBJiHH Beciiy khium awHrHTOM, oh y * e bhocht b CTHXOTBopeHHe HauHO HajibHyio onpacKy, cBoe HauHOHajibHoe noHHMaHHe. 06pa3 oaerofi b uieJiKa k 6apxaT BecHU rawe HaoesH TpaaHunoHHUMH ajih Ka3axcxo0 nossHH MeTa- 4>opaMH. 3eMJin, noKpuran sejienofi TpaBofi, b pyccKofi HapoaHoft no33HH WaBHHBaeTCH C KOBpOM: rOBOpHT, MTO 3eMJIH nOKpbl.iaCb «3eaeHUM KOBpOM». Ho b o6ohx cjiyqaax KpacoTa BecHU, Beceimas MHrxaa mejiKOBHCTaa TpaBa oSpasHo cpaBHHBaioTCH c npa3aHHMHUM yCpancTBOM qeaoBeKa hjih ero jkh-
1. BA3APBAEB jjaaee no3T ksk 6yATO 6bi npoTHBope<nrr ce6e. B tneflyroupix crponax secHy-Mafl oh npeacTan-ineT b o6pa3e fleayuiKH, nepe'iHCAHH notTH Bee HaaaejKHOCTH xtencKoro yOopa. Ho 3T0 — Ka*ymeecfl npoTHBope>me. I hhthh Ka3axoB cmiy, mobu>. MOjioflocTb oaHueTBopneT aacHrirr. host, hc H3 3TOrO TpaflHUHOHHOro nOHHTHH, rOBOpHT O Mae \"\"\" re, aBJiaioweM C06010 cmiy, Momb, Mono.iocTb bc 3 MHpa. Ho K nepexojurr k oiiHcaHHio xpacOTU Beciibi, to nepea o6pa3 npa chboB aeByuiKH, oaeTofl b npa3AHH'inuii sapaa. BeceHHHe ubstu 6pax<aeT b BHae AparoueKHux KaMHeS, nepeaHBaiomHxca pa3HbiMH Kpacxa mh h CAjoKauwx yKpamenaeM weHCKHx nauHOHajibHux koctiomob. npeacTaB •rerae oCwiaKa b BHae nepbeB aono.iHner co3aaBaeMhiH o6pa3 BecHbi-aeBym- kh. [iepba bbahiotch npeaMeroM yKpaiueHHa KaaaxcKHX weiicKiix roaoBnux yCopoB (npenMymecTBeHHO y aeByiueK). CoAHue, cnniomee Ha He6ocBoae. ynoaoflaaerca uiaane, a mojihhh — rnoanaM (cepefipaHUM ynpauienaaM, HPHBH3blBaeMbIM JKCHUlHtiaMH K K0HHHK3M HOC), KOTOpue BpKO 6aeCTHT ~ -- aaror npa xoabOe hcwhuB nepe3Bon. C noMombK) bthx xyaoJKecTBeHHHx cpeaCTB o6pa3 BecHM-Maa npea- CTaer nepea homii b xapaicrepHUX cbohx 'leprax, mu jkhbo npeacrraBaaeM ee BeaH'iHe, KpacoTy, TopwecrBeHHOCTb, cnay a MOJioaocTb. rio3T He H36e raeT npHHHTux b Ka3axcK0fi no93HH aaeMCHTOB xyaoaxecTeeHHoro H3o6pa wemra: hm oCuabHO Hcnoab3yioTca caosa «waxyT», «Mapwan», «yKi», «iuoanu» h t. a- Ho BMecre c TeM mu He BCTpeaaeM 3aecb TpaaHiuioHHux aTpHOyTOB bcchu b boctomhoA iio33HH—Tpeaefi co.ioBbeB. npwaeTa -lacTo'ieK, UBereHHH noAbnaHOB. IIobt b CBoeM croxoTBopeHHH He TojibKo onoBemaeT Hac o HacTyruieHHH BeCHU h pHcyeT ee apKyio KaprHHy. Oh npeacTaBaaeT Becny b o6pa3e HeAOBexa, b o6pa3e CBoero coBpeMemiHKa H o6pan;aerca k Hefi, KaK k TOBapniuy — cTOBapmu Mali*. IIost npHBeTCTByeT Becny, noAHyio TpyaoBoro 3HTy3HB3Ma, Knnyqefi aeaTeabHOCTH mh.tjthohob cobctckhx aio- flefi. BecHa, KaK fiBAeHne npnpoabi, ofibnma. Ho host bhaht b Hefi HOBue aepra: BecHa-Maii — sto chmboji chjiu h moiuh TpyaoBUX aroaefi, paCoHHX H KpecTbHH, aeHb fioeBoro cnaoieHHH pa(5o>iero Kjiacca Bcero MHpa. riosTO- My no3T h o6pamaeicH k Maio ksk k TOBapnmy. HeoCxoaHMo oCpaTHTb BHHMaHHe h Ha xapaKTep Hcnoab30BaHHn yraep- AHBuiHxcH b KasaxCKofi no33HH MeTa(pop. n o cywecTBy, C. MyxaHOB b stom CTHXOTBOpeHHH, COOTBeTCTBCHHO HOBOMy coaepjKaHHio, no-HOBOMy HCiioab- 3yeT h 3th MeTaipopu. Bo-nepBUX, oh oayxoraopHJi uafi, npeacTaBaaa ero b o6pa3e HejioaeKa h Haaeaaa ero cBoficTBaMH, npHcymHMH cospeMemraKaM nosTa (b cTiixoTBopeHHHx «Becna» h «3«Ma» A6afi H3o6pawaa Beceimee cojiHue jKeHHXoM. 3eMJiro— HeBeCTofi, a 3HMy— crapmcoM). Bo-BTopux, npeaMeru TyaaeTa — Mapwan, yKl h t. a., b Koropue tost HapaflHa BecHy. K3K AeByuiKy. BnepBue npHMeHenu npH onncaHHH npnpoAU. 3ro naer HaM npaso yTBepwaaTb, aro b abhhom cAyaae hobh3H3 nosTmecKoro TBODHecrua MyKaHOBa aaKaraiaeTca b CTpewAeHHH coaaaTb HaHfiojiee peaABCTHiecKHfi, COOTBeTCTByiOUIHft COBpeMeHHUM nOHHTHHM o6pa3 BecHU. Buuie mu ynoMHHanH o CBoeo6pa3HH CHHTaKCHCa sthx cthxob C. My- KaHcrna. lOBopa o hoboB (popwe. cTHjie h CBHTaKCHqecKofi CTpyKType cth- XOCJIOJKeHHH, HeoCXOAHMO yHHTUBarb, IipHeMJieMO AH AHHHOe HOBIHCCTBOAAH tor hah Apyrofi HauHOHaAbHoft H033HH. Ecah mu npoanaAH3HpyeM 3TH CTH- XHCTOHKH 3PCHHH HX(popMbl, CHHTaKCHHeCKOfi CTpyKTypbl, TO y6eflHMCH, HTO JAB Ka3axCKOfi n033HH, KaK H AA8 H033HH ApyrHX IiauHOHaAbHOCTefi, HOBa- ^ P^ , U<P°PM“ ’ OCKOBaHHOe Ha BUCOXOfi HAefiHOCTH H XyAOJKeCTBeHHOCTH, THyvapduou^pCreaHhHHOoibBeUucKMmOcCMloAecpowieaTHaHHPHMH, nporpeccHBHhix. HapoAHUx TpaaHUHfl Airrepa- 6uao BnoAHe npneMAeMo h onpaBAaBO. cuHTaTb hobux (popM CTHxocAoweHHa, BBeAeHHUx A6aeM, Ka-
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isxck6A coaetcKofi ni BwecTO npe>KHHx craTHHHHX, CyxHx, AHiueHHbix noaTHqHoCTH cthxotbo- peHHft, aaecb >khbo HsolipawcHa pa(5oqaa ofcTaHOBxa itexa h o6paau cbmhx pafioqnx. 3riHTeTOM obohkhA uex» noar cosaaer uejiyio KapTHHy aexa. R a nee no9T Tax onHChmaeT Tpya pa6o<wx: Cruioqermbift, opraHH30BaHHbifi Tpya pafioqHX repoHqen H norrHqeH. Kax noaT, caanHiiutfi Tpya, C. MyKaHOB aeaaeT jnrrepecHoe jiapmecKoe ot- crynaeHHe: phtm' cbohx ctuxob oh cpaBHHBaeT c phtmom repoiiiecKoro Tpy- aa pa6oqKX h no HeMy pamiaer phtm no33HH. rToaqepKHBasi pyxoBOAsimyio, opraiiH3yioiayio ponb KOMMynHCTnqecKofl napTHH b (fopMHpoBaiiHH HOBoro coBercKOro iieaoaeKa, noar nHineT: B SoeBOM eaHHcree coBercKHX paGoqax, aaimTux b raraHTcxoM cosh- aaTeabHOM Tpyae, nosT bhaht ycnex Bcero Toro, 3a ato OopioTcn coBercxne Jikwh. BocneeaH Tpya pafioiiix, co3aaBaa hx repoHqecKHe o6pa3hi, noaT, ox- BaqeiiHLiH paaocTbio H ropaocTbxj 3a CBofi Hapoa, 3a pafioqwfl miacc, He Mower He Bbipa3HTb CBoero naTpHOTHqecxoro qyBCTBa: v Rna xawaoro craxoTBOpeHMa, rae C. MyxaHOB CTpeMHTca B0cco3aaTb noaHyio rpyaoBoro naijioca KapTHHy aeflcTBHTenbHOCTH, oh HaxoaaT CBoeofi- pa3Hbie xyaowecTBeHHbie cpeacTBa. B cTHxorBopeHHH «KoHBeflep» cpeacTBa xyaowecTBeHHOro H3o6pawemia cooTBeTCTByioT TeMe: anirreTU, MeTaifopu, cpaBHeHHa B3<mj H3 hoboh WH3HH. OieHb o6pa3ao nosT roBopHT o napTHH, cpaBHHBaa cany ee BaaaHHa c aoMHOft, ([lopMyiomefi aioaefi H3 Merajuia, H3 CTanH. Tax Cnaroaapa hobum aaneHMSM b whshh, b 6brry xa3axcxRX TpyaauiHxca pacuiHpax)TCH cpeacTBa nosTHiecxoro H3o6paweiiHa. B xa3ax- cxofi no3THqecKofi jiexcaxe paHbine coBepuieHHo He €uao caoB «aHKTaTypa», «aoMna», «uex», «3aBoa», «KOHBefiep> h mhothx apyrax. Tenepb sth caooa HacTOJibxo cwHBaiOTca c hckohhmmh xa3axcxHMa caoBaMH, hto ohh BMCTy- naioT He Toabxo xax caoBa, o6o3HaqaioiUHe noBue noHaraa, ho H3 hhx o6- paaoBMBaioTca h HOBue MeTacpopu, amri-era, cpaBHeHHa — cpeacTBa xyao- wecTBeHHoro H3o6pawen>ia. Bean c 3thmh CTHxaMH cpaBHHTb cthxh KOHua 20-x roaoB, to HaraaaHO c t f C- MyxaHOB. CfiopKHx cthxob «Tvjimb>. n n iv n A M„ 1934, 2-165
M- EA3APEAEB mojkho yBaaerb, Hacxo.tbKO xaiecTBeHHO H3MeHHJiacb Kaaaxcxaii no33HH b 30-x roflax. B 1929 r.. HanpHMep, C. MyxaHOBHM Ghao Hanucaiio craxoTBopeHHe «KaaaxcTaH>, xoropoe oh nocBHTHJi KapcaxnaficxoMy MeAeniiaBHJibHOMy 3a- Boay. 3 to craXOTBopeHHe BnocaeacTBHH noflBepraaocb nepepa6qTxaM; npa nepeaoAe Ha pyccKHil h3hk (1934) h npn BKaioqeHHH ero b c6ophhxh cth- xob b 1950 h 1954 rr. aDTop yayquiaa ero. Ho noKasaTeaeH nepBHft BapwaHT CTHXOTBopeHHH, ony6aiiKOBaHHbifl b itoaGpe 1929 r. b ra3eTC cEaGexini xa- 3ax». KapTHHy BhinaaBKH mcah nosr H3o6pawaeT xax: B AaabHeSmHx CTpoxax, I -------- hkj HanoMHiiaiomHX Mean, oryx, myM, cyeTy paGona. ripH 3tom neib noBTy npeACraBaacTCH b BHAe qyAOBHma, noraomaiotuero Bee, bto 6pocaioT eMy b nacib, h H3Bepra- romero H3 nacra pa3weBaiiHyio CMecb. CMecb, BbiAHBUiHCb h3 pTa qyaoBH- lira. GeiKHT orHeHHUM pyqefixoM, Kax noji3ymHfi apaxoH (<KU3biA mucum. TunGafi Mafias* coprajia, afiaahapaafi HpeaeHae, »oppaaa>). Ho npH Bcex bthx aoBoabiio Hpxnx cpaBHeHHax whboA xapniHbi Tpyaa mu He bhahm. H bto He Tojibxo noTOMy. vro aBTop coBepmeiwo ynycxaer H3 BHAy qeaoBexa, conepuiaiomero bto tyao, ho h noTOMy, bto aorop ------ xom yBAexaeTca BHcniHefl cropoHofl Aeaa, 3aHHMaeTca coBcpiuemio neiiyjK hum noabicKHBaiiiieM caob, cayxoBoe BocnpHaiHe xoTopux, no MiieiiHX - Ta, aojdkho apxo oxapaxTepH30BaTb H3o6pajxaeMoe. HCHO, t|TO OAHHM TOJIbKO BHCUIHHM B$l))eXTOM AOCTHrHyTb pea.11 HOC™, npaBAHBOCTH H3o6pa>xeHHH TpyaHO. TpeGyeTCH rjiyGoiioe snaiii ro, o aeM noBT nHiueT. 3iiaime He Toabxo TexHHXH, npouecca Tpyaa, ho— bto caMoe raaBHoe—Jisoaeft Tpyaa, paGoiux, hx 6oraToro BHyTpeimero pa, hx HaeflHo-nojiHTHMecxoft coaiiaTejibiiocTH, uejieycTpeMaeHHocrii, ro: hocth He noxaaaaa pyx Tpyam-bCH a.ia 6aara oGmecTBa. Taxoro cooTBeTCTBHH coaepwaHiia h ifopMbj siobtu nammaioT aoGh oaTbca b 30-e roan, xoraa a aa BToro Guira HafiaeHhi cooTBCTCTByximHe xy aojxecrBeHHbie cpeacTBa. J rnaenn.t°~e l OJU1 B 6oPb0e 33 noaHyio noGeay couHaaH3Ma coBercxne jiioah coBepmHJiH 6ecnpBMepiihie noaBHra Ha TpyaoBOM (JipoiiTe. nsTHnermie iuia- °BCSOe«.“ \"“ ,e ’ cottHajiHcrmecKoe copeBHOBaime. — Bee bto, . 'laBumM CTHMy3°M w Hainero oOiuero amoKeiiHH Biiepea. «CTaxaHnBe?.»“ Xn H0Bh' X reP°eB -rPy«a- 01083 «nHTHaeTxy b lenjpe roaa». HHM3DM“H S b b B n Pe'tt0B?K CO««ajlHOT1',1“ 1'Oro COpeBHOBaHHH» CTBJIH CHHO- 8eJIHlai™nx noGea coBercKHx moaeft na rpyaoBon (bpome. OTHX ^2L!£?H3BWHH\"Xn03™ CTPacTH0, C BOJIHemieM TOBOpHjIH 06 skchhkor » r , ° S S HHllX HiuieHHHx. rioxa3biBas yqacTHe coBeiCKHX Tpy- CKOM n ™ ! l “ 1\",aJ' \" ™ eCKO\" COpeBHOBaHHH, B CTaxaHOB* Tpya H A^ o ^ 7 o Z T Ht i r ,ee * ,,p,,e H3o6pa3BTb
