Baikhari Nepali Book class 6

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; eljiot\\ != tnsf] lrq x]/L jfSo k9g\\ 'xf];\\ M et\" jt{dfg d}n] km'a6n vn] F] . d u[xsfo{ u5{' . d 8fS6/ aGg5] ' . @= tnsf lqmofnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{'xf;] \\ M v]Nof}F xfg]{5f}F vfof] a:g]5 cfpF5 n]V5' ;f5f}{ ;'lt;\\ lhT5;\\ af]Ng]5g\\ af]s] k9fpg]5' eljiot\\ sfn et\" sfn jt{dfg sfn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= pbfx/0f x]/L lqmof agfpg'xf];\\ M wft' e\"t sfn jtd{ fg sfn eljiot\\ sfn vN] g5] v]n\\ vN] of] v]N5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ a;\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8'n\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x]/\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Nofp ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 97

$= tnsf jfSox¿ sg' sfnsf xg' \\ < nV] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ pgLx¿ rf}tf/fdf a;] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ltdL eft ksfpF5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ alxgL 5d5dL gfRg]5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ tkfO{F k|wfgdGqL aGgx' 'g]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ d ;dod} kms{G5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ dgf]h cd]l/sfd} x/fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= uPsf] zlgaf/ tkfOnF{ ] s] s] uge'{ of] < et\" sfndf tkfO{nF ] u/]sf kfFr cf6] f s/' fx¿ n]Vgx' f;] \\ . ^= lrq x]/L jt{dfg sfnsf jfSo nV] g'xf;] \\ M xfdL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afa'/fd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . kf;fª ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . &= tnsf] tflnsfaf6 w/] } jfSo agfpgx' f];\\ M d lsGg]5' xfdL lsGg]5f}F tF lsGg]5;\\ ltdL cfFk lsGgx' 'g]5 tkfO{F sdn lsGg]5 lsGg]5] pm lsGg]5g\\ pgL Crf s[lif l/rf lj|mlif *= tnsf zAbx¿ k9\\gx' f;] \\ / z'4 rflxF ;fg'x{ f;] \\ M C0f kl/jf/ l/; l/0f kCjf/ C; kl/lw sCa l/lif u/L kClw sl/a Clif uC 98 jv} /L sIff ^

;dx\" df efiff != tLg hgfsf] ;d\"x aGgx' f;] \\ . ca tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps zLifs{ df -lzIfsn] tfS] g'ePcg';f/sf] zLif{sdf_ tLg} hgf ;xefuL x'g] u/L ;+jfb÷s'/fsfgLsf af/d] f 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \\ . 5nkmndf s;n] s] af]Ng] eGg] lgSof{n] ug'{xf];\\ . 5nkmnkZrft\\ sIffsf] cu| efudf uO{ ;j+ fb k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \\ M -s_ v]nsb' sf] dxŒj -v_ u[xsfo{sf] dxŒj -u_ afn>d /f]sf}F -3_ hyfefaL af6f] gsf6f}F -ª_ jghª\\unsf] dxŒj -r_ kfgL hLjg xf] -5_ gk9L 1fg ldNb}g @= rf/kfrF sf] ;dx\" df tnsf dWo] sg' } Ps ljifodf 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \\ . cfºgf] ;dx\" df k/]sf] ljifodfly 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 Ps hgf 6fn] L gt] f ag/] sIffsf] cu|efudf uO{ jSt[tf k|:t't ug{x' f;] \\ M ljifox¿ -s_ :jf:Yo g} wg xf] -v_ cgz' f;gsf] dxŒj -u_ xfd|f] g]kfn, xfd|f] uf}/j -3_ ;dosf] dxŒj -ª_ d]/f] hLjgsf] nIo jv} /L sIff ^ 99

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf != vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] jfSo e/L tnsf] ;+jfb k/\" f ug'{xf];\\ M ;Ldf ^ sIffdf k9\\g] s]6L xf] . zlgaf/sf] lbg pm 3/df PSn} 5] . p;sf cfdfaa' f ahf/ hfge' Psf] 5 . o:t}df Ps hgf gf}nf] dfG5] p;sf] 3/df cfOk'Ug'x'G5 . gf}nf] dfG5] M P gfgL † of] 3/ s;sf] lg < ;Ldf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf}nf] dfG5] M ltd|f cfdfaa' f sxfF hfg'eof] t < ;Ldf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf}nf] dfG5] M pxfFx¿ slxn] kms{g'xG' 5 < ;Ldf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf}nf] dfG5] M ltd|f bfh'efO lbbLalxgL 5g\\ ls 5}gg\\ < ;Ldf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf}nf] dfG5] M 3/df PSn} a:g] ;Sg] ltdL t lgs} ;fx;L kf] /lx5\\of} . ltdLn] oltGh]ndf dnfO{ lrGof} t < ;Ldf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf}nf] dfG5] M d ltd|} sfG5f dfdf xF' lg † uf]/vfsf] sfG5f dfdf † ca t lrGof} < ;Ldf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf}nf] dfG5] M efUodfgL eP . s] ca klg dnfO{ aflx/} pEofO/fV5\\of} t efGhL † ;Ldf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= …wgeGbf ljBf 7'nfÚ] eGg] ljifosf] jfbljjfbdf kIfsf tkm{af6 cfºgf ljrf/x¿ nv] L lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpgx' f];\\ . 100 jv} /L sIff ^

kf7– * d]/f] lxdfnL ;fG} bo{ j}v/L sIff ^ 101

kj\" k{ 7g õ tnsf lrqdf sg' s'g lxdfn 5g\\ < hfg]hltsf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\\ M õ lxdfn / prfOsf lar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M *)(! ld6/ ;u/dfyf ^((# ld6/ s~rghª\\3f *%*^ ld6/ cGgk0\" f{ **$*=*^ ld6/ wjnflul/ *!^& ld6/ df5fk'R5«] 102 jv} /L sIff ^

;g' fO / afn] fO !=  * ;'Gg'xf;] \\ / tflnsfdf ldNg] zAbx¿ nV] gx' f];\\ M vf]nf :yfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @=  & sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\\ M -s_ n]vssf] hGd sxfF ePsf] xf] < -v_ n]vssf] kfFr5 jif{;Dd s;/L laTof] < -u_ afNosfn eg]sf] s'g pd]/ ;dx\" /x]5 < -3_ n]vsnfO{ afNosfn s:tf] nfU5 < #= tkfOnF{ fO{ ;Demgf ePsf] tkfOs{F f] hLjgsf] klxnf] 36gf ;'gfpg'xf];\\ . $= gk] fnL, lxGbL / cª\\u|h] Lafx]s gk] fnleq af]lng] s'g} klg efiffsf kfFr cf6] f zAb eGgx' f;] \\ . tL zAbsf g]kfnL cy{ klg eGg'xf];\\ M %= tkfO{FnfO{ k'm;{bsf ;dodf s] s] ug{ OR5f nfU5 < s] s] ug{ rflxF k6Ss} dg kb{}g < tLg tLg cf]6f OR5f / clgR5fsf s/' f atfpgx' f;] \\ . jv} /L sIff ^ 103

k9fO d/] f] lxdfnL ;fG} bo{ –8f= Clif/fd zdf{ d]/f] b]z g]kfn lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{n] ;'zf]let ;'Gb/ d'n's xf] Û of] b]z lxdfnosf] sfvdf cjl:yt 5 . kxf8sf] xl/ofnLn] lje\"lift 5 / cGgdo t/fO{sf] z:oZofdnf kmfF6af6 kl/kf]lift 5 . To;}df klg xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]sdf /x]sf lxdfno– kj{tdfnfx¿n] cfˆgf] cgGt ;f}Gbo{ k:s]sf 5g\\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] pQ/L e]sdf /x]sf ;]t} lxdfnox¿nfO{ b]Vtf o:tf] nfU5 – dfgf}F lxdfn nf]slk|o gfos xf] / kxf8k/L To;sL k|f0flk|o gflosf x'g\\ . t/fO{ dfgf}F ltg} gfosgflosfx¿ gfRg] gf6\\ozfnf xf] / tdfd g]kfnLsf] d'6'sf] w8\\sg xf] Û cfˆgL k|]o;L kxf8k/LnfO{ sfvdf lnP/ / cfˆgL cGgbftf / k|f0fbftf t/fO{nfO{ d'6'el/ ;hfP/ lxpF¿kL rfFbLsf] >Lk]r klx/]/ plePsf] lxdfn cfk}mFdf :jR5 5 . s~rg 5, kljq 5 / cfˆgL k|]o;L / ltgsf ;Gtfg xfdL g]kfnLx¿nfO{ :jR5tf / kljqtfsf] ;Gb]z lbFbf] 5 . lxdfnsf] cg'xf/ ;'Gb/ ePe}mF p;sf] sn]hf] klg s~rg 5, d'6' klg kljq 5 / Åbo klg emg} kfjg 5 . 104 j}v/L sIff ^

