Baikhari Nepali Book class 6

;'gfO / af]nfO !=  $ ;'g/] 56' s] f zAbx¿ /fvL jfSo k\"/f ug{x' f];\\ M -s_ sf]xL sf]xL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dN\" ojfg\\ 7fG5g\\ . -v_ olt dfq xf]Og, /fd|f] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ klg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ z/L/ xg' k' 5{ . -u_ ltdLn] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ u'dfof} eg] s]xL klg ud' fPgf} . -3_ :jf:Yo ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fVg] sfo{df xfdL x/kn ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /xgk' 5{ . @= tnsf s'g sg' jfSox¿  $ sf] kf7df lyPgg\\ < cEof; ! df ;g' s] f] s'/f ;Dem/] kQf nufpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ xfd|f] z/L/ :j:y 5 eg] h] klg ug{ ;S5f}F . -v_ ;DklQ ud' fof}F eg] w]/} lrh ud' fof}F . -u_ /fd|f] s/' f ;f]Rg klg OHht rflxG5 . -3_ :j:y z/L/df :j:y ljrf/sf] af; xG' 5 . -ª_ sf]xL sf]xL ljBfnfO{ d\"Nojfg\\ 7fG5g\\ . #= ;Dem/] pQ/ eGg'xf];\\ M -s_ s] s] ug{ :j:y z/L/ xg' 'k5{ < -v_ s:tf] z/L/df :j:y ljrf/sf] af; x'G5 < -u_ :jf:Yo;DaGwL lrlgofF efiffdf s:tf] egfO 5 < $= tkfOF{sf] ljrf/df :jf:Yoafxs] csf{] dxŒjk0\" f{ s/' f s] xf]nf < atfpgx' f];\\ . %= tkfOFs{ f] kl/jf/df sf]xL gofF dfG5] cfpbF f s;/L :jfut ug{x' G' 5 < pxfFnfO{ sxfF /fVg'x'G5 < s] v'jfpg'x'G5 < s] s] eGg'xG' 5 < atfpg'xf;] \\ . j}v/L sIff ^ 47

k9fO cfdfaa' fnfO{ lr7L ldlt M @)&^÷$÷#) afnfh,' sf7df8f}F k\"hgLo cfdfaa' f ;fb/ gd:sf/ † xh'/x¿sf] cfzLjf{bn] cfhsf ldlt;Dd cf/fd 5' / xh/' x¿sf ufydf klg cf/fd} /xf];\\ egL xflb{s sfdgf ub{5' . xh'/x¿n] cfºgf] Ps dfq ;GtfgnfO{ k7fPsf] lzIffkq kfPF . Hofb} v;' L nfUof] . lr7L k9\\bf xh'/x¿sf] cg'xf/ emnemnL ofb cfof] . To;n} ] d}n] lr7L Psk6s xf]Og, k6s k6s k9]F . lzIff lng ;x/ k:g] ²ddf dn} ] oxfF cfP/ w]/} s'/f a‰' g] cj;/ kfPF . ;a}eGbf dxŒjk\"0f{ s'/f t :jf:Yo g} wg xf] eGg] s/' f dn} ] a'emF] . xfn cfP/ ;x/sf dfG5] cfºgf] :jf:Yo tGb?' :t agfpg k|of;/t 5g\\ . ;dodf :jf:Yos/ vfgkfg / lgoldt s;/t c;n :jf:Yosf /x:o /x5] g\\ . plrt cfxf/ljxf/, zf/Ll/s Jofofdn] :jf:YonfO{ /fd|f] u5{ . plrt dgf/] ~hg clg cf/fdn] c;n :jf:YonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] /x5] . o:tf s'/f lxhf]cfh ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWoddf tyf kqklqsfdf klg JofKt 5g\\ . dn} ] hfgs] f] s/' f xh/' x¿;uF u/]sf] x'F . emf8fkvfnfsf] dxfdf/Ln] lxhfc] fh ufpF g} ;ft] / agfPsf] bM' vb\\ ;dfrf/ d}n] 48 j}v/L sIff ^

;g' s] f] 5' . ;kmf / :j:y kfgLsf] cefjsf ;fy} :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;fjwfgLsf] cefjdf o:tf dxfdf/L kml} nPsf x'g ;S5g\\ . dn} ] oL ;a} s'/f oxfF pNn]v ug'{sf] d'Vo sf/0f xh'/x¿nfO{ cfºgf] :jf:Yosf ljifodf ;rt] /xg cfu|x ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu xh/' x¿n] :jR5 / pdfn]sf] kfgL dfq lkpg] ug'{xfn] f . tfhf kmnkm\" n vfg], ;dodf vfgf vfg,] ;dodf ;'Tg], p7\\g] / cfjZos dfq kl/>d u/L z/L/nfO{ s]xL cf/fd klg lbg'ePsf] v08df xh/' x¿sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] xG' 5 . :j:y kl/jf/df dfq :j:y jftfj/0f l;h{gf xG' 5 . :jf:Yo lalu|Psf] v08df kl/jf/df tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . ?ko} fF–k;} fsf] aaf{bL xG' 5 . la/fdL t la/fdL eof], kl/jf/sf c¿n] ;d]t bM' v kfp5F g\\ . To;n} ] ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf 7n' f] ;DklQ g} cfºgf] :jf:Yo /x]5 . x'g t xh/' x¿nfO{ d s] egF,\" xh'/x¿ g} o; ljifodf hflgkmsf/ x'g'x'G5 . rfF8} xh'/x¿af6 csf]{ lzIffkq kfpg] cfzfdf kqaf6 labf rfxG5' . afFsL s'/f csf{] kqdf jf e]6df u/fnF} f . xh'/x¿sf] Ps dfq :gx] L kq' kf;fª nfdf vfdsf] gdg' f k]i| fs kf| ks kf;fª nfdf km' jf{l5l/ª nfdf afnfh,' sf7df8fF} aaf]{6] kf]:6 aS; g+= (@& km'ªlnª–$ tfKn]h'ª j}v/L sIff ^ 49

k9fO ÷ nv] fO != dflysf] lr7L k:| 6;Fu k9\\gx' f];\\ . @= l7sa]l7s 56' \\ofpg'xf];\\ M -s_ of] lr7L @)&^ ;fn ;fpg #) ut] n]lvPsf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ of] lr7L kmª' lnª–$, tfKn]hª' af6 n]lvPsf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ clxn] cfP/ ;x/sf dfG5] cfºgf] :jf:Yo tGb?' :t ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ agfpg k|of;/t 5g\\ . -3_ :jf:Yo lau]|sf] v08df kl/jf/df d]nldnfk xG' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ of] kq kf;fª nfdfn] n]v]sf xg' \\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M -s_ lr7L k9\\bf kf;fªnfO{ s;sf] ofb cfof] < -v_ c;n :jf:Yosf] /x:o s] xf] < -u_ s] sf/0fn] emf8fkvfnfsf] dxfdf/L km}lnPsf] xf]nf < -3_ :j:y kl/jf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < -ª_ of] lr7L sxfFaf6 sxfF k7fpg nfluPsf] 5 < $= rf/kfrF jfSodf pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ lxhf]cfh ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWod / kqklqsfdf s:tf] s'/f JofKt 5 < -v_ kf;fªn] cfºgf cfdfaa' fnfO{ :j:y /xg s]s:tf sfd ug{ cfu|x u/]sf] 5 < %= a9fP/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M ;;+ f/df ;aeGbf 7'nf] ;DklQ g} :jf:Yo /x]5 . 50 jv} /L sIff ^