B 30-x roaax b Ka3axcTaHe npoxoaroio Cojibinoe cTpoHTeAbCTBO. Pac- uiapaaca KaparanAHHCKHfl yrojibHhift OaccefiH, 6uah oropuTU HOBtie mccto- powaeHHa mcah Ha Baaxaiue, noAHMeTaAAOB Ha AjiTae, HeiJjTH Ha 3M6e, tf>OC(fH)pHTOB B AKTIoCHHCKe. BhIAH tlOCTpoeHU CBHHUOBblA 3aBOA B MHMKeH- Te, xhmkom6hhbt b AienofiHHCKe, MeAeiuiaBHJibHbiB 3aboa Ha BaAxauie, ca- xapnue 3aBOAhi a Mepxe, AwaMOyjie, TaAAbi-KypraHe. CTponjiucb hobnc wejie3Hbie Aoporn ypa.ibCK — HaeijK, KaHAarai— TypbeB. HaMnoro yBeAH- HHJiHCb AoObiia yrvm, Hecfmi, mcah, iipoh3boactbo 3AeKTpo3HeprHH. B03B0- AH.iHcb ruiOTHHbr, cTpoHjuicb KaHajiu, BOAOxpaHHAHiua. B opomae\\ibix paflo- Hax Ka3axcTaHa — KDr, TypKecraH, K3MA-0pAa — HppnraaHOHiiue paSom HMejiH •ipe3Bbi'!afliio aajKHoe 3Ha'ieHHe. B sthx pafioHax fibuia ocBocHa Kyab- Typa xxonKa h p»ca. BucTpo paaBHBanocb whbothoboactbo, KOTopoe crajio ochobhoS oTpacAbio ce.ibCKOro xo3aflcTBa KaaaxcTana. fIo3T T. JKapoKOB b cTHxoTBopeHHH «Moaot naTHAeTKH» CTpeMHJica ne- peaaTb b JiKpaiecKofi $opMe stot naijjoc co3HAaTajibHoro rpyaa, oxb3thb- mero bcio Haray crpaHy. IIost ho.ihum iwiocom, xaK Cbi coraacya phtm CBOHX CTHXOB C TeMnOM BCAHKOft CTpOfiKH C0UHa.lH3Ma, rOBOpHT o repoax iihthjictkh, oAepwaBiuHX Oo.'ibuine noBeAbi: ZUaee no3T, cooSmaa o fionbuiHX AOCTHweimax TpyAHWHXCH Kaaax- CTaHa no AoBbwe H&pm, yraa, cra.iH h t. a.. npn3HBaeT paOoraTb c cine CoJibiueft SHeprueft, He orcxaBa-Tb ot BpeMeHH, niara-rb BnepeA, npnyMHOwaH MOlAh H CHJiy COUMajIHCTH'ieCKOfl P oahhu. B noiTH AGKjiaManHoHHoft, npHnoAHSTo# <|>opMe nepeAaeT nosT cboh naTpHOTHnecKHe qyBCTBa. JlapimecKiift repofl Kan 6u oxna'ieii nopuBOM TBopiecKoro cosHAareAbHoro rpyna h cneuiHT neperHaTb Bpeua. nepBOHataAbHbifi BapHaHT SToro CTHxoTBopeHHH 6uji nanncaH XCapoxo- bhm b 1931 r. B 1935 r. no3T KopemibiM ofipaaoM nepepafioTaji ero. riepabifl BapHaHT CTHXOB H3o6HA0BaA BOCKAHItaHHHHH H OAHHaKOBbIMH 3ByKOCO>ieTa- HHHMH. 3 to B HHblX CTpOlfaX AOXOAHAO AO TOTO, 1TO CTHXH AHUiajTHCb AOTH- kh. HanpHMep, n nepBOM Bapnairre 6ujih Tame CTpO(|)bi: KpOMe 3ByKOBoro HameTaHHfi, nocACAHHe A8e cTpora noiTH HHKaxofi poAH He HrpaioT. Ohh He pa3BHBaior Mbicjib AByx nepBbix CTpoK, a, Hao6o- por, H3-3a CBoeft MaAocoAepxcaTeAbHocTH ocAa&iaioT o6mee HAefiHoe 3By- *raHHe cthxob. Kan mh bhahm, no3T SAecb qacro ynoTpeOAaer rAacHbie 3ByKH H Bee Bpe.MH CTpeMHTCH AOfiHTbCH 3ByKOBOfi COTAacOBaHHOCTH BCeX CAOB CTpO(f)M. H3 BOCbMH CAOBCTpO())bt IUBCTb I70flo6paHbI HCKAtO'IHTCJIbHO no 3By- KOBOMy cxoACTBy, npiCie.M Herape H3 hhx cosepiueiiHO oahothhhh: 3Aecb AOMHHiipyioiuyio poAb HrpaeT 3ByK «a>, Toraa xax b nepBbix AByx CAOBax —
M. EA3APBAEB «o». Bcio HeofiocHOBaHHOCTb Tanofi noroHH aa BHemnefl hkoCu KpacuBocTbio cthxob mojkho acHO yBHaeTb, oGpaTHBiuHCb k noACTpoiHOMy nepeBoay: IIpifMHTHBHOCTb 9Ta, BO-nepBUX, KaK MU yiKC rOBOpHJlH, ecfb pe3yjlb- TaT norOHH 3a BHemiiefi KpacHBocTbio cthxob— noroHH sa nycraM co3By- hhcm. Bo-BTopux, 3jecb cKa3UBaeTCH KpaiiHee HeyMeHHe co'ieran. HOByio reMy, HOBOe coAepwaime co crapofi cjiopMoii, co crapuMH cpeacTBaMH noara- leCKoro H3o6pa*eHHB. H3 nocneAHHx M yx cTpox Ha caMOM Aeae MoateT H3Bae'ib KaKofi-irafiyab cmuca toalko tot, kto Goaee hah Menee 3iiaKOM c uaiiHOHaabHofi cneiuHtWKoS H3UKa. IIost, nan mu sto noHHMaeM, xotca bu- cxa3aTb Mucjib, hto y Hac pa3BHBaeTCH CHAbHaH, Moumasi npOMumaeiiHOCTb. «Acay» — 3to He ToabKO«wepe6eu», ho h ci-jibHaa Heo6te3*cHHaH aoinaAb. «ApKupay» — «KpnqaTL», hto tsiokc AoawHo 03Haqan> CHay, Mouib. TaKHM o6pa30M no3T BupawaeT HAeio o pa3BHTHH CHJibHoft, mouihoS npoMumaeH- hocth. Ho OHa, 3Ta mea, He oGaaAagT cootBercTByioineft caoBeciioR ijjopMofl h noaTOMy coBepuieriHO He B03fleflcTByeT Ha HHTaTeaa. HecMOTpa Ha 9Ty oaeBHAHyio caaGocrb, nepBufi BapnaHT «Monora na- mieTKH* pacxBa.nmaeTc.fl b pa3Jimnux AHTepaTypoBCAHecKHx pa6orax. HanpHMep, b khhtc «OiepKH hctophh KaaaxcKoft cobctckoB AHTepaTypu* aaropu 0T3UBai0TCH 06 3TOM CTHXOTBOpeHHK KaK O CTHXOTBOpeilHH, flpKO OTo6pa3HBiueM TeMy CTpoRKM, 3aKjno'iaBmeM b ce6e 6oabUiyio HAeio H T. A.1 3ro, mu ayMacM, pe3yabTaT noBepxHOCTHoro noAxoaa, HenocraTO'iHO rayGo- Koro aaamiaa coaepjKaiiHH, CMUCJia cthxob. CTHxoTBOpeHHe craao nojiHO- ueHHUMTojibico nocae nepepa6oTKH (1935), Koraa no3T ot HeKOropux CTpocJ) OTKa3aacn coBCeM, a apyine cTpocpu nepeaejiaa. HanpHMep, rtocaeflime ABe CTpoKH BUHienpHBefleHHOii cTpoipbi oh nepeaejiaji TaK: 3 to h Jiorii'iecKH u no (JxipMe npoAoawaer aKTHBiiyio, npH3UBHyio hh- TOHauHFo nepBUx AByx crpoK. Ha npHMepe stoto craxoTBopeHRa bhach nyn>, KOTopufi npoinea noiTH KawAuB Ka3axcKHfl tost b noncKax hoboR <}iopMhi, cBoero cthah, roaoca, yMeaoe, MacTepcxoe Hcnojib30BaHHe ayiuiHX ctopoh HaoHOHaabHofi Tpa- AHUHH Ka3axcK0R no33HH H 0TK33 ot ee HeHywnux, He npHMeHHMUX aah H306pa*eHHH hoboR WH3HH aaeMeHTOB, — BOT k Hetty aoawhh <5uah CTpe- MHTbeH Ka3axcKue nucaTeaH b 6opb6e 3a OBaaaeHHe mctoaom coiwaaHCTH- HecKoro peaan3Ma. ToabKO b Tex npoH3BCAeHHHX, rAe noaTU cyMean cone- TaTb couHaaHCTHTOCKoe coaepwaiiHe c HauHOHaabHofl TpaAHAHefi, rae ohh c»3AaBaaH HOBue i]>opMU h hphcmu, oCoramaioiAHe Ka3axcKyK> no33HK>hobu- MHB03MOJKHOCTHMH nOSTHHeCKOTO H306paWeHKH, TaM OHH AOCTHTAH IIOAAHH- Horo MacTepcTBa h hacShoR HacumeHKOCTH. Pa3Hue nosTU pa3HUMH nyra- Il03T T. XCapOKOB,, .H....aaiuHii cboh TBopqecKHR nyTb co n w n i uimiobh- n -'•yapoBHO3B°'be.orc0fhloubhHoamnHcnaOjAIHHMMHaOraoTnepMoyH3cBeoAueHHaiafnfclT.H'BieccbKoohrxo cTTpyHAxaa.x wr-r^..\"n^. i°B™u?ppeeiHmllas.xx HHaqaaaja!a 3au0-x ttooaaoobb «cTeMip ; «TypKCH6Tiu Aa6uau» («npH3us TypxcH6a») .................
huh KapaBan») h b flpyrwx c pasHoft creneHbio coBepuiencTBa nosr BOcnen HOBBX Jlioaeb, HOByiO JKH3Hb, TpyAOBMe flyAHH. B CTHXOTBOpeHHH *ripH3blB TypKcn6a» (1929) noar mmier o HepyuiHMOM coio3e pa6oHHX h KpecrbHH. Oh cnaBHT apywOy soaororo cepna, rioxowero Ha noJiyMecau, h cxaabHO- ro MOJiOTa, CHMBoaH3Hpyfl XaK cok>3 KpecTbflHHHa h paGonero, CKpeiiaeHHufi, B 3TOM OTpUBKe n03T, KaK BHAHM. HCnOAbSyH TpaAHUHOHHbie SnHTeTH «3OAOTO0» (cepn), «CTaAbHO0» (MOAOt) B CHMBOJlHieCKOM 3lia4CIIHH, OTpa- waioiueM coapy>KecTBO paGonero h KpecTbHHHHa, AocraraeT Goabuioii o6pa3- hocth h Bi»ipa3HTejibH0CTH b nepeAaqe rayGoKOfl no coAepwaHHio mmcak. PaCoMHH, npHnieAUiufl Ha noMouib Ka3axcK0My KpecTbHHHHy, oco6chho ao- por nosTy. Host b cKpemeHHH cepna a Moaora bhaht btot cKpenaemihiii oGuuimh HHTepecaMH COM3 h TpyaoByio Mon«. Anyx ApywecTBeimux Kjiac- COB— pafiOMHX H KpeCTbHH. I103T H36eraeT H3JlHUIEieH piITOpHHHOCTIi, B ueM- HOI'HX caoBax o6pa3Ho a KpacoiHo cooGwaer 06 HCTopnnecKOM. ocywe- ctbjighhom y Hac, b couiiaaHCTHqecKOM oGinecree, $aKTe coApy*ecTBa AByx KjiaccoB. KoHeqHO, HHiero npHMeqaTeAbiioro mu 6u He yBHAejiH, ecaH Gu no3T npOCTO HlKjlOpMHpOBaJI 06 3TOM. CHMBOAH'leCKHH 3HBK--- CKpeillSHHUfi cepn h mojiot — KaK smGaeMa aiOAefi TpyAa — HBJiemie caMO no ceGe coBep- nieHHo HOBoe. IIost 3aMeqacT hoboc b wiqhh h bhaht, ito cymiiocxb sroro HOBoro— b coK>3e aioflefi TpyAa, CTpoauwx counaancTHHecKoe oGmecTBO. TBopHCCKHfi nyTb T. JKapoxoBa lie Gbia raaAKHM. Hapsmy c yaaiaMH y Hero GuaH h cpuBU. riyn, GopbGu 3a OBaaaeHHe iionoii ipopMow Gua caojkhmm. B HCKOTopux cayianx no3T yAa'rno HaxoAHa hobuc ifopMbi. Ha- npHMep, oh BMeCTo CHCTeMU pntJjM H3BecTHoro KaaaxcKoro 11-caowHoro mct- BepocTHUiHH a—a —6—a BBea Tanyio opnrHnaabnyio cpopMy pncjiMhi: a—a— 5 — G— 6 — 6 — a. B caoroBOM OTHOiueHHH aro Buraaaeao TaK: 11 — 11 — 4—4—4—4— 11. Ho b Tex npoil3B6AeHhhx, tag noar imcaa o Tpyae, o aioabx TpyAa, oh He BcerAa yAa'rno HaxoAHa HOByio cpopMy cthxocaoikchhst, rae Gu napsAy c Hcnoab30BaHHCM HMeiomHxcH b Ka3axcxoft no33HH cpeAcra H3o6pa- xceiiHn npoHBaaacn 6w cboB, HOBHTOpcKufi rioiepK. (IlpaBAa, nepepa6oTan- Huft BapHaHT cthxob «MoaoT nflTHaeTKH*, o Koropux mm roBopuaH Burne, roBopHT o6 ycnexax no3Ta b OBaaaenHH hobumh MeTOABMH, npncMaMH cth- xocaojKeiiHH. riyTeM HeycTaHHUx noncKOB no3T mea k conHaancTHiecKOMy peaaH3My. 3 to bhaho ywe Ha nosMe cHotok*, HarincaHHofi b 1937 r.). B 1932— 1933 rr. T. TKapoKOB Hanncaa no3My «He<J>TbCTaH» («Crpa- na He4>TH»). 3 r a no3Ma no TeMe H aKTyaabiioc™ CBoeft Moraa Gu CTaTb 3iia<uiTeabHUM npoH3BeaeHHeM KaaaxCKoft no33HH. Ho KpailiiHH HecoBepmen- HOCTb (jsopMU, KOMno3HUHH, B3UKa H t. A- CAeaaaa noBMy iianGojiee Heyna<i- hum npoH3BeAeHHeM nosTa Ha TeMy TpyAa. noaMa H3oGHaoBaaa GoabmHMH OTCTynaeHHHMH, paccywAeHHHMH Ha OTaaeieHHUe TeMM, crpaAaaa cxeMa- TH3MOM. JIkjah, AoGuBaiomHe necpTii, b HSoGpaweHHH noara Churn ToabKO GaeAHUMH TeHHMH, ohh He noaynuiH CBoero kohkpcthoto Bonaomemisi b xyAOJKecTBeHHbix o6pa3ax. IIost KaK ToabKO uaiHHaa roBopHTb o aioAHx, Tomac xce nycKaacn b AamiHue paccyjKAeHHH o tom, hto TaKoe neipTb, Ka- Koe 0Ha HMeeT 3HaqeHHe aah HapoAHoro xcraaScTBa, hto c neft caeaaioT co- bctckhc aioah h T. A. K T. n. CrpeMBCb npHAan> CBoeft noaue HOByio cpopMy
M- EA3APEAEB B noAiepxHyTb Bbicxa3biBaeMyio mucab, nosT bo mhothx Meciax npHderax k aHacjiope — eAHHonaqaTHto. HanpHMep, uejiue THpaau Ha'iHHajiHCb co cjioBa «Heij)Tb»: ne<i>Tb— OoraTCTBO Moe, netjxrb— sojioto name, HeijtTb— ciacibe Hauie h t. a. Ho bio He y-ayraiH/io xaqecTBa hobmu, Tax xax hsahih- hhc noBiopbi ycxJiHBajiH xyaoJxecTBeHHyx) cna6ocTb ee. 3 ia noBMa T. JKapoxona He ociaBiuia cxoAbKo-HnOyAb 3aMeTHoro cjieaa b HCTopHH xa3axcKofi H0B3HH. Ho AAa pocra caMoro nosia OHa HMeaa on- peaeaeHrfoe 3iia-ienne a tom cMucAe, no ee hcaoctaTKH nocAywHAH noBTy ypoxoM na OyAywee. Ecjih oxapaKTepH30Baib o6iuyx> tchachumki cthxob T. >KapoxOBa nep- boh noAOBHHbr 30-x ioaob, to nepBMM abaom hbao GbiJio 6u cxasaTb o He- AOCTaTOHHofl HHAHBHAyaaH3iip0BanH0CTH o6pa30B, xapaxTepoB, xapTHH. IIobt, cTpeMsicb, HanpHMep, nepeaaTb naijioc TpyAa, CTapaeTCH oxb3thtl xpyA cobctckhx AKwefl b ucjiom, b o6meM, a He b aHue oTAeAbHoro nenoBe- ka, yiacTHHxa BToro TpyAOBOro npouecca. jlaw e HeitAoxne b o6meM cthxh, xax «Moaot nHTHAeiKH*. «Bo.-ma mhaahohob*, «}K.n3Hb roBopm-*, Towe He ahiuchu AexAapaTHBHOcra. HanpsjxeHHaa TBOpqecxan yqeCa, Hcxaima h iteycTaHHaa pafiora HaA coBepmeHCTBOBaHHCM MacrepCTBa nocreneHHO npHBeAH noara x iioaoxkh- TeAbHUM pe3yAbTaTaM. B 1934 r. JKapoxoBMM CbiJia HanacaHa AHpuqecxaa noBMa «KyH tia Karra* («CoAHiie 3aroBop»no») o coBeTcxHx B03AyxonAaBa- Tejiax, coBepiuHBUiHX bhcothmA nojiei Ha CTpaTOCTaTe. rioBMy «My3 TYTKUHbi* (cHjieitHHK Ahna», 1934) noar tocbbtha qe- akickhhckoA Bnonee. B noswe «rioTox» (1937) T. JKapoxoB C03AaA o6pa3bi paAOBbix coBercKHx AKJAefi, ynopno npeoAOAeBarouwx rpyAHOcra a ct3hobh- lUHXCH aKTHBHblMK CTpOHTfiAHMH C0UH3AH3Ma. B 30-x roAax TeMa couHaAHcnnecKoro TpyAa OoAee rayCoxo 6biaa 3a- TpoHyra b TBopqecree nosTa Acxapa ToxMaraM6eTOBa. Ewe bo BtopoS no- AOBHHe 20-x toaob oh Hanncan mhoto CTHxorBopeHHfi o KOAAexTHBHOM Tpy- Ae b xa3axcxoM ayae, o repoHqecKHX crpoHTejiax TypxcHOa HT. A. B 1928— 1929 rr. hm 6uah Bunymeiiu kuhth noA xapaxTepiibiMH Ha3DaiumuH rflecHH TpyAa* h «C6opHax cthxob o Tpyae*. B oahom H3 cbohx cthxob, HanHcaHHbix b Hanane 30-x toaob1, no9T KpHTHKOBajI AHpHKy, AaAexytO OT JKH3HH, OTBAeqCHHyiO, He H3o6pawaK5myiO CyAHeA coBeTCKHx jnoAefi, tie HBAHtouiyto C06010 npH3biBa Ha 6opb6y 3a CTpOHTCAbCTBO COUHaAHCTHqeCKOrO OfjtlieCTBa, H BbtCMeHBBA nOSTOB, nOCBH- maiomHX cboh np0H3BeAeHHH TOAbxo «6arpoBOMy 3axary comma*, «xpacoTe yipentieS 3apH», «noxotKAeHnnM 6e3AeAbHaxa» h t. a- Taxae nosTbi, no ero MHeHHto, chahtch BocnCTb BHVTpeHHHfi mhp qeAOBexa, ho. He oSaaAaa AOCTa- ToqHbiM 3itaHHeM Toro, qro bhocht b WH3Hb AlOAeA crpoHieAbcTBO hoboto o6niecTBa, h He o6AaAaa AocraToqHHM MacTepcTBOM, co3Aai0T nycrae, ah- meHHhie xaxoft 6u to hh 6uao oSmecTBeHHoS 3HaqHM0CTH npOH3BeAeHHH. OSpamaacb x noaiaM-scTeTaM, B. MaaxoocxHA b 1929 r. hhcba:
