Baikhari Nepali Book class 6

k9fO != dflysf] lgj]bg dgdg} k9\\g'xf];\\ / hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ lgj]bgsf] ljifo lgj]bg n]lvPsf] ldlt -v_ Onfdsf] lrofaufg lgj]bg lbg]x¿ -u_ @)&&÷!)÷)$ >L df]tL dfWolds ljBfno -3_ ljBfno z}lIfs e|d0f -ª_ sIff ^ sf ;Dk0\" f{ ljBfyL{ e|d0f ug{ rfx]sf] :yfg @= lgjb] g n]Vtf Wofg k¥' ofpg' kg]{ tnsf s'/fx¿ k9\\g'xf;] \\ M != lgj]bg n]Vtf ;aeGbf l;/fgdf ldlt n]Vgk' 5{ . @= ldlt n]lv;s]kl5 Ps kª\\lQm 5f]8]/ ;Daf]wg ug{'k5{ . ;Daf]wgkl5 lgj]bg hg' ;+:yfnfO{ n]Vg] xf], Tof] ;:+ yfsf] gfd n]Vgk' 5{ . ;+:yfsf] gfdkl5 pQm ;:+ yf /x]sf] 7]ufgf n]Vgk' 5{ . #= 7]ufgf n]lv;s]kl5 Ps kª\\lQm 5f]8]/ ljifo n]Vg'k5{ . $= ljifo n]lv;s]kl5 Ps kª\\lQm 5f]8]/ kg' M ;Daf]wg ug{'k5{ . %= k'gM ;Daf]wgkl5 Ps kª\\lQm 5f]8]/ lgj]bgsf] d\"n s'/f n]Vg'k5{ . lgj]bgsf] of] efu cln 7n' f] xG' 5 . ^= dn\" s'/f n]lv;s]kl5 Ps kª\\lQm 5f]8]/ …lgj]bsÚ n]Vg'k5{ . &= …lgj]bgÚ d'lg x:tfIf/, x:tfIf/ dl' g gfd n]Vgk' 5{ . jv} /L sIff ^ 147

k9fO #= tn lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] ;/+ rgf qmd k9\\gx' f];\\ M != ldlt @= ;Daf]wg ;+:yfsf] gfd 7]ufgf #= ljifo $= kg' M ;Daf]wg %= d\"n s'/f ^= lgj]bs &= x:tfIf/ gfd $= ki[ 7 !$^ sf] lgj]bgsf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M -s_ k[i7 !$^ sf] lgj]bgdf s;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 < -v_ k[i7 !$^ sf] lgj]bgdf s'g ldlt pNn]v 5 . -u_ k[i7 !$^ sf] lgj]bgsf] ljifo s] xf] < -3_ k[i7 !$^ sf] lgj]bgdf sxfFsf] e|d0fdf hfg] s/' f pNn]v 5 < -ª_ k[i7 !$^ sf] lgj]bgsf lgj]bs sf] x'g\\ < 148 jv} /L sIff ^

k9fO / n]vfO != tnsf] ze' sfdgf kq k9\\gx' f];\\ / pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M lk|o ldq eljzª\\s/ † ltdL / ltdf| ] kl/jf/hgdf v';L, ;dl[ 4 / zflGt 5fO/xf];\\ . gofF jif{ @)&* sf] ;'vb cj;/df oxL ze' sfdgf 6qmo\\ fpF5' . ltd|f] lxt}ifL l;t'ofDaL k|Zgx¿ -s_ dflysf] z'esfdgf kq s;n] s;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] < -v_ dflysf] ze' sfdgf kq sg' ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 < -u_ dflysf] ze' sfdgf kqdf s] elgPsf] 5 < @= tnsf] lj1fkg k9g\\ 'xf];\\ / pQm lj1fkgsf] ;Gb]z s] xf] < n]Vgx' f];\\ M jv} /L sIff ^ 149

#= kf7–$ sf] 3/fo;L lr7L n]Vtf Wofg lbgk' g{] s'/fx¿ k9\\gx' f;] \\ . To;kl5 o;} kf7sf] lgj]bg nV] bf Wofg lbgk' g{] s'/fx¿ klg k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ . ca lgDg k|Zgx¿sf pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ 3/fo;L lr7L / lgj]bgsf] lar ldNg] bO' { cf]6f s'/f n]Vg'xf];\\ . -v_ 3/fo;L lr7L / lgj]bgsf] lar gldNg] b'O{ cf]6f s'/f n]Vgx' f];\\ . $= la/fdL k/s] fn] ljBfno pkl:yt xg' g;Sg] s'/f hgfO{ kw| fgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg nV] g'xf];\\ . %= tnsf] ;dj]bgf k9g\\ x' f];\\ . To:t} Pp6f ;dj]bgf agfO{ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M ;djb] gf hGd kmf]6f] d[To' @))! h]7 % ut] @)&& h]7 !% ut] o; bu' f{ df=lj= sf k\"j{ k|wfgfWofks tyf lzIff;]jL ;Gtnfn rfw} /Lsf] @)&&÷)@÷!% ut] &% jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] va/n] xfdLnfO{ cToGt bM' vL t'NofPsf] 5 . o; bv' b 38Ldf :juL{o ;Gtnfn rf}w/Lk|lt efjk\"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt w}o{ wf/0f ug]{ zlSt ldnf];\\ egL xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 u5f}F{ . ;Ltf/fd dhu}of cWoIf tyf bu' f{ df=lj= 3f]/fxL, bfª kl/jf/ 150 jv} /L sIff ^

zAbe08f/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ != tnsf lrqx¿sf tLg tLg cf]6f kofo{ jfrL zAb nV] gx' f];\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= uf9f zAbsf 7fpdF f ldNg] kofo{ jfrL zAb /fvL k'gn]{vg ug{x' f;] \\ M -s_ p;n] dnfO{ kq n]Vof] . -v_ d]/f] emf]nfdf k:' ts 5 . -u_ pm lgs} c;n ;fyL lyof] . -3_ xfdL lxhf] l56\\6} kmSof}{F . -ª_ d]/f] ;u/dfyf r9\\g] OR5f 5 . #= tnsf zAbx¿sf] b'O{ bO' { cf6] f kof{ojfrL zAb n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ lktf ljBfno km\" n ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 9ª' \\uf wg sf]l;; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= tnsf zAbx¿sf] Ps Ps cf]6f kofo{ jfrL zAb n]Vgx' f];\\ M rf]6 ufpF v6' \\6f db\\bt sf]l;; pkfo k|:6 c8\\8L a]nf 3/ dlt vlt 7fpF ljjfx k;n xft jv} /L sIff ^ 151

%= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nV] gx' f];\\ M ufpF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hLjg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|]d M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ km\" n M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ldq M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fFem M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|frLg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pRr M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fIf/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;+of]u M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wf]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;f}efUo M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= ljk/Lt cy{ cfpg] zAb /fvL sf7] ]kb eg'{xf;] \\ M & !^ ( !) @ # %* 7f8f] != hGd $ t;] f]{ @= k|Zg #= a]/l;nf] $= ;SsnL $= k'/fgf] ^= psfnf] %= ;kgf *= emu8f &= cl3 !)= gfkmf (= 6K' kf] &= tnsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\\ x' f;] \\ . To;kl5 uf9f zAbsf ;66\\ fdf ljk/Lt cy{ cfpg] zAb /fvL k'gn{]vg ug'x{ f;] \\ M d]/f w]/} zqx' ¿ 5g\\ . pgLx¿ v/fa 5g\\ . tL b'hg{ ;fyLx¿;Fu a:tf gsd{ f a;]sf] cge' j x'G5 . xfdL Ps} 7fpF a:tf Pscsf{nfO{ ckdfg / a]OHht u5f}{F . 152 jv} /L sIff ^

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; != jfSodf sxf,F slxn], s;/L / lsgsf pQ/df cfpg] zAbnfO{ lqmofljz]if0f elgG5 . tnsf jfSodf lqmofljz]if0f lrgL ufn] f] 3/] f nufpg'xf;] \\ / ;fg[x'{ f];\\ M -s_ efO aflx/ uof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ d kl;{ 3/ kms{G5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ;fyLn] dnfO{ la:tf/} lrGb} 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ cfdf xfdL;Fu To;} l/;fpgx' G' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ cfh ltdL dfly hfFb}gf} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf lqmofljzi] f0fx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg'x{ f;] \\ M dfly ef]ln 8'Ng skfsk cl:t ;/f;/ Joy}{ la:tf/} v]Ng leq cf3f}F kfl/ w?' w?' k5fl8 kf]xf]/ TolQs} sxfFsf pQ/df slxn]sf pQ/df s;/Lsf pQ/df lsgsf pQ/df cfpg] cfpg] cfpg] cfpg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= zAbsf kl5lNt/ hfl] 8g] cJoonfO{ gfdofu] L elgG5 . tnsf jfSodf gfdof]uL lrgL /]vfªs\\ g ug'{xf;] \\ M -s_ pm;Fu s]xL klg 5}g . ;Fu -v_ xfdL vf]nflt/ nfUof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ 5fgfdfly l3/fF}nf /x]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ efO kf]v/f;Dd ku' ]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ s]6f] PSn} w/fgb]lv cfof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ d ltdLeGbf ;fgf] 5}g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 153