^= tnsf] ;dfrf/ k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M Dofb ;lsPsf] cf}ifwL vfFbf #$ afnaflnsf la/fdL dª\\l;/ #, @)&! Ph]G;L . Dofb ;lsPsf] hs' fsf] cfi} fwL vfPsf ef/tsf] pl8;fdf #$ afnaflnsf la/fdL k/s] f 5g\\ . pl8;fsf] vb' f{ lhNnfsf] rtj' f ufpsF f afnaflnsfnfO{ ToxfsF f] Ps :jf:YosG] bd| f pSt cfi} fwL vj' fOPsf] lyof] . cfi} fwL vfP/ afGtf ug{ yfnk] l5 pgLx¿nfO{ :yfgLo c:ktfndf nluPsf] lyof] . cfºgf afnaflnsfnfO{ Dofb ;lsPsf] cfi} fwL vj' fpg] :jf:YosG] b| 3/] fp ul/Psf] lyof] . -s_ of] ;dfrf/ slxn]sf] xf] < -v_ of] 36gf s'g 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof] < -u_ Dofb ;lsPsf] cf}ifwL vfPkl5 s] eof] < -3_ :jf:Yos]Gb| 3]/fp ug]{ sf/0f s] xf] < -ª_ o; ;dfrf/n] lbg] ;Gb]z s] xf] < &= 3/fo;L lr7L n]Vbf Wofg lbgk' g{] s'/fx¿ k9g\\ x' f];\\ M -s_ kfgfsf] ba] l|] t/ l;/fgdf ldlt / To;sf] l7s dl' Gt/ 7u] fgf nV] g] -v_ ldlt / 7]ufgf n]lv;s]kl5 Ps kª\\lSt 5f]8]/ plrt lsl;dsf] ;DAff]wg ug]{ . To;sf] l7s dl' Gt/ lzi6frf/ JoSt ug]{ -u_ To;kl5 Ps kª\\lSt 5f]8]/ d'Vo ljifo jf dn\" s'/f n]Vg] -dV' o ljifodf sz' n sfdgf jf ljifo k|j]z Ps cgR' 5]bdf, d\"n s/' f Ps jf cg]s cg'R5]bdf / 6ª' \\UofpgL 5f]6f] cgR' 5]b jf jfSof+zdf ug'{ /fd|f] dflgG5 ._ -3_ d\"n s'/f n]lv;s]kl5 Ps kª\\lSt 5f]8]/ kq k|fks;Fusf] ;DaGw;r\" s kbfjnL / To;sf] l7s dl' Gt/ gfd n]Vg] -ª_ lr7L n]lv;s]kl5 vfdsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg]{ . vfdsf] gd'gf tof/ kfbf{ vfdsf] bflxg]k6\\l6 kq n]vssf] k\"/f 7]ufgf / b]a]|k6\\l6 kq k|fkssf] k\"/f 7]ufgf pNn]v ug]{ . 7]ufgf n]Vbf klxn] gfd n]lv;s]kl5 To;sf] l7s dl' g 6f]n, 6f]nsf] l7s d'lg uflj; jf gkf / j8f g=+ To;sf] l7s d'lg lhNnf / k|b]z n]Vg] jv} /L sIff ^ 51

-s_ 7]ufgf ldlt -v_ ;Daf]wg lzi6frf/ -u_ sz' n sfdgf÷ljifo k|j]z dn\" s'/f 6'ª\\UofpgL -3_ k|fks;Fusf] ;DaGw gfd vfdsf] gd'gf k|]ifs k|fks gfd gfd 6f]n 6f]n uf=lj=;= ÷ gkf j8f uf=lj=;= ÷ gkf j8f lhNnf, k|b]z lhNnf, k|b]z *= dflysf] 9fFrf / k[i7sf] lr7L x/] L 6f9fsf] ;fyLnfO{ cfºgf] kl/jf/sf] af/d] f atfpFb} Pp6f lr7L n]Vg'xf];\\ . vfdsf] gdg' f klg agfpgx' f];\\ . 52 jv} /L sIff ^

(= tnsf] vfnL 7fpdF f lr7L n]Vbf sxfF sxfF s] s] nV] gk' 5{ < n]Vg'xf];\\ M !)= lr7L / lgjb] gdf s] s] leGgtf 5g\\ < s'g} tLg cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . !!= 3/df bfh'sf] lax] ePsfn] Ps lbg ljBfno cfpg g;Sg] sf/0f hgfO{ kw| fgfWofksnfO{ labfsf nflu lgjb] g nV] gx' f;] \\ . j}v/L sIff ^ 53

zAbe08f/ != tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]Vgx' f;] \\ M x}hf, Kn]u cflb ;ª\\qmfds /f]u M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vfgkfg / 3'dlkm/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfb/;lxt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfGg]a‰' g] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Wofgk\"j{s x]g]{ sfd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf] kb jf kbfjnL k9g\\ x' f];\\ / tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L egx'{ f];\\ M cfb/0fLo Kof/f] lk|o ze' fzLjf{b ;k|]d ;Demgf b08jt\\ k|0ffd w]/}w]/} dfof ;fb/ gd:sf/ d'/Ld'/L wGojfb cfkm\" eGbf 7'nfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Daf]wg jf lzi6frf/ cfkm\" ;dfg -;fyL_ sf nflu k|of]u ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ul/g] ;Daf]wg jf lzi6frf/ cfkm\" eGbf ;fgfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Daf]wg jf lzi6frf/ #= tnsf zAb, zAbfjnLnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u ug'{xf;] \\ M -s_ cfb/0fLo M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ dfofn' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ;fb/ gd:sf/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ lk|o M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ k|0ffd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 54 j}v/L sIff ^

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; != tnsf] s/' f Wofgk\"js{ k9\\g'xf;] \\ M -s_ uGg g;lsg] gfdsf] dfqf jf kl/df0f a'emfpg] ljz]if0fnfO{ kl/df0faf]ws ljz]if0f elgG5 . -v_ gfdnfO{ ;ª\\s]t ub}{ gfdsf] cl3lNt/ cfpg] ljz]if0fnfO{ ;ª\\s]taf]ws ljz]if0f elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;fj{gflds ljz]if0f klg elgG5 . -u_ gfd;Fusf] ;DaGw jf :jfldTj ae' mfpg] ljz]if0fnfO{ e]bs ljz]if0f elgG5 . @= cEof; ! sf] kf7sf cfwf/df tnsf ljzi] f0fx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{x' f];\\ M w]/} Tof] cfºgf] oL yf]/} clnslt d]/f] efOsf] a9L tL ltd|L olt clns p;sf ;a} 3/sL of] xfd|f cfºgf Tolt kl/df0faf]ws ljzi] f0f ;fjg{ flds ljzi] f0f eb] s ljzi] f0f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= tnsf jfSodf k|ofu] ePsf ljz]if0f lrg]/ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpgx' f];\\ / ;fg'x{ f;] \\ M -s_ efOn] k/' fgf] 6f]kL nufP5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ of] 3/ af6fdf k5{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ xfd|f ;fyLx¿ la:tf/} af]N5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ p;n] ;a} vfg]s'/f vfO;Sof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ k|jL0fn] kfFr cf]6f cfFk vfO;Sof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ ;dfgtf ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{ xg' \\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -5_ cfh tL ;fdfgx¿ cf];fg{'k5{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -h_ clw>L cfºgL alxgLnfO{ dfof u5]{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jv} /L sIff ^ 55

$= tnsf ljz]if0f /fvL jfSo agfpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ cfºgf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ y'k|} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ oL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ d]/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ Tof] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= tnsf] kf7 k9\\g'xf];\\ / bL3{ psf/ - \" _ nfus] f zAb l6Kgx' f;] \\ M k\"hfn] pmidfnfO{ af]nfOg\\ . pgLx¿ ba' } k\"j{ kms]{/ ;o\" {sf] pkf;gf ug{ yfn] . Psl5gd} ck\"jf{ / kl\" 0f{df klg cfOku' ] . ;l\" Qm / ¿kf klg cfOk'u] . ;a} hgf ldn]/ k\"hf ub}{ efgb\" osf] k|tLIff ug{ yfn] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= tnsf cz4' zAbnfO{ z'4 agfO{ ;fgx{' f];\\ M -s_ ;'rgf ;o' { k'hg ?k gt' g wk' -v_ k|bi' f0f ckj' { cet' ;'b'/ cd'No lqz'n -u_ k'mk' dfOh' c? ah' efph' hfpF &= tnsf jfSox¿ z'4 kf/L ;fgx{' f];\\ M -s_ efO{ lxdfnsf] 6\"Kkfdf k\"Uof] . -v_ lblb aL:tf/} lx8\\g\"x\"G5 . -u_ xfld ef]nL jLBfno hfG5f}F . -3_ gljg ?kf;Fu jL/f6gu/ uof] . -ª_ pmiffn] lk|ltnfO{ pmkxf/ lbO{g\\ . 56 jv} /L sIff ^

;d\"xdf efiff != sIffsf ;Dk\"0f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿ kfFr ;d\"xdf ljeflht x'g'xf;] \\ . ca k|Tos] ;d\"xn] tnsf /f]usf] kl/ro, /fu] nfUg] sf/0f / /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{x' f];\\ . 5nkmnkZrft\\ Ps hgf 6fn] L gt] f ag/] sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpg'xf;] \\ M -s_ SofG;/ -ca'{b /f]u_ -v_ hlG8; -sdnlkQ_ -u_ dw'd]x -lrgL /f]u_ -3_ cf}nf] -dn]l/of_ @= tLg tLg hgfsf] ;dx\" df ldn]/ tnsf] sf7] ]kb eg'x{ f;] \\ M ! !$ # ^ $ !@ % @ & !) !! ( !# * 7f8f] t];f]{ != lzjhLsf] xltof/ -#_ != tLg cf]6f e'hfsf] ;dx\" -#_ @= cGbfhÙ c8\\sn -@_ @= Ps axp' kof]uL ;AhLÙ d;nf -#_ #= o'js -#_ #= d[usf] Ps hft -#_ %= uf]ne]F8f -$_ $= k|x/Ln] af]Sg] ;~rf/sf] ;fwg -$_ ^= pe|]sf] -@_ *= Ps lsl;dsf] bfn jf OR5f -#_ &= Jojl:yt s'nf] -#_ (= ufpFsf] pN6f] -#_ !)= cfdfsf] kof{ojfrL zAb -@_ !)= kfgLdf a:g] hLj -@_ !!= ;}lgs a:g] ljz]if :yfgÙ !#= ;fgf] uf]? -#_ sf7df8f}Fsf] Ps 7fpF -#_ j}v/L sIff ^ 57 !@= 5]p -#_ !$= df5fsf] aRrf -@_ sg' ;dx\" n] klxn] el/;Sof] <