xfd|f] lxdfn laxfg la56\\6} /fd|f] / ;'Gb/ b]lvG5 . xfd|f] lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{sf] ;'gdf Toltv]/ ;'uGw ylkG5 hltv]/ piffsf] nflndfsf /lQmd cfefx¿n] lxdfnosf] z/L/df uP/ :kz{ u5{g\\ . lxdfnosf] ;G' b/tfnfO{ 3fdn] klg rf}k6\\6} dg k/fpFbf /x]5g\\, To;}n] laxfg} lem;ld;]df 3fdsf piff–ls/0fx¿n] lxdfnnfO{ 5G' 5g\\ / r'D5g\\ . piffn] rl' dlbFbf lxdfnosf ufnfdf /ft} nfnL el/G5 . lxdfn / piffsf] o:tf] k|]ddo ;DaGwaf6 O{iof{n' eP/ xf]nf, bnan;lxt afbn ;b' \"/ lIflthaf6 xfDkmfNb} cfpF5 / slxn]sfxLF lxdfnosf] dv' } unDª\\u 9flslbG5 . lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{sf] cjnf]sg ub}{ /dfOnf] ul//x]sf tdfd ;f}Gbo{–lkkf;x' ¿ afbnn] vngfosn] em}F lxdfnnfO{ x/0f u/]sf] b]v]/ slt l/;fpF5g\\ xf]nf, slt r'/ r'/ x'G5g\\ xf]nf . xfd|f] b]zleq s~rg Åbo ePsf] s~rghª\\3f, ;u/ 5'g vf]Hg] ;u/dfyf clg km]jftfndf df5f;Fu} gx' fP/ rG›df 5'g] p2]Zon] rl' nPsf] xf] ls e}mF nfUg] df5fk'R5«] klg 5 . oxfF ;]t} wjnflul/ 5, cGgdf esf/L rl' nPe}mF r'lnPsf] cGgk\"0f{ 5 . pQ/tkm{sf nx/} lxdfn b]Vbf oxfF lxdfnx¿sf] hd36 eO/x]sf] xf] ls em}F nfU5 Û a}7s rln/x]sf] xf] ls em}F nfU5 Û Tof] b]Vtf o:tf] nfU5– pQ/L e]sdf a;]/ lxdfnx¿n] ;Nnfx ul//x]5g\\, ;Dd]ng ul//x]5g\\ / cfˆgf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{, cfˆgf] kljqtfnfO{ / cfˆgf] :jR5tfnfO{ hu]gf{ ug]{af/] Jofks ax; ul//x]5g\\ . dfgjsf] kfOtfnfsf k|xf/sf bfu d]6\\g] cf}iflw vf]lh/x]5g\\ / cfˆgf] ;G' b/tfdf kf]ltPsf] dfgj:kz{sf] rfof x6fpg] a'6L vf]lh/x]5g\\ . Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg tL lxdfnox¿ dfgj;Fu k6Ss} l/;fPsf 5}gg\\ . ltgLx¿ xfdL;Fu eml:s/x]sf 5g\\ t}klg xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;Dk0\" f{ ;jf{ª\\u ;G' b/tf kl:s/x]sf 5g\\ . xfdLn] ltgsf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ cfFvfn] lkO/x]sf 5f}F clg To;sf] cj0f{gLo Pjd\\ csNkgLo :jfb d'6l' eq n'sfP/ /fv]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] vfPsf] ef]hg kfsgnLsf] af6f] xF'b} k]6df ku' e}mF cfFvfn] lkPsf] ;f}Gbo{ d'6s' f] af6f] / sn]hLsf] 5]p5fp xF'b} Åbosf] ;/f]j/df hDdf xF'bf] /x]5, d'6s' f] kfgfdf sf]l/Fbf] /x]5 / lbnsf] lstfadf n]lvFbf] /x]5 . xfd|f] lxdfnsf] aflx/L ;f}Gbo{dfq} sxfF xf] / < cfGtl/s jf leqL ;f}Gbo{ klg TolQs} hfb'do 5 / rdTsf/L 5 . xhf/f}F jif{ klxn] of] lxdfnL If]q xfd|f Clifd'lgx¿sf] Wofg / 1fgsf] s]G› klg t xf] lg Û xhf/f}F jif{ klxn] ;;+ f/df oxLFaf6} r]tgf / 1fgsf] Hof]lt 5l/Psf] lyof] Û leqL ;f}Gbo{ eg]sf] t ;'Gb/ efjgf / ljrf/ xf], :jR5tf / kljqtf xf], k/f]ksfl/tf / lg:jfy{ sNof0fdf ;dk{0f xf] . xfd|f lxdfnx¿sf] leqL ;f}Gbo{ klg df]xgL nfOlbg] vfnsf] 5 . Åboel/ k/f]ksf/ / d6' e' l/ k|]dsf] cTo'Rr cfbz{ af]s]/ plePsf] xfd|f] lxdfnsf] cfGtl/s ;f}Gbo{ n]v]/} ;fWo 5}g, aofg u/]/} ;fWo 5}g . j}v/L sIff ^ 105

lxdfnon] cfˆgf 5ftLaf6 kfgLsf ;x; ;|f]tx¿ axfpF5, Tof] lr;f] kfgL v'a} ld7f] x'G5, ;a} ;':jfb' / cfgGbdo xG' 5 . dnfO{ slxn]sfxLF o:tf] nfU5– xfdL lxdfnosf ;Gtfg cyf{t\\ z}n;Gtfg xf}F, xfd|f xh/' aa' f lxdfnn] cfˆgf gfgLx¿nfO{ lr;f] kfgL k7fO/x]5g\\ / xfdL Tof] ld7f] kfgL lkP/ afFR5f}F . kxf8sf vf]Fr / 9'ª\\u]gL af6fx¿af6 xfDkmfNb} xfdLnfO{ g} e]6\\g s'lb/x]sf] Tof] kfgL xfdLn] v]tdf nufpF5f}F, v]t la/fpFb} v]tsf u/fx¿ lehfpF5f}F / cGgsf afnfx¿df xfdL cfˆgf ;kgfx¿nfO{ lakgf agfO{ nxnx em'nfpF5f}F . cfxf Û xfd|f] lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{n] xfdLnfO{ slt df]xgL nufPsf] /x]5, slt ug' nufPsf] /x]5 Û lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{sf] csf]{ ckj\" { If0f xf]– ;GWofsf] If0f . ;o\" {b]j lbgel/qsf] ;u/ofqfaf6 ylst ylst eP/ ha c:tfrnleq cfˆgf] zogsIfdf lj>fd lng nfU5g, To;a]nf k'gM cfˆgf ;s' f]dn / ylst /ftfkx]Fnf ls/0fx¿n] lxdfnnfO{ 5G' 5g\\, d;' f5{g\\ / ef]ln laxfg lem;ld;]df k'gM e]6\\g] ld7f] jfrf ub}{ lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{df gjsflGt yk]/ labf x'G5g\\ . piff / lgzf -;GWof_ sf If0fsf] o:tf] dfbs lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{n] dflg;sf] dg} rf]l/lbg ;S5, lbn g} vf]l;lbg ;S5 / d'6' g} n'l6lbg klg ;S5 . To;}n] s;} s;}n] eGg ;S5g\\ – lxdfn t dg rf]g]{ kfkL xf] . xf], lxdfnsf] ;'Gb/tfdf rf]/Lsf] aft nfUg ;S5, lsgeg] To; lxdfnon] slt slt ljb]zLsf] dg rf]/]sf] 5, slt :jb]zLsf] k|f0f x/]sf] 5 . ;'Gb/ j:t'n] d'6'nfO{ 6kSs l6Kg a]/ nufpFb}g, ÅbonfO{ ;'6S' s rf]g{ a]/ nufpFb}g, To;}n] t lxdfn x]g{ gu/sf]6 hfg]x¿sf] dg lxdfnn] ;6'Ss rf]bf]{ /x]5 clg ko{6sx¿n] dg gePsf] l/Qf] tg lnP/ kms{gk' bf]{ /x]5 . lxdfnsf] ;'Gb/tf cj0f{gLo 5, cg'kd Pjd\\ ctn' gLo 5 . lxdfnsf] ;G' b/tf hlt lkP klg l/lQFb}g, hlt vfP klg l;l4Fb}g / c3fOFb}g . lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{sf] hlt :jfb lnP klg Tof] ;lsFb}g . To;}n] xfd|f] b]zsf] pQ/L e]sdf cgflb sfnb]lv cjl:yt xfd|f lxdfnx¿ / ltgsf] lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{sf] dlxdf ck/Dkf/ 5 / ct'ngLo 5 . 106 jv} /L sIff ^