$= tnsf zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpg'xf;] \\ M -s_ e/] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ;':t/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ Joy}{ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ kfl/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ l;t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ ;lxt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -5_ ;l/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -h_ em}F M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= tnsf zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \\ / z'4 zAb rflxF vfnL 7fpdF f ;fgx{' f;] \\ M /fd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k9\\5g\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ an ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fd\\ k9\\5g an\\ lj/f6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ef]s\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lj/f6\\ dg\\ ef]s lxF8\\5g\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ bfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hut ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lxF8\\5g bfd\\ hut\\ ^= z'4 kf/L ;fg'x{ f;] \\ M -s_ cfh\\ wg\\axfb'/n] sfd u/]g5g . -v_ g]kfn\\ Ps\\ ;'Gb/\\ zfGt\\ b]z\\ xf] . -u_ wg\\ eP klg dg\\ gePsf w]/} dflg;\\ 5g\\ . 154 j}v/L sIff ^

;d\"xdf efiff != tnsf zAbx¿ k9\\gx' f;] \\ . ca tL zAbsf p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb tnsf] tflnsfdf vf]hL ufn] f] 3]/f nufg'xf;] \\ M pkxf/, uf]8f, k|of;, kYy/, piff, 3dG8, lstfa, bM' v, :j0f{, O{Zj/, dlGb/, d[To,' ;x/, gf/L, hn, /fIf; sf] ;] nL sf] l; ; v' 6\\6f la c 9' j] b gf kf gL xf x ª\\ g u / bf b] g ª\\ uf lg w g g jf ;' s cf O df O{ j n g / b] j k:' t s o s'g ;d\"xn] klxn] ;Sof] < @= tLg hgfsf] ;dx\" df tnsf cIf/ / dfqfaf6 zAb agfpgx' f];\\ . kfFr ldg]6df sg' ;d\"xn] ;aeGbf a9L zAb agfpg ;Sof] < t f g l s x ; ] ' a f] tfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 155

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/ofh] gf != tkfOF{ s:tf] cj:yfdf ljBfno cfpg ;Sg'xG' g < tkfOF{ ljBfno cfpg g;Sg] s'g} kfrF cf]6f sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\\ M -s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= cfºgf] 3/dn\" L -xh'/af, xh'/cfdf, a'af, cfdf_ nfO{ s'g} ;fdu|L lslglbg cfu|x ug{] 5f6] f] lgjb] g nV] g'xf;] \\ M != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ &= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 156 jv} /L sIff ^

kf7– !@ rfnL{ Rofklng jv} /L sIff ^ 157

kj\" {k7g kj\" k{ 7g != tnsf lrqx¿ x]gx'{ f];\\ / lrg] hltsf gfd eGg'xf;] \\ . tL JolQmx¿ lsg ljZjkl| ;4 dflgG5g\\ < atfpgx' f];\\ M 158 j}v/L sIff ^

;g' fO / afn] fO !=  !@ ;G' gx' f;] \\ / hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M M -s_ # dfr{ !*$& ljZjljBfno -v_ Plnhf u|]; cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nsf] hGdldlt -u_ !) dfr{ !*&^ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nsf] d[To' -3_ Pl8ga/f cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nsL cfdf -ª_ @ cu:6 !(@@ 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ ePsf] lbg @=  !@ sf cfwf/df tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nsf] lzIffsf af/]df atfpg'xf];\\ . -v_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nn] s] s:tf cfljisf/x¿ u/] < -u_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nsf] d[To'df s;/L ;Ddfg k|s6 ul/of] < #= kj\" { k7g ki[ 7 !%* sf sg' } Ps JolQmsf af/]df 5f6] f] hLjgL atfpgx' f;] \\ . $= tkfO{F s:tf JolQmnfO{ ljZjf; ugx{' 'G5 < s:tfnfO{ ug{x' 'Gg < ljZjf; / cljZjf; ug'k{ g{] bO' { b'O{ cf6] f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ug{x' f;] \\ . jv} /L sIff ^ 159

k9fO rfnL{ Rofklng clnslt km6\\ofPsf] v6' \\6f, x\\jfnf{ª\\ª k/]sf] k]G6 / 6fFs g} l5Gnfh:tf] u/L sf]6 nufPsf] dfG5] xf];\\ . p;n] 6fpsf]eGbf ;fgf] nfUg] 5q] 6f]kL / xftdf Pp6f 3l' d|Psf] n7\\7L af]s]sf] xf];\\ . v6' \\6feGbf 7'nf] nfUg] hQ' f nufPsf] xf];\\ . p;sf] gfs / cf]7sf] lar efudf dfq 6fFl;Psf] h:tf] h'F3f xf];\\ . o:tf] dfG5] l6eL jf ;fdflhs ;~hfndf st} b]Vg]lalQs} tkfO{FnfO{ Ps hgf k|l;4 xf:osnfsf/sf] ofb cfpF5 eg] Tof] snfsf/ rfnL{ Rofklng g} xf] . cfh o; kf7df xfdL ltg} rfnL{ Rofklngsf af/]df s]xL s'/f yfxf kfpg]5f}F . rfnL{ Rofklngsf] hGd !^ clk|n !**( df a]nfotsf] blIf0f nG8gdf cjl:yt jfnjy{ eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf dftfsf] gfd x]gf xn lyof] eg] a'afsf] gfd rfnL{ Rofklng l;lgo/ lyof] . ;;+ f/k|l;4 cª\\u|]h xf:osnfsf/, lkmNdlgdf{tf tyf lgb]{zs rfnL{ Rofklngsf] afNosfn eg] cToGt si6s/ lyof] . a'af / cfdfsf] lardf ldNtL gePkl5 pgL / pgsf bfh' l;8\\gL cfdf x]gf;Fu a:g yfn] . pgsL cfdf x]gf ;fdfGo snfsf/sf] ¿kdf /ªu\\ d~rdf sfd uly{g\\ . pgsf] cfDbfgL klg /fd|f] lyPg . To;;Fu} pgL dfgl;s /f]un] klg 3l/ 3l/ cfqmfGt xl' Gyg\\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf rfnL{ / pgsf bfh' l;8\\gLsf] afNosfn cGToGt bM' vk0\" f{ /x\\of] . cfdfsf] /f]u / cfly{s b'/j:yfsf sf/0f afa'cfdf hLljt xF'bfxF'b} klg rfnL{n] cgfyfnodf klg a:gk' ¥of] . cfdfnfO{ dfgl;s c:ktfn egf{ ug'{kbf{ pgLx¿ bfhe' fO s]xL ;do aa' fsxfF klg uP/ a;] t/ aa' f gfdb' /S:ofxf eO;s]sf lyP . ToxL /S;Lsf] ntsf sf/0f sn]hf]df ;d:of cfPkl5 #* jif{s} pd]/df aa' fsf] lgwg eof] / afNosfnd} rfnL{ / pgsf bfh' 6x' /' f ag] . a'afsf] d[To,' cfdfsf] v/fa :jf:Yol:ylt / sdfpg'kg]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f pgn] t]x| jif{b]lv k9fO g} 5fl8lbP . rfnL{ Rofklngsf] snfsfl/tfsf] ofqf afNosfnb]lv g} ;?' ePsf] dflgG5 . elgG5, Psk6s pgsL cfdf x]gf d~rdf uLt ufpFb} lyOg\\ . zf/Ll/s czSttfsf sf/0f pgn] /fd|/L ufpg ;ls/x]sL lyOgg\\ . To;}n] bz{sx¿n] cfp6 cfp6 eGg yfln;s]sf lyP . cfdfsf] o:tf] cj:yf b]v]/ kfFr jif{sf afns rfnL{ d~rdf uP/ ufpg yfn] 160 j}v/L sIff ^