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/of]hgf != 6f9f a:g] ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfºgf] ljBfnosf af/]df atfpbF } Pp6f lr7L n]Vgx' f];\\ . tkfOnF{ ] n]Vg] lr7Ldf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dl] 6Psf] x'g'kg{]5 M -s_ :sn' sf] gfd / 7]ufgf -v_ k|wfgfWofks, sIfflzIfs / g]kfnL lzIfssf] gfd -u_ ljBfnodf x'g] cltl/St lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljj/0f lr7L tof/ kfl/;s]kl5 vfdsf] gdg' f klg agfpg'xf];\\ . @= tnsf] ze' sfdgf kq k9\\gx' f];\\ / tkfO{F klg tnsf] h:t} Pp6f ;G' b/ ze' sfdgf kq agfP/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf];\\ M lko| ;h' g † ltdf| ] P3f/fF} hGdlbgsf] cj;/df ltdf| ] ;':jf:Yo, bL3fo{ ' / pQ/f]Q/ ku| ltsf] sfdgf 5 . ltdf| ] lxtlrGts ;fof 58 jv} /L sIff ^

kf7– % c/lgsf] jv} /L sIff ^ 59

k\"jk{ 7g õ tnsf lrqdf ePsf JolStx¿ lrGgx' 'G5 < lrg] hltsf af/d] f sx] L s'/f eGg'xf;] \\ M hflg/fVgk' g{] sx] L zAbfy{x¿ ljZjljVoft M ljZj k|l;4 ;d|f6\\ M 7'nf /fhfÙ afbzfx klx/gut M j]ze\"iff;DaGwL ef/bf/ M pRr /fhsd{rf/L s8L M cfwf/ uh/' M b]jLb]jtfsf] dlGb/df /flvg] cj?4 M /f]lsg'Ù /f]lsg] cj:yf :t\"k M af}4 dlGb/ r'Rrf] w/' L rT} o M af}4 wd{sf] :tk\" Ù rf}tf/f] kl| tlnlk M gSsn kl| ts[lt M s;}sf] :j¿k h:tf] 5 To:t} ul0ft1 M ul0ft hfGg]Ù ul0ftsf] ljz]if1 ;ªu\\ Lt1 M ;ª\\uLt hfGg]Ù ;ª\\uLtsf] ljz]if1 agfOPsf] gdg' f hLjj}1flgs M hLjx¿sf] pTklQ, ljsf; cflb cuh| M cufl8 hGd]sf JolStÙ bfh' jf:ts' nf M ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ snf jf hfGg] JolSt jg:kltzf:qLM jg:kltsf] af/]df ulx/f] 1fg sflnu9L k:| t/snf M 9ª' \\ufdf agfOPsf] snf ePsf] JolSt g]t[Tj M cu'jfO ax'dv' L M ljleGg ljifosf] ljxf/ M af}4 leIf'x¿ a:g] 7fpF ljz]iftfn] el/Psf] 60 jv} /L sIff ^

;'gfO / afn] fO !=  % ;'g]/ l7sa]l7s 56' \\ofpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ b'uf{gGb emfsf] hGd wgi' ff lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ bu' f{gGb emf ;fg}b]lv cN5L :jefjsf lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ lj=;=+ @)@) ;fnb]lv k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ b'uf{gGb emf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] lj/f]wL lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ b'uf{gGb emf @)!& ;fndf ;lxb eP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @=  % ;'gs] f cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ b'uf{gGb emfsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] < -v_ b'uf{gGb emfsf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] < -u_ b'uf{gGb emfnfO{ s]sf] cf/f]k nufOof] < -3_ bu' f{gGb emfnfO{ s;/L sf7df8f}F nluof] < -ª_ b'uf{gGb emf hlGdPsf] xl' s{Psf] 7fpF sxfF xf] < #= tkfO{nF fO{ dg kg{] ;lxb jf s'g} snfsf/sf af/d] f sIffdf atfpg'xf];\\ . $= tkfO{F sxLF hfbF f af6f] eN' g'eof] . ca tkfOF{ dflg;x¿nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u dfUg'x'G5 < ;xofu] ug]{ dflg;nfO{ s;/L ;Ddfg ks| 6 ugx{' G' 5 < sIffdf atfpgx' f;] \\ . jv} /L sIff ^ 61

k9fO c/lgsf] c/lgsf]nfO{ sltko ljb]zL lstfax¿df cflgu], clgsf], c/lgsf], clgu]n cflb elgPsf] kfOG5 . pgsf] g]kfnL gfd anafx' lyof] . pgsf] hGd ;g\\ !@$$ df xfnsf] nlntk'/sf] s'g} 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof] eGg] w]/} ljåfg\\x¿sf] dt 5 . s;}s;}n] pgsf] hGd xfnsf] ag]kfkj\" {sf] wd{k/' -a8' f]n_ df ePsf] nv sf6]sf 5g\\ . Tolta]nf g]kfndf ceo dNnsf] zf;gsfn lyof] . lktf nId0f tyf dftf ;l' dqfsf] sf]vaf6 hGd]sf c/lgsf] ;fg}b]lv snfsfl/tf eg]kl5 x'?Ss x'Gy] . pgL dlGb/, :tk\" tyf r}Tox¿sf] e|d0f ubf{ ToxfFsf snfTds j:tx' ¿ cToGt ulxl/P/ lgofNg] / Tof] s;n] agfPsf] egL k|Zg uy]{ /] . 3/df cfPkl5 cfkm\"n] b]v]sf ;'Gb/ j:t'x¿sf] k|lts[lt tof/ kfg{ nfUy] /] . o:tf] :jefjsf c/lgsf]n] d\"lt{snf 62 j}v/L sIff ^

tyf lrqsnf;DaGwL 1fg ;fg}df cu|h u?' x¿af6 k|fKt u/]sf lyP . pgsf] k|ltefsf] rrf{ tTsfnLg b/af/;Dd k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . o:t}df Ps lbg ltAataf6 g]kfnL snfsf/x¿sf] dfu cfof] . Tolta]nf g]kfn d\"lt{snf, jf:ts' nf / k|:t/snfdf cToGt ;DkGg / rlr{t lyof] . To;}n] l5d]sL dn' 'sx¿df g]kfnL snfsf/sf] dfu xg' ' :jfefljs lyof] . ltAatL ;/sf/sf] To; dfuadf]lhd g]kfnaf6 c;L hgf snfsf/x¿sf] 6f]nL s'tLsf] af6f] x'Fb} ltAat nfUof] . /, Tof] snfsf/ 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj c/lgsf]n] u/]sf lyP, hlta]nf pgL s]jn ;q jif{sf lyP . c/lgsf]sf] snfsf/ 6f]nL w]/} lbg nufP/ Nxf;f kU' of] . pgLx¿nfO{ ltAatsf /fhu'? kfx;kfn] :jfut ub}{ eg], æg]kfnsf] snf cfºgf] 56' \\6} z}nLn] ubf{ k|l;4 5 . To:t} z}nLsf af}4 dlGb/, :t\"k, r}To / ljxf/x¿ oxfF ltAatdf klg agfOog\" \\ eGg] xfd|f] rfxgf 5 . tkfO{Fx¿af6 xfdLn] oxL cfzf u/]sf 5f}F .Æ g]kfnL snfsf/x¿sf] 6f]nL k|d'v c/lgsf]n] eg], æxh/' x¿sf] cfzfnfO{ xfdL lg/fzf kfg]{5}gf}F .Æ clg g]kfnL snfsf/ 6f]nL /fhu'? kfx;kfsf] lgb]{zg / oj' f snfsf/ c/lgsf]sf] g]t[Tjdf b'O{ jif{;Dd nuftf/ vl6/x\\of] – ltAatdf g]kfnL z}nLsf af}4 dlGb/, uD' af, :tk\" / ljxf/x¿ agfpg . o; qmddf y'k|} yk' |} uD' afx¿, :t\"kx¿, ljxf/x¿ agfOP / tL u'Daf, :t\"k, ljxf/x¿df ;lhP g]kfnL snfsf/sf d\"lt{x¿, lrqx¿ / /ª\\u/]vfx¿ . clg tTsfnLg ltAatL zf;sx¿ k|efljt eP g]kfnL snfsf}znaf6 / snfsf/x¿nfO{ plrt k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg k|bfg u/] . c/lgsf]sf] g]t[Tj / snfsfl/tfaf6 k|efljt ag]sf /fhu?' kfx;kfn] g]kfn kms{g labf j}v/L sIff ^ 63