Co3BJ\"IHe reM rOBOpHT O TOM, 1TO ToKMaraMCeTOB CMOr nOHHTb HOByiO <j>yHKOHK> T10B3HH B HOBhlX 06lU.eCTBeHHblX yCJIOBHHX. BfloxHOBCHHue cthxh A. ToKMaraM6eTOBa b 30-x roaax 6tum nocB«- lueHH crpoHTejiBM hoboto, coiwajiHCTHqecKoro oGmecTsa. C boh cthxhhost HanoaHHJi nacpocoM Tpyaa, MaccoBoro TpyaoBoro repoH3Ma. Tepon hx — ho- Bue coBeTCKHe jikwh, npeo6pa30BaTejm creneS Ka3axcTaHa. B craxoTBOpeHHH tTypKCHS TYilicKeHfle* («Ha CTUKax TypKCH6a») noaT Bocnejr repoHiecKHfl rrpyn crpoHT&aefi Ocubiuofi TypHecTaHO-CwCHpcKoft MarHcrpajm. Bo MHorax jiHpHnecxHx CTHxoTBopeHHHX noaT nyTeM conocraBJieHHH CTapofi h hoboh >kh3hh Ka3axcKoro HapoAa co3aacaa KOHTpacTHMe KapTHHhi poano/i 3eMjiH. B cTHxoTBopcHHH «Mbip3aujeJi» («rojioaHaH crenb») oh pH- cyer raKyio KapTHHy Ka3axcxo8 crenn b npouuiOM: B cTHXOTBopeHHH aaHa KapTHHa CeccHJiHH jiKWeft nepefl craxHeft npn- poau, xap-THHa THweaoS wh3hk KasaxoB a nponuiOM. Kbk H3MeHiuiach ce- rbaHH 3Ta roaoaHafl crenb? K»k h 3mbhhjich ee o6jihk? H a bth Bonpocu noaT orBetaer: flosT xoth ew e h He noxaabiBaeT Hau KOHKperaoro repoa, qeaOBexa Tpyaa, ho nyTeM KOHTpacnioro cpaBHenmia xaprHHU 3cmbh b npomaoM h b HacToaweM B036y*aaeT b HauieM co3H3hhh npeflcraBjieHHe o TpyaoBux aio- Ahx, 06 hx Moryqeft ko-i -tckthbhoA CHJie, cnocofiHOft npeoCpasiiTb jihk Haofipawaa KapTHHy npeo(5pa3yeMofl crenn, host b to we BpeMH co3- jjaeT pea^HCTHHiibie neiteawH npupoahi. ripH stom oh crpeMHTCH Taione jiyq- nie h rviyCwe pacxpbm> BHyrpemiHH mhp qenoBexa, ero paaoc™, neqajJH, nepcjKHBaHHH h T. a. B CBoeft neiteawHoft Jinpaxe A. ToKMaraMfieTOB crpe- mhtch qepe3 KapTHHhi npapoahi noKa3an> Hauiy KHnyqyio Tpyaosyio aea- npHeM KOHTpacnioro H30(5paweHHH aaeT nosTy Cojibnine bosmowhocth; ero Mbicvib ObiCTpee BOcnpHHHMaeTCH qHTaTeneM. XyAOJKHHK cjioBa, npoTHBO- nocraBjiHH ojjho HBjieime apyrOMy, aocTHraeT 6o-nbuiefl hpkocth xapaxre- pacTiiKH, mncjih, Haea, KOTopbie oh B/iaraeT b aaiiHoe npoH3BeaeHHe. 3 tot npHeM juisi Ka3axcKHx nncaTeJiefl He hob. B 20-x roaax nosTH, oco6eHHO aKbiHH, ew e HeaaBHO BmeBiune h Ha ce6e HcnuTaanme bcio ropeqb HepaBHO- npaBHofi, rnweaoH jkh3hh, nocjie Bcryn.ieHHH b CBoOo/wyio jkh3hi>c bxoxho- BeHHeM CTa.TH BOcneBaTb ee npeHMywecTBa, b to we BpeMH Bocco3aaBaH ana conocraBJieHHH xa pthhu npouworo. 3 tot npaeM xaK 6u o6jierqaji nosTaM 3ajaqy Oo.iee npKoro oTofipaweiiHa fleftcTBHTeabHOCTH. IlpHeMbi KOHTpacnio-
1. BA3APBAEB -o HsoOpaweHHs lacro HcnoAbaoBaA Jlxau6yn. XlwaMOyA KaK neBen HapoA- joro cqacTbH He ycTaaaji cAaBHTb cboio coBercKyio poAHHy; npeHMymecTBa lOBofi >KH3HH oh noKa3biBaA nyreu cpaBHeHHH ee c npouiAUM KaaaxcKoro nosThi CoAbuiefi qacrbio cxapaioTca nepeaan. HBAeHHH * h3hh HenocpeA- cTBeHHo 4epe3 nepewHBaHHH KoiiKperaoro repoa. 3 to HBHjrocb oakhm H3 3a- MeiHux CABHroB xa3axcKofl no93HH Ha nyra k obabashhio mctoaom couaa- AHCTHHecKoro peaAH3Ma. EcTecTBemio, bto qeM dojibiue OTpa*eHhi b npoH3- I coBercKofi no33HH AHpuqecKoe CTHXorBOpeHHe npHoCperaeT HOBoe KanecTBo; cobctckoh AHpHKe qyjKAO cy&beKTHBHOAHqKoe, ecAH oho He OTpa- waeT b KaKoft-TO Mepe o6mero, THnHqecKoro. floaT b AHpHKe, raydase u Bce- CTopoHHe noKa3UBaa CBoe ahmhoc BOcnpHanie OKpyjKaiomero, OAHOBpeMeH- ho cTpeMHTca nepeaaTb 3io ayBCTBO He c no3HUHfi cyOteKTHEHoS one»KH HBJieHHft, a c ncQHHHfi oCteKTHBHoft npaBAH. Bo MHOrHX AHpHHCCKHX npOH3BCABHHHX K333XCKHX I1O9T0B BOCneB3IOTCH rwrauTCKMe ycnexH TpyAHUuixca B CTpoHTeabCTBe couHaaiicni'zecKoro ofime- CTBa. TeMbi caaBbi, MOrymeCTBa h aamiiTbi Poahhu BbicrynaiOT b TecHoS CBH3H C OSlHHM IiaTpHOTH'ieCKHM TpyAOBbIM naiJ>OC0M BpeMeHH. n PH BocneBaHiiii MoryuiecTBa iiaaieS Poahhh, Tpyaa h Ae.i oiBawHux COBBTCKHX AlOAefi paMKH KOpOTKHX AHpHieCKHX CTIIXOTBOpCHHH KaK 6bl CTa- hobhtch Teciri.iMH noaraM h ohh BbiGiipaior cfiopMy TOAray. TaKHe npoH3Be- AeHHa fliKaMOyaa, TaKMaraMficTOBa h Apyrax iiostob oxBaTuBator 3iiaqH- TeAbHble COGbITHH B PB3BHTHH HaiUCtt CTpBHbl. MHOrHe n POU3BC,neHHa Ka3ax- ckoh no33HU Ha TeMy ipyna HamicaHu b i|)opMe TOAray. B CBH3H c sthm HCOfixOAHMO HeCKOAbKOOCTailOBHTbCH Ha Pa3BHTHH BHAOBAHpHBeCKOH II033HH b Ka3axcKoii AHrepaType. B Ka3axcKoA cobctckoA AHTepaiype cthxh, HecKOAbKO OTAHqaioupiecH ot AHpHqecKoro cTHXoTBopeHHH OoAbiuHM o&beMOM, oOuquo na3biBai0T TOA ray (npH6nH3HTeAbH0 03Ha<iaeT: HcnoBeAb); ohh xapaKrePH3yioTca HCCAeAO- BareAHMH KaK HecKWKeTHbie nosMbi. y flwaMfiy/ia, HanpnMep, ecu. H3BecT- Hoe TOAray «Mo* Poahhs*. B He0 aBTop c 6oAbiuiiM MacrepcTaoM, peaAHc- TnqecKH pHcyeT npoiiiAoe Ka3axcKoro ofimecTBa, ero iiacTosnuee h CBeTAoe oyAymee. ToAray ToKMaraMGcroBa «Ken aajiat («Orenb mnpoKas»), «Kya- Hbiiu Hiupbi* (xITecua paAOCTH*) h aP. TaKwe Bbipa*aioT qyBCTBa no9Ta. ero MbicAH o npouiAOM Ka3axcKoro Hapofla, o ero TenepeuiHefl hobo8 wh3- HH. Ho Bee 9TH nP0H3BeAeHHH TOAbKO H3-3a TOTO, HTO B HHX HeT AefiCTByiO- ujhx ahu, b Ka3axcKoM AHTepaTypoBeAeHHH CHHTaiOTca HeaoweTHhiMH. MOJKHO AH OTHeCTH 9TH TOAray K AHpHHeCKHM nP0H3BeAeHHBM? n o Ha- uieMy MHeHHio, BircuiHe mojkho. Bee ohh, xoth h ofibeMHU, aahhhm, nocTpoe- HU B AHPHMeCKOMnAaHB HHX MOJKHO OTHeCTHKAlipimeCKOH n093HH. Caobo «TOAray» b KaaaxcKoft eoaeTCKofl AHrepaType yKa3UBaer Ha ah- pHHHocTb npoH3BejeHHa; noA 9thm caobom nOAPa3yMeBaeTca npoH3BeAeHHe, OTpawaiomee AefiCTBHTeAbiiocTb qepe3 AiipHqecKoe BocnpHHrae noara hah aioiHa. B Ka3axcK0M AHTepaTypoBeAeHHH ao chx nop He abh bhbah3 xapaK- T«pa, trpHpoAbi TOAray. Ho cBoeo6pa3He ero oqeBHAHO, xoth mm b o6meM npHqHCAHeM ero k AHpiiMecKoii no93HH. JlHrepaiypoBea E. HcMaHAOB b 1938 r. b crarbe « 0 TOAray* nHTaACH ............. E TOAray Kan 4>oPmm, HBAsnoweAcn cneuH(J)HqecKoa oco-
6eHH0CTbio KB3axcKoft no93HH. OflHaKo k 3T0fi TeMe OH COJlbUie He BOSBpa- iuaaca, h MHeHHe. BUCna3aHHoe hm, aHTepaiypHoA oGuiecTBeHHOCTbio He 06- cywaaaocb. O Toaray oh hhcbji: eToaray — »to ihhpoko pacnpocTpaHeHHan b uaaaxcKoA HapoAHoA no33HH caowHBmaaca $opMa necHH-wupa. Toaray coctoht h3 7 — 8-caowhux cthxob, o&beflHHeHHbix b npoH3Boabiiue no ofrbeMy cTpo<J)bi, h noerca (cKa3UBaeTca) 6uctpum TeMnoM... Ecan Toaray aaHHHoe h no coaepwaHHio samnonaeT B ceGe HecxoabKO ckimctiiux amiHA. to 3to BbicrynaeT xaK Toaray-nosMa. Ecan we Toaray KopoTKoe h orpaHH- HeHO ojuioii TeMofl, to 3to Toaray-necna HaH we HcnoBeab aicuHa*1. ripHHHHy uiHpoKoro pacnpocTpaHeHHa Toaray b Ka3axcKoA no33HH E. HcMaHaoB BHaHT B caeayiotueM: «neceHHaa cpopMa Toaray Macro hc- noab30Baaacb flwaM6yaoM. IloaeMy Tax? rioTOMy, >rro aKbiHbi caaraioT wup ycTHO, HMiipoBH3auHa TpeSyeT, mtoObi caoBa Texan 6e3OcrraHOB0>iH0, H, coraacyacb c HaneBOM AOMGpu, KoropoA aKMH aKKOMriamipyeT ce6e, ohh, to*!ho pyHefi, naaaiomHfl c rop, aoawhu BaHTbca b oGmyio Mbitvib...*1 E. Hc- MaHAOB pa3aHiaeT ABe (JiopMij Toaray b ycTHOMTBop'iecTBe: Ha3HAaTeabHaH. AHAaKTHnecKaa <j)opwa — OHa Macro BCTpeiaerca b peaax xa3axcKHX uiemeH (opaTopoB) —h aapHaecKaa <j»opMa—3to necHH. JJwaMGya, no ero mhchhio, MacTepcKH o&beAHHHa 3th ABe $opMbi h AOCTHr Bbicuiero. xyaowecTBeHHoro coBcpmeHCTBa b cbohx necusx-Toaray. B Toaray noAHHMaioTCH pa3.niniue TeMbl oGlUCCTBeHHOfl WH3HH, BOHpOChl B3aHMOOTJIOUieHHA alOAeA, TOBOPHTCH 06 HCTOpHMeCKHX COGhlTHHX H T. A. CoBepiueHHO npaBHabHO xapaKTepH3ya npapoAy, cyuiHOCTb Toaray, E. HcMaHaoB b to we BpeMH nporaBOpeMHT ceGe, yreepwAaH, mto Toaray, B TOM MHcae TaKHe Toaray ZlwaM6yaa, Kan «Moa Poahho*, ne HMeiOT cio- weTa. B 3toB cb«3h mu cairraeM HeoGxoAHMUM necKoabKO noapo6Hee koc- HyTbca Bonpoca o cioweTe b xa3axcKHx Toaray. ffeBecTHo, mto aapHMecKHe CTHXOTBOpeHHH, HeCMOTpB Ha CBOIO KpaTKOCTb, oGaaAaiOT BCeMH MepTa.MH xyAowecTBeHHoro, o6pa3iioro iiaoOpaweHHa WH3HH. B hhx ecn> saeMenTb, oGoGmeima, HiiAHBHAyaaH3auHH, BUMbicaa h t. a. A. M. TopbKHA na3UBaa b KaaecTBe Tpex ochobhux 3/ioMeiiTon xyAowecTBeHHoro npoH3BCAeHHH H3UK, TeMy h cioweT. Ecan hcxoah H3 3Toro npoaHaaH3HposaTb KasaxcKHe Tax Ha- 3UBaeMue OeccioweTHue H03MU-Toaray, to mowho yGeAHTbca b tom, mto Toaray BOBce ne cyxne yM03aKaio'iennH axuiiOB, na3HAaTeabHue, AHAaKTH- MecKHe BbicKa3UBaiiHx, a crpofliibie xyaowecTBCHHue npoH3BCAeHHa. B hhx BupawaioTCH onpcAeacHHue hach, iiact AoniHecicoe pa3BHTHe Muc.ni, pac- xpuBaioTCH OTHomeHHH aioaeA k oRpyAiaiouieB AeflCTBHTeabHOCTH. Bee sto AaeT iiaM npauo yTBepwAaTb, mto Ka3axcKiie Toaray — 3to anpHMecKHe CTHxoTBopeHHH, HMeronwe onpeAeaeHHyro cioweTHyio TKaiib. CioweT, boc- npoH3B0AHiUHB peaahHyro WH3Hb, npeaoMaaeTca b ahphkc pacKpuBacTca GuTb TOT we CioweT, HO B HeM COfiUTHH paCKpUBatOTCH nyTCM BKaiOMeHHH Mcpc3 npH3My, npenoMHHiomyio onncaHHe coGuthA. Mto KacaeTca aHpHae- ckoA npHpoAbi K33axcKHx Toaray, to. hbao OTMCTHTb, mto aioGoe npoB3BeAe- HHe, 33K.no'iaiom.ee b ceGe onpeaeaeHHbiA CioweT, iiern, WH3HeHHUX coGu- thA, HBaeHHA, BnoaHe Mower GuTb anpHMecKHM, ecaH oho HanncaHO b jw- pHMecKOM naaHe. Ka3axcxHe we Toaray 3axaioMaiOT b ceGe noBecTBOBBHHe o WH3HCHHUX aBJieHHax, p.erib MucaeA h oGoGmeHHA, npeaoMaeiiHUX CKB03L npH3My HHAHBHAyaabHux. MyccTB h nepewHBaHHA axuHa Han aHpHMecxoro