/ bz{sx¿nfO{ v;' L kf/] . o;/L ;'? ePsf] pgsf] snf ofqfn] gf} jif{sf] pd]/;Dddf Pp6f cfsf/ lnof] / pgn] ;g\\ !*(& df PO6 Nofªsf;fo/ Nof8 Snfu] 8flG;ª 6'k« gfds Pp6f g[Tod08nLsf] ;b:o ag]/ bO' {tLg jif{ sfd u/] . o; cjlwdf pgsf] sfdsf] k|z;+ f eof] tfklg pgL cfkm} eg] cfˆgf] snfsfl/tfaf6 v;' L lyPgg\\ . pgL leGg lsl;dsf] snfsfl/tfdf /Dg] sf]l;; ul//x]sf lyP / oxL qmddf pgsf] sd]8L rl/qo'St snfofqf ;'? eof] . o; qmddf pgn] ;n{s xfD] ;\\ sf ljleGg rl/qx¿ lgefP . rfnL{n] rf}w jif{sf] pd]/df j]:6 OG8 gfds gf6\\ozfnfdf cfa4 eP/ lhd, c /f]dfG; ckm sS' ofgL gfds gf6sdf sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfP . of] gf6s k|l;4 xg' ;s]g t/ oxL gf6sn] rfnL{ Rofklngsf] xf:osnfsfl/tfnfO{ eg] :yflkt ul/lbof] . c7f/ jif{sf] pd]/;Dddf pgL xf:osnfsf/sf ¿kdf hDg yfln;s]sf lyP . o:t}df ;g\\ !()* df pgL cfˆgf bfh' l;8\\gLsf] ;xfotfn] k|m]8 sf]gf]{sf] sDkgLdf cfa4 eP / ;fgf ;fgf el\" dsfx¿ lgefP . o:t}df ;g\\ !(!) df pgsf] d'Vo el\" dsf /x]sf] lhDdL b lkmo/n;] gfds gf6s k|bz{g eof] . o; gf6sn] 7n' f] ;kmntf kfof] / rfnL{sf] k|l;l4 emg\\ a9\\of] . sf]gf]{ sDkgLaf6} cd]l/sf uPsf a]nf pgn] cd]l/sg sDkgL lsM:6fg] :6'l8of];Fu cfa4 eP/ d]lsª c lnleª gfds rnlrqsf klxnf]kN6 sfd u/] . of] rnlrq rlr{t xg' ;s]g t/ ToxL sDkgLsf] csf]{ / rfnL{sf] bf];|f] rnlrq ls8 c6f] /;] h] P6 e]lg; eGg] lkmNddf b lnl6n 6«fDksf] hg' el\" dsf lgefP, Tof] clj:d/0fLo eof] . o; kf7sf] ;?' df elgPsf] rfnL{ Rofklngsf] oxL rl/q xfdL To;kl5sf cg]s rnlrqdf bf]xf]l/Psf] kfpF5f}F / rfnL{ Rofklng eGg]lalQs} xfd|f] dl:tisn] ToxL rl/qoS' t JolQmnfO{ ;DemG5 . rfnL{n] To; sDkgLdf /xFbf da]n P6 lx\\jn, s6 Og b /]g h:tf rlr{t cGo rnlrqdf klg sfd u/] . lsM:6f]g :6'l8of]kl5 pgL cd]l/sfsf] To; a]nfsf] rlr{t lkmNd sDkgL P:;fgL lkmNd d]lgk]mSrl/ª sDkgLdf sfd ug{ yfn] . o; sDkgLdf /xFbf pgn] w]/} cf]6f rnlrqdf sfd u/] . o;} sDkgLdf /xFbf c gfO6 cfp6, b RoflDkog, b 6f« Dk h:tf k|l;4 rnlrqx¿df pgn] sfd u/]sf lyP . P:;fgLkl5 pgL Dor' 'cn lkmNd sf]ck/];g gfds sDkgLdf sfd ug{ cfOk'u] . o; sDkgLdf sfd ubf{ pgL s]jn @^ jif{sf dfq lyP / ljZjs} ;a}eGbf a9L kfl/>lds lng] JolQmsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf lyP . Dor' 'cndf /xFbf pgn] OhL l:6«6, b OlDdu|fG6, b P8eG] r// h:tf k|l;4 rnlrqx¿df sfd u/] . o;kl5 klg pgsf b ls8 -!(@!_, b ufN] 8 /; -!(@%_, l;6L nfO6\\; -!(#!_, b ;s{; -!(#@_, df]8g{ 6fOD; -!(#^_, b u]|6 l8S6]6/ -!($)_, nfOdnfO6 -!(%@_ h:tf ;kmn rnlrqx¿df clego / lgb]{zg u/] . rfnL{ Rofklngn] ;'?sf ;dodf ;+jfbxLg rnlrqdf sfd u/]sf lyP . pgL To:tf ;fOn]G6 lkmNdsf l;4x:t snfsf/ lyP . ;fOn]G6 lkmNdsf ¿kdf o;cl3sf pgsf jv} /L sIff ^ 161

;a}h;f] rnlrqx¿ ;kmn / pTs[6 eO;s]sf lyP t/ Tolt a]nf;Dddf rnlrqsf b'lgofFdf 6sL -af]Ng]_ lsl;dsf rnlrqx¿ cfO;s]sf lyP . pgnfO{ af]Ng] rnlrqdf sfd ug{ ufx|f] nflu/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf rnlrqdf b 6«fDksf] xf:osfl/tf nf]k xf]nf ls eGg] eo lyof] . To;}n] pgn] ;j+ fbo'St rnlrqdf lgs} ;do;Dd sfd u/]gg\\ . o;} cndnsf lardf ;g\\ !($) df k|bz{gdf cfPsf] b u|6] l8S66] / pgsf] klxnf] af]nLoS' t rnlrq aGof] / pgL o; lsl;dsf rnlrqdf klg pTs[i6 bl/P . o;/L rfnL{ Rofklng ;ª\\3if{ / ;dk{0faf6 dgf]/~hgsf] bl' gofFsf afbzfx sxlnPsf lyP . olt x'FbfxF'b} klg pgsf clwsfz+ rnlrqx¿df ul/a, >dhLjL / d]l;gtGqn] >ldsx¿nfO{ bafO/fVg] zf;gtGqsf lj?4df Joª\\Uo b]lvg yfn]kl5 cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ b]z 5f]8\\g bafa lbg yfNof] . To;}n] pgL ;g\\ !(%@ df cfˆg} b]z a]nfot kms]{ clg s]xL csf]{ jif{ l:jh/NofG8 uP / ToxL hLjgsf] clGtd ;do -@% l8;]Da/, !(&&_ ;Dd /x] . rfnL Rofklngn] hLjgsfnel/df yk' |} ;ª\\uLt tyf g[Tozfnf, gf6\\ozfnf / lkmNd sDkgLx¿df /xL snfsfl/tf k|:tt' u/] . pgsf] snfsf] pRr ;Ddfg ub}{ ljleGg ;:+ yfn] y'k|} k'/:sf/, ;Ddfg tyf pkflwx¿ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\\ . o:tf pkflwdWo] a]nfot ;/sf/n] cfˆgf gful/sx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;jf]{Rr pkflw gfO6 sdfG8/ ckm b c8{/ ckm lal| 6; cDkfo/ -s=] aL=O=_ ;g\\ !(&% df k|bfg u¥of] . To:t} ;g\\ !(&@ df pgnfO{ cg//L cf]:sf/ cjf8{ k|bfg ul/of] . of] k'/:sf/ u|x0f ug{ pgL cd]l/sf 5f]8]sf] la; jif{k5fl8 cd]l/sf k'u]sf lyP / To; sfo{qmddf pgn] cf]:sf/sf] Oltxf;df ;aeGbf nfdf] :6]lG8ª cj];g -pleP/ ul/g] ;Ddfg_ kfPsf lyP . pgnfO{ ljleGg ljZjljBfnon] dfgfy{ ljBfjfl/lw klg lbPsf lyP . o:tf ;a} k'/:sf/, ;Ddfg tyf pkflwsf xsbf/ rfnL{ Rofklng cfˆgf] ;dosf dgf]/~hgsf afbzfx x'g\\ . pgsf] hLjgofqf / snfsfl/tfdf pgn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;kmntfsf] syfnfO{ hLjgLdf k9\\bf /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/]sf tnsf kª\\lQmx¿sf] :d/0f xG' 5 M 9'ª\\ufsf] sfk kmf]/]/ klg pd|G5 lkkn l;h{gfzlQm ;+;f/df s}No} x'Fb}g ljkmn . xg' klg pgsf] afNosfn 9'ª\\ufh:t} s7f]/ ul/aL / kfl/jfl/s a]d]ndf laTof] . aa' fsf] cNkfod' } lgwg eof] . cfdfsf] :jf:Yodf dfgl;s ;d:ofx¿ cfOnfu] t/ klg pgL ljZjk|l;4 snfsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt eO5f8] . o;af6 xfdLn] s] l;Sgk' 5{ eg] hLjgdf cg]s cK7\\of/fx¿ cfOnfU5g\\ t/ ltgaf6 xfdLn] cflQP/ efUg'x'Fb}g . To:tf cK7\\of/f kl/l:yltx¿sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub}{ nIodf cl3 al9/xgk' 5{ . 162 jv} /L sIff ^

k9fO != kf7sf] k|Tos] cg'R5b] kfn}kfnf] / tfl] sPsf] ;doleq k9g\\ 'xf];\\ . To;kl5 ;a} kf7 cfjfh glgsfnL k9g\\ x' f];\\ / hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ klxnf] / bf];|f] cg'R5]b ;j+ fbxLg rnlrqaf6 ;j+ fboS' t rnlrqdf sfd ug{ yfn]sf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f -v_ t];|f] cg'R5]b snf ofqfsf] ;'?jftL cj:yfsf] lrq0f -u_ rf}yf] / kfFrf}F cgR' 5]b rfnL{ Rofklngsf] kl/ro, hGd / -3_ 5}6f}F cgR' 5]b kfl/jfl/s l:yltsf] lrgf/L -ª_ ;ftf}F cg'R5]b rfnL{sf] ;ª\\3if{, ljleGg sDkgLdf ;+nUgtf, cd]l/sf ofqf, ;kmntf, cfly{s pGgltsf s/' fx¿ rfnL{ Rofklngn] kfPsf k/' :sf/, ;Ddfg, pkflw tyf pgsf] hLjgLaf6 l;Sgk' g]{ kf7 @= kf7sf cfwf/df tnsf 36\\gfsf] qmd lgwf/{ 0f ugx{' f;] \\ M - _ aa' fcfdfsf] ldNtL gePkl5 cfdf;Fu dfq a:g yfNg' - _ PO6 Nofªsf;fo/ Nof8 6«k' df ;+nUg xg' ' - _ j]:6 OG8 gfds gf6\\ozfnfdf cfa4 x'g' - _ bfh' l;8\\gLsf] ;xfotfn] sf]gf]{ sDkgLdf cfa4 x'g' - _ sf]gf]{ sDkgLaf6 cd]l/sf uPsf a]nf lsM:6f]g gfds sDkgLdf sfd ug{ yfNg' - _ P:;fgL lkmNd d]lgkmf]Srl/ª sDkgLdf /xFbf c gfO6 cfp6, b RoflDkog, b 6«fDk h:tf k|l;4 rnlrqdf sfd ug'{ - _ 5lAa; jif{sf] pd]/d} snf If]qdf ljZjs} ;aeGbf a9L kfl/>lds lng] JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlgg' - _ b u|]6 l8S6]6/ gfds rnlrqaf6 ;+jfboQ' m rnlrq v]Ng yfNg' - _ cd]l/sf 5f8L a]nfot kms]{/, ;w}Fsf nflu l:jh/NofG8df a:g yfNg' jv} /L sIff ^ 163