k9fO != dflysf] kf7 dfg} k7g ugx'{ f;] \\ M @= tnsf] cgR' 5b] Ps ldg6] leqdf kl9;Sg] cEof; ug{x' f];\\ M xfd|f] b]zleq s~rg Åbo ePsf] s~rghª\\3f, ;u/ 5'g vf]Hg] ;u/dfyf clg km]jftfndf df5f;Fu} g'xfP/ rG›df 5'g] p2]Zon] rl' nPsf] xf] ls e}mF nfUg] df5fk'R5«] klg 5 . oxfF ;]t} wjnflul/ 5, cGgdf esf/L r'lnPe}mF r'lnPsf] cGgk0\" f{ 5 . pQ/tkm{sf nx/} lxdfn b]Vbf oxfF lxdfnx¿sf] hd36 eO/x]sf] xf] ls em}F nfU5 Û a}7s rln/x]sf] xf] ls em}F nfU5 Û Tof] b]Vtf o:tf] nfU5– pQ/L e]sdf a;]/ lxdfnx¿n] ;Nnfx ul//x]5g\\, ;Dd]ng ul//x]5g\\ / cfˆgf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{, cfˆgf] kljqtfnfO{ / cfˆgf] :jR5tfnfO{ hu]gf{ ug]{af/] Jofks ax; ul//x]5g\\ . dfgjsf] kfOtfnfsf k|xf/sf bfu d]6\\g] cf}iflw vf]lh/x]5g\\ / cfˆgf] ;G' b/tfdf kf]ltPsf] dfgj:kz{sf] rfof x6fpg] a6' L vf]lh/x]5g\\ . Tolt xF'bfx'Fb} klg tL lxdfnox¿ dfgj;Fu k6Ss} l/;fPsf 5}gg\\ . ltgLx¿ xfdL;Fu eml:s/x]sf 5g\\ t}klg xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;Dk\"0f{ ;jf{Ë ;G' b/tf kl:s/x]sf 5g\\ . xfdLn] ltgsf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ cfFvfn] lkO/x]sf 5f}F clg To;sf] cj0f{gLo Pjd\\ csNkgLo :jfb d'6'leq ns' fP/ /fv]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] vfPsf] ef]hg kfsgnLsf] af6f] x'Fb} k]6df k'ue}mF cfFvfn] lkPsf] ;f}Gbo{ d6' s' f] af6f] / sn]hLsf] 5]p5fp xF'b} Åbosf] ;/f]j/df hDdf x'Fbf] /x]5, d6' s' f] kfgfdf sf]l/Fbf] /x]5 / lbnsf] lstfadf n]lvFbf] /x]5 . #= tnsf jfSox¿ kf7sf sg' cg'R5]baf6 lemlsPsf x'g\\ < nV] gx' f];\\ . -s_ lxdfnosf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ 3fdn] klg rf}k6\\6} dg k/fpFbf /x]5g\\ . -v_ leqL ;f}Gbo{ eg]sf] t ;G' b/ efjgf / ljrf/ xf], :jR5tf / kljqtf xf], k/f]ksfl/tf / lg:jfy{ sNof0fdf ;dk{0f xf] . -u_ xf], lxdfnsf] ;'Gb/tfdf rf]/Lsf] aft nfUg ;S5 . -3_ pQ/tkm{sf nx/} lxdfn b]Vbf oxfF lxdfnx¿sf] hd36 eO/x]sf] xf] ls em}F nfU5 . -ª_ cfxf † xfd|f] lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{n] xfdLnfO{ slt df]xgL nufPsf] /x]5, slt u'g nufPsf] /x]5 † jv} /L sIff ^ 107

k9fO / n]vfO != hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M ™ xfd|f Clifdl' gx¿sf] Wofg / -s_ lxdfnsf] cgx' f/ 1fgsf] s]Gb| klg lyof] . -v_ lxdfn / piffsf] o:tf] k|]ddo ™ d6' n' fO{ 6kSs l6Kg a]/ ;DaGwaf6 O{iof{n' eP/ xf]nf nufpFb}g . -u_ xhf/f}F jif{ klxn] of] lxdfnL ™ lxdfnosf ufnfdf /ft} nfnL If]q el/G5 . -3_ ;G' b/ j:tn' ] ™ ;G' b/ ePem}F p;sf] sn]hf] klg s~rg 5 . -ª_ piffn] r'ldlbFbf ™ bnan;lxt afbn ;'b\"/ lIflthaf6 xfd kmfNb} cfpF5 . @= tnsf] cgR' 5b] k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \\ M lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{sf] csf]{ ck\"j{ If0f xf]– ;GWofsf] If0f . ;o\" {b]j lbgel/qsf] ;u/ofqfaf6 ylst ylst eP/ ha c:tfrnleq cfˆgf] zogsIfdf lj>fd lng nfU5g, To;a]nf kg' M cfˆgf ;'sf]dn / ylst /ftfkx]Fnf ls/0fx¿n] lxdfnnfO{ 5G' 5g\\, d;' f5{g\\ / ef]ln laxfg lem;ld;]df k'gM e]6\\g] ld7f] jfrf ub}{ lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{df gjsflGt yk]/ labf x'G5g . piff / lgzf -;GWof_ sf If0fsf] o:tf] dfbs lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{n] dflg;sf] dg} rf]l/lbg ;S5, lbn g} vf]l;lbg ;S5 / d'6' g} nl' 6lbg klg ;S5 . To;}n] s;} s;}n] eGg ;S5g\\ – lxdfn t dg rf]g]{ kfkL xf] . xf], lxdfnsf] ;G' b/tfdf rf]/Lsf] aft nfUg ;S5, lsgeg] To; lxdfnon] slt– slt ljb]zLsf] dg rf]/]sf] 5, slt :jb]zLsf] k|f0f x/]sf] 5 . ;G' b/ j:t'n] d6' n' fO{ 6kSs l6Kg a]/ nufpFb}g, ÅbonfO{ ;'6S' s rf]g{ a]/ nufpFb}g, To;}n] t lxdfn x]g{ gu/sf]6 hfg]x¿sf] dg lxdfnn] ;6'Ss rf]bf]{ /x]5 clg ko{6sx¿n] dg gePsf] l/Qf] tg lnP/ kms{g'kbf]{ /x]5 . k|Zgx¿ -s_ ;GWofsf] If0f s:tf] x'G5 < -v_ ;\"o{b]j s;/L labf lnG5g\\ < 108 jv} /L sIff ^

-u_ s]n] dflg;sf] lbn vf]l;bg ;S5 < -3_ lxdfn x]g{ gu/sf]6 hfg]x¿ s;/L kms{gk' 5{ < #= ;ªl\\ IfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\\ M -s_ g]kfn s:tf] b]z xf] < -v_ nx/} lxdfn b]Vtf n]vsnfO{ s:tf] nfU5 < -u_ lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{ s:tf] 5 < -3_ dflysf] lgaGwdf s:tf] ;Gb]z lbOPsf] 5 < $= tnsf] cg'R5]b k9L rf/ cf]6f k|Zg agfpgx' f];\\ . tL kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ klg cfkm}F nV] g'xf];\\ M xfd|f] lxdfnsf] aflx/L ;f}Gbo{dfq} sxfF xf] / < cfGtl/s jf leqL ;f}Gbo{ klg TolQs} hfb'do 5 / rdTsf/L 5 . xhf/f}F jif{ klxn] of] lxdfnL If]q xfd|f Clifdl' gx¿sf] Wofg / 1fgsf] s]G› klg t xf] lg Û xhf/f}F jif{ klxn] ;;+ f/df oxLaf6} r]tgf / 1fgsf] Hof]lt 5l/Psf] lyof] Û leqL ;f}Gbo{ eg]sf] t ;'Gb/ efjgf / ljrf/ xf], :jR5tf / kljqtf xf], k/f]ksfl/tf / lg:jfy{ sNof0fdf ;dk{0f xf] . xfd|f lxdfnx¿sf] leqL ;f}Gbo{ klg df]xgL nfOlbg] vfnsf] 5 . Åboel/ k/f]ksf/ / d'6e' l/ k|]dsf] cToR' r cfbz{ af]s]/ plePsf] xfd|f] lxdfnsf] cfGtl/s ;f}Gbo{ n]v]/} ;fWo 5}g, aofg u/]/} ;fWo 5}g . %= tnsf] cg'R5b] k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ / rf/ cf]6f a'bF f l6Kgx' f];\\ M d]/f] afNosfn;Fu ufFl;Psf o:tf cg]s ;Gbe{x¿ 5g\\, h;nfO{ d of] 5f]6f] lgaGwdf rfx]/ klg pNn]v ug{ ;lStgF . pd]/sf] of] b]p/fnLdf cfOku' ]kl5 d ;b' \"/ ctLtsf] afNosfnlt/ 3l/3l/ kmls{x]5'{ . To:tf] a]nf dnfO{ afNosfn hLjgsf] ;aeGbf ;v' b\\ sfnv08 xf] eGg] nfU5 . lgZro g} Tolta]nf klg bM' vx¿ lyP xf]nfg\\, cefjx¿ lyP xf]nfg\\, ;ª\\3if{ t Tolt a]nf klg lyof] xf]nf . af6fdf sfF8fx¿ lyP xf]nfg\\ . yk' |} ldq dfq xf]Og, yk' |} zq' klg lyP xf]nfg\\ . t/ clxn] dN\" ofª\\sg ubf{ dnfO{ afNosfn t To:tf] v]n h:tf] nfU5, hxfF s]jn ;a} v]nf8Ln] lht dfq xft kf5{g\\ . ^= kf7sf] bf];|f] cgR' 5]b >'ltn]vg ug'{xf];\\ . jv} /L sIff ^ 109

zAbe08f/ != zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M -s_ zZoZofdnf ;'Gb/tfsf] ltvf{ ePsf] -v_ cfef klZrdk6\\l6sf] ;\"o{ c:t xg' ] kj{t -u_ ;f}Gbo{ lkkf;' pAhgLof]Uo sfnf]sfnf] hldg -3_ ;/f]j/ sg' } j:t' cflbdf b]vf kg]{ rds -ª_ c:tfrn kf]v/LÙ tnfp @= tnsf] kf7 k9g\\ 'xf];\\ M z/L/sf nflu cgk' o'St jf xflgsf/s vfBj:tn' fO{ s'kf]if0f elgG5 . rflxg]eGbf Hofb} yf]/} jf Hofb} w]/} dfqfdf sfaf]{xfO8«]6, k|fl] 6g, lrNnf] kbfy,{ le6fldg / vlgh ePsf] vfgfn] ubf{ s'kf]if0f xG' 5 . s'kf]if0fn] ubf{ dfG5] w]/} bA' nf] jf w]/} df]6f] x'G5 . sk' f]if0fn] ubf{ /tGwf,] /StcNktf / ;'s]gf; h:tf /f]ux¿ b]vfk5{g\\ . s'kf]if0f M z/L/sf nflu cgk' o'St jf xflgsf/s vfBj:t' cyjf kf}li6s tŒj Hofb} sd ePsf] vfg]s/' f sfafx]{ fO86«] M z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ Ps lsl;dsf] kf]if0ftŒj kf| l] 6g M ;Dk0\" f{ hLljt kf| 0fLsf] ;k' fi] f0fsf lglDt cfjZos kfi] fs ug{] tŒj le6fldg M kf]if0ftŒjÙ z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vfBj:t' vlgh M vfgLaf6 k}bf x'g] kmnfd cflb tŒj /tGwf] M ;fFemkv jf ld/ld/] pHofnf]df cfFvf gb]Vg] /f]u /StcNktf M z/L/df kmnfd tŒjsf] sdL eO{ /ut sd xg' ] /f]u ;s' g] f; M sfaf]{xfO8]«6 / k|f]l6gsf] dfqf sdL eO{ z/L/ ;'s]/ Hofb} b'Anf] x'g] /f]u #= dflysf] kf7df df6] f cIf/n] nl] vPsf ;a} zAbx¿ :jf:Yo If]q;uF ;DalGwt 5g\\ . o:tf :jf:Yo, lzIff, vn] s'b, sfgg' , k|ljlw, s[lif, jg, Jofkf/, ;flxTo cflb If]q;Fu ;DalGwt zAbx¿nfO{ kfl/eflifs jf k|fljlws zAb elgG5 . 110 jv} /L sIff ^