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T«M» Tpyaa HeotixoAKMo 3aMCTHTb, mo OAM, ecAB He BcerAa, to b 6ojibmnHCTBe cBoeM, nocBHmaioTca pa3HOro poAa SHaMenaTe.ibHbiM co6uthhm, nofieaaM, ropjKecTBaM h T. A- Toaray TaxAte poAtAaAHCb no noBOAy no6eA, TopAtecTB, BceHapoHAoro AiiKOBaHHH. Ho B hctophh Ka3axcxoS AHTepaTypu H3BecTHM TOJiray, iianHcaimue ham CAOAteHHue u no noBOAy nenanbHMX cofiuTHft, Ha- POAHMX deACTBHft HT. n. B 9T0M OTHOUieHHH OAa H TOAray He paBH03HaiHhI. roBopa o HeKoropoM cxoACTBe TOAray h oau, mm xoteah jiHDib na oCHOBa- HHH HaAHHHH y HHX oOlUHX BSpT OTMeTHTb, HT0 H Te H APyrHe OTHOCHTCH K npOH3BeAeHHHM AHpHieCKOS n093HH. ToBopa o AHpHiecKofi no33HH, B. T. BeAHHCKHH oTMenaeT: ^JJahhhots AHpHaecKHX rn.ec oObixiiOBcmio npoHCXOAHT hah OTroro, m o nosx, b oahoh h rofl Ate nbece, nepexodur or odnoao oiyyiyenuA k dpyeoMy h nepexoAM 3th noneaoAe npunyxcden cesisuoaTb puropwiecKUMu ecraeKaMU. hah ot AOWHoro, aHTHnoBTHtecKoro h eme 6oAee aHTHAxpH'iecKoro HanpaBJieHaa— pa3BHB3Tb AHAaKTHteCKH KaKHe-HH6yAb OTQACieHHblC MblCAU»‘. yTBepAHB- uieeca b AHTepaType MHeHtie o KpaTKOcra AnpaaecKoro CTHXOTBopeHHH BooCme He BU3MBaeT cnopa. Ho ecAH hcxoahtb H3 axoro BucKa3UBaima B. T. BeAHHCKoro, to CAeAyer npeanoAOAtHTb, mo TOAray ah6o He hbahiot- CHAHPHHeCKHMH CTHXOTBOpeilHHMH, TaK KaK OHH OblBaiOT AOBOAbHO AAHHHU- MH, AH60 Ate COCraBAHHJT XyAHIHft BHA AHPHKH, HanOAHCHHhlfl ipHTOpHie- CKHMHBCTaBK3MH» H «OTBAe>ieHHbIMB MUCAHMH». OAHaKO 3TO HpOTHBOpeHHe, u u AyMaeM, KaAtynjeeca. Toaray, HecMOTpa Ha cboio AAHHHory, aBaaerca AHpaaecKHM CTHXOTBopeHHeM, BbipaAtaroiuHM mmcah, BneaaTAeiiHH noBecTBy- loiAero. B tom, hto Toaray He yKAaAUBaeTca b ycTaHooHBUieeca b AHtepaTy- POBCACHHHnOHHTHC 0 KpaTKOCTHAHpHieCKOTOCTHXOTBOpeHHH, Ha HaUI B3rAHA, cKaaMBaeTCa MHoroBexoBaa TpaAHttHfl Ka3axcxoA AHTepaTypu, Koropaa oruioTb ao coBeTCKoro nepHoaa cocroHAa H3 oahoh TOAbKO noB3HH. ripapona AHTepaTypH Bcex HapoAOB, xoHemio, eAHiia, h AHTepaTypa a106010 HapoAa MOAter 6biTb pa3AeaeHa Ha poAM h bham, Ha Kaxae Aejnvi ee B. T. EeAHH- ckhA. TeM He Menee HaunoHaAbHue AHTepaTypu hmciot h cboio cneuH<pn<i- HOCTb, KOTOpaa cAOxtmiacb Ha npoTHAteHHH AOAroro BpeMeim H b xoropofl sonAOTHAHCb qepru KauHOHanbHoro xapaxTepa ABHHoro Hapoaa. B xasax- ckhx TOAray orpaAtenu aepTU ycTHO-noarHaeCKOfl TpaAHUHH Ka3axcxoro Ha- pOAa. Ka3axcHHe aKUHM-neBuu oCabahah 6oamijhm TaAAHTOM H MacrepcTBOM b acxyccTBe HMnpoBH3aitHH. Ohh, HanpHMep, yMeAH cpasy He TOAbxo boc- nem, b cTHxax to hah Apyroe coCuTHe, ho h 3anoMHHTb 3Ty HMnpoBaaanHio aah noBTopHoro HCnoAiieHaa. 3 cho, hto ecAH aah MoMeirraAbitoH HMnpoBH- 33uhh TpeCyeTCa CoAbmoe yMeHHe roBopHTb pHtpMaMH, to aah toio, mo6u 3anoMHHTb cneTyio necHro hah noaMy, HaAO o6AaAaTb eiue (peiiOMeHaAbnofi ToAray — npoAyxT mhoiOBenoBoft • hctophh Ka3axcKo6 CecnacbMemioft no33HH. B coBeTCKHfi nepiiOA, xorAa iiapoflaaa no33HH noAHHAacb Ha HOByio cTyneHb pa3BHTHH, Toaray 6mah pa3BHTu b reop'iecTBe aKMHOB, ocoCchho b TBopaecTBe flxtaMOyAa. ri03TU-nj50(|>eccH0HaAU, t. e. npeACTaBHTeAH nacb- MeHHoH no33HH, Maao oOpamaAHCb k BTOMy BHAy AHpHiecKofi no33HH. Kan mu yAte ynoMHHaAH, Han6oAbmee hhcao npon3B0AeHiiH sroro Bitaa naAaeT ■ Ha 30-e roAu. B cospeMeHHofi KasaxcxoA no93HH Toaray ywe yi-paqaBaer cBoe 3iiaweHiie. O ho ct3hobhtch HBAenneM npouiAoro. B btom othouighhh cyAbfia ero noxoAta Ha cyabCy oau, o Koropofi EeAHHCKHfl rosopHA: *...HaAO aaneTHTb, m o OAa, stot cpeaHHfl pOA Me*Ay iumhom hah duipupaM6oM H necHeio, ... MaAO CBOficraeH iiameMy BpeMeHH»*. CTp. 46 (xypcHB Ham. —M. B.).
EA3APBAEB Toaray otxoaht b npowaoe b ochobhom noTOHy, hto oho, nan 4l0PMa xyfloacecTBeHHoro BupaweiiHa. bo mhotom yciynaer 3nnHecnoft nosMe, xo- Topaii c pa3BMTHeM xa3axCKO0 coBeTCKofl jiirrepaTypu Boofime h iio33hh b •lacTHoCTH Hanaaa 3aHHua-rb Bee 60aee BHAHoe Mecro h y xoropoft Goabine B03M0)«HocTefl xyAoxecTBeHHoro H3o6paweHH» WH3HH, ieM y Toaray. Toa- ray Tenepb BOcupHHHMaerca KaK pHTopaaecKHfi, H3auuiHe useTHCTufi, aexaa- paTHBHbifi bha II033HH. Ae0CTBHTeabHO, Toaray nepeAKo H3o6HaoBaaH pirro- pM'iecKHMH BcraBKaMH, oTBae'ieHHbiMH Mbic.ia.viH. B Toaray no3T m b aKhiH CTpeMHaca Bbipa3Hrb KaK mojkho Ooabiae cbohx ayBCTB, BneaaTaeHHft h, ne- pexoaa ot oaho0 Term k Apyrofi, HeBoabHO BnaAaa b pm-opHRy. Ha xapaicrepe h npHpoAe roaray mu ocraHOBHAHCb noApo6Hee noroMy, no b Ka3axcKOM AHTeparypoBeAeHHH He 6biao ewe nonbiTKH npoaHajiH3H- poBaTb cywHOCTb npoH3BeAeHHH SToro BHAa, a b sroft (|)opMe caojkcho h — .......- HeMaao npoH3BGAeHHH coBercxoA Ka3axcKo0 no33HH. JlymiiHe Toaray 3aTparHaaioT caviue pa3.in>iHbie CTopoHbi AeficTBHTeab- •h: TpyAOBoft rcpoH3M, naTpKOTH3M coseTCKHx aiOAeii, TOpxecTBenHbie ' ----------- ----- co6biTHa h MHoroe Apyroe. TaKHe Toaray curpaan on- -leHHVH) poab b craHOBAeHHH KasaxcKoS npixfeccHoiiaabHoft n033Hi. b 3Tofl CTapofi ())opMe nHCaaHCb nepBbie npoii3BefleHHa oi hoboBh * h3hh, o couHajiHCTHiecKoB AcficTBHTeabHOCTH. BooCdumie crTaappbuie <4j>opMbi airrepa- TypHbix npoH3BeAeHHfi iipaMenaTeabHu TeM, hto ohh, BHAOH3Me B03AeficTBHeM Hoaoro coAepwaHHa, hoboB 4>yHXUHH AHTepaTypu, nocTeneii- ho ah<5o caHuaiOTca c TeM Haw ApyrHM bhaom hah (popMOfl airrepaTypbi, ah6o jkc OTBepraioTCH Rax HenpvieMaeMue aaa nupaxemiH hoboto coacpwa- hhh. B stom npouecce B3aHMOnpoHHKiioBeHHH h BsaHMoofioramcHHH h npo- TexaeT yTBepwAeHHe hoboto MeTOAa, npneMOB, craaefi h 4>opMbi. Toaray B coBpeMeHiiofl xa3axcxofl no33HH ycrynaer Mecro kopotkhm AHpimecxHM cth- xoTBOpcHHHM HaH MHoronaaHOBoB n03MC. B stom CKa3bieaioTcn Te KOBbie sm.iemiH, KOTopue nponcxoAHT b xa3axcxoB no33HH OaaroAapa yMeaoMy co- HerairaK) hostsmb HauHOHaabHhix HepT AHTepaTypu c hobum, couHaaHCTHie- ckhm co.TepjKSHHCM, Toaray b onpeAeaeHHbiB nepHOA aBHaoct xax 6u cbs- ,3yx)WHM 3BeH0M b npouecce CTaHOBaeHHH h yTiiepiKAeinia hobux 4)opM h cpeaCTB H3o6pajKeHHB, xots b AaabHefiiueM pa3Bnrwi AHTepaTypu oho yxe He Morao BunoaiiHTb 3Ty cbokj 4>yHKUHio, He Morao yAOBaeTBopHTb hobum TpefiOBaHHHM. B 30-x roAax mhoto Toaray 6uao HaniicaHO A. ToKMarauferoBHM. Boc- neBaH co6uthb, HMexuuHe BceiiapoAHoe 3HaHeHiie, nosT H.sdpaa 4>op'iy 6oab- woro anpHHecKoro Toaray. K HHcay TaKHX npoH3BeAeHHfi, xpoMe yxasaKHUx Bbiuie, oyHOCBTCB ewe «MyHaB 6ep!» («Boabiue hc4>thI»), «)KeHic 6yfipu- rb>» («no6eAHH0 Hanna), sAwaauu wenren aaurrrap* («BorarapH no6ew- aa®T cMepTb») a AP-, HanHcaHHhie nosroM b nepHOA Bea«Ko0 OrenecTBeH- Moft Bofiiiu. EcaH «Ken aaaa» («Orenb unipoKas*), «KyaHUin wupua («UecHH paAOCTHv) h ap. Toaray, HanHcaHHbie ao bohhu, Kacaxrrca OTAeab- hux MOMeHToB noBccAHeBF.ofi 3KH3HH, to b.Toaray Bl repoH3M cobgtckhx aioaefi Ha (jlpoirre h b may. B «FIecHe paaocTH* (1936) ToKMaraMfieTOB noBecTByeT o ci HecxoM BAOXHOBeHKH, o cnacTbe B03po*AeHiioro Hapofla. B stom Toaray host c HCKpeHiiHM bo-thchhcm tobopht o noaoweHHH xa3axcxHx TpyAaiuaxca ao peBoaioUHH:
[locjie OKxnGpbCKoA peBtuiioaHH KasaxCTaH o3apnncn conHueu cBoGoan h Ka3axH BMecTe co bcgmh HapoaaMH cGpocHJiH apwo GecnpaoHH h yrHcxe- hha. OKTHGpbcKan peBomoimn npoHecnacb, KaK yparaH, ohhcxhbuihB ojwy uiecTyio nacTb cbbtb at ana, TbMbi h Kpimabi. TeMofl Tonray «Keu aana» (Crenb uiapoKaa*), « ¥ n u Mafiaanaa* («Ha BenHKOM <J>poHxe»), «MaKxaHaM» («Moa ropaocTb*), «AnTbiH omaw («3o- noxofl oiar») h pnaa npyrax aanaeTca xop*ecxBO no6e;uiBiuero counann3- Ma. B «3onoTOM oaare* (1936) noax MacxepcKH BocneBaeT upcoCpajuemiyio TpynaMH Tbicaa jiioaeB poanyio 3eMJirc>. Hapaay c Gora-rumi no conep*aHHK> noaMaMii napo/uibiM aKUHOM AxaMfiynoM AwaGaeBhiM GhinH co3sanu b 30-x roaax Tonray. B 3th roflbi napofluoe TBopaecTBO noannnocb Ha HOByio cxyneHb. Aku- bom Konxo3HOM ayne, o npoMbiuuieHHOM ropoae, o cxponxenbCTBe hoboH »<h3hh, o PoflHKe, o CoBexcKoii KoncTHxyuHH, o repoHaecKOM xpyae coBex- ckhx nioaefi h o mhotom apyroM. Canine aicryanbHbie, WHBOxpeneiuyuiae xeMu ana noaHHManHCb b npon3Beaennnx JJwaMSyna, Hypneaca, Canaana, UlamyOaa, Kaana, Toney h apyrax aKbiHOB. PacuBex XBopaecTBa aeBHHoexonexHero AwaM6yna ocoGeHHo npaMcia- TeneH. Oh Bbi3B8H couaanHcxHqecKoft aeficxBHTenbHocrbio, Koxopaa oxKpu- Baex Bee nyxa an a pasBHTHa jihmhocth. Bo HHorHX cbohx necHax AntaMfiyn He nepecxaBan noaaepKHBaxb 3Ty ocoGeHHOCXb hoboA JKH3HH, HOBoro 6b.xa, B03poa«Bmero ero novra noxyxuiHfl noa rHexow 6aeB h (JieoaanoB xanaHT a B03BpaxHBiuero ero k nioOHMOMy iicKyccxBy. e 20-x e 30-x i npoH3Deaemia, KaK «Ka3aKCxaH Toftbma* («Ha xopwecroe KasaxcxaHa*. 1924), «3aMaHa apbiMbi* («Ber BpeMenn», 1927), «>Kacxap anabmaaFbi ce3» («CnoBo k MonoaocxH*, 1934), «OKafinay» («Ha awafl- nay», 1935) H ap. BbiaaioiUHMca npoH3BeaeiiaeM AncabiGyna 30-x roaoB aaHnocb xonray «TyraH eniM» («Moa Poa«Ha>). B 1936 r. b MocKBe cocxoanacb nepaaa aeKaaa Kasaxcxoro HCKyccxna. Acxaaa xBHnacb apxoS aeMoHCxpauaeA Bupocmefl itaunoHajibHofi no $opMe h couHanHCXHHecKofi no coaep*amno Ka3axcKoB Kynbxypu. A*aM6yn Gun yaacxHHKOM sxofl aCKaau h b sxox nepnoa oh cnen xonray «M oh Poa»Ha». 7 ^Mas 1936 r. b nepeaoae n . Ky3HeuOBa xonray noHiinnocb b ra3eie «npaa. 03powaeHHOM Ka-
M. BA3APEAEB flymeM. IleBea cnaBHA coBeTcayio WH3Hb, BocneBa.i 3aMeiaie.ibiibie no6eAM, AotTHTHyrue 3a roflbi CoBeTCKoB bascth xanaxcKHM HapoAOM. Akuh b AHpH- qecKHx oTcrynaeHHax noAaepKHBaei cmucji CBoefl hoboA xh3hh: BoraTCTBo, H3o6HAHe hoboS JKH3HH JlwaMOya nepeAaer CBoeo6pa.3RO. Oh He nepeiHcnaeT aocthxbhhh coBeTCKHx AiOAefi, lie Ha3tJBaeT b Tonray (jiaicru, Kan 3to aejiaioT khuc aKUiibi, a moSpaxaeT ycnexH, H3MeHHBuiHe o6ahk poAHoro xpaa, no npHMeraM, soTopue oh caM HaGmoAaeT. Tax, aKbiu, roBopH o HapoAHOM 6oraTCTBe h cnacTbe, nepBUM aojitom noBecTByeT o ce6e, OHOBbIX HBJieHHHX B CfO3KH3HH: Ecjih mu 3THCTpOKH conocTaBHM c npHBOAHMMMH HHxe, r»e neBen no- BecTByeT o CBoeS xh3hh ao penojiionHH, to mu hcho yBHAHM, hto AxcaM- 6yx, roBopn o ce6e, imeer b BHAy HapoA, HapoAHyio JKH3iib'. B 3thx orpuBKax cBoeo6pa3Ho BupaweHa HannoHaAbnan TpaAHUHH. Ann Toro, <rro6u H3o6pa3HTb HOByio wii3Hb, HwaMGyn He npiiCeraeT k nuui- hum snHTeraM hah MCTacjiopaM (xoth b ero nposiSBeAeimnx HMeerca mhoto npHMepoB MacTepcKoro ncnonb30BaHna HapoAHo-nosraiecKHX cpeACTB xyAO- HtecTBeHHoro H30(5paxeHHn), a AOCTHraeT 6oAbuioft xyAOwecraeHHoS y6e- AHreAbHOCTH npocTUM conocTaBAeiiHeM npouiJiofi h iiaCTOHmeft 5KH3HH. Xy.no- xcecreeHHocTb 3Aecb 3aKnjoqaeTCH a tom, hto .flxaMOyn, pncya CoraToe y6- paHCTBo CBoero kohh, MacTepcxH HcnoabsyeT yTBepAHBmeeca b HapOAe Tpa- AHAHOHHoe tioHHTHe: CoraToe yOpaHCTBO kohh b HapoAHOM noHsmra — chm- BOAAOCTaTKa, H306HAHfl. Akuh yMeao HcnoAb3yeT o6pa3Hue cpencTBa HapoAHOfl iio33hh aah H3oopaxeHHH HBAeirafi coBpeMeHHOCTH. SnHTCTaM «cTapoe cenAO» (hto ro- BopHT o Kpaiineft 6eAHocTH), «cTapuR h 6cahbit? KOHb» npOTHBonocTaBAH- iotch snHTeTu «6oraToe ceAA0», «cuTua crenHoA cKaKyH>. 3 thm npneMOM arajH pesKO orreiifler pa3AHHHe snox, AocrHraer Bupa3HTeAbiiocTH, hpkocth mucah. Tot we upaeM mu bhahm h b CTHXOTBopeHHH «KnHia h kohbs, rAe npomaoe axun OAHAerBopaeT b BHAe Kanin, a coBpeMeHHyio eMy coBCTCKyio