k9fO / n]vfO != dfl} vs pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ rfnL{ Rofklngsf] a'afcfdfsf] gfd atfpgx' f];\\ . -v_ rfnL{ Rofklngn] ;aeGbf klxn] s'g ;:+ yfdf sfd u/] < -u_ …ls8 c6f] /];]h P6 e]lg;Ú eGg] rnlrq s'g sDkgLn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] < -3_ rfnL{sf] klxnf] ;j+ fbo'St rnlrq sg' xf] < -ª_ rfnL{n] a]nfot ;/sf/af6 s'g ;Ddfg kfP < @= pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \\ M -s_ rfnL{ Rofklngsf] afNosfn s:tf] lyof] < -v_ rfnL{ Rofklngsf] snfofqf s;/L ;'? eof] < -u_ cd]l/sfdf rfnL{n] s]s:tf sDkgLx¿;Fu sfd u/] < -3_ rfnL{nfO{ ;+jfbo'St rnlrqdf sfd ug{ lsg cK7\\of/f] k/]sf] xf]nf < #= tnsf] cgR' 5b] k9L kfFr cf6] f k|Zg agfpg'xf];\\ M rfnL{ Rofklngsf] hGd !^ clk|n !**( df a]nfotsf] blIf0f nG8gdf cjl:yt jfnjy{ eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf dftfsf] gfd x]gf xn lyof] eg] aa' fsf] gfd rfnL{ Rofklng l;lgo/ lyof] . ;;+ f/k|l;4 cª\\u|]h xf:osnfsf/, lkmNdlgdf{tf tyf lgb]{zs rfnL{ Rofklngsf] afNosfn eg] cToGt si6s/ lyof] . a'af / cfdfsf] lardf ldNtL gePkl5 pgL / pgsf bfh' l;8\\gL cfdf x]gf;Fu a:g yfn] . pgsL cfdf x]gf ;fdfGo snfsf/sf] ¿kdf /ª\\ud~rdf sfd uly{g\\ . pgsf] cfDbfgL klg /fd|f] lyPg . To;;Fu} pgL dfgl;s /f]un] klg 3l/ 3l/ cfqmfGt xl' Gyg\\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf rfnL{ / pgsf bfh' l;8\\gLsf] afNosfn cGToGt bM' vk\"0f{ /x\\of] . cfdfsf] /f]u / cfly{s b/' j:yfsf sf/0f afa'cfdf hLljt x'FbfxF'b} klg rfnL{n] cgfyfnodf klg a:gk' ¥of] . cfdfnfO{ dfgl;s c:ktfn egf{ ug{'kbf{ pgLx¿ bfhe' fO s]xL ;do aa' fsxfF klg uP/ a;] t/ aa' f gfd'b /S:ofxf eO;s]sf lyP . ToxL /S;Lsf] ntsf sf/0f sn]hf]df ;d:of cfPkl5 #* jif{s} pd]/df a'afsf] lgwg eof] / afNosfnd} rfnL{ / pgsf bfh' 6'x'/f ag] . a'afsf] d[To,' cfdfsf] v/fa :jf:Yol:ylt / sdfpg'kg]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f pgn] t]x| jif{b]lv k9fO g} 5fl8lbP . 164 j}v/L sIff ^

$= …rfnL{ Rofklng cfºgf] ;dosf dgf]/~hgsf afbzfx x'g\\ .Ú k'li6 ug{'xf;] \\ . %= tnsf] cg'R5b] k9L rf/ cf6] f aF'bfx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \\ M rfnL{ Rofklngn] ;'?sf ;dodf ;j+ fbxLg rnlrqdf sfd u/]sf lyP . pgL To:tf ;fOn]G6 lkmNdsf l;4x:t snfsf/ lyP . ;fOn]G6 lkmNdsf ¿kdf o;cl3sf pgsf ;a}h;f] rnlrqx¿ ;kmn / pTs[6 eO;s]sf lyP t/ Tolt a]nf;Dddf rnlrqsf b'lgofFdf 6sL -af]Ng]_ lsl;dsf rnlrqx¿ cfO;s]sf lyP . pgnfO{ af]Ng] rnlrqdf sfd ug{ ufx|f] nflu/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf rnlrqdf b 6«fDksf] xf:osfl/tf nf]k xf]nf ls eGg] eo lyof] . To;}n] pgn] ;+jfbo'St rnlrqdf lgs} ;do;Dd sfd u/]gg\\ . o;} cndnsf lardf ;g\\ !($) df k|bz{gdf cfPsf] b u|]6 l8S6]6/ pgsf] klxnf] af]nLoS' t rnlrq aGof] / pgL o; lsl;dsf rnlrqdf klg pTs[i6 bl/P . o;/L rfnL{ Rofklng ;ª\\3if{ / ;dk{0faf6 dgf]/~hgsf] b'lgofFsf afbzfx sxlnPsf lyP . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg pgsf clwsfz+ rnlrqx¿df ul/a, >dhLjL / d]l;gtGqn] >ldsx¿nfO{ bafO/fVg] zf;gtGqsf lj?4df Joª\\Uo b]lvg yfn]kl5 cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ b]z 5f]8\\g bafa lbg yfNof] . To;}n] pgL ;g\\ !(%@ df cfˆg} b]z a]nfot kms]{ clg s]xL csf]{ jif{ l:jh/NofG8 uP / ToxL hLjgsf] clGtd ;do -@% l8;]Da/, !(&&_ ;Dd /x] . ^= tkfOsF{ f] ljrf/df snf s] xf] < Ps cg'R5]bdf atfpgx' f;] \\ . &= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf;] \\ M -s_ x\\jfnf{ª\\u M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ /ª\\ud~r M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ snfsfl/tf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ;+jfbxLg rnlrq M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ pkflw M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jv} /L sIff ^ 165

zAbe08f/ != tnsf zAb / ltgsf ldNg] cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M -s_ /ª\\ud~r zf;gk4ltÙ zf;g Joj:yf -v_ cfqmfGt l;kfn'Ù cfºgf] sfddf /fd|f];Fu xft a;]sf] -u_ cfa4 gfrufg, gf6s, v]ns'b cflbsf] cfof]hgf ul/g] d~r -3_ l;4x:t xdnf ul/Psf]Ù ;tfOPsf] -ª_ >dhLjL >d u/L hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ JolQm -r_ zf;gtGq ;DaGwdf ePsf]Ù x/t/xdf afFlwPsf] @= gk] fnL efiffdf ;:+ s[tafxs] cGo efiffaf6 ko| f]u x'g cfPsf zAbnfO{ cfuGts' zAb elgG5 . ca tnsf s'g sg' zAbx¿ cfuGts' xg' \\ < lrg/] cfuGts' hlt vfnL 7fpdF f ;fg{x' f];\\ M 3/, :s'n, b]z, sf/, SofDk;, ;fyL, lrof, xft, k;n, kmf]g, cfdf, lzIfs, k]lG;n, df6f], kfgL, 8«];, af6f], sDKo6' /, n'uf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= …rfnL{ RofklngÚ eGg] kf7af6 cf7 cf]6f cfuGts' zAb l6Kg'xf;] \\ -JolQm, :yfg, ;+:yf / rnlrq jf gf6ssf gfdafxs] _ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= kGw| cf6] f cfuGts' zAb -cEof; @ / # df k/]sfafxs] _ nV] g'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 166 jv} /L sIff ^

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; != ldNg] ;+ofh] s /fvL vfnL 7fpF egx{' f];\\ M -s_ p;n] 6fpsf]eGbf ;fgf] nfUg] 5q] 6f]kL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ xftdf Pp6f n7\\7L af]s]sf] lyof] . -v_ tkfO{FnfO{ Ps hgf snfsf/sf] ofb cfp5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒ Tof] snfsf/ rfnL{ Rofklng xf] . -u_ rfnL{sf] afNosfn si6s/ lyof] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ pgn] hLjgdf x/]; vfPgg\\ . -3_ rfnL{n] w]/} gf6\\ozfnf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lkmNd sDkgLx¿df sfd u/] . -ª_ rfnL{n] cgfyfnodf a:g'k¥of] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ pgsf] kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ lyof] . eg{'kg]{ ;o+ f]hsx¿ M /, eg], tfklg, tyf, lsgeg] @= tnsf lj:doflbafw] s -s – 3_ / lgkft -ª – h_ nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ug{'xf];\\ M -s_ cxf] † M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ P]øof † M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ l5 † M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ :ofaf; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ g} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -5_ kf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -h_ xf} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= tnsf zAbx¿sf] agf]6 b]vfpg'xf;] \\ M k|l;4, czSt, cfa4, a]d]n, cgd]n, cltl/Qm, pksf/ pbfx/0f k|l;4 Ö k| ± l;4 j}v/L sIff ^ 167

$= tnsf pk;u{ nufO{ b'O{ b'O{ cf6] f zAb lgdf0{ f ug'x{ f];\\ M k| M k| ± s[lt Ö k|s[lt k| ± b]z Ö k|b]z k/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pk M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ clt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ a;] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= tnsf] kf7 k9\\g'xf;] \\ / kf7df k|o'Qm rGbl| aGb' nfu]sf zAb l6Kg'xf;] \\ M rfFbLsf] r'/f nfPsL ;flxFnL alxgLn] cfFvfel/ cfF;' kf/]sL lyO{ . p;nfO{ cfºgf /fFuf / e}F;L d/]sfdf eGbf ;fgf] xfF; d/]sfdf lk/ k/]sf] lyof] . Tof] xfF; ;w}F p;sf] cFufnf]df cfO{ a:Yof] . cfFugdf SjfF SjfF ub}{ bf}8GYof] . p;Fu 6fFl;GYof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= kf7af6 cf7 cf6] f rGbl| aGb' nfu]sf zAb l6Kg'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 168 jv} /L sIff ^