dfUg uPsf c/lgsf]nfO{ labf lbPgg\\ a? rLgsf ;d|f6\\ sa' nfO vfFsf] b/af/df uP/ pgsf] snfsfl/tf k|:tt' ug]{ ;Nnfx lbP . clg c/lgsf] klg /fhu?' kfx;kfsf] kl5 nfUb} ;d|f6\\ s'anfO vfFsf] b/af/ tft' -xfnsf] a]Olhª_ ku' ] . ;d|f6\\ sa' nfO vfFnfO{ ltAatsf] zfSo u'Dafdf :j0f{ r}To agfpg] JolSt c/lgsf] xg' \\ eGg] yfxf lyof] t/ Pp6f l76f]nfO{ cfºgf ;fd' lgw{Ss plePsf] b]v]kl5 sa' nfO vfFn] ;f]w], æs] ltdLnfO{ olt 7'nf] b]zsf ;d|f6\\ ;fd' pleg'kbf{ 8/ nfu]g <Æ c/lgsf]n] ljgd| efjdf eg], æ;d|f6\\ † d]/f] b]zsf hgtfx¿ /fhfnfO{ lktf dfGb5g\\ / /fhf klg hgtfx¿nfO{ cfºgf ;Gtfg dfG5g\\ . clg cfºgf a'afsf cl3 pleg'kbf{ s]sf] 8/ <Æ c/lgsf]sf] hafkmn] dVv k/]sf sa' nfO vfFn] c/lgsf]sf] snfsfl/tfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ ljrf/ u/] . pgn] c/lgsf]nfO{ Pp6f dxŒjk0\" f{ t/ km'6]sf] dl\" t{ hf]8\\g nufP . pgn] To; d\"lt{nfO{ klxn]sf] eGbf klg ;G' b/ b]lvg] u/L hf]l8lbP . pgsf] l;k / of]Uotf b]v]/ ;d|f6\\ / ef/bf/x¿ k|efljt eP . c/lgsf]n] rLgdf w]/} r}To, :t\"k, ljxf/ / d\"lt{x¿ agfP . kl5 pgL snf ljefusf k|d'v klg eP . pgn] dª\\uf]lnofsf] 5fª\\b'df cToGt ;'Gb/ dxn klg agfP . pgn] ;g\\ !@&! df ;?' u/L ;g\\ !@&( df ;DkGg u/]sf] %# ld6/ cUnf] Zj]tr}To cfhko{Gt g]kfn–rLg ldqtfsf] k|tLs /x]sf] 5 . o; r}Tosf] ljxf/df sf7sf] a6' \\6]bf/ k|j]zåf/ ;lxtsf] 9ª' \\u] 64 j}v/L sIff ^

l;F9L 5 . o;sf] dfemdf bLkª\\s/, zfSodl' g / d}q]osf tLgcf]6f a'4 d\"lt{ 5g\\ . o;sf] uh'/ ;'gsf] 5 . leq kh\" fsf]7f 5 . /~hgf lnlkdf …ç dl0fkb\\d] x'FÚ n]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] clåtLo Zj]tr}Tosf] lgdf{0f u/]kZrft\\ pgnfO{ cToGt w]/} hldg, ;]js tyf ;DklQn] ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;b]lv afx]s klg pgn] rLgsf ljleGg 7fpFdf r}To / :t\"kx¿ agfPsf lyP . c/lgsf] ltAat xF'b} rLg uPkl5 slxNo} g]kfn kms]{gg\\ . pgsL wd{kTgL r}TonIdLnfO{ klg rLg g} af]nfOof] tfklg pgn] k/fO{ d'n'sdf g]kfnL snf / ;EotfnfO{ dgUu] lj:tf/ u/] . oxL eP/ g]kfnn] pgnfO{ /fli6«o ljel\" t dfg]sf] 5 . o:tf dxfg\\ snfsf/sf] d[To' ;g\\ !#)^ sf] dfr{ !! tfl/vsf lbg eof] . pgsf] d[To';+:sf/ g]kfnL af}4 k/Dk/fcg;' f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . j}v/L sIff ^ 65

k9fO != dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg ug{x' f;] \\ . @= kf7sf cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M ;'ldqf c/lgsf]sf a'af kfx;kf xfnsf] a]Olhª nId0f To;a]nfsf rLgsf ;d|f6\\ sa' nfO vfF dª\\uf]lnofsf] Pp6f 7fpF tft' ltAatsf /fhu?' 5fª\\b' c/lgsf]sL cfdf #= vfnL 7fpdF f l7s cª\\s egx'{ f];\\ M -s_ c/lgsf]sf] hGd ;g\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ePsf] lyof] . -v_ c/lgsf] ltAat hfFbf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jif{sf lyP . -u_ c/lgsf]sf] 6f]nLdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hgf snfsf/ lyP . -3_ Zj]tr}To ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ld6/ cUnf] lyof] . -ª_ c/lgsf]sf] d[To' ;g\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfr{ ÒÒÒÒÒ df eof] . $= Ps bO' { zAbdf pQ/ eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ c/lgsf]sf] g]kfnL gfd s] lyof] < -v_ c/lgsf] s'g /fhfsf kfnfsf snfsf/ lyP < -u_ c/lgsf]n] d\"lt{snf / lrqsnf;DaGwL 1fg s;af6 kfPsf lyP < -3_ c/lgsf]sf] 6f]nL slt lbg nufP/ Nxf;f k'Uof] < -ª_ c/lgsf]sf] snfsf/ 6f]nL ltAatdf slt jif{ v6\\of] < %= Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ c/lgsf]sf] ;dodf g]kfn s'g s'/fdf k|l;4 lyof] < -v_ c/lgsf]nfO{ ltAatL /fhu'? kfx;kfn] s] ;Nnfx lbP < -u_ s'anfO vfFn] s] ljrf/ u/] < -3_ c/lgsf]n] Zj]tr}To slxn] ;'? u/L slxn] ;DkGg u/]sf xg' \\ < -ª_ Zj]tr}Todf /~hgflnlkdf s] n]lvPsf] 5 < 66 jv} /L sIff ^

nv] fO != tnsf] kf7 k9\\gx' f;] \\ / ;f]lwPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \\ M ljZjljVoft snfsf/ lnof]gfbf]{ bf leGrLsf] hGd clk|n !%, !$%@ df O6fnLdf ePsf] lyof] . …df]gfln;fÚ, …b nf:6 ;Kk/Ú h:tf ljZjk|l;4 / cfh;Dd ;a}eGbf a9L k|ltlnlk agfOPsf lrqx:tsnf ;|i6f lnof]gfbf]{ b]a|] xft] lyP . pgL k|l;4 snfsf/sf cnfaf dl\" t{sf/, l8hfOg/, ul0ft1, ;ª\\uLt1, hLjj}1flgs, ;}lgs, ;flxTosf/ / jg:kltzf:qL klg lyP . pgn] ;g\\ !$*% d} sf/sf] l8hfOg u/]sf lyP . vf;df lnof]gfbf]{ g} ;fOsn, x]lnsf]K6/, xjfOhxfh, k'n, 6\\ofª\\s, Kof/f;6' , k]8naf]6sf k|yd gS;fª\\sgstf{ lyP . pgn] o'/f]ksf] gS;f klg sf]/]sf lyP . o:tf axd' 'vL k|ltefzfnL lnof]gfbf]{nfO{ cfh;Dds} dxfg\\ lrqsf/sf ¿kdf a9L ;Ddfg ul/G5 . pgsf] d[To' ;g\\ !%!( sf] d] @ tfl/vsf lbg k|mfG;df eof] . k|Zgx¿ -s_ lnof]gfbf]{ bf leGrLsf] hGd / d[To' slxn] / sxfF eof] < -v_ ;;+ f/df ;a}eGbf a9L k|ltlnlk agfOPsf lrqx¿ sg' s'g x'g\\ < -u_ lnof]gfbf]{ bf leGrLnfO{ lsg axd' v' L k|ltef dflgG5 < -3_ lnof]gfbf]{n] s]s:tf s/' fx¿sf] gS;fª\\sg u/]sf lyP < -ª_ tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]Vgx' f];\\ M dl\" t{sf/, ul0ft1, ;ª\\uLt1, hLjj}1flgs, jg:kltzf:qL @= …c/lgsf]Ú eGg] kf7af6 :j/ j0f{af6 ;'? xg' ] kGw| cf6] f zAb n]Vg'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jv} /L sIff ^ 67

