Social Studies and Population Education Book 8_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Lesson POLITICAL ACTIVITIES DURING 5 THE RANA REGIME There were various political activities that took place which either helped or obstructed the rule of the Rana’s. Some major political activities are given below: 1. Jung Bahadur’s Europe Trip (1906-1907 BS): Jung Bahadur visited Europe for a year. His main motive to visit Europe was to maintain a good relationship with the queen of England. He also was keen to learn about the social, economic, political, geographical and military activities of British. He was very influenced by the British way of rule and he brought English language to Nepal. He also started the Muluki Ain (Civil Code). 2. War between Nepal and Tibet (1912-1913 BS): The main cause for this war was the misbehavior towards the Nepalese living in Lhasa, the dispute regarding the border and the dismissal of a Nepalese lawyer. 3. Treaty of Thapathali (1912 BS): The treaty that was signed on the 3rd of Chaitra 1912 BS between Nepal and Tibet in the premises of Thapathali Palace is known as the Thapathali treaty. It was signed to end the war between Nepal and Tibet. According to this treaty Tibet had to pay Rs. 10,000.00 as Salami to Nepal. It also allowed for Nepal to have its ambassador in Lhasa. Thus, this treaty was in favor of Nepal. 4. The Parva of the year 1938 BS: The conspiracy to murder the then Prime Minister Ranodeep Singh and his brother Dheer Samsher is known as the Parva of 1938. The people involved in this conspiracy were Crown Prince Trailokya, Jagatjung, Subba Homnath Khatiwada, Uttardhwaj Khawas, etc. Later Uttardhwaj Khawas betrayed them and the conspiracy came into light. Some of them got arrested while others were sentenced to death. 5. The Parva of the year 1942 BS: The sons of Dheer Shamsher conspired and killed their uncle Ranodeep Singh and took over the power in the year 1942 BS. This event is known as the Parva of 1942 BS. After the incident the Jung family became weaker and the Shamsher family came into power. 6. Prachanda Gorkha: In the year 1988 BS, Umesh Bikram Shah, Ranganath Sharma, Khadga Man Singh and Maina Bahadur tried to establish a group called Prachanda Gorkha with the intention of ending the Rana regime. Laxman Prasad leaked this information and due to this Umesh Bikram SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 201

Shah’s property was confiscated and he was exiled, and the others were imprisoned. This is known as the incident of Prachanda Gorkha. But this planted the foundation for the end of the Rana rule. 7. Library Parva: The establishment of a library during the Rana rule was prohibited. During the rule of Bhim Shamsher, Jogavir Singh, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Krishna Prasad Khatiwada along with another 45-46 members decided to open a library. This information was leaked before they could submit the petition signed by 40 members. Hence all of them were arrested and fined Rs. 100.00 each. And this library was never established. 8. Prajaparishad: Prajaparishad was the first political party of Nepal established on 20th Jestha 1993 BS in Kathmandu. The main objective of this party was to end the Rana rule and establish democracy in the country. The founder members of this party were Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Tanka Prasad Acharya, Dashrath Chand, Jeevan Raj Sharma and Ramhari Sharma. King Tribhuwan supported this party financially and morally. As the activities of this party were against of Rana rule, the members Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Dashrath Chand, Ganga Lal Shrestha and Shukra Raj were arrested and sentenced to death. 9. Nepali Citizen Rights Committee: This committee was formed in 1994 BS. The objective of this committee was to spread awareness in the country by publishing articles, making speeches and preaching. Youngsters like Shukra Raj Shastri, Kedar Man Byathith, Murlidhar Sharma, Ganga Lal Shrestha etc were involved in this. Shukra Raj Shastri was the chairperson of this committee. 10. Jayatu Sanskritam Aandolan: The students of Rajkiya Sanskrit Bidyalaya went on a strike at Ranipokhari, Kathmandu in 2004 BS with the demands that subjects like geography, history, economics and political science should be included in the college curriculum. This strike is known as the Jayatu Sanskritam Aandolan. It helped in the political revolution in the country. Key Terms Confiscate : take or seize someone’s property with authority Dispute : disagreement Preach : deliver a sermon or religious address to an assembled group of people Strike : a refusal to work as a form of protest Note to the teacher: Take the students to the library or make them consult some historical books to understand the political events of the Rana regime and ask them to prepare a report. 202 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activity Write down the various political events in the table given below and present in class: Political event Year of event Involved people Achievements/ took place effects Junga Bahadur Junga Bahadur visit to Europe 1906-1907 BS Rana Education of English language Started. Very short answer questions 1. When did Jung Bahadur visit Europe? 2. What was the main cause of Nepal and Tibet war? 3. What is Thapathali treaty? When was it signed? 4. Differentiate between the Parva of 1938 and Parva of 1942 in a sentence. 5. What do you mean by the incident of Prachanda Gorkha? 6. When was Prajaparisad established? 7. What was the objective of Nepali Citizen Rights Committee? Short answer questions 1. How did the Parva of 1942 BS help in establishing the Shamsher Family’s prominence in the rule of Nepal? 2. Write down about the library Parva. 3. Why was Praja Parishad established? 4. Write down about the Jayatu Sanskritam Aandolan. 5. What type of organizations were the Prachanda Gorkha and Praja Parishad? 6. When was Prajaparisad established? Who were its founders? Mention their activities. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 203