;dx\" df efiff != sIffsf ljBfyL{ ^ hgfsf] ;dx\" aGg'xf];\\ . ca x/s] ;d\"xn] tnsf dWo] sg' } JolQmsf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf;] \\ . cfºgf] ;d\"xdf k/]sf] JolQmTjsf af/]df 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ / ;dx\" sf Ps hgfn] pQm JolQmTjsf af/]df atfpgx' f];\\ M @= b'O{ hgfsf] ;d\"xdf a;L bz hgf cfljisf/s / ltgsf cfljisf/sf gfd nV] g'xf];\\ . cfºgf] ;d\"xn] nv] ]sf] cfljisf/s / cfljisf/ sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \\ . j}v/L sIff ^ 169

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf != tnsf] vfnL 7fpdF f cfkm\" nfO{ dg kg]{ cGt/fl{ i6o« JolQmTjsf] lrq agfpgx' f;] \\ . lrq agfpg g;s] kmf]6f] 6f:F gx' f];\\ . To;kl5 pQm JolQmTjsf] 5f]6f] hLjgL n]Vg'xf;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tkfOsF{ f] ufp÷F 6fn] df dxŒjk0\" f{ ofu] bfg k'¥ofpg] Ps hgf JolQmsf af/d] f Ps cg'R5]b nV] gx' f];\\ / pQm s/' f sIffdf k9/] ;'gfpgx' f;] \\ . 170 j}v/L sIff ^

kf7– !# OR5f jv} /L sIff ^ 171

k\"jk{ 7g õ tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps dfq aGg'kg{] eP tkfO{F s] aGg'x'GYof] < lsg < sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ atfpgx' f;] \\ M 8fS6/ slj ufos÷uflosf jlsn g]tf ;dfh;]jL a]kf/L k|fWofks v]nf8L hflg/fVgk' g{] sx] L zAbfyx{ ¿ e|i6frf/ M lgod jf sfgg' lj?4 3;' vfO{ kIfkftk0\" f{ lg0f{o jf Jojxf/ ug]{ sfdÙ g/fd|f] cfr/0f nufa M em'sfa ljjs] M c;n v/fa, ;Toc;To, GofocGofo cflb 56' o\\ fpg] Ifdtf ckfª\\u M z/L/sf] sg' } cª\\u lau]|sf]Ù cª\\ueª\\u ePsf] wf]sf] M rfxgfÙ OR5fÙ clenfiff afFemf] M vghf]t gul/Psf] gfdb{ M xt' Lxf/fÙ 8/5]?jfÙ sfo/ ou' M ;doÙ hdfgf :jfy{ M cfºgf] enfO jf lghL nfeÙ cfºgf] dtna lgi7'/L M lgi7/' Ù lgb{oL hfu[lt M hfu/0fÙ hfuf 172 jv} /L sIff ^

;'gfO / afn] fO !=  !# ;'g]/ hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\\ M -s_ /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/ u/L gofF hLjg lbg] j}1flgs -v_ 3/, ejg, ;8s / k'nx¿sf] l8hfOg ug]{ snfsf/ -u_ uf8L, 6]lnkmf]g, sDKo'6/ cflbsf] cfljisf/ ug]{ OlGhlgo/ -3_ ;'Gb/ sljtf, syf, gf6s cflb n]Vg] 8fS6/ -ª_ gf6s, lkmNddf clego ug{] jf lrq cflb agfpg] ;flxTosf/ @=  !# sf cfwf/df Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ …dÚ eGg] kfqnfO{ ;a}n] s] ;f]lw/xG5g\\ < -v_ …dÚ eGg] kfqsf] hLjgsf] nIo s:tf] 5 < -u_ …dÚ eGg] kfqnfO{ lsg lzIfs aGg] OR5f x'G5 < -3_ …dÚ eGg] kfqnfO{ lsg v]nf8L aGg] OR5f x'G5 < -ª_ …dÚ eGg] kfq hLjgdf s] aGg rfxG5 < #= tkfOF{ s'g} k|f0fL aGgk' ¥of] eg] s'g kf| 0fL aGg rfxg'x'G5 < sf/0f;lxt atfpg'xf];\\ . $= s:tf] dfG5] c;n x'G5 < Ps jfSodf atfpgx' f;] \\ . j}v/L sIff ^ 173

k9fO OR5f ldqnfn k1+ fgL eP/ k};f ljj]s cGwf] ckfªu\\ gxF\" d pGglt u/L ;a}sf] ;fd' xFl;nf] /x\"F d l;h{gf a]nf kl;gf sf9L sfddf /xF\" d kl;gfkl5 cfF;'n] ?‰g] cefuL gx\"F d . k¥' ofpnF f wf]sf] e?Fnf k]6 g/f]O{ eg]/ lxF8]sf] x'G5' af]s]/ ef/L afFemf]df vg]/ v6]sf] x'G5' rl{s{Fbf] 3fd kfgL / cl;gf 7u]/ vfg gk/f];\\ d}n] s;}sf] kl;gf . 174 jv} /L sIff ^

v;|f g} xf]pmg\\ lxtsf jrg xfF;]/ ;xF\" d x]k]sf] klg ;x]/ a:g] gfdb{ gx\"F d d uf]8\\g yfnF\" ou' sf] v]tL hLjg xfn]/ nfUb}g kfk af/Lsf] emf/ vg]/ kmfn]/ . lhGbuLel/ lxtsf ;FuL ;fydf /xF\" d :jfyd{ f ;fyL;uF ftL eN' g] lg7/' gxF\" d hhxfF hfpmF l;h{gf gofF u/L g} /x\"F d an]/ cfkm\" hful[ t Hofl] t 5/L g} /x\"F d . jv} /L sIff ^ 175

k9fO != dflysf] sljtf lgDgfg;' f/ no xfn/] k9\\g'xf;] \\ M -s_ lzIfs;Fu} cgj' frg ub}{ -v_ sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] Ps} kN6 -u_ sIffdf Ps} a]Gr jf ;dx\" df a:g] ljBfyL{x¿n] Ps}kN6 -3_ PSn} @= 5'6s] f zAb e/L tnsf] Znfs] k\"/f ugx'{ f;] \\ M v;|f g} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lxtsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfF;]/ ;xF\" d x]k]sf] klg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ a:g] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gxF\" d d ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ yfn\"F ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v]tL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfn]/ nfUb}g ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ af/Lsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vg]/ kmfn]/ . #= sljtfsf] clGtd Znf]s s07 kf/L ;'gfpgx' f;] \\ . $= sljtfsf cfwf/df -c_ / -cf_ sf] hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M c cf -s_ pGglt u/]/ kfk nfUb}g . -v_ s;}sf] kl;gf 7u]/ vfg' gk/f];\\ . -u_ lxtsf jrg v;|f g} eP klg ;a}sf] ;fd' xFl;nf] x'gk' 5{ . -3_ af/Ldf pd]|sf emf/ vg]/ kmfNbf la;{g] lg7'/ x'gx' 'Gg . -ª_ :jfy{df k/]/ ;fyL;Fuflt xfF;]/ ;xgk' 5{ . %= l7s pQ/ /h] f nufpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ xfdLn] k};f sdfPkl5 -c_ ljj]s u'dfP/ cGwf] x'g'x'Fb}g . -cf_ ljj]sxLg ag] klg xG' 5 . -v_ xfdLn] csf/0f s;}n] x]k]sf] -c_ ;x]/ a:g'k5{ . -cf_ ;x]/ a:g'x'Fb}g . -u_ xfd|f lxtsf ;fyLnfO{ -c_ lhGbuLel/ la;{gx' 'Fb}g . -cf_ :jfy{ k\"/f ePkl5 lal;{lbP x'G5 . 176 j}v/L sIff ^

^= tnsf] kf7 k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M d/] f] ldqnfO{ z'esfdgf b'Mvsf 38Ldf klg ltdL cfkm}F ;Dxflng ;s . lg/fzfn] 5fpFbf klg cf]7df d':sfg /fVg ;s . afbnn] k5\\ofpFbf klg OGb]|gL /Rg ;s . lhGbuL r'gf}tL xf] ;fdgf ug{ ;s . ;kmntf v8' \\lsnf dfq xf] ;w}F c;n aGg ;s . k|Zgx¿ -s_ bM' vsf] 38Ldf s] ug{'k5{ < -v_ afbnn] k5\\ofpg' eg]sf] s] xf]nf < -u_ lhGbuL ;fFRr} rg' f}tL g} xf] < -3_ tkfO{F ;kmn aGg rfxg'x'G5 ls c;n < &= OR5f sljtf k9/] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ …OR5fÚ sljtfdf Ps nfOgdf slt cf]6f j0f{ 5g\\ < -cfwf cIf/afx]s_ -v_ no ldnfP/ k9\\bf sltcf}F cIf/kl5 Psl5g /f]lsG5 < -u_ sljtfsf] x/]s nfOgsf] clGtdeGbf cufl8sf] j0f{ x|:j jf bL3{ s] 5 < -3_ OR5f sljtfdf slt cf]6f x/km 5g\\ < *= kbqmd ldnfO{ ;fg'x{ f;] \\ M -s_ pGglt u/L ;a}sf] ;fd' xFl;nf] /x\"F d d pGglt u/]/ ;a}sf] ;fd' xFl;nf] /xF\" . -v_ 7u]/ vfg gk/f];\\ d}n] s;}sf] kl;gf . -u_ nfUb}g kfk af/Lsf] emf/ vg]/ kmfn]/ . -3_ lxF8]sf] x'G5' af]s]/ ef/L afFemf]df vg]/ . -ª_ d uf]8\\g yfn\"F o'usf] v]tL hLjg xfn]/ . j}v/L sIff ^ 177

nv] fO != …OR5fÚ sljtf /fdf| cIf/df sfkLdf ;fg{x' f];\\ M @= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ slj wgL eP klg s:tf] JolSt aGg rfxGgg\\ < -v_ sljsf] ljrf/df s:tf] JolSt cefuL x'G5 < -u_ slj sg' s/' f xfF;]/ ;xg rfxG5g\\ < -3_ sljsf] ljrf/df s] ubf{ kfk nfUb}g < -ª_ slj hLjgdf s] 5g{ rfxG5g\\ < #= a9fP/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M lhGbuLel/ lxtsf ;FuL ;fydf /x\"F d :jfy{df ;fyL;ª\\uftL e'Ng] lg7'/L gx\"F d . $= …OR5f sljtfdf h:t} no ldnfP/ c¿ rf/ x/kmsf] sljtf nV] gx' f;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= sljtfdf k|ofu] ePsf tnsf zAbx¿ k|ofu] u/L gofF jfSo agfpg'xf;] \\ M ljj]s M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pGglt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ l;h{gf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wf]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jrg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ o'u M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfu[lt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 178 jv} /L sIff ^