#= pbfx/0f x]/L tnsf zAbdf pko'St ;o+ 'St cIf/ /fvL k'gn]{vg ug'x{ f;] \\ M b\\w Ö 4 Tt Ö Q St Ö Qm b\\j Ö å b\\o Ö B b\\d Ö ß k?X “ Û E?E “  ? “ Ó k|l;4 Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pTt/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ zlSt Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b\\jf/f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pb\\of]u Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kb\\d Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hª\\un Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pb\\b]Zo Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c8\\8f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ab' \\w Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= kf7sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ snfsf/ c/lgsf]sf] hGd sxfF / slxn] ePsf] lyof] < -v_ c/lgsf] s;/L ltAat k'u] < -u_ ltAatdf g]kfnL snfsf/ 6f]nLn] s] s] agfP < -3_ rLgsf ;d|f6\\ c/lgsf]af6 s;/L k|efljt eP < -ª_ rLgdf c/lgsf]n] agfPsf] Zj]tr}Tosf] af/]df j0f{g ug'{xf];\\ . -r_ c/lgsf]nfO{ lsg /fli6«o lje\"lt dflgPsf] xf] < %= tnsf ;r\" gfsf cfwf/df …dxfslj nIdLk;| fb bj] sf6] fÚ zLifs{ df 5f6] f] hLjgL nV] gx' f;] \\ M != ™ hGd !(^^ sflQs @&, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}F ™ dftflktf M ltndfwj bj] sf6] f / cd//fHonIdL bj] sf6] f ™ lzIffbLIff M aL=P=, aL=Pn= @= ™ …ul/aÚ !((! df k|sflzt klxnf] k|sflzt sljtf ™ …dg' fdbgÚ !((@ df k|sflzt / cfh;Dd ;a}eGbf a9L k|lt 5flkPsf] v08sfJo ™ …s'l~hgLÚ, …Dx]Gb'Ú, …/fhs'df/ k|efs/Ú h:tf nueu tLg bh{g v08sfJo n]v]sf ™ …zfs'GtnÚ, …;n' f]rgfÚ h:tf cfwf bh{g dxfsfJo /r]sf ™ …ofqLÚ, …kfunÚ, …levf/LÚ, …;'gsf] laxfgÚ h:tf ^ ;oeGbf a9L km6' s/ sljtf /r]sf ™ s]xL ;do lzIff dGqL;d]t ag]sf #= d[To' @)!^ ebf} @( sf lbg cfo{3f6df 68 j}v/L sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != tnsf zAbx¿ k9g\\ x' f];\\ / tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L egx{' f;] \\ M u'nfa r/f dd af3 sf]OnL aFb]n rfprfp dvdnL xfQL eft rd]nL lra] dh' /' ;okqL as' L efn' ;]n kfgLk/' L ;u' f :ofn km\" n kG5L vfgs] '/f hgfj/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / sfkLdf ;fg{'xf];\\ M hg' zAbleq cGo zAb ;dfj]z x'G5g\\, To:tf zAbnfO{ ;dfj]zs zAb elgG5 . dflysf k\"mn, kG5L, vfg]s/' f, hgfj/ clb ;dfj]zs zAb xg' \\ . ;dfj]zs zAb leq ;dfj]z xg' ] zAbx¿ rflxF ;dfj]Zo zAb x'g\\ . dflysf] un' fa, dvdnL, ;okqL / hx' L rflxF k\"mnsf ;dfj]Zo zAb x'g\\ . #= tnsf zAb;uF ;DalGwt rf/ rf/ cf]6f ;dfj]Zo zAb n]Vg'xf];\\ M ;dfjz] s zAb ;dfjZ] o zAbx¿ nu' f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cGg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lxdfn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ;dfjz] s zAb n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ d'nf, 6df6/, sfpnL, aGbf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ a;, sf/, 6«s, ;fOsn Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, w/fg, wgu9L Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 69

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; != c/lgsf] eGg] kf7af6 lgDgfg;' f/sf n]Vo lrx\\g k|ofu] ePsf Ps Ps cf6] f jfSo l6Kgx' f;] \\ M -s_ k0\" f{lj/fd - . _ nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ cNklj/fd - , _ nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ k|Zglrx\\g - < _ nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ pb\\uf/ lrx\\g - † _ nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ of]hs - – _ nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ p4/0f lrx\\g - æ Æ _ nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf jfSodf pko'Qm lrx\\g /fvL k'gnv]{ g ug'{xf];\\ M -s_ c/lgsf]n] y'k|} uD' af r}To / ljxf/ agfP -v_ cfºgf a'afsf cl3 pleg lsg 8/fpg] / -u_ cfxf slt ;'Gb/ / ljzfn r}To -3_ /fhfn] ;f]w] ltdL lsg cfºg} b]z kms{g rfxG5f} #= tnsf zAbx¿ l7s;Fu pRrf/0f ug{x' f];\\ / tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg'x{ f];\\ M af]nL jfl/ j}zfv lahf]/ ljifo jfSo s5'jf jL/ laxfg :jfb ljb]z agf]6 axfb/' h'jf gjLg ljrf/ :jfut lgaGw …a af]n]/ …aÚ g} n]lvg] …jÚ af]n]/ …jÚ g} n]lvg] …aÚ af]n]/ …jÚ n]lvg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= dn\" kf7af6 …aÚ / …jÚ ko| fu] ePsf ;ft ;ft cf6] f zAb l6Kg'xf;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 70 jv} /L sIff ^

;dx\" df efiff != tkfO{Fsf ;ft hgf ;fyLsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;fw] ]/ tnsf] tflnsf egx'{ f];\\ M ;fyLsf] gfd hGdldlt dg kg]{ snfsf/ dg kg{] v]n dg kg{] vfgf @= sIffsf ;Dk\"0f{ ljBfyL{ ^ ;d\"xdf ljeflht xg' x' f;] \\ . ca kT| o]s ;d\"xn] tnsf s'g} Ps JolStsf af/]df 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \\ . -sg' ;d\"xn] sg' JolStsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{] eGg] s'/f lzIfsn] lgwf{/0f ug{x' g' 5] ._ 5nkmndf Tof] JolStsf] hGd, hGd:yfg, of]ubfg cflbsf af/d] f 5nkmn ug'{kg]5{ . lglZrt ;dosf] ;fdl\" xs 5nkmnkZrft\\ Ps hgfn] cfºgf] ;dx\" df p7s] f s/' fx¿ ;d]6L cfºgf] ;dx\" df k/]sf] JolStsf af/d] f sIffdf atfpgx' f;] \\ M jv} /L sIff ^ 71

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf != tnsf ;r\" gfsf cfwf/df cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd an] sf] 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ M cn]Sh]G8/ uf| xd a]n != hGd M dfr{ #, !*$& dftf M Plnhf u|]; lktf M cn]Sh]G8/ d]nefOn a]n hGd:yfg M O8]gau{, :s6NofG8 @= cfljisf/ M dlN6kn 6]lnu|fkmL -clk|n ^, !*&%_ 6]lnkmf]g -dfr{ &, !*&^_ kmf]6f]kmf]g -!**)_ OToflb #= d[To' M cu:6 @, !(@@ gf]ef:sl6of Sofg8f @= tkfO{Fsf] Ps hgf ;fyLsf] af/]df ;Q/Lc;L zAbdf j0f{g ug'x{ f;] \\ . o; qmddf p;sf] hGdldlt, hGd:yfg, aa' fcfdf, ?lr / ljz]iftfx¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fyLsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kmf]6f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 72 jv} /L sIff ^

kf7– ^ 7u ;dfltof] j}v/L sIff ^ 73

k\"j{k7g õ dflysf bZ[ ox¿df s] eO/x]sf] 5 < j0fg{ ug{x' f];\\ . hflg/fVgk' g{] s]xL zAbfyx{ ¿ rnfv M rgfvf] ca/] M l9nf] u9]/ M ulx/f] u/]/ cQflng' M cflQg' va/bf/ M xf]l;of/ laulauL M rsrsLÙ htftt} cftª\\s xl' nof M ljz]if lrgf] 74 j}v/L sIff ^

;g' fO / af]nfO !=  ^ Wofgk\"j{s ;G' gx' f];\\ / l7sa]l7s 5'6o\\ fpg'xf];\\ M -s_ of] syf df]afOn kmf]g ufpF;x/df gcfPsf] a]nfsf] syf xf] . -v_ o; syfdf jl0f{t kfqsf] gfd xGbg] xf] . -u_ Ps lbg ufpFsf] ;b/ds' fd kf/fhF'uLsf] kmf]gsf] 306L aHof] . -3_ oxfF kmn' Gb]sf] d[To' 6«ssf] 7Ss/af6 ePsf] s/' f ul/Psf] 5 . -ª_ kf/fh'FuL kU' g /fhdfu{sf] rf]saf6 uf8L r9\\gk' Yof]{ . @=  ^ k'gM ;'Ggx' f;] \\ / pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ syfsf] jl0f{t ;dodf kmf]g ;]jf sxfF sxfF lyof] < -v_ kmf]g sxfFb]lv sg' 7fpFdf ul/Psf] lyof] < -u_ km'nGb]sf] klxrfg s;/L ePsf] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 < -3_ km'nGb] k/nf]s ePsf] s'/f ;g' ]kl5 sf] sf] k/fhF'uLlt/ lxF8] < -ª_ /fhdfu{sf] rf]sdf k'Ubf s] eof] < #= tkfOF{sf] 6f]n, l5d]sdf klg kmn' Gbh] :t} p6\\k6\\ofª s'/f ug]{ sfx] L JolQm xf]nf . pQm JolQmn] u/]sf] s'g} p6\\k6o\\ fª s'/f ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg'xf;] \\ . $= ;dfhdf s] sf/0fn] em}emu8f x'G5 xf]nf < To:tf] emu8f / j}dgionfO{ s;/L x6fpg ;lsPnf < ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj sfod ug{ s] ug[{k' nf{ < ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L atfpgx' f];\\ . j}v/L sIff ^ 75