$= tnsf kfl/eflifs jf k|fljlws zAbx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{'xf];\\ M ;?jf /f]u, k/LIff, cbfnt, vl/b, sDKo'6/, 5Gb, kf7\\ok':ts, e'StfgL, zNolqmof, jf/];, cfljisf/, pkGof;, dxfdf/L, sfJo, dfWolds, /s]6,jlsn, cfoJoo ljifo If]q kfl/eflifs÷k|fljlws zAbx¿ :jf:Yo lzIff sfgg' Jofkf/ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;flxTo %= tnsf vfnL 7fpdF f dflysf] tflnsfaf6 ldNg] zAb eg{'xf;] \\ M -s_ Pp6f /fd|f] emf]nf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ug{ ahf/ hfg'k/]sf] 5 . -v_ sltko SofG;/ /f]u ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ u/]/ x6fpg ;lsG5 . -u_ xfd|f] :sn' df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tx;Ddsf] k9fO xG' 5 . -3_ Gofo cGofo 5'6\\ofpg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfgk' 5{ eGg] 5}g . -ª_ dnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ df n]lvPsf] sljtf c;fWo} dg k5{ . -r_ j}1flgsx¿n] Hofb} l56f] p8\\g ;Sg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfljisf/ u/]sf 5g\\ . ^= tnsf kfl/eflifs÷k|fljlws zAb / ltgsf cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M v8]/L ™ ™ b]zsf] dn\" sfgg' k|Zgkq ™ ™ lsGg], agfpg] cflb sfds/' fsf] kSsfkSsLsf nflu klxn] g} lbOg] /sd ;l+ jwfg ™ ™ nfdf] ;dob]lv kfgL gk/]sf] cj:yf a}gf ™ ™ dfn;fdfgx¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf cf];fg]{ sfd cflbslj ™ ™ k/LIff, cGtjf{tf{ cflbdf ;f]lwg] n]v]/ jf 5kfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] k|ZgfjnL 9'jfgL ™ ™ sg' } klg efiffsf] klxnf] slj &= zAbsfz] x/] L tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\\ M gx/, eI\" fo, /}s/, /]km/L, bLIffGt, alx/ª\\u, ;Dkfbg j}v/L sIff ^ 111

Jofs/0f / j0f{ljGof; != pbfx/0f x]/L tnsf jfSonfO{ ck0\" f{ kIfsf] jfSodf abNg'xf];\\ M -s_ p;n] eft vfof] . pm eft vfFb} lyof] . -v_ xfdL km' 6an v]N5f}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ efO lxdfn r9\\g]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ alxgLn] lxdfn x]/]/ xfF;L . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ ko{6sx¿ lxdfn b]Vtf dVv 5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ ltdL t/fO{df a:g]5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf zAbx¿ ldnL ags] f ;d:t zAbx¿ kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] gx' f];\\ M lxd -lxp_F sf] cfno -3/_ M lxdfno kxf8¿kL k/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cGg lbg] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ s~rg -;kmf_ hª\\3f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;u/ g} dfy ePsf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ df5fsf] k'R5/ h:tf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wjn -;]tf]_ 5 lu/L hg' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cGgn] k\"0f{ ePsf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfgjsf] :kz{ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;a} cª\\u M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Clif / d'lg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k/ -csf{_ sf] pksf/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ z}n -kxf8_ sf ;Gtfg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ zogsf nflu sIf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= z4' rflxF nV] g'xf];\\ M OR5f cgR' 5]b 5]qL /5\\of bIf ORIff cgR' If]b If]qL /Iff b5\\o Iflt 5ftf bIf cIf/ 5fn 5\\olt Ifftf b5\\o c5\\o/ Iffn $= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' kf/L ;fg'x{ f;] \\ M s5\\of, k5\\o, 5\\odtf, Iffqf, IfftL, 5\\odf, 5\\o0f, /x]If, Iff]/, lIf6f], c5\\otf, lIfd]sL 112 jv} /L sIff ^

;dx\" df efiff != ;fyL;Fu ldn]/ b'O{ bO' { cf6] f gofF zAb agfpg'xf];\\ M cfxf M l/;fxf, 7ufxf O{ M g]kfnL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ Onf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ P M w/fg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ P/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ nL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ g] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ g' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ n] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ O{o M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cSs8 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ot M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿ sg' af/df hGd]sf xg' \\ < ;fw] ]/ pgLx¿sf] gfd tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{'xf;] \\ M af/ ;fyLx¿sf] gfd cfOtaf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;f]daf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dª\\unaf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ a'waf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lalxaf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ z'qmaf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ zlgaf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jv} /L sIff ^ 113

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf != …d/] f] afNosfnÆ zLifs{ df krf;;f7L zAb nV] gx' f;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= g]kfnsf] sg' } Pp6f lxdfnsf] lrq agfpg'xf;] \\ . To; lxdfnsf af/]df kfFr;ft jfSo n]Vg'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 114 j}v/L sIff ^

kf7– ( To} an] fbl] v gk] fnL j}v/L sIff ^ 115

kj\" {k7g k\"jk{ 7g õ dflysf lrqdf ldNg] s/' f s] xf]nf < õ tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df dflysf dWo] sg' s/' fn] g]kfnnfO{ ;;+ f/df ;aeGbf a9L kl| ;4 agfPsf] xfn] f < hflg/fVgk' g{] sx] L zAbfyx{ ¿ s'a]/ M wgsf b]jtfÙ oIf / lsGg/x¿sf /fhf tyf ?b|sf ldq e08f/ M efF8fs'F8f, dfn;fdfg cflb /fVg] 7fpF pBdL M kl/>dLÙ ldlxg]tLÙ pBf]uL v8'F f M Ps lsl;dsf] xltof/ cGw]/ M cFWof/f] zn} R5fof M kxf8sf] 5fof sfof M z/L/Ù lhp 116 j}v/L sIff ^

;g' fO / afn] fO g]kfn;DaGwL sx] L tYox¿ !=  ( ;G' gx' f;] \\ / tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M -s_ ;u/dfyfsf] prfO slt xf] < -v_ *))) ld6/eGbf cUnf rf/ cf]6f lxdfnsf gfd eGg'xf];\\ . -u_ ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf cUnf] 7fpFdf /x]sf] tfnsf] gfd eGg'xf];\\ . -3_ ltlnrf] tfn slt prfOdf /xs] f] 5 < -ª_ uf}td a4' sf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @= s] tkfOF{ lrqdf ePsf oL JolStx¿nfO{ lrGg'x'G5 < lrGg'xG' 5 eg] ;as} f] gfd eGgx' f;] \\ / sg' } Ps JolStsf] of]ubfgsf af/d] f sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ atfpgx' f];\\ M j}v/L sIff ^ 117

k9fO To} an] fbl] v gk] fnL –dfwjk|;fb l3ld/] To} a]nfb]lv g]kfnL ag]sf xfdL g]kfnL hg' a]nf lxdfn p7]Yof] wtL{df lz/ prfnL . g]kfn cfdf † ltdLn] xnf] / s'6f] lbof} /] s'a]/sf] e08f/ a9f/L kljq df6f] lbof} /] wfgsf afnf em'nfof}F xfdLn] ToxLF df6fdf ;g' sf] yfndf /fv]/ nf]ssf] lbof}F xftdf To} a]nfb]lv g]kfnL ag]sf xfdL g]kfnL hg' a]nf lxdfn p7]Yof] wtL{df lz/ prfnL . 118 j}v/L sIff ^

g]kfn cfdf † ltdLn] vs' /' L vF'8f lbof} /] cfFwL / a]/L uh]{sf] /ftdf labf lbof} /] cGw]/ cTofrf/df ah|sf] jf0f e}mF ulh{of}F em/Lsf] kl5 em' Ns]sf] 3fd e}mF xfdL kmls{of}F To} a]nfb]lv g]kfnL ag]sf xfdL g]kfnL hg' a]nf lxdfn p7]Yof] wtL{df lz/ prfnL . g]kfn cfdf † ltdLn] snd sr' L lbof} /] kj\" {sf] k}nf] e'mNsfdf x[bo dl' 5lbof} /] a;]/ z}nR5fofdf xfdLn] n]Vof}F tl:a/ dfG5]sf] oxL sfofdf b]jtf af]n] cflv/ To} a]nfb]lv g]kfnL ag]sf xfdL g]kfnL h'g a]nf lxdfn p7]Yof] wtL{df lz/ prfnL . jv} /L sIff ^ 119