^= sljtfaf6 bL3{ pmsf/ -pm÷\"_ nfu]sf zAbx¿ gbfx] f¥] ofO{ ;fgx{' f;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ &= tnsf] ze' sfdgf kq x]/L tkfOF{ klg s'g} kj{ jf pT;jsf] cj;/df tof/ kfl/g] Pp6f ze' sfdgf kq tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ M lk|o /dz] † gof“ jif{ @)&* sf] ;v' b cj;/df tkfOF{ / tkfOF{sf] kl/jf/hgdf ;:' jf:Yo, bL3fo{ ' / pQ/f]Q/ ku| ltsf] sfdgf JoSt ub{5' . k|df]b *= …d]/f] OR5fÚ zLifs{ df Pp6f 5f]6f] sljtf jf ;Q/L krxQ/ zAbsf] Pp6f cgR' 5b] nV] gx' f];\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jv} /L sIff ^ 179

zAbe08f/ != tnsf zAb / ltgsf cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M ljj]s ™ ™ xt' Lxf/fÙ 8/5]?jf wf]sf] ™ ™ hfufÙ hfu/0f afFemf] ™ ™ cfºgf] enfO jf lghL nfe gfdb{ ™ ™ clenfiffÙ OR5f :jfy{ ™ ™ c;nv/fa, ;Toc;To, GofocGofo cflb 5'6\\ofpg] Ifdtf hfu[lt ™ ™ vghf]t gul/Psf] @= tnsf jfSodf /ª\\uLg zAbx¿sf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ xfdL ef]ln o; an] f;Dd 3/ cfOk'U5f}F . an] f M ;do efOn] an] f ahfpg hfg]sf] 5 . a]nf M Ps lsl;dsf] afhfÙ efof]lng -v_ ltdL snsf] kfgL gvfpm . sn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfdf;Fu sn u/]/ b'Mv gb]pm x} . sn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ sf7df8f}F oxfFaf6 pQ/lt/ 5 . pQ/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ltd|f] pQ/n] d]/f] lrQ a'em]g . pQ/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ v/Lsf] af]6g]/ k;n 5 . v/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ltd|f] dfbnsf] v/L em/]sf] /x]5 . v/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= tnsf cgs] fy{s zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ kq ! -lr7L_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kq @ -tx_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ;fFrf] ! -;To_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fFrf] @ -rfaL_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ xf/ ! -dfnf_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf/ @ -k/fho_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 180 j}v/L sIff ^

$= tnsf] cgR' 5b] k9\\g'xf];\\ . ;dx\" jfrL zAb klxrfg u/L vfnL 7fpFdf n]Vg'xf;] \\ M d lxpFb] labfdf dfdf3/ uPF . dfdf3/ ufpFdf 5 . d df3] ;ª\\qmflGtsf lbg dfdf;Fu d]nf x]g{ uPF . d]nfdf dflg;x¿sf] le8 lyof] . kms{Fbf hª\\unlt/ ufO{a:t'sf] ayfg b]v]F . ToxfF vnfdf cª\\u'/sf em'Kkf b]v]/ d 5Ss} k/]F . cGgsf] /f; yk' f/]sf] lyof] . ToxfF k|x/Lsf] kmf}h bf}l8/x]sf] lyof] . k;ndf lstfa a]Rg]n] vft nufPsf lyP . ;fusf d7' fx¿ a]Rg /flvPsf lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= tnsf ;d\"xjfrL zAb / j:ts' f] hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M k/fnsf] sG' o' bfp/fsf] xf/ sldnfsf] tfFtL ljjfxsf] hGtL ldqx¿sf] d08nL kj{tsf] >[ª\\vnf k\"mnsf] u'R5f ^= g+= % sf s'g} kfFr cf6] f ;dx\" jfrL zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug'x[{ f];\\ . j}v/L sIff ^ 181

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; s'/fsfgL ! -s_ xh/' slxn] kmls{aS;G5 < -v_ Ps dlxgfkl5 . ltdL rflxF slxn] kms{G5f} < -s_ d klg Ps dlxgfkl5 g} kms{G5' . s/' fsfgL @ -s_ tkfO{F sxfF hfgx' 'G5 < -v_ ahf/ † tF rflxF sxfF hfG5;\\ lg < -s_ d t 3/lt/} hfG5' . != dflysf s/' fsfgL k9\\g'xf];\\ / tnsf zAbaf6 ;'? x'g] jfSo ;fg'{xf;] \\ M tF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ltdL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tkfO{F M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xh'/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf jfSodf pkoS' t lqmof /fVg'xf];\\ M -s_ ltdL ahf/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -v_ xh/' n] ;fdfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -u_ pgL u[xsfo{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -3_ t}Fn] ;a}nfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . #= tnsf tflnsfaf6 rf/ cf]6f jfSo agfpgx' f;] \\ . s]xL zAb cfjZos k/] yKg ;Sgx' G' 5 . tF agfpF5;\\ . ltdL agfpF5f} . tkfO{F agfpg'xG' 5 . xh/' agfOaS;G5 . 182 jv} /L sIff ^

$= tnsf jfSodf cfb/fyL{ ldn]sf 5}gg\\ . ldnfP/ nV] gx' f];\\ M -s_ ltdL kf}8L v]Ngx' G' 5 . -v_ t}Fn] ;a}nfO{ af]nfof} . -u_ xh'/n] xfdLnfO{ lrg]gf} . -3_ tkfO{F kxf8 hfG5;\\ . -ª_ p;n] syf n]Vge' of] . -r_ pgn] 3/ agfpge' of] . -5_ pxfF sljtf n]V5;\\ . %= lnª\\u ;ª\\ult ldnfO{ jfSo z'4 ug'{xf];\\ M -s_ d]/f] cfdf dnfO{ l;sfpg'xG' 5 . -v_ d]/f] alxgL cfof] . -u_ /fdsL alxgLx¿ v]N5g\\ . -3_ xfd|L efO cfof] . -ª_ p;sf] lbbL sn]h k9\\g'x'lG5g\\ . ^= tnsf jfSox¿ jrg ldnfO{ ;fg{x' f;] \\ M -s_ tFx¿ s] ub}{ 5;\\ < -v_ d]/L alxgLx¿ cfof] . &= tnsf jfSodf lnª\\u ;ªu\\ lt ldn]sf 5g} g\\ . ldnfP/ ;fg{x' f;] \\ M -s_ d]/f] 5f]/L 5 sIffdf k9\\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ tf/L ufO{n] 3fF; vfFb} 5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ piff alxgL lgs} af7f] 5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ dugL{ lbbL lgs} df]6f] x'g'xG' 5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ p;sf] cfdf hflu/] x'g'x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ *= tnsf cy{;Fu ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] nV] g'xf];\\ M dfGo xg' fsf] efj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kqklqsf ;Dkfbg ug]{ JolSt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kIfkft gePsf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ df};dcg;' f/sf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jf:tljstfdf cfwlf/t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 183

(= lrq lrgL k9\\gx' f];\\ M s'/fsfgLdf ;xefuL JolStx¿nfO{ k?' if elgG5 . d xfdL s'/fsfgLdf jStfsf] ¿kdf ;xefuL d, xfdL h:tf ;j{gfdn] k|yd k?' if a'emfpF5g\\ . s/' fsfgLdf >f]tfsf] ¿kdf ;xefuL tF, ltdL, tkfO{F, h:tf ltdL ltdLx¿ ;j{gfdn] låtLo k?' ifnfO{ a'emfpF5g\\ . s'/fsfgLdf ljifosf] ¿kdf cfpg] pm, pgL, pxfF / cGo gfdx¿n] t[tLo k?' ifnfO{ a'emfpF5g\\ . pm pgLx¿ !)= tnsf jfSox¿ s'g k'?ifsf xg' \\ < n]Vg'xf;] \\ M -s_ d eft vfG5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ltdL ahf/ uof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ pgLx¿ ljBfyL{ x'g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ tkfO{F syf k9\\gx' G' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ efOn] u[xsfo{ u¥of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ xfdL ldlxg]t u5f}{F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ !!= tnsf jfSodf stf{ / lqmoflar k?' if ldn]sf 5}gg\\, ldnfP/ ;fgx'{ f;] \\ M -s_ d 3/df k9\\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ tkfO{Fx¿ uLt ufpF5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ p;n] lrq agfof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 184 j}v/L sIff ^