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n]vfO != kf7sf] syfsf cfwf/df Ps jfSodf kl/ro n]Vgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ljqmd Ö lj/fhsf] efOsf] gfd ljqmd xf] . -v_ lj/fh u_ /d]z 3_ ljsf; @= pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ ljqmd / lj/fh s:tf lyP < -v_ cfdf lsg lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] < -u_ ckl/lrt s]6fn] cfdfnfO{ s] eGof] < -3_ ljqmdn] gofF s]6fnfO{ lsg u8]/ x]¥of] < -ª_ ljqmdn] /d]zsf] 3/df lsg kmf]g u¥of] < -r_ ckl/lrt s]6fn] lsg Rof“l¶Psf] :j/df af]Nof] < -5_ ljsf; sfsfn] s] eg]kl5 ;a} 5Ss k/] < -h_ ljqmd lsg dgdg} v;' L eof] . #= nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \\ M -s_ 7un] s;/L 7Ug] ljrf/ u¥of] < -v_ ljqmdn] s;/L 7u ;dfTof] < -u_ o; kf7df sf] rnfv xf] / s;/L < $= tnsf aFb' fx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f]6f] syf agfpgx' f;] \\ M s'g} ufpFdf Pp6f a'9f] ls;fg======ls;fgsf rf/ cN5L / dv\" { 5f]/f======a9' f] ls;fg l;ls:t la/fdL xg' =' =========dg]{ a]nfdf a'9fn] 5f]/fx¿nfO{ cfºgf] v]tdf w]/} ;DklQ uf8]/ /fv]sf] s/' f atfpg'===========a9' f] ls;fgsf] d[To' x'g'==========;DklQdf x?' Ss xg' ] ls;fgsf 5f]/fx¿ wg km]nf kfg{ v]t vGgdf Jo:t x'g'============wg km]nf gkg'{==========l5d]sL ls;fgn] v]t vGgfsf] dxŒj atfpg=' ==========afan' ] v]tdf wg uf8]/ /fv]sf] 5, eGgfsf] /x:o vN' g=' =========vg]sf] v]tdf k|z:t cGg pTkfbg x'g'===========kl/>dlagf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsF+b}g eGg] lzIff . jv} /L sIff ^ 81

zAbe08f/ != tn cy{ 5g\\ . ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]Vg'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö htftt} cftª\\s ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ;xof]u ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ulxl/P/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö lr/kmf/ u/]/ ul/g] cf}iflw ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö cQflnP/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö v]/ kmfNg] sfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö ljz]if lrgf] @= tnsf >l' t;d leGgfyL{ zAbx¿ / ltgsf cy{;d]t k9\\gx' f];\\ M ljif M hx/ vfln M dfq la; M Ps cª\\s vfnL M l/Qf] km]l/ M kg' M hg' M hf] km]/L M kmGsf] hg\" M rGb|df d}gf M Ps lsl;dsf] kG5L k'mn M cG8f dlxgf M lt; lbgsf] ;do km\" n M ki' k #= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ k9/] ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ugx'{ f];\\ M k6\\l6 -lt/_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k6\\6L -3fp cflb afFWg] sk8f_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lbg -lbpF;f]_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ bLg -ul/a_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lbzf -kj\" ,{ klZrd, pQ/, blIf0f cflb_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lb;f -la:6fÙcfrL_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;ft -5 / cf7sf] larsf] cªs\\ _M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fy -;fy}Ù ;Fu}_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ af3 -Ps hgfj/_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afu -au}Frf_ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 82 j}v/L sIff ^

Jofs/0f / j0fl{ jGof; != sg' } sfo{, 36gf jf cj:yf atfpbF } jfSo 6ª' \\ofpg ;Sg] kbnfO{ lqmof elgG5 . lqmofsf] dn\" PsfOnfO{ wft' elgG5, h:t} M jfSo lqmof wft' -s_ efO kf7 k9\\5 . k9\\5 k9\\ -v_ pgLx¿n] eft vfP . vfP vf -u_ ltdL 1fgL ag . ag ag\\ ca tnsf jfSodf lqmof lrgL uf]nf] 3]/f nufpgx' f];\\ . To;kl5 tL lqmofsf wft' klg b]vfpgx' f];\\ M -s_ xfdL syf n]V5f}F . lqmof wft' ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ tkfO{Fn] uLt ufpge' of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ cfh kfgL knf{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ltdLx¿ la:tf/} hfcf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf wfta' f6 5 5 cf6] f lqmof agfpgx' f;] \\ M k9\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ n]v\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u/\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lxF8\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ w' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ jv} /L sIff ^ 83

#= lrq x]/L pkoQ' m lqmof egx{' f];\\ M efO lstfa ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xl/eSt km' 6an ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kjg w?' w'? ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sfsf knªdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cf/tL ;fOsn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dlngf uLt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= kf7af6 bz cf]6f lqmof lrg]/ ;fgx{' f];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= tnsf lqmof /fvL jfSo agfpgx' f];\\ M -s_ 8'N5' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ a;]sL lyO{ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ cfpnf;\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ lxF8]5 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ cfpFb} l5g\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 84 j}v/L sIff ^

^= tnsf lrqx¿sf] gfd eGgx' f;] \\ / nV] g'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ &= kf7af6 lgDgfg';f/sf zAb l6Kgx' f;] \\ M …PÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb …oÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ *= tnsf zAbx¿ l7s;Fu pRrf/0f ugx'{ f;] \\ / ;fg'x{ f];\\ M eo jo cfo clego ;Eotf od/fh cfo:tf k|foh;f] olsg vfP/ Pjd\\ rflxPsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ (= l7s zAb lrg]/ vfnL 7fpdF f n]Vgx' f;] \\ M uo/ uo o:tf] uP/ uP P:tf] PSsfO; ho PsfGt oSsfO; hP osfGt !)= kf7af6 …aÚ / …jÚ k|ofu] ePsf kfrF kfFr cf]6f zAb ;fg{x' f;] \\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j}v/L sIff ^ 85

;d\"xdf efiff != 7u ;dfltof] syfdf ljqmdsf] ;e' mae' mn] ubf{ cfdf 7lugaf6 aRg'ePsf] s/' f 5 . 7unfO{ ;dftk] l5 c¿ s] s] eP xf]nfg\\ < tkfO{FnfO{ nfu]sf] s/' f sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \\ . @= tkfOs{F f kfFr hgf ;fyLsf] gfd n]vL pgLx¿nfO{ ;fw] /] tnsf] tflnsf eg'{xf;] \\ M qm=;+= ;fyLsf] gfd dg kg]{ dg kg]{ dg kg]{ dg kg]{ syf rnlrq uLt sf6{'g != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/ofh] gf != tnsf lrqx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f6] f] syf nv] L lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpgx' f];\\ M 86 jv} /L sIff ^

kf7– & lstfa pkofu] L ls kqklqsf jv} /L sIff ^ 87

k\"jk{ 7g õ kfrF cf]6f lstfa / kfrF cf6] f klqsfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \\ M lstfa kqklqsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cnk xg' ' hflg/fVgk' g{] sx] L zAbfyx{ ¿ lgikIf dfGotf M lanfpgÙ' x/fpg' lg0ffo{ s M kIfkft gePsf]Ù wfFwnL/lxt df;} dL M dfGg] sfdÙ dfGo x'gfsf] efj ;bf M lg0f{o ug]{ ;Dkfbs M ;docg;' f/sf] tYo M ;w}F ;tst{ f M kqklqsf, lstfa ;Dkfbg ug]{ JolSt 3':ofxf M jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/tÙ k|dfl0ft xg' ;Sg] M ;fjwfgL M 3;' lng] 88 jv} /L sIff ^