k9fO != dflysf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9\\g'xf;] \\ . @= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f ug'{xf];\\ M p7]Yof] wtL{ kljq pBdL v'F8f uh]{sf] cTofrf/ em'Ns]sf] kmls{of}F gxfg]{ em'Nsf x[bo z}nR5fof tl:a/ #= tnsf lrqx¿ sg' Znfs] ;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\\ < sljtf k9L hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M õ t];|f] Znf]s õ bf];|f] Znf]s õ klxnf] Znf]s $= sljtf k9L pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M -s_ xfdL slxn]b]lv g]kfnL ag]sf xf}F < -v_ g]kfn cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ s] lbOg\\ < -u_ g]kfn cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ slxn] labf lbOg\\ < -3_ lxdfnsf] 5fofdf a;]/ xfdLn] s] u¥of}F < -ª_ lxdfn s;/L p7]Yof] < %= tnsf] kf7 k|:6;uF k9\\gx' f;] \\ M xfdL o; k[YjLdf wtL{n] lz/ prfn]/ lxdfn ag]b]lv g} g]kfnL ag]sf xf}F . xfdL kl/>ddf ljZjf; u5f}{F / kl/>dn] g} ;;+ f/nfO{ ;G' b/ agfpF5f}F . xfdL dg{ a? 8/fpFb}gf}F t/ cTofrf/ ;xFb}gf}F . To;}n] xfdL ;+;f/d} jL/ hfltsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5f}F . snf / ;+:s[ltk|lt xfd|f] ulx/f] k|]d 5 . ^= To} an] fbl] v g]kfnL sljtfsf] efj atfpgx' f;] \\ . 120 jv} /L sIff ^

n]vfO != dflysf] sljtfsf] clGtd Znfs] /fdf| cIf/df sfkLdf ;fg{x' f;] \\ . @= dflysf] sljtfaf6 lgDgfg;' f/sf rf/ rf/ cf6] f zAb n]Vg'xf];\\ M /]km nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ z / ; k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ xfdLn] wfgsf] afnf sxfF em'nfof}F < -v_ xfdL slxn]b]lv pBdL ag]sf xfF}+ < -u_ xfdL slxn]b]lv gxfg]{ ePsf xf}F < -3_ xfdL slxn]b]lv snfsf/ ag]sf xf}F < $= tnsf lrqx¿ x]/L krf; zAbdf ga9fO{ g]kfnsf af/]df n]Vg'xf;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= tnsf] sljtfz+ sf] efj lj:tf/ ugx{' f;] \\ M a;]/ z}nR5fofdf xfdLn] n]Vof}F tl:a/ dfG5]sf] oxL sfofdf b]jtf af]n] cflv/ jv} /L sIff ^ 121

^= sljtfdf p:t} p:t} ;l' gP/ no ldnfpg] zAb nV] g'xf;] \\ M g]kfnL – prfnL df6fdf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ulh{of} – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tl:a/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ &= 5'6]sf c+z e/L sljtf k\"/f ug'{xf];\\ M g]kfn cfdf † ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xnf] / s'6f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ e08f/ a9f/L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lbof} /] wfgsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ emn' fof}F xfdLn] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ yfndf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nf]ssf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xftdf . *= tnsf] sljtf+znfO{ uBdf n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ wfgsf afnf emn' fof{}F, xfdLn] ToxLF df6fdf . xfdLn] ToxLF df6fdf wfgsf afnf emn' fof}F . -v_ hg' a]nf lxdfn p7]Yof], wtL{df lz/ prfnL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ a;]/ z}NR5fofdf xfdLn] n]Vof} tl:a/ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ dfG5]sf] oxL sfofdf b]jtf af]n] cflv/ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ To} a]nfb]lv g]kfnL ag]sf xfdL g]kfnL . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ (= …To} a]nfb]lv gk] fnLÚ sljtfsf] efj nV] gx' f];\\ . 122 j}v/L sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != tnsf zAb / ltgsf cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M s'a]/ kl/>dL e08f/ kxf8sf] 5fof pBdL z/L/ vF'8f wgsf b]jtf cGw]/ Ps lsl;dsf] 3fts xltof/ z}nR5fof cFWof/f] sfof efF8fsF'8f, dfn;fdfg cflb /fVg] sf]7f @= tnsf lrqx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= dflysf j:tx' ¿ sg' sfddf k|ofu] ul/G5g\\ < 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . jv} /L sIff ^ 123

$= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M 6fpsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dftf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ esf/L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ :j0f{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x:t ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;\"o{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lrq ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfgj ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lhp ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]Vgx' f;] \\ M 3/, ljBfno, km\" n, ;fyL, cfuf], kfgL, jg, kxf8, lstfa, b]z, cfsfz, rGb|df, 9f]sf, vf]nf, pkxf/, 9'ª\\uf, b]jtf, 7'nf], a]nf, a'af ^= tn cGTodf emG8} p:t} ;l' gg] zAbx¿ 5g\\ . c¿ tLg tLg cf]6f zAb yKg'xf];\\ M -s_ g]kfnL lxdfnL n]sfnL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ g]kfn ljzfn csfn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ljsf; k|sfz csf; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ag]sf x]/]sf eg]sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ /x/ gx/ ax/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ &= tnsf zAbn] lbg] cyd{ f hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\\ MM em/L – :j0f{ afnf– ;do ;'Gg] sfd u/ kfgL xfNg] efF8f] ;g' – emg]{ sfd a]nf – r'/f kfgL kg]{ sfd wfgsf] bfgf ePsf] emK' kf] *= tnsf zAb k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpgx' f];\\ M lxdfn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lz/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ snd – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tl:a/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b]jtf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 124 jv} /L sIff ^

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; != tnsf lrq x]/L n]lvPsf zAb k9g\\ x' f;] \\ M pdz] n] vfgf vfPsf] lyof] . ;fgLn] u[xsfo{ u/]sL l5g\\ . d s;' L{df a;]sf] xg' ]5' . wft'df Psf], PsL, Psf wftd' f Psf,] PsL, Psf wftd' f Psf], PsL, nfu]/ e\"t sfn ae' mfpg] nfu/] jtd{ fg sfn Psf nfu]/ eljiot\\ jfSonfO{ k0\" f{ et\" sfn ae' mfpg] jfSonfO{ k0\" f{ sfn a'emfpg] jfSonfO{ elgG5 . o;n] e\"t jtd{ fg sfn elgG5 . k\"0f{ eljiot\\ sfn sfndf sfd ;lsPsf] o;n] jtd{ fg ;dodf sfd elgG5 . o;n] eljiot\\ a'emfpF5 . ;DkGg ePsf] ae' mfp5F . sfndf sfd ;DkGg xg' ] ae' mfpF5 . @= tnsf jfSox¿ sg' sfn / kIfsf 5g\\ < klxrg u/L vfnL 7fpdF f n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ xfdLn] sfkL lsg]sf lyof}F . k\"0f{ e\"tsfn -v_ pgLx¿ ahf/ uPsf 5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ pm v]Ng uPsf] xg' ]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ;d' Ln] dnfO{ b]v]sL l5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ dgf]hn] k\"m6an v]n]sf] xg' ]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ tF v]Ng uPsf] lyO;\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= tnsf lqmofkbnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{x' f;] \\ M v]n]sf] 5, uPsf] lyof], vfPsL xg' ]5], k9]sf xg' ]5g\\, a;]sf 5f}F, b]v]sf] lyO;\\, cfPsf lyof}, e]6]sL 5', ku' ]sf] x'g]5' j}v/L sIff ^ 125

k0\" f{ e\"tsfn k0\" f{ jt{dfg sfn k0\" f{ eljiot\\ sfn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= tnsf wfta' f6 k0\" f{ kIf ae' mfpg] tLg cf]6} sfnsf jfSo agfpg'xf];\\ M k0\" f{ et\" k0\" f{ jtd{ fg k0\" f{ eljiot\\ k9\\ k9]sf] lyof] k9]sf] 5 k9]sf] x'g]5 u/\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ n]v\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} u/L tnsf zAb bfx] f]¥ofP/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ cfºgf] ± cfºgf] Ö cfcfºgf] ;fgf ± ;fgf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 7'nf ± 7'nf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ s;sf] ± s;sf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ;fgf ± ;fgf Ö ;fgf ;fgf 7'nf ± 7'nf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fd|f ± /fd|f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3/ ± 3/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ skfn ± skfn Ö skfn;kfn lstfa ± lstfa Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfG5] ± dfG5] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3/ ± 3/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfnf] ± cfnf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf]7f ± sf]7f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ s/' f ± s/' f Ö s'/}s/' f ;g' ± ;g' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ af6f] ± af6f] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hªu\\ n ± hªu\\ n Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vf]nf] ± vf]nf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v]t ± v]t Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= Pp6} zAb bfx] fl] /P/ ags] f zAbdf ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \\ M kfgLkFw]/f] 3fdkfgL kfgL kfgL gx/}gx/ kfn}kfnf] df6f];f6f] 9'ª\\ufdf6f] ls/}ls/f lxnf]d}nf] ;;fgf hh:sf] sfkLsnd tl:a/}tl:a/ lab}labf kft}kft 7'N7n' f &= z, if, ; ko| fu] ePsf kfrF kfFr zAb nV] g'xf;] \\ . 126 j}v/L sIff ^