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M. EA3APEAEB npeoCpaaoBaHHan poa«an 3cm.tr, rae KanumyrcH kojiocm CoraToro ypowan, rae AoObiaaKrrcn yronb, iie<t>Tb, wcacao, h noKopwrajia »thx HeCMeT- Hiix 3t?MHhix 6oraTCTB Haxoairr b craxax ,IIwaM6yjia CBoe ttpaoe H3o6pawe- Bue. X hbo, Kpaco'iiio ahuh noxa3biBaeT MacuiTafibi rpanAH03HUx H3Mene- hhA, npoHcuiefluiHX a xa3axcxofi CTenH. Jinn H3oCpa*eiiHa Kawaoro xBJie- hhh axun BbiCiHpaeT caMue BepHbie, MeTKHe MeTaifopu, amm ru u cpaBHe- B Tonray cObesay no6eanTenefl» (1939), xoropoe aKUH cjiowhji b Been. XVIII CT>e3aa napTHH, TaK noercn o nnoaax Tpyaa cobotckiix jnoaeit: HoBOe B JKH3HH aKblH BOCnpHHHMaeT KaK CCTBCTBeHHOB B yCJIOBHHX co- BeTCKoro o6mecrBa, KaK pe3yjibTaT Hamero o6mero abmxkchhh Bnepea. flan H3o6pa)KeHHH ero Hapaay c MBecTHHMH ywe b HapoAHoft no33im cpe,icTBa- mk oh HaxoAHT h HOBbiS. KoMOafiH, HanpHMep, aKbiH npeflCTaBJisieT b bhab KopaCaa (nepeBoa HeTOBHblii: b opm-HHane roBopHTCH Be o aopore KoM6aflHa, noxoweft Ha nyTb xopa6na, a o caMOM KOMfiaiiHe), noe3A cpaBHH- Baer c KapaBaHOM, rycryio ceTb H<eae3Hbix Aopor— c 3aTefia«BbiM y30poM. B 3tom coHeTaHHH crapux h hobux 3.tcmchtob xyaowecrBenHoro H3o6pa»e- hhh cKa3biBaeTCH bucokhS xyaoHcecTBeHHuft BKyc JlwaMfiyaa. Hobuc hohh- THH, B03HHKai01UHe H3 HOBUX HBJieHHH fleHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, npCJlOMBHHCb B cosHaHHH HwaMeyaa, powaaxxr HOBue o6pa3HUe cpeacTBa, KOTopue flo- OOJIHHIOT H paSBHBatOT Tpa,-(HUHOHHUe cpeAcrea H3o6pa*eHHH. Kax MaCTep nosTHiecxoro c/ioaa, Bax 6onbuiofi HapoaHuS xyAOWHHK flwaM6yji MHoroe BHec b pa3BHTHe xaaaxcKoii nucbMeHHofl nossHH h oxasan 6oHbiuoe BHHHHHe aa TBopqecTBO K33axCKMX npocpeccHOHaabHux nosTOB. AKTyaJibHOCTb, naTpHOTHiHocTb, ray6HHa oxBaTa HBaeiiHfl aeiicTBHTeJibHocrH, Koropue npoHH3biBaioT Bee cthxh aKUHa, bo MHorHx OTHouieHHHx 6u.th noyiHTejibHU ana Ka3axcK»x itostob. BucoKoe MacrepcTBo, xpacomiocTb, xyAOwecTBeHHati HacumeHHOCTb cthxob, neceH, wup, Toxray, nosM /IwaMfiyna AaBajiH npHMep MacTepaM nepa, Kax Haao o6pamaTbcn c HapojHofi no33Hefl h xax H3BJiexaTb H3 Hee WeMByjKHHfal cjiob h o6pa30B. ITo3THqeCKoe MacrepcTBo flwaMfiy.ia — npofineMa, TpeGyiomaa oco6oro HccjieaoBaHHH. Ka3axcxHe h pyccxHe jiHTepaTypoBeau MHoro nncajiH o raop- lecTBe J1waMfiyaa BooCuie h macreperse ero b lacrHOCTH. Boaee hhh Me- Hee noapoOHo b cbohx craTbax h HCcneaoBaTeabCKHX pa6orax xacaaHCb Bonpoca no3TH>jecKoro MacrepcTBa AwaMfiyaa - M. Ay330B, C. MyxaHOB, E. HcMaHaoB, M. H. 4>eiHcoB, M. C. CHAbneKKo, H. C. CMHpHOBa b ap. OjHaKo, HecMoTpH Ha p«a aeHHUX Ha6.noACHHfl, coaepwawKXcn b sthx craTbax h HccaeaoBaHHHX, neoOxoAHMO orMeTHTb, bto ohh BCe we He MoryT aaMeHHTb cneuHa.Tbiiofi pafora, rae ray6oKO h BcecTopoHHe aBa.iH3HpoBa- aocb 6u noBTHiecKoe MacrepcTBo JIwaM6yaa. B 30-x roaax men npouecc yTBepwaeHHH xa3axcKO0 cobbtckoS npo$ec- CHOHanbHOfl HHCbMBHHoS n033HH. B 3T0M npOUeCCe npOH3BeaCHHH JIwaM6y- Jia, powaenHue ero MoryiHM TaaaHTOM, sBBJiHCb xax 61,1 cBH3yiomHM 3Be- hom Meway HapoAHofl ycTHofl no33Heii h yrsepwaaiomeficH niicbMCHHoA B033BCH. XyaowecTBeHHbie cpeacTBa no33HH AwaMfiyaa, Bo6paBUiefi b ce(5n Bee ayqrnee B3 HapoaHOfl hosthkh, ctohhb Ha bucokom ypoBHe Bupa3Htejib-
33 hocth. rio3Tony xyaojKecTBeHHOMy MacrepcTBy yqHAHCb y AwaM6yaa mho- rae KaaaxcKHe nosTbi. Ohh Ha ce6e HcnuTajin OnaroTBopHoe bjiiibhhb -reop- ■ieCTBa BejiHKaHa uapoAKoft n033HH. B 30-x roaax b oOxaCTH OBxaaeHHH hobumh cjiopMaMH, o6orameHHH H3o6pa3HTejibHbix cpeflCTB h aocTHJKeHHH HaeflHo-xyaoHcecTBeHHoro cosep- lueHCTsa npoH3BeaeHH0, oTBeqaiomHX TpeCoBaHHflM couHaAHCTuqecxoro pea- XH3Ma, Ka3axcKHe noaru caeaaxH HexoTOpue ycnexa. CouHajiHCTHqecKHfl peaxu3M aKTHBHO naqaji sasoeBUBaTb CBoe Mecro b npoH3BeACHHHx xasax- CKoft no33HH. B pe3yxbTaTe SToro, a Taxwe HeycraHHUx iiohckob hobux cpeacTB xyaowecTBeHHoro H3o6paweiiHH AeficTBHTeAbHocTH noaru crajiH co3flaBarb fioxee KpynHhie nponsiieaeitiiii — noaMU. Tax, b cepeAHHe 30-x TOPOB 6uno cosasho MHoro noaM Ha rerty TpyAa. Oaho TOAbxo ko.ihhsctbo 3thx npoH3oeAenHii, KOHeqHo, He roBOpHT eme 06 hx bucokom HAefluo-xyAO- jhecTBeHHOM ypoBHe. HoBiona sthx npoH3BeAeHHft b tom, hto b hhx aBTopbi CTpeMHTca co3*aTb apKiiii o6pa3 coBercKoro rpyAOBoro qeaoBexa, to ecTb noxasa-rb ero b 6ojiee mapoxoM iuiane, b xoaxpeTHUx AeftcTBHHX, nocTynKax. B TaKHx nosMax cctl onpeAeaeiiHbiit cioweT, b hhx AeficTByiOT nepcoHaxcu, nocrynxH KOTopux pacnpusaiOT hx xapaKTep, nciixo.iormo. TaKHM 06pa3OM, mu HMeeM 3Aecb Aejio c oahhm H3 bhaob AHpo-anH- qeCKoro noBecTBOBannfl — CKUxeTiioii nosMoii. B pa3BHTHH ero Oo.ibmoe 3Ha- qcHHe HMeji onuT kohub 20-x toaob, kotab Guam co3AaHbi no9Mbi C. Myxa- HOBa cBarpax* u «EpOAU OkthGph*. H a C03AauHe nosM b xa3axcKofl noa- 3HH oxasaAH 3naqHTCAbHoe BJiunime raxwe necHH h -rojiray flwaMOyxa. B 30-x roAax b pyccxoft no33HH Gunn co3AaHU raxHe xpymiue npoaa- BeAeHHa, xax cGrpaua MypaBHa* A. TBapAOBCKoro, «TpareAHftHan Hoqb» A, Be3UMeHcxoro, cthxh o TypxMeiiKH h Kaxeraa H. TtixoHOBa («HcxaTeAH boau», «J1k>ah UiHpaMa», «Jjeanm», «LLIoipep» h Ap.), cthxh H3 c6opHHKa h AP-), cthxh M. HcaxoBcxoro o koaxoshoh AepeBHe (iiaqniian c 20-x toaob: •Aoropaft, moh JiyqHHa» h AP-). OcoOeHHO npHMeqareabHa noaMa A. TBap- Aobcxoto cG rpaaa MypaBHii*, rAe b noaraqecKOM naaiie nona-jano H3MeHe- HHe KpecTbHHCKOti nCHXOAOTHH B pe3yAbTaTe HOBOfl 3KK3HH. B B03BpaUXeilHH Hhkhtu MopryHxa b poAHofl koaxo3 o6pa3Ho OTpa3H/iacb noScaa koaxo3- HOTO CTpoa, XOTOpblfl AAH MHAAHOHOB KpeCTbHH HBHACH CnaceHlieM OT OeA- hocth h HHiueTU. JloMxa a ncHxoAorHH H hkhtm Moprynxa, xoTopuB cua- qajia He xoTeA BCTynHTb b koaxo3, ho noTOM, yBHAeB 3aMeqareAbHue npe- o6pa30BauHH, nponcxoAiiBiuiie Boxpyr, pemaeT hath b koaxo3, ecn> pe3yxb- TaT nofieAU b co3HaHHH xpecTbHH hoboto, couHaAiiCTHqecKoro uaqaaa. 3 th npoH3BeAeHHH pyccxoB no33HH oxasajui Oa.-ii.moe bjihbbbb na Aaxb- HeBuiee pa3BHTHe tcmu TpyAa b xa3axcxoB noasHH. OnpeAeAeHuyx) poxb b CTaHOBxeHHH STofl TeMU b Ka3axcKoii nos3HH Toro nepHOAa curpa.iii npoHa- BCAeHHH pyccxofl no33HH na reMy rpyAa xoHua 20-x — Haqaaa 30-x toaob, b qacTHocTH cTHXOTBopemiH H. THXOHOBa a B. JlyroBexoro o TypxMeHHH, R . BeAHoro o TypxcHfie («UlaflTaH-ap6a» h aP-)- Pa3BHTHe TeMU TpyAa b xa3axcKofl n033HH npoacxoAHAo b Tecnofi cbsoh c -reMH BaxCHeBuiHMH co- fiUTHHMH B JKH3HH CTpaHU, XOTOpble HBHAHCb COAepWaHHCM MHOTHX npOH3- BeAeiiHii no33Hn Apyrux 6paTCKHx HapoAOB. Ochobhum coAepaameM nosM 30-x toaob HBAHerca TpyA. IIost A. Tox- MaraMSeTOB b 1933 — 1937 it. HanxcaA oosmu «KAioq cqacTbH* (1938), «KacKeaeH» (1934), «Ha crpawe* (1934) —o ajoahx koaxo3hoto ayaa; «yOopuiHua» (1 9 3 5 )— o qeaiocKHHCKofi anonee; cCtbahhckhH Mapiupyr* (1937) — o SecnocaAoqHOM nepeaere OTBaiKHux coBeTCXHX agthhkob qepe3 CeBepnufi nojucc B AMepaxy. WeaiocKHiicKOH anonee iiocbhthah noaMH Tax- we T. >KapoxoB — «naeHHHK a 'u a » (1934), A. TawnSaeB — «Cnaceirae» (1935) h C. MyxaHoe — sbeauH MCABCAb» (1934). 0 BO3p0JKAeHH0M koa- 3-165
i. 6A3APBAEB X03H0M ayjie C. MyxaHOB HanHcaji GoAbiuoe cthxotbopbhhc <TaKOB kojixos- Hbiii aya» (1937) ; o TpyaoBofi HHTejuiHreHUHH— A. ToKMarawGeroB noaMjr «>KH3Hb» (1936), T. XapoKOB — «noroK» (1937). OaBaKo H3 BToro cpaBiniTejibHO 6oAbinoro KOAHHecTBa noaM TOJibKo He-- Koropbie BbiflepwaxH acnbiTaHHe BpeMeneM. Miiorwe H3 mix, Kan, iianpuiiep, «KacKeaeH» h «>KH3Hb» A. ToKMaraM6eTOBa, coBepmeHHO 3a6brra. CiaOuMH TaKwe DKana.'iHCh bosmu elljieHHHK Abaa» T. JKapoKOBa, «Cnacemie» A. Ta- HCHfiaeBa h ap. FlosMbi sth xoth h npeacTaBjiaaii b CBoe npcMH HOBoe HBAe- HHe B nOS3HH, BCe JKC He BhIIIIAH 3a pBMKH nepBUX nortblTOK C03A3HHH aeft- CTBHTeAbHO noJiHoueHHofi noSMbi. Ohh Gojibmefi qacrbio 6faiAii cxeMaraqHbi, coaepwaaB xyaowecTBeHiio HeoGpaGoTaHHbie OTHeTbi o cofibiranx, cMaxHBa- ah Ha pwcjiMOBamiyio npo3y; o6pa3u, xapaKTepu, THnbi coBepmeHHO OTcyT- ctbobbah, xoth HMe.iHCb nepcoHajKH; coGhthh pa3BHBaaHCb HaayMaHHO, 6e3 KaKoii-juifio jiorHiecKOH nocjieAOBaTejibHOcnr, koh<(>jihktu CTpoHAHCb ahGo npflMOAHHeHno, T. e. noaMa coaepwaaa xpoHoaorHqecKoe onncaHne, nepeqHC- ■leHHe pa3-iHMiiux coOuthB, ahGo oqenb naHBHo, nenpaBaonoao6HO (ocoGeH- HO KOTAa I103TH HblTaAHCb nOKa3aTb B3aHM00TH0UieHHH, xapaKTepu Aioaeil). Bee 3TH HeAOCTaTKH b CBoe Bpeua GbiAH orMeqeHM AHTepa-rypHofl KpH- THKofi (b qaCTHOCTH, b «OqepKax HCTopaH Ka3axcKoii cOBeTCKOfl AiiTepaTy- pbi» [1949]). OnpeaeaemibiB HHTepec b xyaowecTBeimoM OTiiomeHHH npeaCTaBAHeT no3Ma A. ToKMaraMOeTOBa «Ky3eTTe» («Ha crpaiKe*,— 1934). B arofi noa- Me aBTop caeaaa nonbrrKy co3AaTb o6pa3 koaxo3hoto TpyjKeHHKa-xtHBOTHO- Boaa, noKa3aTb ero BiiyrpeHHHH ayxoBHufi Map. B btom oraomeHHH «Ha CTpa*e>, noatsayfl, nepean aiia’mjejibuaa noaMa, rae ue.ib aBTopa paspe- meHa Goaee hah MeHee yaarao. noa.ua tmeer onpeaejieHHbifl cioiKeT. CoGu- thh b Hefi paaBHBaiOTCH BOKpyr raaBHoro repoa nosMbi — cropowa blcnaKa, CopiomerocH nporaB BparoB, KOTopue xorejur y r n a n coBX03Hufi ckot. 3a- npoaaileHHoe MymecrBo blcKaxa npapraiaioT b u ie n u komcomoah. Oh yaap- hhk. riocae Toro, Kax blcxaK cnacaeT ckot ot BpeaHTeaeft, oh CTaHOBHTcn H3BeCTHbIM B C0BX03e HeAOBeKOM. 3aKOHOMepuo pa3BHBaiOTCH b nosMe co6bmisf. CiojKeT nosMbi a° Toro MecTa, rae onacbiBaeTCH, Kax blcKax Heiaamio ycHya Ha nocry h He cpa3y 3aMeTHA npHGAH*eHH(i BpeaHTeAH, pa3BepTUBaeTCH cboGoako, 6e3 ocoGoro BanpHxceHHH. Ky.ibMHHamioHHbiii nyHKT noBCCTBOBaHHH — eaHHo6opcTBO blcKaxa c BparoM, MacrepcKH onncanHoe nos-roM. B noaMe xopoujo aaH AeTimfl neiteaw, KapxHiia Koaxo3Horo ayaa; nefl- 3a*H H3o6paxtaioTCH hobtom b crporoM cootbctctbhh c paaBH-raeM aoHceTa.. B Haaajie nosMbi KpacoiHO onHctmae-rCH xaptHHa crenHoft hoth; 'A . ToKHsratiGnoB. flacTaiuap (Hosmu). AjiMa-Ara, 1949, crp. 18.