;g' fO / af]nfO !=  & ;'Gg'xf];\\ / l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ ;fof Ps hgf ljBfyL{ xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ;fofnfO{ ;3fpg u?' cfdf cfpg'eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ;fofnfO{ km'Rr] dg'jfn] Pp6f k]lG;n lbof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ;fofn] n]v]sf] syf ;fyLx¿n] dg k/fP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ km'Rr] dg'jfn] ;fofnfO{ ;w}Fsf nflu hfb'u/L k]lG;n lbof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ @=  & sf cfwf/df s;n] egs] f] xf] < nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ ;fof † otf x]/ otf † d ltd|} 6]andf 5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ t/ dnfO{ syf n]Vg} cfpFb}g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ cf]xf] † s:tf] /fd|f] syf . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ ca dnfO{ d]/f] k]lG;n lkmtf{ b]pm t . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ dnfO{ hfb'u/L k]lG;nsf] vfFrf] 5}g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #=  & sf] syfn] s:tf] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 < atfpgx' f;] \\ . $= tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps ljifodf 5f6] f] egfO /fVgx' f];\\ M -s_ :jf:Yo g} wg xf] -v_ v]ns'bsf] dxŒj -u_ ;dosf] dxŒj -3_ cg'zf;gsf] dxŒj -ª_ ljBf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk0\" f{ wg xf] %= lzIfssf] lgb{z] gdf sIffdf kl| tefsf] vfh] L sfoq{ mdsf] cfof]hgf ug{'xf;] \\ . pSt sfoq{ mddf sIffsf ;a}n] cfk\"mn] hfgs] f] s'g} snf -g[To, ufog, sljtfjfrg, r6' l\\ snf, jSt[tf cflb_ k:| t't ug'x{ f];\\ . To; sfo{qmddf x/s] n] kfn}kfnf] pb\\3fi] f0f ug{x' f;] \\ . jv} /L sIff ^ 89

k9fO lstfa pkofu] L ls kqklqsf cfb/0fLo u?' ju{ tyf ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿ † cfhsf] sfo{qmd ;~rflnsf d e]ifsnf u?' ªsf] gd:sf/ † xfd|f] ljBfnodf x/]s z'qmaf/ xg' ] ljleGg sfo{qmddWo] cfhsf] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5– jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutf . jfbljjfbsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5– …lstfa pkof]uL ls kqklqsfÚ d o; sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj ul/lbgxg' ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksHon\" fO{ cg'/f]w ub{5' . To;} u/L sfo{qmdsf] lgikIf d\"Nofª\\sgsf nflu dgf]h u?' , clgtf u?' cfdf / zzL u?' cfdfnfO{ klg cg/' f]w ub{5' . o; jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf lstfasf tkm{af6 af]Ng]nfO{ kIf / kqklqsfsf] tkm{af6 af]Ng]nfO{ ljkIf dflgPsf] 5 . kIfaf6 b'O{ hgf / ljkIfaf6 b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] 5. ca d jfbljjfbdf efu lnFbf Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/f eGb5' . -s_ sg' } sfuh x]/]/ af]Ng kfOg]5}g . -v_ sg' } hflt, wd{nfO{ tf]s]/ jf JolStsf] gfd tf]s]/ cf/f]k nufpg kfOg]5}g . -u_ ;do kfFr ldg]6 lbOg]5 . kfFr ldg]6kl5 af]n]sf s/' fnfO{ dfGotf lbOg]5}g . -3_ rf/ ldg]6kl5 hgfp 306L aHg]5 . ca of] jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf kIfsf tkm{af6 ;xefuL x'Fb} 5g\\– /f]lxt uK' t /fl] xt uK' t cfb/0fLo ;efkltHo,\" lg0ff{os d08n, 90 jv} /L sIff ^

u'?x¿ / d]/f ;a} ;fyLx¿ † d cfhsf] …lstfa pkof]uL ls klqklqsfÚ eGg] jfbljjfbdf lstfa g} pkof]uL eGg] ljifodf af]Nb} 5' . dnfO{ kqklqsfeGbf lstfa g} pkof]uL nfU5 . xfdL k9fO ;?' ubf{ kqklqsf k9]/ ;'? ub}{gf}+F . lstfa k9]/} ;'? u5f}{F . lstfa gk9L kqklqsf k9\\g ;lsFb}g . km]l/ kqklqsf Pp6f dfq xG' 5 . h:t}, …dg' fÚ klqsf !, @, #, $, %, ^ ;a} sIffsf ljBfyL{n] ToxL k9\\gk' 5{ . lstfa t sIffcg;' f/ km/s km/s xG' 5g\\ . Pp6} sIffdf klg km/s km/s ljifosf lstfa xG' 5g\\ . ltgn] km/s km/s 1fg lbG5g\\ . h:t}, g]kfnL ljifosf lstfan] g]kfnL efiffsf] . To;df klg sg' } kf7n] syf, s'g} kf7n] ljleGg JolStsf hLjgLsf,] sg' } kf7n] lgaGwsf] . ul0ftn] lx;fasf,] cªu\\ h|] Ln] cªu\\ h|] L efiffsf,] lj1fgn] lj1fgsf] 1fg lbG5 . ;fdflhs cWoogn] ;dfh, kY[ jL ux| cflbsf] . -hgfp 306L aH5 ._ km]l/ lstfa gk9]/ jf lstfasf s'/f ghfgL csf]{ sIffdf klg hfg ;lsFb}g . t/ klqsf gk9\\bf t k/LIffdf cg'QL0f{ eOFb}g lg . kqklqsf t lstfa k9]/ km;' {b ePkl5 / sfd gePsf dfG5]n] dfq k9\\5g\\ . To;}n] kqklqsfeGbf lstfa g} pkof]uL eGb} d labf xG' 5' . wGojfb † ;~rflnsf M ca kqklqsf pkof]uL eGb} dgLiff kf}8]n cfpFb} l5g\\ . dgLiff kf}8]n >Ldfg\\ ;efklt, lgikIf lg0ff{os d08n u?' hg, ;xefuL tyf cGo pkl:yt ;fyLx¿ † cfhsf] jfbljjfbsf] ljifo 5– …lstfa pkof]uL ls kqklqsfÚ d o; ljifosf] ljkIfdf cyjf kqklqsf pkof]uL 5 eGg] ljifodf af]Nb} 5' . kqklqsfdf lstfasf h:tf af;L s/' f k9\\g'kb}{g . lstfa t Ps jif{ agfof] eg] k\"/} jif{el/nfO{ cyjf slxn] t kfFrbz jif{ klg ToxL x'G5 . kqklqsfdf cfhsf s/' f cfh} k9\\g kfOG5 . b]zsf, ljZjsf s'g sg' If]qdf s] eO/x]5 eGg] hfGg klg kqklqsf k9\\g'k5{ . Pp6} klqsfdf ljleGg n]v x'G5g\\ . ljleGg n]vsn] ljleGg tl/sfn] n]V5g\\ . kqklqsfdf lstfasf eGbf w]/} If]qsf 1fgsf s'/f x'G5g\\ . h:t} rnlrq, /fhgLlt, v]n, ;dfrf/, xf:oJoª\\Uo, 76\\6f, lj1fg, ljleGg 36gf cflb . lstfadf t olt w]/} ljifo sxfF xG' 5g\\ / < -hgfp 306L aH5 ._ jv} /L sIff ^ 91

lstfa t tf]s]sf] xG' 5 . tf]s]sf] k9\\g} k5{ . kqklqsf t cfkm\"nfO{ dg k/]sf] dfq k9\\bf x'G5 . lstfa lsg]kl5 k9\\g} k5{ . k\"j{jStf ;fyLn] eGg'eof], kqklqsfn] k9\\g l;sfpFb}g / lstfan] dfq l;sfpF5 /] . cfhef]ln t kqklqsfn] klg k9\\g l;sfpF5 . olt eGb} d labf x'G5,' wGojfb † ;~rflnsf M ca lstfa pkof]uL eGb} cfpFb} l5g\\– cf:yf zfSo . cf:yf zfSo >4]o ;efklt dxf]bo, lg0ff{os d08n, pkl:yt u?' hg / ;Dk\"0f{ ;fyLx¿ Û xfd|f nflu lstfa g} pkof]uL xG' 5 eGg] ljifodf d af]Nb} 5' . d]/f] ljrf/df xfd|f nflu kqklqsfeGbf lstfa g} pkof]uL xG' 5 . d]/f kj\" {jStf ;fyLn] eGg'eof], lstfadf w]/} If]qsf ljifo x'Fb}gg\\ t/ s'/f To;f] xf]Og . lstfadf klg w]/} ljifo x'G5g\\ . s] of] jfbljjfb eGg] ljifo lstfadf 5 ls kqklqsfdf < ;dfrf/ yfxf kfpg t /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehg eP k'luxfNof] lg † km]l/ kqklqsfnfO{ lstfasf] h:tf] ldlxg]t u/]/ agfPsf] klg xF'b}g . kqklqsfsf] cfsf/ klg ;fgf] xG' 5 . lstfadf ;Dkfbs Ps b'O{ eP klg n]vs w]/} x'G5g\\ . xfd}| …j}v/LÚ x]/f}F t . oxfF sljtf, syf, lgaGw ss;n] n]v]sf 5g\\ < clg t tL kf7sf] :jfb g} a]Un} x'Fb}gg\\ / < lstfa klg ;docg';f/ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] xG' 5 / o;sf ljifox¿ ;To / tYodf cfwfl/t xG' 5g\\ . lstfa t cfwl' gs kf/fn] agfOPsf] x'G5 . o;df a9L ;ts{tf ckgfOG5 . o;df kqklqsfsf h:tf] em'6f] / a9L uNtL x'Fb}g . kqklqsfsf] pb\\b]Zo s;/L lasfcf}F / lbglbg} lgsfnf}F eGg] xG' 5 . lstfasf] t s;/L 1fg lbpmF eGg] x'G5 . -hgfp 306L aH5 ._ k/fkj\" { sfndf klg 1fgsf] nflu lstfa g} lyof] . cfh klg lstfasf] plQs} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . kqklqsf t df};dL xG' 5 / To;df n]vsx¿ klg df};dL g} x'G5g\\, t/ /fd|f lstfa n]Vg]x¿ ;bf cd/ /xG5g\\ . gkTofP Jof; / nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fnfO{ ;Dem] x'G5 . lstfa k9\\g hfg]kl5 ;a} s'/f k9\\g hflgG5 . lstfa k9]/} dfG5] 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/ n]vs x'G5g\\ . To;}n] xfd|f nflu lstfa g} pkof]uL eGb} d labf rfxG5' . wGojfb † ;~rflnsf M ca kqklqsf pkof]uL eGb} cfpFb} 5g\\– ;Gt g]kfnL . 92 j}v/L sIff ^

