Final Review Sheet 1-2017 (1)

Robbing the Country• *****According to General Prem, corruption in Thailand occurs at the individual level, in dealings between private sector companies and state agencies, as well as in government policies that are specifically designed to enable corruption.• *****The statesman argued that taking part in corrupt schemes is akin to robbing the country. \"Those involved are thieves,\" he said.

Robbing the Country• ******If corruption continues to take place, Thailand will be viewed as a cheating nation, and Thai citizens will be called cheaters, he added.• *****General Prem urged the private sector to set an example. They should show the public that companies can be successful without offering bribes or taking part in fraudulent dealings and can achieve a break through [to corruption free business] by employing ethics and good governance.





Bureau of International Narcotics and LawEnforcement Affairsสานกั กิจการยาเสพติดและการบงั คบั ใชก้ ฎหมายระหวา่ งประเทศ กรุงวอชิงตนั ดีซี ( 2016 INCSR)1. There were no significant quantities of opiates, methamphetamine, or other drugs cultivated or produced in Thailand in 2015.2. Various transnational criminal organizations use Thailand as a destination and transshipment country for illicit drugs destined for regional and international markets.

Bureau of International Narcotics and LawEnforcement Affairsสานกั กิจการยาเสพติดและการบงั คบั ใชก้ ฎหมายระหวา่ งประเทศ กรุงวอชิงตนั ดีซี ( 2016 Report)3. Thailand is a net importer of illicit narcotics, and domestic use continues to remain a serious problem 3.1 The primary drugs of concern continue to be amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), primarily methamphetamine, and abuse of these drugs continues to increase.

Thailand as a destination and transshipmentcountry for illicit drugs destined for regionaland international markets.

Thailand is a net importer of illicit narcotics, and domestic use continues to remain a serious problem• The primary drugs of concern to be Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS)

Narcotics

Opiates สารฝ่ิ น

Primarily methamphetamine, and abuse of these drugs continues to increase Due to growing cross-border trafficking And importation of Methamphetamine From neighboring Burma

According to UN Office on Drugs and Crime• Thai authorities have not reported eradicating opium poppy since 2013• In 2014, there was a slight decrease in heroin and cocaine seizures, , but continued growth in MDMA,• Crystal methamphetamine (Ice), and• Methamphetamine (yaa baa) tablet seizures

In 2014, … continued growth in MDMA

Drug Control Accomplishment, Policies, and Trends• 1.2 However, Thailand’s counternarcotics assets are insufficient to patrol the long and remote borders with Laos, Burma, and Cambodia, where most drugs cross into the country.• Thailand has bilateral extradition and mutual legal assistance treaties with the United States.

Thailand continues to increase its efforts to coordinate with neighboring law enforcement entities, with U.S. support for equipment and trainingThailand has bilateral extradition and mutual legalassistance treaties with the United States. Thailand is

Drug Control Accomplishment, Policies, and Trends• 2. Supply Reduction• 2.1 Thai law enforcement agencies continued to seize significant amounts of illegal drugs in 2015.• 2.2 The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) worked closely with Thai law enforcement authorities on joint investigations, resulting in the successful disruption of several international drug trafficking organizations.

Drug Control Accomplishment, Policies, and Trends• 2. Supply Reduction• 2.3. Trafficking in heroin through Thailand appeared to decrease in 2015, but remain a challenge for Thai law enforcement agencies.• 2.4 Methamphetamine trafficking and use continues to be primary drug concern in Thailand. Thailand remains one of the largest markets for methamphetamine pills, known locally as “ yaa-baa” or “crazy medicine.”



Chapter 17 EnvironmentalIssues In Thailand

Contents: What to be discussed! 1. Air pollution• 2. Deforestation• 3. Field and forest burning• 4. Overfishing• 5. Industrial water pollution – Health effects – Improvement e• 6. Wildlife – Conservation in theory – Conservation in practice

Climate Intensive Change Farming Air Environmental WaterPollution Pollution Problems In Thailand Resource Waste Depletion Generation http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/English/aseaccu/venue/pdf/2011_05.pdf ( Accessed 2015-11-07)

Air PollutionThe Bangkok metropolitan area, which consists of theBangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) and the foursurrounding provinces, holds about 20% of the nationalpopulation and over half of the country's factories.

Air PollutionDue to a lack of treatment facilities, increasingvolumes of hazardous substances generated bythe thriving industrial activities have causedserious dumping issues. Unless treatment facilities are built andinstitutions start to regulate strictly,environmental contamination caused byhazardous waste threatens to become Thailand'sworst environmental problem in the future.

Air Pollution

Air Pollution

Air Pollution

Air PollutionThe Pollution Control Department and otheragencies have developed standardsin order to reduce air pollution.The standards focus ona. -shifting to lower-emissions vehicle enginesb. -and improving public transportation.

Air Pollution Factories and power plants have been required to reduce emissions. Bangkok and the rest of the Central Region contribute between 60–70% of the country’s industrial emissions. Most power plants rely on burning fossil fuels.• Other sources of air pollution include garbage burning, open cooking and agricultural burning practices, including deliberate forest fires.