;dx\" df efiff != sIffdf b'O{ bO' { hgfsf] ;dx\" agfpgx' f];\\ . ca tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L zAbx¿ eg{'x+ f];\\ . bz ldg6] df sg' ;d\"xn] ;ae} Gbf w]/} zAbx¿ eg{ ;Sof] < ;a} nfOgdf a/fa/ gfd nV] b} hfg'kg]{ 5 M v]tLkftLdf k|of]u x'g] ljBfnodf ko| f]u x'g] sfof{nodf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfg ;fdfg ;fdfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= cufl8s} ;d\"xdf a;/] g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] ljz]iftfx¿ nV] g'xf;] \\ . cfkm\" n] nv] s] f ljz]iftf cufl8 uP/ c¿nfO{ ;'gfpg'xf];\\ . c¿sf] cfkm\" klg ;'Ggx' f;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jv} /L sIff ^ 127

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/of]hgf != g]kfnsf] af/]df 5f]6f] sljtf nV] gx' f];\\ . cyjf !%) zAbdf gk] fnsf] af/d] f j0f{g ug'{xf;] \\ M gk] fn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= s[lif sfo{df ko| f]u xg' ] bz cf6] f lrq vf]h/] 6f;F L ltgLx¿sf] gfd;d]t n]Vgx' f];\\ . tl:a/ agfpg ;s] cem ;G' b/ xG' 5 . 128 j}v/L sIff ^

kf7– !) afns x/fPsf] ;\"rgf jv} /L sIff ^ 129

kj\" {k7g kj\" {k7g != tnsf lrqx¿ xg] x'{ f;] \\ / a'ems] f] s'/f eGgx' f];\\ M @= xfdL slxn]sfxLF gugk'{ g]{ sfd u5f}{F . To:tf] sfd ul/;s]kl5 dgdf g/dfOnf] jf gdHhf nfU5 . tkfO{FnfO{ klg o:tf] cg'e\"lt ePsf] s'g} Pp6f 36gf sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \\ . 130 j}v/L sIff ^

;g' fO / afn] fO !=  !)= ;g' /] l7sa]l7s 56' o\\ fpgx' f];\\ M -s_ cfkmGtL cfºgf ;dosf gfdL snfsf/ lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ cfkmGtLsf] lSnlgsdf Ps hgf Hofb} df]6f dfG5] cfOku' ] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ kh' L{df ca tkfO{F bz lbg dfq afFRg'xG' 5 eGg] n]lvPsf] lyof] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ kGw| lbg;Dddf tL dfG5] b'AnfP/ xf8 / 5fnf dfq eP . ÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ cfkmGtLn] To; dfG5];Fu cf}ifwLsf] k};f dfu] . ÒÒÒÒÒ @=  !) ;'g/] 5'6s] f zAb egx{' f];\\ M -s_ dnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cf]vtL lbg'k¥of] . -v_ pgL s]xL gaf]nL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ p7] / ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nfu] . -u_ tkfO{F t ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8fS;fk kf] xg' x' F'bf] /x]5 . -3_ d]/f] ToxL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ g} tkfO{FnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ df]6f]kgaf6 arfof] . #= dfG5] lsg df]6f] xG' 5 < df6] fk] g 36fpg s] s] ugk{' nf{ < atfpgx' f;] \\ . $= tkfOF{nfO{ dg kg]{ Pp6f r'6\\lsnf sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpg'xf;] \\ . %= tkfOF{sf] l5d]sLsf] 5f/] f] x/fof] jf 5f]/L x/fO{ . pxfF ;Gtfgsf] lrGtfn] lk/fl] nge' Psf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{F pxfFnfO{ s] eg]/ ;Demfpg'x'G5 < s;/L ;fGTjgf lbgx' 'G5 < j}v/L sIff ^ 131

k9fO afns x/fPsf] ;r\" gf cgGt jfUn] lbj;nfO{ km;' {b 5 cfh . lsgeg] cfh g]kfn aGbsf] lbg . 6]Dkf] Uof/]hdf /flvPsfn] cfh p;sf] sfd 5}g . pm 6]Dkf]df vnfF;Lsf] sfd u5{ . æn nugv]n=== nugv]n=== hfg} nfUof] . n n ;G' wf/f, ;lxbu]6, l;6 vfnL, l;6 vfnLÆ eGb} s/fpg' p;sf] b}lgs sfo{ xf] . 6]Dkf] ;kmf ug{', dfG5] 8fs]/ 6]Dkf] eg{' clg 9f]sfdf eml' G8P/ cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug{' p;sf lgoldt sfd x'g\\ . lbj;n] of] sfd ;?' u/]sf] klg tLg dlxgf eO;s]5 . æufpFaf6 efu]/ cfPsf], k9fO klg lalu|xfNof] .Æ o:t}–o:t} ;Demgfn] ;tfO/xG5g\\ p;nfO{ . sfd rn]sf] lbg t o:tf s/' f ;f]Rg] km;' {b klg xF'b}g . t}klg cfˆgf] 3/sf b[Zox¿ emnemnL gflr/xG5g\\ lbj;sf cfFvfdf . p;sf afa' ;w}+ /S;L vfG5g\\ . vfg–nfpg ;w}Fel/ wf} wf} . cfdfnfO{ slQ ufx|f] 5 3/ rnfpg . oxL sf/0fn] t afa' cfdfsf] emu8f kl//xG5 . cfdfn] lk6fO vfO/xg'k5{ . 3/sf] oxL lbUbf/Ln] efu]/ ;x/ k;]sf] xf] lbj; . p;sL lbbLn] klg k9\\g] cj;/ kfOgg\\ . 132 jv} /L sIff ^

;fgf] efOn] klg o:tf] jftfj/0fdf s;/L k9\\g ;Snf / < ljBfno egf{ t ul/Psf] lyof] . 3/ 5f8]b]lvsf s/' f ;lDemFb} lbj; lrofk;n vf]Hg yfNof] . aGbsf] lbg ePsfn] w]/}h;f] k;n aGb lyP . c;gsf] uNnLdf Pp6f ;fgf] lrofk;n vn' f lyof] . lbj; ToxL l5of]{ / lrof dfUof] . lbj;n] lrof lkpFbflkpFb} k;ndf alh/x]sf] /]l8of]n] Ps ah]sf] ;dfrf/ l;Wofof] . ;dfrf/ ;lsgf;fy afns x/fPsf] ;r\" gf k|;f/0f eof]– æsfnf] uGhL, lgnf] k'/fgf] kfOG6 / rKkn nufPsf], nfdf] skfn ePsf], P3f/ jif{sf] lbj; gfd u/]sf] bA' nf]–kftnf] afns g'jfsf]6sf] bu' {d ufpFaf6 x/fPsf] / p;sf afa'cfdf clt lrlGtt ePsfn] kfpgx' 'g] dxfge' fjn] glhssf] k|x/L sfof{nodf ae' mfOlbg'x'g xflb{s cg/' f]w ul/G5 .Æ ;kgf b]lv/x]sf] lg›faf6 emNofF:; Ao'Fem]em}F eof] lbj;nfO{ . s;}n] ;dft]/ k|x/LnfO{ ae' mfOlbg] xf] ls eGg] 8/ klg nfUof] p;nfO{ . p;sf] xl' nof, kf];fs ;a} clxn] klg pxL t 5 lg, /]l8of]n] eg]h:t} . u'?hL -8«fOe/_ n] gofF sk8f lslglbG5' t eg]sf lyP, clxn];Dd lslglbPsf xf]Ogg\\ . /]l8of]df ;w}F cfO/xg] o:tf ;\"rgfsf] s;n] kf] dtna u5{ / < cfkmn\" fO{ s;}n] ofb gu/]sf]df lbj;nfO{ bM' v klg nfu]g . a? ;Gtf]ifg} nfUof] . 6]a'ndf lunf; /fVof], k};f lt¥of] / lrofk;naf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] . a; aGb ePsfn] 3/df hfpmF ls ghfpmF ;f]Rg yfNof] . clg lgZro uof]{– æafa'cfdfn] lgs} lrGtf u/]h:tf] 5, lxF8]/} eP klg cfh} 3/ hfG5' .Æ ;Nnfx u/]/ …3/ hfG5Ú' eGof] eg] u?' hLn] k7fpg] x}g . nfg' klg s] g} 5 / d]/f] < ca /ftel/ lxF8]/ klg 3/ k'U5' eGg] ;f]r]/ lbj; lxF8\\of] . lxF8\\bf lxF8\\bf lbg 9Nof] . ;fFem k¥of] . ;a} cfcfˆgf] lgjf;df kmls{P . Tof] P3f/ jif]{ km'Rr] rflxF jv} /L sIff ^ 133