ss
EA3APEAEB 3 ro Bccofimce yBaweiiHe k npocroMy TpyaoBOMy qeaoBCKy bbboaho- eaAO blcxaxa, h oh flaer xaHTBy 6bm> ewe crapaTeabHee H 6aHTeJibHee. rioeaHHOK c H6H3B6CTHbiM npoHCxoaHT nocjie CJieta WHBOTHOBO- uob. rioBT rioKa3bioaeT, nan bhhm3hhb b noqeT, oxa3bmaenbie y Hac qeao- Bexy Tpyaa, baoxhobahiot ero Ha HOBue noaBHrn. blcxax fiawrejibHO oxpa- imer COBXO3HM0 ckot. OOHapyiKHB Bpe«HTeAH, nbiTaomerocB non noKpoBOM ho'ih yrnaTb ckoi, blcxaK BCTynaeT c hhm b eamioGopcTBO. OaHaxo npoTHB- hhk oxa3biBaerca lie H3 caaObix h noeaiwox wihtcsi aoaro. B ocTpofi cxb3t- xe Bpar crpeMHTCa nopasHTb khhhcbjiom blcxaxa. 3 tot apaMaTHqecxvifl 3iiH- 30a host pHcyeT ao MejibqafiuiHX aeTaaeit. Oh noxa3biBaeT, xax BbipoHeiiHUH aparoM KHHjxaa Jicwa.i, oTpaacan aytmuS CBer, xax crpyiiaacb xpOBb, xoraa BpcaHTeab nopaiiHji cropowa, h t. a. 3 th noapoBiioc™, apaMaTH3HpoBaH- Hbie aBTopoM juih C03aaHHH BiJxjiexTa, 3aiinMaioT b nosMe 3Ha'iHTe.nbHoe Mecro. CxaaTxa xoHiaeTCH reM, hto noaocneBuiHC paOoTHHKH coaxoaa cxBa- TbiBaxyr BpeaHTeaa h cnacaxrr blcxaxa ot CMepra. H3o6pajxan 9to npoHcmecTBHe, no3T noxaauBaeT caMOOTBepjxeHHOCTb, peiDHTeabHOCTb coBercxoro qejioBexa, ero roTOBHOCTb MywecTBeHHo 60- poTbca h OTCTBHBaTb naoau CBoero Tpyaa. B btom othohichiih o6pa3 blcxaxa noywreaeH. Oauaxo oh He aiuueH HeaocraTxoB. floar npn onxcaiiHH eaHHO- 6opcTBa blcxaxa c BpeaHTeaeM noxasbroaer blcxaxa BecMa HeocropojxHiJM h iiepacToponHbiu bcjiobckom. Caeayer noa'iepxiiyTb, hto <J>a6yaa noSMU 3aHMCTBOBaHa H3 peaabHofi 3KH3HH, H3 kojixo3hoh aeficTBHTeJibHocTH Toro BpeMeHH. IlepHoa HanacaHHH noaMhi ( 1933 — 34 rr.) 6ua HaqaaoM yapenaeima xoaxo3iioro crpoH. B to BpeMH Bpajxae6nbie coBercxoMy iiapoay saeMeHTbi CTpeMHaHCb BcaqecxH BpeaHTb coKHaaHCTHBecKOMy crpoHTejibCTBy. Biiorpa<j>HH BpeaHTeaa y6ea«- TeabHO Bcxpuaper npHHHHbi ero BpawaefinocTH x xoaxo3HOMy CTpox>: ... «Bip Ke3ae uiuhjkup Oaaax 6aA Oaaacu, ilayipaen TOjiFaH Tacun vrQv*\"*™ Aflaaiun: jxyaaen Ty#e, M Bac Bin, *Mup3a.ianiu» a ©rxea xou, 6ip xoaxoara Bap MyratiH, may MyjixiHj Biaiain fiyji OijjibiFiJH con. 3 tot «Bop-6aHaHT, xaaccoBUfl Bpar* b Koime kohuob 6yaeT noiiMaii h npx- Baeqeu x cyay. B AHTeparype 30-x roaoB BCTpeqaercH MHoro npoH3neaenHfi c noaoC- humh croweTaMH. 3ro h ecrecTBemio. noTOMy qro ax>an xoaxcsiiofi aepeBHH, ocBoooixaeHHbie otHra CaeB-ipeoaa.iOB, b sth roabi npoaoaacaaH bpcth 6opb- 6y npOTHB HX npHXBOCTHefi. ripOHBJieHHH Taxofi OCTpoii XJiaCCOBOH 6opb6hl noxa3aHbi, nanpHMep, b paccxa3e «Oxothhk c opjiojo h nbece «Ha rpaHH- ue» M. Ay330Ba. Host A. ToxMaraMSeroB CTpeMH.ica noxa3an> oaHH H3 T3khx 3nH3oaoB xjiaccoBoft 6opb6ti b nosMe «Ha cTpaxcea. HecMOTpa Ha OTMeneimbie Heaoc- T3TKH, nOSMa HBH.iaCb 03HHM H3 3IIa'IllTe.lbHblX lipOH3BeaeHHH, HanHcaHHbix Ha TeMy ko;ixo3hoh >kh3hh b nepooii noaoBHHe 30-x roaoB.
B nc»Max « y6ppu«ma», cOraaHHCxaA MapinpyT*, HamicaHHUx b 1935— 1937 rr., A. ToxMaraM6eTOB Aajibiue pasBHBaeT xeMy repowqecxoro Tpyaa cobbtckhx atoAeA. 3 th flBe nosMU nocBamenu wyM BawiiUM coGuthhm b jkh3hh cobot- ckoto HapoAa — sxcneAHiimi xeaioCKHHueB h CecnocaAOWOMy nepeneTy ot- oawiibix coBeTCKHX jict'ihkob Hxaaona, BafiAyKoaa h BeJidKOBa qepe3 CeBep- Hbiii noaioc b CeBepHyio AMepnxy. B noaMe <yCopuuma» onacbiBaeTCH TpyAHtifl nyn> qeaiocxHimeB no Ce- BepnoHy AeAOBHTOMy oxeany. KawAhift y'lac-mux a-roro noxoAa, ocoCeHHO pyxoBOAirre-ib SKcneAHiuni Otto lO.ibeBH'i UImhat, BbicTyriaeT GeccTpam- ubiM naTpHOTOM P oahhu. Kawflbifl H3 b.tchob 3KHna«a co3Haer. xto 3a hhm ctoht Becfa coBeTCKHil HapoA- i\"Io3TOMy ero He MoryT ycrpaniHTb HHKaxHe CH.ibi npHpoAH; ero bo.ho He caomht HHxaxue TpyAHOCTH. B Oopi.Ce co cth- XHefl 3th repoH nposBJiaxiT 3aMeqarejihHbie xaqecTBa coBercxoro qeaoBexa: 6eccTpamHe h MyweeiBO, xaaAHOxpoBHe h HecrH6aeMyx> uo.ikj. B no9Me r.iaBHbiM rcpoeM BbicrynaeT yCopuuma ropcxasi. rio3T xoqeT npOBeCTH MbICJIb O TOM, HTO pHAOBOfl COBOTCKMH IC-TOBCK, BOCIlKTaHHblA Ha couHaJiHCTHqecKHX npHHUHnax, oGaaAaer bucokhmh MopaamibiMH xaqecTBa- MH, fiojlbinofl CO3HaTeAbH0CTbK> H BbICOKHM naTpHOTHqeCKHM qyuCTBOM. y 6op- uunta XOTH h nrpaer BTopocTeneHiiyio poab b cocraBe axcneAHUHH, ho ona HBjmerca hcoGxoahmum bhhthkom b GojibiuoM xoaaexTHBe, OTiipamiBuieMcn Ha BbinoAHeHHe Bawiioro rocyaapcTBeHKoro 3aaaHHa. HecMOTpa Ha cboh He- CAOKHbie o6a3aHiiocTH, TaxoB qeaoBex Mor b TpyAHyio MHHyry npoxBHTb He3aypH,THbie AyiueBHue xaxecTBa, oKaaaTbca oiocoGhijm Ha Goabume, re- OAHaxo Bee bto He cayqaeTCH b riosMe. TepoHHH nosMbi y6opuuina Top- cxaa HHKaKHX repoH'iecxHX Aea He coBepuiaer, HaoOopoT, oHa Bee BpeMH OeciioKOHTcn o AOMe, o coGaxxe a cepoA xornxe, xoTophix OHa ocraaiuia Gea npuCMOTpa. A btop H3o6pa>xaeT ee OecnOMomjioS, orpaiiHXHBaeT ee saSoTbi MbiCAHMH o Meaoqax. Bo3HHxaeT uonpoc: noxeMy noaMa iiaauaiia «yGopmH- na»? HeH3BecTH0, xaxyx) ueab npecaeAOBaa asrop, Ha3biBa» Tax cbokj no3- My. npoHHTaB noaMy, moikho cocraBHTb ce6e caeayiomee Miiemie. [lo3T noc- TaBHa nepeA coGoft ueab noxa3arb caMooTBepweiiHbie Aena yqacTimxoB sxc- neAHUHH, hx CToAxocTb, caMooG.iaAanHe bo BpeMH xpymeHHH, CaaropoAHbiA oGjihk coBeTcxoro qeaoBexa, npeoAOJieBaromero Bee TpyAHOCTH. Hto xacaer- ch yGopimmu, to aB-rop orcrpaiiH-T ee coBepuieHHo or reponqecxHx Aea; OHa xax SyATo 6bi a He yiacrByeT BOBce b ormcwBaeMux coGuthhx. Flocae Toro, xax noaT paccxa3aa o Tocxe cBoeA repoHHH no AOMy, oh coBceM aaGbmaer o HeA h Combine K HeA He B03BpamaeTCH, b to BpeMH xax rnaoe sxcneAHiWH UlMHATy h ApyrHM JinuaM yaejieno MHoro bhhm3hhh h o hhx tobophtch name, qeM o raaBHoA repoHHe. Co3AaeTCH BnexameHiie, ito noar HapoiHTo npHHH3Hji o6pa3 y6opuuiubi, MToObi Ha (j)OHe ee hxoGm MaaeiibKiix Aea h or- paHHqeHHoro xpyro3opa noxa3aTb Beanane repoHnecxHX Aea h caMOOTBep- >xeHHbix nocTynxoB apynix yqacTHHXOB axcneAHAHK. A btop Bee BpeMH npH- HHHcaeT ySopuumy, H3o6pawaeT ee qeaoBexoM Heaaaexoro yMa, BecbMa or- pflHHleHHOfi. Ha (pone 3Toro Gaeanoro, HenpHBaexa-reabHoro o6pa3a noar xpynHUM naaHOM pncyeT oGpaau ocraabmax ynacTHHKOB hchiockhhckoh sxcneaHiuiH. no oniH6o>iHOMy 3aMbicay noara, yCopumua, HxoGbi oSaaAaromaa orpaHH- qeiiHUM xpyro3opo«, bkaht 3a6oTy o qeaoBexe, hobuc B3aHMOorHouieHHH MewAy ax>AbMH Bnepsue anrnh cpeAH qeax)cxHHueB. OHa yAHBanercH -roMy, vro npoijieccop LLImhat nocae xpymeHHH xapaGan bcaht nepBuu aonroM xopouiHe naaaTKH OTAam jxeumHHaM, q-ro hx nepBbiMH caacaior b caMoaer h t. a. noqeMy-To oua see BpeMH noaaraeT, qro ee Bee 3a0yAyT, qro OHa
1. BA3APBAEB ienepi> 3aMep3HeT or xo.io.aa. Ho npoTHB ee ojKHaaHira ace qjiem* sxcne- flHiuiH oKpyjKaiOT ee BHHMaHHeM. B tskom HCKajKGHHOM Bane BbicrynaeT o6pa3 rnaBTtofl repoHHH npoH3- BeaeHHH... B ofipa3e ySopui.Hu.hi TopcKoft no3T He cyMeji noKa3a-n> coBercxo- ro qeaoBexa, hcho noHHMaiomero ueJiH oSmero Tpyaa h bkihbbo yaacTayro- 11,6 B nosMe MecTaMH xoporno oqepqeH o6pa3 UiMHATa. HyBcreyercsi ero Beayman poab b xonneKTHBe. HanpuMep, no3T Tan nepeaaeT MOMesr, xoraa cyaiio Hauaao TOHyTb, a ySopuuma ot pacrepaHHocTH He 3Haaa, qro ae- OaHaKo b pe3yabTaTe toto, *ito Bee coSuthh b nosMe H3o6paHteabi c- tohkh 3pcHMa ySopmmw. oSpa3bi UlMHATa h apynix nepconaweS a npoH3- BeaeHiia Bbioiaa HeBupa3HTejibHbiMH. JIpywHaa paSoTa xon.iexTHBa, b3hb- meroca 3a cnaceHRe CHapaateiiHa h aioaea, BooSme He noKa3ana. Bmcctc- 3totq bch no3Ma aaiio.ineHa hsmbhumh paccy>xaeHHHMH Topcxofi. repoHuecKofi tcmc nocaaiuena h nosMa sCra-imrcKofi Mapmpyn (1937)>. B neii raaBHUMH repoauH aBJiaiovca HxaaoB, BafiayxoB h EeaaKOB. near onHCbisaeT noaeT OTBaaaiux cobctckhx .ictmhkob qepe3 CcBepHiift noaioc b AMepaxy b HK)He 1937 r. 3 tot repoHiecxiifl nepeaer HBH.icn eme oauHM xpynHbiM coShiTiiew, npoaeMOHCTpapoBaBUiHM oTsary h MyjxecTBO coBeTcKHX aioaefi nepea BceM MiipoM. riosMa no cxjateTy HecnowHa. XpcwoJioniqecKH onacbiBaeTca aoarafi nyTb aeruaxoB ot Mocxbh ao AMepaxa. Host cranHT nepea coSoio Tpyaayx) aaaaqy xyaowecTBeHHO nepeaan. 6ecnpHMepmjiS noa- bht coBeTcxHX jieTiHKOB. CaMhjft (paXT 6ecnocaao>iHoro noaera xepe3 CeBep- Hbifi noaioc b AMepaxy bbhjicb iieSbmajujM coOuthcm b MCropKK asHauKK. riosT onHcuBaeT, xax OTBawHhie aemHKH c So-ibuiHM y.MemteM h xaaaHo- KpOBHeM npeoaoacBaxJT TpyaHOCTH. noMiinyTHO Bcraroiioie nepea hhmh. To HaxHHaeT reub SeH3HH0Bbifi Sax. b kotopom oSpa30Baaacb Tpeuuraa, to KpunbH caMOaera noxpbiBaxjTca JibaoM, — Bee 3T0 upcBaTo 6o.iiiU1hmh onac- hocthmh ana caxioaeTa h SKHnawa. Ho Bee sth TpyaHOCTH OTCTynaiOT nepea eaHHoft Boaefi Tpex MyjxecTBeHHbix jnoaefl. Koraa npH cmibHOM Mopoae ca- Moaer iiauaji noxphiBaTbca abaoM, aeTXHXH noaHiuiHCb Burne Tyq h noaereaa Ha Soabiuoft Bucore. C nupii'iecKHM qyBCTBOMnosT ninner:
Otbsjkiiuh sKanaiK aocraraer CeBepHoro noaroca K cooCiuaeT 06 stom pamiorpaMMOM b MocKBy. Tenept, Koraa noaoBHHa n y ra no3aaH, .ict'ihkm, BflOXHOBJieHHhie CBOHMH yCtieXaMH H nOMHfl, 1TO Becb COBeTCKHfl napoa cae- » ht 3a hhmh, eme 6oaee yBepeHHO aeTHT aajitiue b roroBU npeoaoaeTb eme OojibUHie TpyflHoc™ bo hmb Poannu. MapuipyT npHOanasaerca k KOHuy. OTBajKHuii SKHnaiK, /lereauiHii okojio Tpex cyrOK, CaaronoayiiHO npu3eM- aaerca b CeBepHofi AMepmse. riosMa, BocneBaioiuasi noflBur CeccTpauiHbix coBeTCKiix ji&tbbkob, nanH- «aHa c 6ojibuiHM jihph3mom. MacTepcKn onHCUBaeTCH cthxhh npapoabi, ae- HxhoA nefi3a>K CeBcpa. B momcht BMJieTa caMoaeTa H3 Mockbu nepea B3opoM jiertHKOB oTKpu- aaeTca naHopaMa npocunaromefiCH P oahhu: noaT c aloCoBbKi onHCbiBaeT npenpaciioe MHpnoe yrpo BeaHnoii Poaimu, oTnpaBjiHiomefi cbohx Tpex cbiiioBeii b TpyaiiuH nyTb. Ho coBercKHe .lenn- KH MHTaioT ana ce6a cqacTbeM aererb no sajaimio PoAHHbl-MaTepH. ApKTHKB‘THBOnOJIO* Hyl° Kap™Hy PKCyeT n09T- H3o6pa}«aH nefiaaw xoaoaHoft - BecTfa ° TOM| 'tT0 coeeTCKHe ae-mHKH, npoaeTeB Becb Tpyamafi nyTo. 3BxnaneTOMH° npH3eMJ1HJIHC:b’ Pa3necaacb no BceMy MHpy, c-ieaamueMy a 3HaMeHHTbift nepeaeT 3aKOHBHacfl nofieaofi. 3 to 6 u aa HOBaa no6eaa HH3MyKHX J,K>-aefl- 3 tot uaPupyT HOST Haausaer ftapuipyrow k KOMMy-
I. EA3APEAEB B no3Me A. ToKMaraMOeroBa «CiajiHHCKHfi MapmpyT* noxasana Bceno- (jewaaioiuas! ciuia coaHa-iHcrawecKoro crposr, CHJia npocrtix cOBercKHX jikj- fleft, BOcmiraHHbix KoMMynHcnraecKofi naproefi CoapbiMH, He 6ohihhmkch TpyaHOCTefl u ycnemao npeoaoJieBaroiilHMH hx. TepOH3M coaeTCKHX nemiiKOB noaT pacyeT He Kax eABHHHHoe HBJieinre, a KaK HBjiemie o6mee, uaccoaoe, npHcywee jikjahm, BipameiiKUM coiuiaaHCTHHecxHM crpoeM. now noKa3bi- Baer, hto b crpoiiTe-ibCTBe KOMMyHHCTmeCKOro o6meciBa npoaBnsnoTCsr pa3HOCTOpOHHHe Ta-iaHTU COBeTCKHXJlioaefl, OTKpUBarOTCH UlIipoKHe B03MOJK- hocth flJia TBopnecKOH aeaTeabHocTH h BUHB-ieiiHH jihhhux cnoco6nocTeft HenoBexa. Bra no3Ma A. ToKMaraMfieroBa, no cpaBHeHHio c no3Mofl «Y6op- niHua» h nosMaMH T. XapoxoBa «n.aeHHHK abaa», A. TawHfiaeBa «Cnace- HHe», ctoht Bbiine no cBOeMy HfleftHO-xyaojKecraeHHOMy ypoBHio. B «OrajiHii- ckom MapmpyTe> peanncrnnecKOe noBecTBOBaHHe coneTaeTca c poMaimr'ie- ckmm noaeToM mhcah, npHnoaHHTocTbio flyxa; npoH3BeaeHHe npoHHXHyro narpHOTHHeCKHM HyBCTBOM. B iiosMe ynaiHO noxasaH coBMecTHUft noaBHr Tpex CeccTpaimrax JieT- hhkob. fl03T He aaeT KOHKpeTHofi xapaKTepHCTHKH xawaoro H3 repoes, ne narraeTca C03aan> hx ueaocTHbie oGpa3H, He cTpeMHTca aeTaribiio no3«axo- MHrb HHTaTeafl c >KH3Kbto, aeflcTBHBMH k nocTynKaMH repoes b pasamHbix oScroHTeabCTBax. Oh orpaHMMHBaeTCH T<wibKO H3o6pawemieM nepeaeTa. Boaee iuapoKoe h rjiyfionoe H3o6paweKHe o6pa30B repoes pacuinpHao 614 npeacTaBaeHHe Harare.™ o nepconawax hosmu. Tpex aeTHHKOB no3T HsoGpanraeT TOBapiimaMH, apy3bHMH, cBroaiiHbiMH apyr c apyroM oSmeft ue.ibro. Baaroponiiasi h b to we BpeMH repoHMecxan 3aaaua — nepeaeT >iepe3 CeBepHbifi nojnoc b AMepHKy — BaoxHOBaaeT hx, HapoanaeT hx cepana naTpHoranecKHMa lyBcraaMH. Bojibme Bcero BHHMa- hhh nosT yaeaaer o0pa3y MKaaooa. BcnoMHHaa CBoe 6e30Tpaanoe aeTcrao, report paayeTCa TOMy, hto mane eMy nopyieHO Goabuioe, OTBeTCTBeHHoe aeao HapoaoM h napraefl. MxaaoB ayBCTByer b ce(5e Soabuiort ripHJTHB SHeprHH, ropanefl jtioGbh x PoaHHe, k CBoeny Hapoay. Oh WH3HepaaocTeH, aiiepraaen. Xpa6pocTb h np03opaHBO<m> cBoero repOH host cpasHHBaer c aaaexo BiiaanuiM SepKyroM-opaoM. B nosMe oaep'ieHbi h o6pa3bi BafiayxoBa h BeaaKOBa. B nopTpetHbix 3apacOBKax noaT CTpeMHTca pacxpfarrb xapaicrep, BHyTpeHHBrt nap nepco- Hawefi. Ohh BbicrynaiOT aiOAbMH, yBepeumjMH b cbohx CHaax, hx baoxhob- aaeT aoBepne Hapoaa. rio3T BocneBaeT cbohx repoeB, hx caMOOTBepwemiocrb, BocxHmaerca hhh. 3Ty repoHiecxyto TCMy A. ToKMaraMferoB noaiiHMaa H b jiHpHHecxHx CTHXOTBopeHHHx «K BucoTaM>, «Bucoko», «KpacHoe 3HaMa», Koropue Tax- we 6buiH nocBauteHbi oTBawnbiM noneram cobctckhx jict'ihkob. HeaocTaTOK nosMbi «CTanHHCKHft Mapiupyr* b tom, ho OHa B croweTHOM oTHomeHHH yT0“ aTeJ,bHa. Tax xax Bee coChinra H3o6paweHU b xpoHOJionmecKOM nopsra- xe, oe3 xaxort-AH6o BuayMKH b noCTpoeiiHH cioweTa. HpaBaa, c mnepecow HHTaKJTCH aapanecKHe oTcrynaeHHH nosra, rae oh nbiraerca ocMMCAHTb, 06- OOIHHTb HOBble HBaeHHH HCH3HH. TAe OH npH3bIBaeT K aXTHBHOMy yracmio B crpoHTejibCTBe xoMMyHHCTHHecxoro ofimecraa. ITost H3o6pawaer aeTroxoB xax HeyTOMHMbix TpyweHHKOB, BbraojiHHronurx 3aaaH«e Hapoaa, Poahhu. B 3tom noaowHTCJibHan CTopoHa no3Mbi. ' reP°*,MH aamert jiRrepaTypu hbahkjtcb coBercKHe i.^o-'„„K°J? pble nPH3®aH1J GopoTbca aa ocymecTBjieHHe couHa/iHCTHiecKHX u n ,1THMH3“■SoapocTb ayxa, nyBCTBO TOBapmuecTBa, BHcoxaa C03- \" \" a* 0C nocTOi,HHoro CTpeMaeHHH snepea, — bot re xaMecrsa^ Koropue conyTCTByioT lenoBexy couhaaHCTHiecKoro oOmecTBa.
B CTHXOTBopeHHH A. ToKMaraMfieroBa «repofljrap,nbiH repoflbi» («repoii repoeB*, 1938) nortaaaH bhcokhh MopajibHbiA o&jihk coBercKoro lenoBeita. 3 to pacKpuBaeTcn b Ananore Mewny 4KajioBUM h dmcphkshckhm mhvuiho' B 1937 r. A. ToKMaraMfieTOBfiiM 6u.no Hanxcaxo -inpHiecKoe cthxotbo- peHHe «Oh yui j«hui» («TpHnaauaTb jier»). ncm oxsaTUBaeT b HeM coObi- thh, npOHCiueAuiMe 3a TpHHaAUaTb neT notyre c.vepm B. H. JleHHHa. B nep- Boft MaCTH CTHXOTBopeHHH OH C TJiyGOKHM HyBCTBOM onHCbiBaeT Te cnopfiHbie Ahh, Korja cKOHiajica bcjihkhA JleHHH, rosopirr 06 3Tofl TarnafiiiieA juia Kawjioro TpyAaiueroca yrpaTe: C Tex nop npouuio 13 neT. Tenepb, BcnoMHRaa o npoinnoM, nosT coo6- maeT, Harare ConbUiHe npeo6pa30Banna npon3ouuiH b Hauled crpaHe no npeaHaqepraHHBM Beamcoro JleHHHa. reHHa.uHbie aaen JleHHHa npeTBopa- rOTCH B 3KH3Hb DGIK PyKOBOACTBOM KoMMyHHCTHIeCKOS napTHH: 1JKypHaa «9ne $poH?»), 1939.
M. EA3APBAEB Ilo3T BocneaaeT cipoHTejibcTBo hobux 33boaob h ipafipiiK, hobux maxT b iloHCacce, napoc Tpyaa craxanoBiKB, Anenporac, nocTpoeHHUfi caMHMH Tpy.IBWHMHCfl, BAOXHOBAeHHbIMH HACHMH CipOHT&UbCTBa COHHaAHCTHHeCKOrO o6mecTBa. B arofl noaMe o Aeimne u o ero aaeax, nperBopaeMux b jKH3Hb, nosrc rjiyfioKHM jmpH3MOM h co CTpacTHUM naTpHOTHqecKHM qyBCTBOM BupawaeT Boauyiomiie mucjiu o coiuiajmcTHMecKoA Poahhc, ocHOBareae coBercxoro ro- icyaapcTBa bcahkomJleHmie, o TpyaoBux ycnexax aioaefl cTpaHbi coitHanH3Ma. 3 to npoii3BeaeHHe A. ToKMara«6eT0Ba h no coAepmanmo a no ipopMe CBoefi HBiiaocb iiobum 3HaqHTCAbHUM bkabaom b pa3BHTHe nosMU b Ka3ax- ckou coBeTCKofl II093HH. Ilo3T pa3pa6oraA 3aecb noByio rexHHKy cthxocao- weHiia. PmJiMbi rrosiibi rrocTpoemj no cxeMe a— 6— b— r— 6. 3to coBepmeH- piKpuyiomcccfl naTHCTiiiuHG. Ph(|iku onem, CTpofiiibi, nenyqit h MeAOAHqHU. B cjioroBon oTHouieHHH ohh buiuihaht Tax: a—8; 6—11; b—8; r—4; 6—11. B TaxoM pacnoaojKeHHH caoron mojkhq BHjeTb CBoeo6pa3iioe coqeraHHe (jjopM whip (cGMH-BocbMHCJiownan ipopMa) h Kapa e.qeu (oAHmiaAuanicAow- noe qeTBepociHiiiHe). 3 ra HOBan $opMa no3BO.'maa noSTy 6o.ice munio bu- pa3HTb qyBCTBa h mucah AHpnqecKoro repon. Oh b BoanyioinHx crpoKax no- BecTayeT o (SoraTCTBe KaaaxcraHa, o pocre HayKH h KyAbTypu pecnyfiamoi, o KoMMyHHCTHqecKofi nap-raa, Koiopaa npaBeaa Ka3axCKiifi napoA K cqacr- riosTHqecKoe MacrepcTBO A. ToKMaraMfieroBa caowhaocb CBoeo6pa3HO. AeJio b tom, qro oh, HaiKHaa cboB raop'iecKHft nyTb (Bropaa no.iOBiiHa 20-x toaob). He CTaji HcxaTb hobux (popM h tbxhhkh cimoc-ioweiiHsi, naic 3to Aejia.iH b tot nepHOA, HanpHMep, C. MyxaiioB hah T. JKapoxoB. Oh cT3a TBOpHTb B OCuqHUX IT03TH4eCKHX (pOpwax Ka3aXCK0H n033HHI npHHHA CeMH- BOCbMHCAOJKIiyio IpopMy whip H OAHHHaAUaTHCAOWIiyiO (pOpMy qeTBepOCTH- ihhh. H3o6pa3HTeAbHue cpeacTBa ero ocraBaAKCb tcmh we, qro h b HapoA- hoB H033HH. 3ro AeaaeT TBopqecTBO A. ToKMaraM6eroBa oqeHb 6ah3khm k HapoAHbiM ycmo-no3THqecKHM npoH3BeAeHHHM. rio3T, HcnoAb3ya crapue tpopsibi, AocTHraer Bupa3HTeAbK0CTH, xyAowecTBeHHOcnc. Ho, c Apyrofi cropoHU, hobt He BcerAa yMeao H3o6pawaeT Hosue hb- AeuHH AeBcTBHTeAbHocTH. 3aqacTyio CTapue H3o6pa3HTeAbHue cpeACTBa h ipopMhl OKa3UBaiOTCH HCAOCTaTOMHUMHAAH Toro, MTOSbl 0Tpa3HTb Bee IIOBOe, hto powAaerca b k h 3hh. HeAb3fl, paayMeeTca, yTBepwAaTb, qro noar bobcb Be yqnTca MacTepcTBy h He co3AaeT hobux (popM hah He BupafiaTUBaeTCBoe- ro cthah. Hao6opoT, b 30-x roflax oh co3Aaa HeiaaAO npoH3BeAeHH0b hoboB