-3_ ltdLn] vfgf ksfPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ xfdL gfrufgdf /dfpF5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ !@= tnsf zAbdf ePsf kT| oo 5'6o\\ fP/ b]vfpg'xf;] \\ M k9Gt] Ö k9\\ ± cGt] 3f]sGt] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ n]vfO Ö n]v\\ ± cfO af]nfO Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s'?jf Ö s/' \\ ± pjf 8n' 'jf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ agf]6 Ö ag\\ ± cf]6 a'gf]6 Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /l;nf] Ö /; ± Onf] dlnnf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ug{ Ö u/\\ Ö g v]Ng Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfg] Ö hf ± g] vfg] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ug{' Ö u/\\ ± g' vfg' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ± ÒÒÒÒÒÒ !#= tnsf k|Too nufP/ Ps Ps zAb agfpgx' f];\\ M cGt], cfO, pjf, cf]6, Onf], g, g], g' !$= tnsf zAbdf l7s 7fpdF f lz/laGb' nufpgx' f];\\ M ;of]hs, ;jfb, x;, cz, jz, ;xf/, ;:s[lt, ;:sf/, ;/If0f, ;nUg jv} /L sIff ^ 185

;d\"xdf efiff != tkfOsF{ f ;ft hgf ;fyLnfO{ ;fw] L tnsf] tflnsf egx{' f;] \\ M ;fyLsf] gfd hLjgsf] nIo sf/0f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= bO' { hgfsf] ;dx\" aGgx' f;] \\ / tnsf] tflnsfdf a9LeGbf a9L zAb vfh] L 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \\ . 3/] f nufPsf zAbx¿ sfkLdf ;fgx{' f;] \\ . bz ldg6] df slt cf6] f zAb tflnsfaf6 l6Kg ;Sge' of] < lj b'M v lxF 8f O ld q tf wf] u j] :g] ;D em gf qmf] w v' ;L sf] l/ s x l/ ; lx+ ; lx ljZ jf ; aL b ;' k|] d ;f df t ld lx g] t of v ;b\\ ef j g k l/ > d x df of d d tf tf sf o / tf if{ 186 j}v/L sIff ^

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/of]hgf != tkfOsF{ f] kl/jf/sf cyjf 5/l5d]ssf kfFr hgf tkfOF{eGbf 7'nf JolStnfO{ e6] g\\ xf;] \\ . pxfFx¿n] kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] eP bl' gofFsf] sg' s'/f kl/jt{g ugx'{ G' Yof] < pxfFx¿nfO{ ;fw] /] tnsf] tflnsf egx'{ f];\\ M gfd tkfO{F pxfnF fO{ sg' pxfnF ] kl/jtg{ ug{ rfxs] f] s/' f ;fOgfn] ] af]nfpgx' 'G5 < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf] pd/] df tkfO{F s] ub}{ xg' x' fn] f < sNkgf u/]/ n]Vg'xf;] \\ M la; jif{sf] pd]/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lt; jif{sf] pd]/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ rfln; jif{sf] pd]/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ krf; jif{sf] pd]/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;f7L jif{sf pd]/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Q/L jif{sf] pd]/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c;L jif{sf] pd]/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 187

188 jv} /L sIff ^

kf7– !$ xf?gsf] d/' nL j}v/L sIff ^ 189

k\"j{k7g õ tnsf jfBoGqsf gfd nV] g'xf];\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hflg/fVg'kg{] s]xL zAbfyx{ ¿ kl/;/ M cf;kf;sf] 7fpFÙ sDkfpG8 kl| tef M ljz]if vfnsf] Ifdtf b[li6ljxLg M cfFvfn] b]Vg g;Sg] lgofNg' M ulx/f] u/L x]g{' d'/nLjfbs M d/' nL ahfpg] c;xfo M ;xf/f gePsf wg' M ufgfsf] ljz]if :j/sDkg kl| tefzfnL M Ifdtf ePsfÙ k|ltef ePsf k|z;+ f M tfl/km x/;] M lg/fzf lj>fd M cf/fd :tAw M af]Ng rNg g;Sg] bª\\u M dVv unf cj?4 M af]Ng g;Sg] cj:yf cj:yf 190 jv} /L sIff ^

;'gfO / afn] fO !=  !$ ;'g]/ hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ klg xfQL cftª\\s g} dlRrP5 . -v_ clg To;} hª\\unL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfg{ kfOG5 / < -u_ clg s;/L jGohGt'sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ug]{ t < -3_ xf], hª\\unL hgfj/x¿sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ aRg] pkfox¿ w]/} 5g\\ . -ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ klg hufpg' k5{ . @=  !$ sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ clgn / cho sxfF hfFbf s/' f ub}{ 5g\\ < -v_ clgn / chon] sxfFsf] ;d:ofsf] af/]df s/' f ub}{ 5g\\ < -u_ hª\\unL hgfj/sf af/]df cGt/f{li6«o sfgg' df s] 5 < -3_ hª\\unL hgfj/x¿nfO{ ;/+ If0fsf nflu 5f]l8Psf] 7fpFnfO{ s] elgG5 < -ª_ hª\\unL hgfj/af6 aRg] s'g} tLg pkfo atfpg'xf];\\ . -r_ jGohGts' f ljifodf lsg hgr]tgf hufpgk' 5{ < #= tkfOF{ sg' } jGohGt' cf/If0f Ifq] df k'Ug'ePsf] 5 < pQm 7fpsF f af/]df atfpgx' f;] \\ . $= xfdLn] jGohGt'sf] ;/+ If0f lsg ug{k' 5{ < atfpg'xf];\\ . jv} /L sIff ^ 191

k9fO xf?gsf] d'/nL – s[i0f zfx …ofqLÚ :yfg M sg' } dlGb/ kl/;/ ;do M laxfg kfqx¿ xf?g cnL M Ps bl[ i6ljxLg afns÷d/' nL afbs -jif{ !#_ ;fgL M sIff % df k9\\g] Ps aflnsf -jif{ !!_ /fd' M sIff ^ df k9\\g] Ps afns -jif{ !@_ 8]la8 M sIff ^ df k9\\g] Ps afns -jif{ !@_ cª\\sn M /fd' / 8l] a8sf] cªs\\ n÷;ªu\\ Ltsf/ -jif{ $%_ -Pp6f k/' fgf] vfnsf] dlGb/ b]lvG5 . dflg;x¿ cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x]sf xG' 5g\\ . dflGb/sf] cufl8 Ps hgf afns xf?g cnL d/' nL ahfO/x]sf xG' 5g\\ . xf?g cnL b[li6ljxLg x'G5g\\ . s]xL dflg; d/' nLsf] w'g Wofg lbP/ ;l' g/x]sf xG' 5g\\ . glhs} ;fgL kmn\" a]lr/x]sL x'lG5g\\ ._ ;fgL M n cfpg;' \\ xh/' . la; ?k}ofFdf kmn\" , c5]tf / k|;fb n}hfg'xf];\\ . cfpg'xf];\\ . cfpgx' f];\\ xh/' . tfhf, ;kmf / ;'Gb/ km\" n n}hfg'xf];\\ . -To;} a]nf /fd' / 8]la8 cˆgf cª\\snl;t 3D' g cfPsf xG' 5g\\ ._ /fd' M cª\\sn † cª\\sn † dnfO{ Tof] /ftf] un' fkmsf] k\"mn dg k5{ . lslglbg'xf];\\ g. 192 jv} /L sIff ^

8]la8 M clg dnfO{ pm Tof] nfnLuF'/f; dg k¥of] . lslglbgx' f];\\ g . cªs\\ n M P ===, ltdLnfO{ k\"mn dg k¥of] < kv{ x} t . cª\\sn -cª\\sn;Fu} /fd' / 8]la8 klg ;fgLglhs hfG5g\\ ._ ;fgL M gfgL † pm Tof] u'nfkm / nfnLu'F/f;sf] slt k5{ < cªs\\ n M v} slt eGg] cª\\sn . Tolt dfq} km\" n nfg] eP cfkm}F ldnfP/ lbg'xf];\\ g . ;fgL M n To;f] eP bz ?k}ofF lbG5', x} t < M xj;\\ . -;fgL u'nfkm / nfnLu'/fF; lblG5g\\ . /fd' / 8]la8 v;' L x'Fb} km\" n cªs\\ m ;fgL lnG5g\\ ._ M -;fgLnfO{_ gfgL ltdL k9\\g hfFlbgf} < /fd M hfG5' lg cª\\sn . d kfFr sIffdf k9\\5' . :s'n labfsf] lbg d of] k;ndf ;fgL /fd' a;]/ cfdfnfO{ kfnf] lbg] sfd ub{5' . ;fgL M ltd|f] gfd s] xf] < 8l] a6 M d]/f] gfd ;fgL xf] < M ;fgL † clg ltdL slta]nf xf]djs{ u5\\of}{ lg < ;fgL M d k;naf6 kmls{Pkl5 xf]djs{ u5'{ . cªs\\ n M -lha|f] lgsfNb}_ cf]xf] † k;ndf sfd ubf{ t yflsG5 lg . clg xf]djs{ ug{ ;fgL cN5L nfUb}g < /fd' M cfºgf] sfd ug{ slxNo} cN5L dfGg'xF'b}g . ;fgL M cfxf † ;fgLn] slt /fd|f] s/' f ul/g\\ . b]Vof} t /fd' . ;fgL slt ldlxg]tL cªs\\ n l5g\\ . ;fgL M cª\\sn . deGbf emg\\ xf?g bfO lgSs} ldlxg]tL x'g'xG' 5 . M xf?g < sf] xf?g < ;fgL M xf?g cnL bfO Sof t . -xftn] O;f/f ub}{_ pm k/ d'/nL ahfpg] . pxfF xf?g ;fgL d/' nL lgSs} ld7f] ahfpg'xG' 5 . s] tkfO{Fx¿ xf?g bfO;Fu kl/ro ug{ rfxgx' 'G5 < xf?g M xG' 5 lg ;fgL . M n To;f] eP d;Fu cfpg';\\ . -glhs}sf] ;fyLnfO{_ ldgf † d]/f] k\"mn klg x]l/b]pm n . d pxfFx¿nfO{ xf?g bfOsfdf k¥' ofP/ cfOxfN5' . -rf/} hgf xf?g eP 7fpFdf cfpF5g\\ ._ M xf?g bfO † M -;DxflnFb}_ sf] < ;fgL < M xf], xf?g bfO < tkfO{Fsf] d'/nL ;'Gg Ps hgf cª\\sn / ;fgf ;fyLx¿ cfpge' Psf] 5 . M P xf] < jv} /L sIff ^ 193