/fte/ lxFl8/x\\of] . cfdfafa'sf] lrGtfsf] va/n] s'g} rf]/8fFsfsf] 8/ nfu]g p;nfO{ . s'g} hLjhGts' f] klg 8/ nfu]g p;nfO{ . hg\" nfu]sf] pHofnf] /ft / af6fdf hª\\un gkg]{ x'Fbf /flt klg lxF8\\g] ;fx; u/]sf] xf], lbj;n] . vNtLdf ePsf] k};f ;lsof] . ef]s nfUof] . ltvf{ nfUof] . hf8f] eof] . rKknsf] nf]tf l5Gof] . oL ;a} b'Mv ;xFb} lbj; laxfgsf] rf/ ah] cfˆg} cfFugdf k'Uof] . ca cfdf p7\\g] a]nf eof] eg]/ p;n] s;}nfO{ af]nfPg . s6]/fcufl8 k/fnsf] s'Go' lyof] . lbj; ToxL sG' o'df 3l' ;|of] . /ftel/sf] lg›f / ysfOn] pm ToxL lgbfof] . s]xL ;dokl5 cfdf p7\\ge' of] . s6]/flt/ hfg nfUbf k/fndf uF'8l' NsPsf] lbj; b]lvof] . cfdfsf cfFvf xif{sf cfF;n' ] el/P . cfdf lbj;glhs hfg'ef] . p;nfO{ cFufnf] xfNg'ef], 5ftLdf 6fF:g'ef] / s/fpg yfNg'ef]– æ5f]/f lbj' Û cfO;\\ <Æ cfdfsf] cfjfhn] afa' klg AoF'emg'eof] . pxfF aflx/ cfpge' of] / cfˆgf] Gofgf] xftn] 5f]/fnfO{ ;dfpFb} eGg'eof]–ælbj', d}n] /S;L vfg 5fl8;s]F . d emu8f klg ulb{gF . ca d ltdLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L k9fpF5,' /]vb]v u5{' . efu]/ glxF8 x}, of] 3/ / cfFugnfO{ cFWof/f] kf/]/ . x]/, ltdL lxF8]b]lv ltd|L cfdfsf] cfFvf slxNo} cf]efgf] 5}g .Æ oltGh]n;Dd v';Ln] /dfpFb} lbbL / efO klg cfFugdf lglSn;s]sf lyP . l5d]sLx¿ klg v';L / cfZro{ dfGb} lyP . oltv]/;Dd ;o\" {sf Gofgf / pHofnf ls/0f rf/}lt/ 5l/O;s]sf lyP . 134 jv} /L sIff ^

k9fO != dflysf] syf klxn] dfg} k7g To;kl5 ;:j/ k7g ug'x{ f;] \\ M @= tnsf] syfz+ k9\\gx' f;] \\ / To;cg'R5]baf6 kfFr cf]6f kZ| g agfpgx' f];\\ M p;sf afa' ;w}+ /S;L vfG5g\\ . vfg–nfpg ;w}Fel/ wf} wf} . cfdfnfO{ slQ ufx|f] 5 3/ rnfpg . oxL sf/0fn] t afa' cfdfsf] emu8f kl//xG5 . cfdfn] lk6fO vfO/xg'k5{ . 3/sf] oxL lbUbf/Ln] efu]/ ;x/ k;]sf] xf] lbj; . p;sL lbbLn] klg k9\\g] cj;/ kfOgg\\ . ;fgf] efOn] klg o:tf] jftfj/0fdf s;/L k9\\g ;Snf / < ljBfno egf{ t ul/Psf] lyof] . k|Zg ! -s]_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|Zg @ -sxfF_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|Zg # -lsg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|Zg $ -s;/L_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|Zg % -slxn]_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= cEof; @ df agfOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ cfkm}F lbgx' f;] \\ . $= tnsf] cg'R5]b k9g\\ 'xf];\\ / kf7df gePsf jfSox¿ lrg/] /v] fª\\sg ug{x' f];\\ M lxF8\\bf lxF8\\bf lbg 9Nof] . ;fFem k¥of] . laxfg eof] . ;a} cfcfºgf lgjf;df kmls{P . Tof] P3f/ jif]{ km'Rr] rflxF /fte/ lxFl8/x\\of] . bf}l8/x\\of] . cfdfafas' f] lrGtfsf] va/n] s'g} rf]/8fFsfsf] 8/ nfu]g p;nfO{ . s'g} hLjhGt'sf] klg 8/ nfu]g p;nfO{ . e\"tk|]tsf] klg 8/ nfu]g . hg\" nfu]sf] pHofnf] /ft / af6fdf hª\\un gkg]{ x'Fbf /flt klg lxF8\\g] ;fx; u/]sf] xf], lbj;n] . vNtLdf ePsf] k};f ;lsof] . s;}n] b'O{ k};f vfg eg]/ klg lbPg . ef]s nfUof] . ltvf{ nfUof] . kfgL rflxof] . hf8f] eof] . nu' f rflxof] . rKknsf] nf]tf l5Gof] . h'Qf lyPg . oL ;a} bM' v ;xFb} lbj; laxfgsf] rf/ ah] cfˆg} cfFugdf kU' of] . j}v/L sIff ^ 135

k9fO / nv] fO != tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ qmddf ldnfO{ cgR' 5b] agfpgx' f;] \\ M - _ vfgnfpg ;w}Fel/ wf} wf} . - _ cfdfn] lk6fO vfO/xg'k5{ . - _ p;sL lbbLn] klg k9\\g] cj;/ kfOgg\\ . - _ ljBfno egf{ t ul/Psf] lyof] . - _ 3/sf] oxL lbSbf/Ln] efu]/ ;x/ k;]sf] xf] lbj; . - ! _ lbj;sf afa' ;w}F /S;L vfG5g\\ . - _ cfdfnfO{ slt ufx|f] 5 3/ rnfpg . - _ ;fgf] efOn] klg o:tf] jftfj/0fdf s;/L k9\\g ;Snf / < - _ oxL sf/0fn] t afac' fdfsf] emu8f kl//xG5 . @= Ps jfSodf pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ lbj;nfO{ cfh lsg k'm;{b 5 < -v_ lbj; s] vf]Hg yfNof] < -u_ lbj;nfO{ s'g s'/fsf] 8/ nfUof] < -3_ lbj; slt ah] 3/ kU' of] < -ª_ lbj;nfO{ bv] k] l5 cfdfn] s] eGge' of] < #= klRr;lt; zAbdf pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M -s_ ufpFaf6 efu]/ cfPsf] lbj;n] s] sfd uYof]{ < -v_ lbj; lsg efu]/ ;x/ k;]sf] /x]5 < -u_ lbj;n] lsg 3/ kms{g] lg0f{o u¥of] < 136 jv} /L sIff ^

$= …afns x/fPsf] ;\"rgfÚ syfsf] ;f/ ;Q/L krxQ/ zAbdf n]Vg'xf];\\ M %= lbj; 3/ 5f8] /] efUg' l7s lyof] ls lyPg < cfkm\" nfO{ nfus] f] s'/f Ps cgR' 5b] df nV] g'xf;] \\ . ^= tnsf aF'bfx¿sf] ;xfotfn] Ps syf agfpg'xf];\\ / zLifs{ klg /fVgx' f;] \\ M s'g} b]zdf Ps hgf 7n' f Hof]ltifL xg' ' ========= Psk6s Hof]ltifL cfsfzsf tf/fx¿sf] cWoog ub}{ lxF8\\g' ========= af6fdf sj' f gb]Vg' ========= Hof]ltifL sj' fdf v:g' ========= Pp6f ;fgf] s]6fn] Tof] b]Vg' ========= s]6fn] Hof]ltifLnfO{ aflx/ lgSng ;xof]u ug{' ========= Hof]ltifL ePsfn] p;sf] ;a} eljio atfOlbG5' eGg' ========= cfºg} cufl8sf] s'jf gb]v]/ s'jfdf v:g]n] csf{sf] eljio atfpg] eGb} s]6f] cfºgf] af6f] nfUg' ========= Hof]ltifLsf] cfFvf vN' g' ========= w]/} 7n' f 7n' f s'/f ug]{n] ;;fgf s/' fdf Wofg lbgk' g]{ ;Gb]z . &= tnsf] ;r\" gf k9g\\ x' f];\\ / To:t} csf{] ;r\" gf agfpgx' f];\\ M afns x/fPsf] ;r\" gf sfnf] uGhL, lgnf] k'/fgf] kfOG6 / rKkn nufPsf], nfdf] skfn ePsf], P3f/ jif{sf] lbj; gfd u/]sf] bA' nf] kftnf] afns g'jfsf]6sf] bu' {d ufpFaf6 x/fPsf] / p;sf a'afcfdf clt lrlGtt ePsfn] kfpgx' g' ] dxfge' fjn] glhssf] k|x/L sfof{nodf a'emfOlbgx' g' xflb{s cg/' f]w ul/G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 137

zAbe08f/ != tn cyx{ ¿ 5g\\ . tL cy{;uF ldNg] zAbx¿ kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]Vgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M a;, df]6/ cflbsf] /]vb]v / ;/;kmfO ug]{ JolQm -v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M ;dfrf/ jf ;Gb]znfO{ /]l8of] cflbaf6 km}nfpg] sfd -u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M k/fn, ds} cflb y'kf/]/ agfOPsf] rfªÙ 6f}jf -3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M ufO{a:t' afFWg] 7fpFÙ vf]Ndf -ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M dl' :sn;Fu dfq hfg ;lsg] 7fpFÙ k'Ug sl7g @= tnsf kf7 k9 / df6] f zAbx¿ vfnL 7fpFdf ;fg{x' f];\\ M c/lgsf] h?' Ss p7] / ;/f;/ af6f] nfu] . af6f] psfnf] ePsfn] 7;7; sGb} vnvnL kl;gf aufpFb} pgL plSn/x] . b]p/fnLdf 6;' 'Ss a;] . oltGh]ndf emdSs ;fFem kl/;s]sf] lyof] . kfl/ ufpFdf lknlkn aQL aNb} lyof] . pgL n?' n'? cf]/fnf] em/] / Pp6f 3/df af; dfuL e';S' s lgbfP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= dflysf] tflnsfaf6 ldNg] cgs' /0ffTds zAb /fvL tnsf jfSo k/\" f ugx{' f];\\ M -s_ bf}8]/ cfPsf] /d]zsf] z/L/af6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kl;gf cfof] . -v_ u'? b]Vg]lalQs} x/]/fd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ p7\\of] . -u_ yfs]/ nvt/fg ePsL piff la:tf/fdf n8\\g]lalQs} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgbfO{ . -3_ ltdL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pQ/tkm{ hfpm / ;a}nfO{ e]6 . -ª_ Tof] 9f8] la/fnf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cf]/fnf] em¥of] . $= tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAb /fvL Ps Ps cf6] f jfSo agfpgx' f];\\ M Kof6\\6, ;6' S' s, 6x6x, l;/l;/, skfsk, a?' Ss, d;' S' s, w'?w?' 138 jv} /L sIff ^