;Gt g]kfnL o; sfo{qmdsf >4]o ;efkltHo\", lg0ff{os d08n, u'?ju{ / d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ † lstfaeGbf kqklqsf pkof]uL x'G5 . d cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf klg oxL ljifodf af]Nb} 5' . 7'nf 7'nf dflg;x¿ lstfaeGbf kqklqsf g} k9\\5g\\ . kqklqsf af]Sg, lsGg / k9\\g klg ;lhnf] xG' 5 . ljsl;t b]zdf t k':tseGbf kqklqsf g} lgsfNg] / k9\\g] ub{5g\\ . k':ts t ;a} 7fpFsf nflu Pp6} xG' 5 . kqklqsf t afnssf nflu a]Un} / 7'nfsf nflu a]Un} x'G5 . ;x/df ;x/ ;x' fpFbf] / ufpFsf nflu ufpF ;x' fpFbf] x'G5 . kqklqsfsf 7fpF / cj:yfnfO{ x]/]/ pko'St agfOPsf] xG' 5 . kqsf/x¿n] w]/} ldlxg]t u/]/ b]zljb]zsf gofF gofF s'/fx¿ ;a};fd' klqsfdfkm{t\\ k'¥ofpF5g\\ . /f]s, ef]s, dxfdf/L, clgsfn, cefj cflb ;d:ofsf ljifodf ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L lbP/ ;fy ;xof]u klg t?' Gt h'6fpg ;S5 . abdf;, rf]/, 8fFsf / 3':ofxfsf] kf]n vf]n]/ kqklqsfn] /fi6«sf nflu klg 7'nf] ;xof]u u/]sf] xG' 5 . lstfa dfq k9\\g]nfO{ aflx/L 1fg s]xL yfxf xF'b}g . xfdL lstfa dfq k9]/ lstfaL ls/f] dfq aGgx' 'Fb}g . -hgfp 306L aH5 ._ klxnf klxnf lstfa pkof]uL lyof] xf]nf, t/ ca lstfaeGbf kqklqsf g} pkof]uL 5g\\ . /fd|f kqklqsf 5fg]/ k9\\bf kqklqsfn] lstfasf] eGbf ;fFRr} g} /fd|f] 1fg lbG5 . To;}n] cGTodf d xfd|f nflu kqklqsf g} pkof]uL 5 eGb} labf xG' 5' . wGojfb Û ;~rflnsf M ca d ljh]tfsf] 3f]if0ff;lxt o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfkg ug{'xg' ;efkltHon\" fO{ cg'/f]w ub{5' . d cfkm}F klg cfhsf] o; sfo{qmdaf6 labf rfxG5' . -;efkltn] ljh]tfnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbg'x'G5 / ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbFb} sfo{qmd 6'ª\\Uofpgx' 'G5 . cGTodf tfnL ah]sf] cfjfh ;l' gG5 ._ jv} /L sIff ^ 93

k9fO != tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF k9\\g'xf];\\ M cfb/0fLo sfo{qmd ;~rflnsf ;efkltTj k|wfgfWofks lgikIf dN\" ofª\\sg lg0ff{os cª\\u]|hL pkl:yt rnlrq xf:oJoª\\Uo k\"j{jStf ;ts{tf nIdLk|;fb >4]o /fi6« 6ª' \\Uofpgx' G' 5 @= tnsf jfSo s;n] eg]sf] xf] < atfpg'xf;] \\ M -s_ Pp6} sIffdf klg km/s km/s ljifosf lstfa xG' 5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ abdf;, rf]/, 8fFsf, 3':ofxfsf] kf]n vf]n]/ kqklqsfn] /fi6«sf nflu klg 7n' f] ;xof]u u/]sf] x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ lstfa k9]/} dfG5] 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, n]vs x'G5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ sg' } hflt wd{nfO{ tf]s]/ jf JolStnfO{ gfd tf]s]/ cf/f]k nufpg kfOg]5}g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ kqklqsfdf lstfasf eGbf w]/} If]qsf 1fgsf s'/f xG' 5g\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= dflysf jfbljjfb sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ . $= PsbO' { zAbdf pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ …lstfa pkof]uL ls kqklqsfÚ eGg] sfo{qmdsL ;~rflnsf sf] xg' \\ < -v_ sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj s;n] ug'{ePsf] 5 < -u_ lg0ff{os d08ndf sf] sf] x'g'x'G5 < -3_ kIfaf6 af]Ng] jStfx¿ sf] sf] x'g\\ < -ª_ ljkIfaf6 af]Ng] jStfx¿ sf] sf] x'g\\ < -r_ jStfn] a9Ldf slt ldg]6 af]Ng kfpF5g\\ < -5_ ljh]tfnfO{ s;n] k'/:sf/ lbg'x'G5 . %= tnsf] kf]:6/ k9]/ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M k|l;4 gf6ssf/ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnåf/f lnlvt gf6sl6s6b/ M ? @)) dfq kZ| gx¿ -s_ …d;fgÚ gf6ssf] nv] s sf] xg' \\ < d;fg -v_ …d;fgÚsf snfsf/x¿sf] gfd @)&! ebf} !& b]lv @$ ;Dd eGgx' f;] \\ . d~rg eO/x]sf] 5 . -u_ …d;fgÚ gf6s slxn] kb| zg{ xbF' } 5 < lgb{z] s cg'k a/fn -3_ …d;fgÚ gf6ssf lgbz{] s sf] xg' \\ < snfsf/x¿ :yfg -ª_ sg' 7fpdF f d;fg gf6s d~rg xbF' } 5 . ™ bofxfª /fO{ ™ lgzf zdf{ ™ ;fu} ft dNn ™ lblnk ofbj d08nf lyP6/ cgfdgu/, sf7df8fF} 94 j}v/L sIff ^

nv] fO != kf7af6 /ª\\uLg cIf/n] nl] vPsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu ;fg{'xf];\\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \\ M -s_ jfbljjfbsf] zLif{s s] /x]sf] 5 < -v_ xfdL s] k9]/ k9fO ;?' u5f}{F < -u_ kqklqsfdf s]s:tf If]qsf s/' fx¿ xG' 5g\\ < -3_ lstfa n]Vg]x¿ cd/ x'G5g\\ eGg] s/' f s;s;nfO{ ;Dem] k'U5 < -ª_ kqsf/n] s] s] s'/f klqsfdfkm{t\\ ;a} ;fd' k¥' ofpF5g\\ < #= tnsf h:t} c¿ kfrF kfrF cf6] f s'/f n]Vgx' f;] \\ M lstfa;uF ;DalGwt s/' f klqsf;uF ;DalGwt s/' f != lstfa sIffcg;' f/ km/s km/s xG' 5g\\ . != klqsfdf ljleGg nv] sx¿ xG' 5g\\ . @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ jfbljjfbdf ;xefuL xg' ] jStfn] s;s;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ < -v_ jfbljjfbdf ;xefuL x'g] jStfn] s]s:tf s/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ < %= dflysf] jfbljjfbdf tkfOF{nfO{ s;sf] egfO dg k¥of] < tkfO{FnfO{ dg kg]{ jStfsf] egfOnfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\\ . ^= ($ ki[ 7sf] kf:] 6/ x/] /] tkfO{F klg sg' } gf6s jf rnlrqsf] kf:] 6/ agfpg'xf;] \\ . kf:] 6/df lgDg s/' fx¿ x'gk' g]5{ M ™ gf6s jf rnlrqsf] gfd ™ n]vs ™ lgb]{zs ™ snfsf/ ™ :yfg / ldlt ™ l6s6 b/ jv} /L sIff ^ 95

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