Field and forest burning• The burning of agricultural fields and forested areas is a yearly event. Northern Thailand currently has the highest rates of lung cancer in the kingdom. The incidence of other chest diseases and cardiac conditions is also high.

Field and forest burning• Fires occurring in that area fall into three main categories:• forest fires,• agricultural burning,• and roadside burning.• Forest fires are deliberately set mainly for the supposedly increased forest product yields, especially the earth star mushroom (\"hed thob\" or \"hed phor\" in Thai), which has seasonal availability and a high market price. In order to collect these fungi, local farmers use fire either to clear the forest floor to make it easier to find the mushroom or because fire is thought to stimulate the growth of this mushroom. \"Cheap and fast\" is a shorthand explanation for the intentional use of fire to clear agricultural fields, overgrown roadsides, and open areas.

Forest fires: finding the earth star mushroom

Roadside fires

Deforestation• Forest cover in Thailand has been greatly reduced as people convert forested land to agriculture or misappropriate public lands for private use. An estimate by the World Wildlife Fund concluded that between 1973 and 2009, Thailand's forests declined by 43%. Wetlands have been converted to rice paddies and urban sprawl. With a government measures in place to prohibit logging, deforestation rates have dropped, but the impacts of deforestation are still being felt.



DeforestationDeforestation creates a host of environmental problems:soil erosion,sedimentation of rivers,and loss of natural habitat.Severe drought Wetlands and mangroves in coastal areas have been seriously degraded by expansion of commercial fishing, shrimp aquaculture, industry, and tourism, causing much of Thailand's biodiversity losses.

Soil Erosion

Industrial water pollution• The most critical environmental problem that Thailand faces presently is water pollution. Like air pollution, water pollution is most serious in the populous central region, with high levels of industrial and domestic waste water. The depletion of the water table around Bangkok has led to land subsidence which has exacerbated flooding.

Industrial water pollution• Coastal waters also face challenges. The Gulf of Thailand is polluted by domestic waste water, and further by waste from industry and tourism. High pollution levels are found at the mouths of the Chao Phraya, Tha Chin, Pak Panang, Pattani, and Ranong rivers. Coastal water quality in most areas, however, is within established limits.

Industrial water pollution• Water pollution has become obvious in many areas.• In 1997, hundreds of thousands of fish and other aquatic life in the Nam Phong River died as a result of industrial pollution. Large amounts of arsenic were found in the groundwater in Nakhon Si Thammarat aProvince, result of mining in the area. Pollution affects the marine environment. Red tides ปรากฏการณ์สาหร่ายแพร่กระจายนา้ ทะเลเปล่ียนสี, caused by excessive algae growth and a result of pollution, oil spills, and invasive species are some of the factors that are affecting Thailand's marine biodiversity.

Industrial water pollution• Water pollution has become obvious in many areas.• In 1997, hundreds of thousands of fish and other aquatic life in the Nam Phong River died as a result of industrial pollution. Large amounts of arsenic were found in the groundwater in Nakhon Si Thammarat aProvince, result of mining in the area. Pollution affects the marine environment. Red tides ปรากฏการณ์สาหร่ายแพร่กระจายนา้ ทะเลเปล่ียนสี, caused by excessive algae growth and a result of pollution, oil spills, and invasive species are some of the factors that are affecting Thailand's marine biodiversity.

Wildlife• Thailand's wildlife is threatened by poaching, habitat loss, and an industry that sells wild animals as pets. At present the population of elephants in the wild has dropped to an estimated 2,000.• aPnodachheidrsesh.aท่ปีvรeะดlบัoหn้อgยแhขวuนnteYdouenlgephealenptshafonrtsivoarrey, meat, often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, although their use has declined since the government banned logging in 1989. There are now more elephants in captivity than in the wild, and environmental activists claim that elephants in captivity are often mistreated.

Wildlife

Wildlife• Poaching of protected species remains a major problem. Hunters have decimated the populations of tigers, leopards, and other large cats for their valuable pelts. Many animals (including tigers, bears, crocodiles, and king cobras) are farmed or hunted for their meat, which is considered a delicacy, and for their supposed medicinal properties. Although such trade is illegal, the famous Bangkok market Chatuchak is still known for the sale of endangered species.



CITES• CITES stands for Conventionการประชุม on International Trade in Endangered Species สตั ว์ ใกล้สญู พนั ธ์ุof Wild Fauna and Flora สตั ว์ป่ า และพนั ธ์พุ ชื (CITES), an international wildlife protection agreement.



Conservation in theory.• There are many conservation bills (Acts) passed by the government between 1960-1992. These acts represented a major shift in Thai policy, and are part of the government's cooperation with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species สตั ว์ใกล้สญู พนั ธ์oุ f Wild Fauna and Flora สตั ว์ป่ า และพนั ธ์พุ ืช (CITES), an international wildlife protection agreement.• The government now requires that at least 15% of its land area be protected as forest, and 22% is currently protected as wildlife sanctuaries or national parks. To enforce CITES, the government also maintains border checkpoints to prevent animal smuggling, and works to educate the public about wildlife preservation. Thailand's Buddhist culture, with its emphasis on respect for all life, has become a key component of the country's conservation efforts.