%= tnsf pvfg / ltgsf clek|fosf] hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M -s_ ;kgfdf n8\\8' vfP/ - _ tn k/]sfnfO{ ;a}n] x]K5g\\ . lakgfdf c3fpg' -v_ gfRg ghfGg] cfFug 6]9f] - _ Pp6} k|of;af6 bO' 6f sfd aGg' -u_ cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] d[unfO{ - _ xfjfbf/L s/' fdf dVv kg{' af5fn] klg v]b\\5 -3_ gkTofpg] vf]nfn] - _ cfºgf] 9ª\\u gxg' ' t/ c¿nfO{ aufpF5 bf]if -ª_ kzk' ltsf] hfqf l;b|fsf] - _ glrtfPsf] JolSt jf j:ta' f6 a]kf/ 7n' f] sfd x'g' ^= tnsf vfnL 7fpdF f % af6 ldNg] pvfg 5fgL egx{' f];\\ M -s_ ltdL gk9Lsg ljåfg\\ aGg' / ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Pp6} s'/f xf] . -v_ ljb]zLx¿;Fu kj{tf/f]x0f ug{ hfFbf t lxdfn r9\\g klg kfOG5 / k};f klg sdfOG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]sf] oxL t xf] lg . -u_ d]/f] hflu/ 56' ]kl5 t ;fyLefO;Fu ;o ?k}ofF dfUbf klg kTofpFb}gg\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]sf] l7s} /x]5 . -3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg] em}F /ljnfO{ /fd|f] cIf/ n]Vg} cfpFb}g t/ pm rflxF snd g} lau|]sf] 5 eG5 . -ª_ slxNo} bfuL gnfuL kf; gxg' ] pQd kf] P;OO{df k|yd eP5 . slxn]sfxLF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]sf] ;xL /x]5 . &= tnsf 6'Ssf / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M 6'Ssf cy{ -s_ x;+ n] 7fpF 5f]8\\g' c;kmn x'g' -v_ cfFvf 5Ng' efUg' -u_ cfn' vfg' Hofb} 8/fpg'Ù tl;{g' -3_ sfg ;dfTg' s'6\\g dg nfUg' -ª_ xft lrnfpg' em'Sofpg' -r_ sn' ]nd 7f]Sg' s;d vfg' *= tnsf 6S' sfnfO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h;/L jfSodf k|ofu] ug{'xf;] \\ M pbfx/0f M cfFvf lrDng' -Wofg glbgÙ' a]jf:tf ug{' _ s]6fs]6Ln] abdf;L ubf{ afac' fdfn] cfFvf lrDng'xF'b}g . -s_ sDd/ s:g' -lxDdt ug{'_ -v_ /fn sf9\\g' -nf]e ug{'_ -u_ gfs sf6\\g' -a]OHht ug{'_ -3_ hf]/L vf]Hg' -lgxF' vf]Hg_' -ª_ lha|f] 6f]Sg' -dg{'_ j}v/L sIff ^ 139

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; != tnsf jfSodf ljelSt ldns] f 5g} g\\ . ldnfP/ ;fg{x' f];\\ M -s_ efOnfO{ eft vfof] . -v_ d kf]v/fn] w/fg uPF . -u_ /fdsf] alxgLdf uLt ufO{ . -3_ pgLx¿sf] 3/nfO{ dfG5] 5}gg\\ . @= tnsf ljelSt /fvL Ps Ps cf6] f jfSo agfpgx' f;] \\ M nfO{ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nflu M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lglDt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ åf/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= jfSodf ljm| ofn] atfPsf] sfd ug]{ kb stf{ sf/s xG' 5 . sfdsf] c;/ kg{] kb sd{ sf/s x'G5 . ca tnsf jfSodf cfPsf sf/s lrg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf nV] g'xf;] \\ M stfs{ f/s sd{sf/s -s_ efOn] eft vfof] . efOn] eft -v_ ltdLn] ;fyLnfO{ af]nfof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ alxgL lr7L n]V5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ cfh ;fyLn] k/' :sf/ kfof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ ltdL la:tf/} cfFk vfpm . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= tnsf] cg'R5b] k9L …UoÚ / …1Ú nfus] f zAbx¿sf] 5'66\\ f5'66\\ } ;\"rL agfpg'xf;] \\ M 1fgaxfb/' n] Uof; af]s]/ lxF8\\of] . af6fdf UofFr]n] s;sf] cf1fn] Uof; nlu;\\ eg]/ s/fof] . o;/L s/fPsf] o1n] ;'lg/x]sf lyP . olt 1fgL 1fgaxfb/' nfO{ klg dflg;n] s/fPsf] ;'g]/ o1n] UofFr]nfO{ Uof/]hd} yG' g] ljrf/ u¥of] . 140 jv} /L sIff ^

;dx\" df efiff != tLgrf/ hgfsf] ;dx\" aGg'xf;] \\ . ca x/s] ;d\"xn] tnsf cj:yfdf /xs] f JolQmdWo] s'g} PsnfO{ s] eg/] k|fT] ;fxg ugx'{ G' 5 < kf| ]T;fxg ubf{ elgg] s'/fx¿ klg tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf n]Vg'xf];\\ / Ps hgfn] ;'gfpgx' f];\\ M -s_ aa' fcfdfsf] emu8fn] xtf; ePsf] ;fyLnfO{ ul/g] k|f]T;fxg -v_ k/LIffdf /fd|f] ug{ g;s]sf] l:yltdf /x]sf] ;fyLnfO{ ul/g] k|f]T;fxg -u_ cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf] 7fgL dgdf xLgtfaf]w ePsf] ;fyLnfO{ ul/g] k|f]T;fxg -3_ s'g} Joj;fodf w]/} 3f6f nfu]/ b'MvL ePsf] JolQmnfO{ ul/g] k|f]T;fxg -ª_ v]ndf ;w}F lhlt/xg] t/ PskN6 xfbf{ xtf; ePsf] ;fyLnfO{ ul/g] k|f]T;fxg @= rf/kfrF hgfsf] ;dx\" df a;L ;ft cf6] f pvfgx¿ ;ª\\sng ug'x{ f];\\ M -s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -5_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 141

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/of]hgf != k\"j{k7gdf ePsf] lrqsf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f]6f] syf nV] g'xf];\\ . o; qmddf kfq / :yfgsf] gfd klg /fVg'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu 5nkmn u/L kfFr cf]6f pvfg / ltgsf] cy;{ d]t nv] ]/ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . 142 j}v/L sIff ^

kf7– !! zl} Ifs e|d0fsf nflu lgjb] g jv} /L sIff ^ 143

k\"jk{ 7g kj\" k{ 7g != tnsf lrqx¿ x]gx'{ f];\\ . tL lrq sxfFsf x'g\\ < hfg] hlt atfpgx' f;] \\ M @= dflysf dWo] tkfOnF{ fO{ ;aegbf dgkg{] 7fpF sg' xf] < lsg < 144 jv} /L sIff ^

;g' fO / af]nfO !=  !!= ;G' gx' f;] \\ / l7sa]l7s 56' o\\ fpgx' f];\\ M M -s_ of] kf7 labfsf nflu lgj]bg xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ of] lgj]bg k|eft ltdlN;gfn] n]v]sf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ of] lgj]bg k|wfgfWofksnfO{ n]lvPsf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ of] lgj]bg @)&&÷!)÷@% ut] n]lvPsf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ o; lgj]bgdf lbbLsf] lax]sf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒ @=  !! sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ of] lgj]bg sg' ljBfnosf] ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf] xf] < -v_ of] lgj]bg s'g ljifodf n]lvPsf] xf] < -u_ of] lgj]bg s;n] n]v]sf xg' \\ < -3_ of] lgj]bg n]Vg] ljBfyL{sf] qmdfª\\s atfpg'xf];\\ . -ª_ df]xgl;+x la:6sf] ljBfnosf] 7]ufgf atfpgx' f];\\ . #= tkfOnF{ ] sg' } lbg ljBfno 5'6fPsf] xg' k' 5{ . s'g sf/0fn] tkfO{F ljBfnodf hfg ;Sge' Pg < atfpgx' f;] \\ . $= tkfOs{F f] lko| ldqsf] hLjgdf ulx/f] b'Mv cfOnfUof] eg] tkfO{F s;/L p;nfO{ ;xfge' \"lt lbg'x'G5 < tLgrf/ hgfsf] ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L atfpgx' f;] \\ . j}v/L sIff ^ 145

k9fO z}lIfs e|d0fsf nflu lgj]bg ldlt @)&&÷!)÷)$ >Ldfg\\ kw| fgfWofks, >L dft] L dfWoflds ljBfno lzj;tfIfL–@, emfkf . ljifo M z}lIfs e|d0fsf ;DaGwdf . dxf]bo, lstfaL 1fg;Fu} e|d0f cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt xg' ] 1fgn] l;sfO alnof] xG' 5 eGg] s'/f tkfO{nF ] ;fdflhs cWoog k9fpg'xbF' f eGge' Psf] s/' f xfdLn] ;lDem/x]sf 5fF} . To;}n] lstfadf k9s] f] Onfdsf] lrofaufg / kf| s[lts b[Zosf] k|ToIf cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/sf nflu Ps lbg] zl} Ifs ed| 0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg'x'g xfdL xflbs{ cg'/f]w ub{5f}F . lgj]bs sIff–^ sf ;Dk0\" f{ ljBfyL{ 146 jv} /L sIff ^