4>opMe. floKa3arejibCT8oM mowct 6bm> yxam aa noma «BepjiHH KeuieciHae» («Ha VJiHuax BepjiHHa»). y 6eflHTe/ibiio roBopHT 06 stom h (popMa noaubi «TpHHaauan» Jier>. P,a h b xoHue 20-x h Hauane 30-x roaon 6uaH coaaaHhi noaTOM3aMeiaTam>Hhie no BOBaropcTsy necHH, Kan «Cayne», «TanK.opraHht» («3amHTHHK KJiacca*) h Apyrne. ,_ Ho CBoeoOpa.iHe cmiM, Qopmi, Boofime MacTepcrea A. ToKMaraMoeTo- Ba 3aK-TK>'iacTcn Bee me b tom, hto b ero npoii3BeaeHHflx nocToflHHO nyn- cTByercH ayx ycTHO-noanniecKoro TBop>iecTBa. Hapany c noaMofl «TpmiaA- uarb jieT» noHBKBoeb HecKOKbKO ero craxoraopeHaft: «>Korapbi» («Buco- ko»), «Ek *OFapbi» («K BepmiiHe*) h AP- o coBercKHX jiCTHHKax, o repomce AHH H T. A-, KOTOpbie HanHcaHbl HCKJIIO'JHTeJIbHO b ijiopMe » u p . 0 6 STOM * e ' roBopHT cpopma xoaray «MyHafl 6ep!» («EoabUie He<[iTH!»), namicaH- noro b 1943 r. Bun Toaray bo BpeMH Bofimj pa3pa6aTbinajr oahh Tonbito ,ToKMaraM6eTOB. Ho panoM c «MyHaft 6ep!» h apyruMH Toaray mu 3HaeM rayfioKO anpHiecKoe, coBepuieHHo HOBoe no <t>opMe, no HHTOHauHH h no cranio CTHxoTBopeime «CyflreH atapra* («JIio6HMbifi»),TO*e Hamicaimoe b tom xte roay- B $opMe * u p h Kapa eneH. no3T nHUieT cthxh h nonmie. Kp«- THKH BHflHT B STOM OTCTaBaHHe n03Ta OT TpcOoBaHHH JKH3I1H, OT ypOBBH C0- BpcMcnHOM no33HH. TaxaH xpHTHKa oraacra npaBHabHa, OAIiaKO Heab3a He npn3HaTb, ocoGeimo ecnu HMerb b bhAy yAaiHue npoH3BeAeHHB, iro Tjrr cKa3biBaercH cBoeo6pa3Hbifi CTHab noSTa, Koropufl BnoaHe coraacyeTca c npHHitHnaMH couHaaacmaecKoro peaa«3Ma, npeanonaraioiuero pa3Hoo6pa- SHe <j)opMbi, cTuaa h xyAO*ecTBeHaoro noaepxa b aiiTepaxypiioM ToopqecTBe. MacrepcTBo A. ToKMaraM6eTOBa BbipaataeTca b yMeaoM h to'ihom npn- MeiieiuiH cpencTB xyaoacecTBeHHoro H3o6pa*eHna. HecMOTpa Ha xaacymeeca OAHOo6pa3He cthxob no3Ta, ohh na csmom aeae hbahiotch pesyabTaTOM noHCKOB, TBopaecKOfl BMAyMKH. M u roBopnaH o tom, hto MHorne npon3Be- ABHHa nosTa, b tom racae noaMU «Ha crpaxcea, «CraaHHCKHfi Mapinpyr*, HanacaHbr b (JiopMe acbip u Kapa eaeit. IIoot MacrepcKH HcnoabsoBaa 9th (popMbi. OcodeHHO Miioro BHHMaHHa yaeaaeT oh HHTOHaitHH, 3ByKOBofl nanes- hocth (uanoMHHM, hto C. MyKaHOB b npoH3BeaeHHax «Ka3axcraH», «MiHCb, Mofi BopoiioH KOHbtx, «3ApaBcrByft, Maft!» h ap- 0TKa3aaca ot HaneBHOcTH cthxob h npH6aHH<aa hx k jkhboS pa3ronopHoii peia, ho 6oabmoe 3iiaaeHHe uhh h accoHancy. HanpHMep: 3Aecb, KaK mu bhahm, noaT b nepBUX uiccth cTpoxax aacTo ynoTpeO- aHeT 3ByK «a». Hto6u aOCTHTb 3ByKOBOTO eAHHCTBa, rapMOHHH CTpO<t>bl, OH Hapyiuaer name nocrominue sn areru : «KyMic xyH* («cepe6psHoe coaHite*— BMecro npHHHToro «3oaoroe coAHite»), «aaruH aB» (ooaoTaa ayna» — BMecro npHHHToro «cppcfipima>i ayHa»), a b nocaeAHHX werbipex crpoKax noBTopaeTCH 3ByK «e», C03AaBaa 6oaee bmcokhh toh 3BynaHHH TexcTa. n o <J)opMe 3th cthxh oAHHHafluaTHcaoaame, ho sto ne neTBepocTHiAHe. P hi()mu napnue: a—a—6—6—s —a, c peAH$HUM cxobom «6apbiH» b kohuo. Ilep-
1. BA3APBAEB Btie TpH crpoxH ii nocAHSHHe Tpii crpoKn no cyutecTBjr cocTaonmor no ojHofi • CTpoKe. MexaimiecKaa pa36H8xa crpoxH Ha Tpii HacTH caeaana aBTopoM, bhahmo, nnn noAiepKiiBanita iix 3ByKOBoS opraHH3awin u «a $opMy cthxob- AcconancM H anaHTepaitHH b hckotopux npoii3BeaeHHnx noara HHoraa nepexoAar b anaijiopy — eAHiioiiaqarae, Koropaa qaero BCTpeaaerca b npo- H3o6pa3HTejiBHbie cpe/jcraa A. ToKMaraMfieTOB, KaK mm ywe ynoMHHa- jih, Sojibinefi qacTbro wepnaer 113 HapoAKoii no33im. SnureTU, MCTaijiopu, cpaBHeHHH h t. a. BMpawaioT qepTU Hamioiiajibiioro 6uTa, noHaraa, cBxaaii- KeplHai K«3 ymunaa npojiHBTap II0A06HO 6atody] HananaeHHOuy BOAOft. n o 3thm oTpuBKaM bhaho, KaK no3T ncnojib3yeT Tponu, OuTyiouuie B HapoAHOM TBopqecree. Ho Meracfiopu, ynorpeSaeHHbie b ashhom e-iyiae. He npoH3BOAHT CoAbHioro BncqaT.'ieHHH. Bo-nepBux, bobt niiiero Hoooro lie npiiOaBHA b H3BecTHyio paiibuie o6pa3Hyio CHCTeMy H3oGpa>KemiH. uo-BTopux, Aaa paaaHHHbix cpaBiieHHft oh ynoTpeSaaeT chhohhmm OAiioro 11 Toro ate noHama. Tax, caoBa crerern*, «KepceH», trereHe* oanaaaior 6o.ibuioe, c rayooKHM ahom, 6aioao. 3 thm cjiobom noar CTpeMwca o6pa3iio onucaTb h npoaiiBu, H Hefio, h Mope. 3 to, CeaycaoBiio, roBopHT o CeaiioctH cpeACTB■ .....“3 npHMepoB, KorAa host ao- a, 1933..
M. BA3APBAEB npoABHAoeb b ero CTHxoTBopeiiHnx *3flpaBCTByii, «MqHCb, moB bo- poHofl KOHb!» B t. A. «yTpeHHan 3apa, — nHuieT nosT, — chmboji Cobctob* («...TaMama TanH«n Hypu ceniaai Maran coBer CHMBoauHaafi*). B apyroia cxyqae: «3aHsaacb 3apa, ajiaa, KaK Hauie 3uaMH» (cUIufhc *aK yKcan Oeflue 6i3Aiu Tyra...»). B noBMe mu Bcrpe'iaeM TaKwe oqeab yaaHHbie h hh- Tepeciibie pmjiMij, rae b cahhom 3BVK0n0M corjiacmi BbicrynaioT caMbie ot- aHqHue apyr ot apyra no 3Haqemiio caoaa. HanpiiMcp: «ce3 yucu —Ken ay* hhbcu —aHToaoriiscbi*, MiBTHTOHKa —ateae-H(opTa», cruiiMHeH 6a6 — chm- BOauHaafi*, «OTpaaTafi —waH-wcuiaTna0», «opuHaaaun—Craxaiioii*, «Keain TOKKa — K8KTU moTKa*. «KaruHFa—rearpFa*, «wapaaH acca — 6cpiK Kac- ca» r t. a- 3 to Bee ue nenb cnyqafliio 3apH$M0Bamiux caoB. Oiih boui.hi b 6ht, b pa3roBopHyio peib kojixo3hhkob. IIost BbiOiipaeT 9th caoBa, pn())Mya nepeBecra (aa h ecTb jih b stom Heo6xoaiiMOCTb?) cJiOBa: aHTOJionia, icacca, TeaTp, naTHTOHKa a t. a-? 3 to neojiorH3MH, nouieaimtc b Ka3axcKHii H3UK n B CTHXOTBOpeHHH aaHU KapTHHU KHny>iefl TpyaOBOfi 3K1T3HH KCUIX03a. flan o0pa3Hofi ofipiicoBKii nosT HaxoaaT CBoeo6pa3iiue cpaBiieima a wera- 4>opu. B cjieayroweM npHMepe mojkho Biiaerh, xaK HOBue aBJieaaa jkh3hh, HOBUe nOHBTHa, CBH3aHHUe C HHMH, CTaHOBHTCB cpeaCTBaMH H30(5pa)KeHHa flan xHTepaTypu: Ilo3T He roBOpirr, qto «BcrynHX Kopa&iib», a na3UBaeT npHMO «Kpa- obh», HMea b BHay aeaoKOJi, CTaBuiHfi b to BpeMa H3BecTHUM KaxtaoMy no cPBepnoMy noxoay. Ilo3T npeacTawiaeT K0M6aiiH He BooOme b BHae xopafiaa, a KOHKpeTuo — b BHae «KpacHHa>. KapTHHa pafiora KOMfiaiina H3o6pax<eHa b cjieayroniHX CTpoxax: iTaijjopaMH, OTpawaiomHMH Ka3axcKHft 6ut (crpaxoca mep- Ka3axcraHa («xakhMHeOxaBnuHe,3MOuTpTaKjKauaKiooimS i<ej>na6ppoHMKuHm»,a«enHoHaooe6HnupfetoM6pear3a0aBnayHHH3e VaaiHo HapiICOBaH B CTHXOTBOpeHHH h o6pa3 KOMCtaHHepa. *«, Cip. 226. crp. 226- 227.
CTHxoTBopeHHe «TanoB ko.ixo3iiijA ayji* npeacTaBjineT co6ok>Conbuioe JiHpHBecKoe noBecTBOBaHHe, rao iiobt crpeMHTca noKa3aTb Bee ctopohu cob- peMeHHoft Konxo3iioft WK3HK. [lojiK>6oBaBmHCb KapTHiioft xpyaoBoro 3HTy- 3Ha3Ma, jiHpHHecKiifl repofi hosmli yqacTByeT 3aTeM b npa3aHHBHOM BecejibH koj(xo3hhkob no cnyqaio ycneuiaofi yGopxii ypowaa. Ypowaft — sto CHJia a Momb couHaaacTuaecKOro rocyaapcrBa. B hobom conHaJiHCTHaecKou ayoie, rae C03aaHbi Bee ycaoBim aaa ycneuiHoro Tpyaa, rae Tenepb b pacnopa*e- hhh apecTbaH HMeioTca TpaKTopbi h KOMfiafiHu, 3KH3Hb h 6brr Jiioaeft Buraa- aaT coBceM no-HOBOMy. JKHTb craao jiyume u Kpauie. BeiepoM no erenH He- cyrca necHH Koaxoaiioil Mojioaewn, b aOMax kojixo3hhkob nrpaioT naTeipo- Hbi. Taaaa 3ajKHTOHHaa MH3Hb CTajia bo3mo>khoA Saaroaapa caMOOTBepoKeii- HOMy Tpyny Kpecn,HH-Koaxo3HHKOB. C-ropow Keii6aft. oropaBaan KapaBaH c xaeGoM, roBopHT, aro yOopxa b Kajixo3e — 3to tou (nap>, caaaa xae6a ro- cyaapcTBy — raioKe toB. BbicoKaa co3HaTeabHOCTb, qyBCTBO KOJiaeKTHBa, aa6oTa He TtuibKO a- ce6e, h o b o CBOeM pa6oaa-xpecrb>ih cko m rocyaapcToe, — 3to aepTbi, npncy- mne coBeTCKHM .aioaaM. I709T o6o6uiaeT arj[ ocofieHHOCTH BOcnirraHHbix b KOMMyiiHcraaecKOM ayxe cobctckhx jnoaefl h co3aaeT o0pa3 nepeaoBoro leaioaeKa. rnaBHufi repofi noaMU KeHfiafl roBopirr uioipepy, orao3nmesiy xaefi iyia CAaaH rocyaapciBy:
EA3AP5AEB CTHxoTBopeiiHe C. MyKaBOBa SBHAocb awamixeAbHUM rnaroM Bnepefl a C03JX3HHH o6pa3a aejiOBeKa Tpyfla. B ahuc rJiaBHoro repos KenGaa now coaaaji o6pa3 npaBAHBHp, uejibiiufi, b koxopom Tnnn3iipoBaHbi AyquiHe iep- r a AyxoBHo Bupocmero, BoemrraHHoro hobum ofimecxsoM coBexcKoro ie- jioBeKa. riosMa npoHHaaHa TpyAOBHM naipocoM. JIioah rpyna n3o6pajKenu B Hefi He TQAbKO K3K XOpOUIHO pafiOTHHKH, HO H KaK C03HaTeAbHfaIe CXpOH- TeJin couHasH3Ma. B btom cKasHBaHxrcs Mepra couHajincniiecKoro peaaH3- Ma. JKH3HeyTBepwaaioiuaH, H3o6pawaiomas CjiaropoAHue naxpHOXHqecKHe nocrymcH jhoaei nosua roBopHT o tom, qxo b OBJiaaeHHH conpeMCHHOfl xe- moB ii ee BoruiomenHii caejiaH hobuB mar. npoH3BeaeHHeM, KaK <5u 3aBepiuaiomHM nosTHiecKHe iiohckh 30-x ro- aob b co3aanHH o6pa3a seAoBeKa Tpyaa, HBHaacb noaMa T. XapoxoBa «Tac- kuh» («rioTOK», 1937). riocjie xyAoxtecTBeHHUx iieyaaq b nosMax «He<pxb- craH», «lIaemiKK Awia», HanHcaHHbix JKapoKoBUM b nepaoB noAOBHKe 30-x roflOB, AaHHaa noaMa npeacxaBABAa coGofi 3iiaiHxeAbHoe sBJieHHe b K33aXCKOH n033Hn. ClOXteT npOH3BeaeHHS 3aHMCTBOBaH H3 CoSbITHp, CBS3aiIHblX C IipOHC- uieaoiHM b Aima-Axe b 1921 r. rps3eKaMeHHbm noTOKOM. now nocxaBHA ueabio iiOKnaan, b noaue coBercioix AioAefl, BocnHTaHiibix h Bupocumx b ycnoBHsx cTponTCJibCTBa coipiaAHCTHHecKoro oGmecTBa. raaBHufl repofl npoH3Be,aeHHji —HHweHep-cxpoHxeAb Kaftcap. npomixan n03My A. C. nyui- KBHa «MeAHuB BcaAHHK», oh BcnoMHHaeT coGhthsi 1921 r., bo BpeMs koto- pux oh ahidhacs MaTepH (oxen noi-HG eme b rpawaancKyio aoTiny), h noc- AeaoBaBiuHe aaxeM roAbi >kh3hh b AexcKOM AOMe, yie6y. Hexoxopue kphxhkh ckaohhu iioaaraxb, qxo nosMa >KapoKOBa «rioxoK» ecn> npocxoe noapawaHHe A. C. nyuiKiray. TsopiecKax yqeGa y BejiHKoro noaxa, 6e3ycAOBHO, HMeeT MecTo. Ho MexaHHqecKH conocraBARXb o6e no9Mbi HhKaK HeAb3s. (yAarawfi anaaiia noaMbi «noxoK» caejiaH C. CeaxoBbiM b «OsepKax HcxopHii Ka3axcKOiS coBexcKofi AHxepaxypu*, 1949 r.). B o0pa3e Kaficapa mu bhahm nepeAosoro npeAcxaBHxeas conexcKoB xpyAOBoii HHTejiaHreHiiHH. Ben WH3Hb KaScapa nojiHa 6opb6u, aep3aHHfi, TBopqecKHX HCKaimfl. Oh c03AaeT hobuB nJiaH 3acTpoflKH ropoAa AAMa-ATU AOuaMH, paccHHxaHHufi Ha to, mxoGh HHKaKHe spawAeGHUe qeAOBexy cxh- XHBHue chjiu npHpoAU He motah eMy HaHecrH BpeAa. MoHOAor Kaficapa, oOpameHHUfi k ropaM Aaa-Tay, BupawaeT Ty MUCAb, qro ciuia qe-TOBeie- exas, yM, cMeAocxb h ipyA chalhcc cxhxhh npupoAu: Tepofi nosMU naxpHOT CBoefi Poahhu, oh roxoB orcTpOHXb pa3pymeH- HaBOAiieHneM ropoa h CAeaaxb ero nenpHcxynHUM aas boahux noxo- ycTpeMAsiomHxcs c rop. . . . „ rtvlH ropoAa Gucxpo 3ajie<nuni panu, HaHeceHHue eMy ciueM. Kafi- CKVIO0^ 1° C ,aPyrHU? CTP°HXeAHMH BAOJKHA Becb CBOfi T3A3HX H XBOpqe- KvjrhTvriuf,^HK> B 310 ®,iar0P°AHoe AeAO. B pe3yAbTaTe ropoA cxaA CoAbmiiM HUfl 7aP3HaxCMKHUrH,?p00AC0103H0fl PeCny6j,HKH' OaHUeTBOpHH COGofl B03poWAeH- 134.
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