cª\\sn M xf] lg xf?g afa' . ;fgLn] ltd|f] v'a} k|z;+ f ul/g\\ . g;'gL dgn] dfGb} dfg]g . n ;g' f}F g t, xf?gsf] d'/nL . xf?g M clg slt hgf < sf] sf] x'gx' 'G5 lg < /fd' M d /fd' / pm 8]la8 klg 5f}F . dnfO{ klg d'/nL ahfpg dg k5{ t/ hfGb} hflGbgF . :sn' df s[i0f ;/n] ahfpg l;sfpg'xG' 5 . x}g t 8]la8 < 8l] a8 M xf] lg † cªs\\ n M x'G5 . x'G5 . -;fgL hflG5g\\ . xf?g d/' nL ahfpg yfN5g\\ . ;a}hgf Wofg lbP/ ;G' g yfN5g\\ . pgn] d/' nL ahfPsf] ;'g/ ;a} bª\\u k5{g\\ . xf?gsf] d'/nL ahfpg 5f8]/ lj>fd lnG5g\\ ._ xf?g M clg s:tf] nfUof] t d]/f] d/' nLsf] w'g < cª\\sn M afa' † ltdLleq Pp6f 7n' f] snfsf/ ns' ]sf] /x]5 . xf?g M wGojfb cª\\sn † cª\\sn M xf?g † ltdLnfO{ of] d/' nL ahfpg s;n] l;sfPsf] xf] < xf?g M d]/f aa' fn] l;sfpge' Psf] xf], cª\\sn . cª\\sn M clg ltd|f aa' f sxfF xg' x' G' 5 t < -crfgs xf?gsf] unf cj?4 xG' 5 . cfFvfsf] l8ndf cfF;' b]lvG5 . xf?g s]xL af]Ng vf]H5, t/ ;Sb}g . ;fgL cfOk'lU5g\\ ._ ;fgL M n, km]l/ tkfO{Fn] klg xf?g bfOsf] aa' fsf] s/' f sf]6\\ofpge' of] ls Sof xf] < cª\\sn M xf] ;fgL † d}n] ;f]w]sf] dfq s] lyPF, xf?g afa' t ?g kf] yfn] . ;fgL M g;f]w]s} eP a]; x'GYof] cª\\sn † cªs\\ n M lsg / ;fgL < ;fgL M xf?g bfOsf aa' fnfO{ kf]xf]/ ;fn uf8Ln] 7Ss/ lbP/ df/]sf] xf] . Tof] 36gfn] ubf{ xf?g bfOn] lgs} lbg vfg'ePg . la/fdL klg kg'{eof] . of] s'/f u¥of] ls pxfFsf] unf g} /f]lsG5 . cªs\\ n M cfxf] † ;fx|} g/fd|f] 36gf 36]5 . d ca ;f]lWbgF . of] ;g' ]/ dnfO{ klg ;fx|} bM' v nfUof] . xf?g M eof] cª\\sn . ca t d}n] klg lal;{;s]{F . of] b'MvLsf] ;fg}df cfdf laTge' of] . Ps dfq ;xf/f aa' fnfO{ klg sfnn] rfF8} nUof] . ca t afFRg] ;xf/f of] d'/nL dfq ag]sf] 5 . wGg ;fgLh:tf ;fyLx¿ kfPsf] 5' / of] ;+;f/ /dfOnf] nfU5 . cªs\\ n M xf?g † ltdL ;ª\\uLt l;Sg / k9\\g rfxG5f} < 194 j}v/L sIff ^

xf?g M k9\\g kfP lsg gk9\\g' lg . t/, tL ;a} ;kgf xg' \\ d]/f nflu . /fd' M ;fgL . xfd|f] cª\\sn klg /fd|f] ;ª\\uLtsf/ xg' x' 'G5 . pxFfn] w]/} uLt ufpge' Psf] 5 . xf?g M P xf] / < 8]la8 M xf] lg . clg cª\\sn Pp6f ;ª\\uLt ljBfnodf k9fpg' klg xG' 5 . xf?g M xf] cª\\sn † cªs\\ n M xf] xf?g . d}n] ltd|} k|ltefnfO{ lgofln/x]sf] lyPF w]/} b]gb]lv . cfh aNn glhsaf6 a‰' g kfPF . s] ltdL ;ª\\uLt ljBfnodf k9\\g rfxG5f} < xf?g M t/ d s;/L k9\\g ;S5' / < k9\\g] k};f s;n] lbG5 dnfO{ < cª\\sn M xf?g, ltdLh:t} c;xfo / t/ k|ltefzfnL afnaflnsfx¿sf lglDt 5fqj[lQ ;d]t xfdLn] Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}F . d Tof] kf7zfnfsf] lk|lG;kn klg xF' . ltdLnfO{ k9\\g], a:g] / vfg] Joj:yf d ldnfOlbG5' xf?g † ltdL d;Fu lxF8 . ltdL ef]lnsf] Pp6f /fd|f] snfsf/ aGg ;S5f} . ;fgL M s] ;fFRr} xf] < To;f] eP xf?g bfOn] klg k9\\g kfpg] x'g'eof] < cª\\sn M xf], ;fgL . ca xf?g klg :s'n hfg]5g\\ . /fd'÷8]la8 M cfxf † ca xf?g klg :sn' hfg] † -;a}sf] cgx' f/df v;' L cfpF5 . xf?gnfO{ la:tf/} ;a}n] p7fpF5g\\ . xf?g M cª\\sn † dnfO{ cem} ljZjf; nfu]sf] 5}g . s] d :s'n k9\\g ;Sg]5' < cªs\\ n M xf?g † ltdLn] cfFvfn] x]g{ g;Sb}df x/]; vfg'x'Fb}g . cj;/ kfPsf] v08df ltdLn] h] klg ug{ ;S5f} . xfd|} dn' 'sdf klg y'k|} gfd sxlnPsf b[li6ljxLg ufos–uflosf tyf ;ª\\uLtsf/x¿ 5g\\ . n lxF8, hfcf}F ca=== xf?g M cª\\sn † tkfO{FnfO{ w]/} w]/} wGojfb . cªs\\ n M wGojfb dnfO{ x}g, ltd|f] d'/nLnfO{ lbgk' 5{ h;n] xfdL ;a}sf] dg tfGg ;Sof] . ls s;f] ;fgL < ;fgL M xf] lg cª\\sn † -;F'Ss–;'FSs ub}{_ xf?g bfO, oxfFaf6 uPkl5 dnfO{ gla;{g'xf];\\ x} < clg hfg'eGbf cl3 clGtd k6s d'/nL ahfOlbgx' f];\\ g . xf?g M ;fgL < s] eg]sL < ltdL t d]/L Kof/L a}gL xf} < d la;{GgF . -;fgLsf] dx' f/ xftn] 5'G5 ._ ;fgL ltdL /f]PsL < s] ltdL v;' L 5}gf} < ;fgL M -cfF;' k'5\\b}_ xf]Og xf?g bfO † d t c;fWo} v;' L 5' . v;' Ln] Psk6s d'/nL ahfP/ dfq hfg;' \\ x} < clg k9]/ 7n' f] dfG5] xg' ';\\ . -;fgLsf] s'/fn] ;a} :tAw x'G5g\\ . xf?gn] d/' nLnfO{ r'D5 / ahfpg yfN5 . ld7f] w'gdf ;a}hgf cfglGbt xG' 5g\\ . kbf{ la:tf/} v:5 ._ j}v/L sIff ^ 195

k9fO != …xf?gsf] d/' nLÚ kf7 sIffdf kfrF kfFr hgfsf] ;dx\" ag]/ xfpefp;lxt k9\\gx' f;] \\ . @= …xf?gsf] d'/nLÚ kf7sf cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M xf?g cnL ;ª\\uLtsf/ tyf lk|lG;kn ;fgL /fd'sf] ;fyL /fd' b[li6ljxLg afns 8]la8 km\" n a]Rg] ;fgL s]6L cª\\sn 8]la8sf] ;fyL #= kf7 k9L l7s a]l7s 56' o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ b[li6ljxLg xf?g Ps /fd|f] d/' nLjfbs xg' \\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ 8]la8nfO{ /ftf] un' fasf] k\"mn dg k5{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ;fgL aa' fnfO{ k;ndf kfnf] lblG5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ kf7df cfPsL ldgf klg k\"mn a]lR5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ xf?g / ;fgL cfºg} bfh'alxgL x'g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ uf8Ln] 7Ss/ lbPsf sf/0f xf?gsL cfdfsf] d[To' eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= Ps zAbdf pQ/ eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ 8]la8nfO{ s]sf] km\" n dg k5{ < -v_ ;fgL slt sIffdf k9\\l5g\\ < -u_ ;fgLsf ljrf/df ;aeGbf ldlxg]tL sf] x'g\\ < -3_ xf?gsf] d'/nLsf] wg' ;G' g slt hgf uP < -ª_ xf?gn] lsg w]/} lbg vfgf vfPgg\\ < 196 jv} /L sIff ^