Lesson ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES DURING 6 THE RANA REGIME After Kot Parva in 1903 BS, Junga Bahadur Rana became the Commander-in- chief. Similarly, after Bhandarkhal Parva and Alau Parva, Junga Bahadur Rana seized all the state powers and became Prime Minister and Commander-in- chief. He exiled junior queen Rajyalaxmi and dismissed King Rajendra Bikram Shah and enthroned Surendra. He got the title of ‘Maharaja’ from the king and king was made nominal. He started to rule as dictator. He made new role of succession, according to which only Rana family could hold the post of Prime Minister. The Rana regime was cruel and despotic. They ruled in Nepal for 104 years. However, some social and economic reforms were made by the Rana Prime Ministers. Economic and social activities of Rana regime: Rana Prime Minister Their Financial and social activities Junga Bahadur Rana Published the Muluki Ain in 1910 BS which (1903-1933 BS) consisted of 1,400 pages. It stated that everybody 30 years was subjected to same legal punishment, unmarried daughter who attained 35 years of age would have rights on the parental property, and dojiya widows were exempted from going sati, Established of Durbar High School on 27th Asoj 1910 BS, Established of Giddhe press, Emphasized on the use of Aayurvedic medicines, Started vaccination for children Ranodeep Singh Established Sanskrit school and hostel, (1933-1942 BS) 9 years Stared to print calendar (Panchaanga), Called specialist from abroad with the purpose of establishing telephone services, electricity and ropeway Note to the teacher: Make the students read more historical books to understand the social reforms that the Rana Prime Ministers brought about in their rule. 204 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Bir Shamsher Established Bir hospital in 1947 BS, Bir library (1942-1958 BS) and Bir dhara, 16 years Granted permission to children of common Dev Shamsher people to study at Durbar High School. Started (1958-1958) vocational training and woman education, 114 days Reformed the postal service Chandra Shamsher Established Aadhar (Primary) schools all over (1958-1986 BS) 28 years the country, Started publication of Gorkhapatra in 1958 BS, Bhim Shamsher Started a tradition of bursting the cannon at 12 (1986-1989 BS) 3 years noon to indicate the time, Started keeping a complain box in Kathmandu Juddha Shamsher (1989-2002 BS) for hearing the complaint of citizens 13 years Started taking census in 1968 BS, Abolished Sati Pratha in 1977 BS, Padma Shamsher Abolished Slavery (Daas Pratha) in 1981 BS, (2002-2005 BS) Established Military hospital, 3 years Established Trichandra college in 1975 BS, Produced hydroelectricity at Pharphing Started giving holiday on Saturday, Death penalty was changed into life imprisonment Reconstructed the houses demolished by the earthquake in 1990 BS, Started industrialization, Established Nepal Bank Ltd in the year 1994 BS, Issued ordinance (Istihar) to improve on education, Prohibited extravagance in the name of social or religious activities Established girls’ school, Started adult education, Enacted the first Constitution of Nepal (Nepal Government Legal Act-2004) SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 205

Mohan Shamsher Started Pre-Primary Education, (2005-2007 BS) 2 years Increased salary of civil servants, teachers and army Key Terms Abolish : formally put an end to a system, practice, or institution Extravagance : immoderate spending Prohibit : the action of forbidding something, especially by law Vaccination : an injection to protect oneself from disease Evaluation Exercises Activity Collect some pictures and news regarding the developments made during Rana regime. Very short answer questions 1. Who established Rana rule and when? 2. Who gave the title ‘Maharaja’ to Junga Bahadur? 3. When was Durbar High School established? 4. Who established Bir Hospital and when? 5. Why did Dev Shamser established complain box? 6. When and who abolished Sati Pratha? 7. When was Nepal Bank Ltd. established? 8. Who was the last Rana Prime Minister of Nepal? 9. Who was the Rana Prime Minister to rule the shortest period? Short answer questions 1. Mention the social reforms carried out during the rule of Junga Bahadur Rana. 2. Discuss about the social reforms brought by Chandra Shamsher. 3. Write short note on the contribution of Padma Shamsher. 4. Who do you think was the most democratic Rana Prime Minister? Why? 5. List out the contributions of Rana Prime Ministers in the field of education. 206 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson MAJOR POLITICAL EVENTS AFTER 2007 BS AND 7 ACHIEVEMENTS a) The political events from 2007 BS to present S.N. Date in BS Political Events 1. 2007-12-17 Interim Governance Act was passed. 2. 2008-10-8 Dr. K.I. Singh revolted against the cabinet of M.P. Koirala and after failing, fled to Tibet for refuge. 3. 2011-11-30 King Tribhuwan died in Switzerland. After his death, King Mahendra became the King of Nepal. 4. 2012-10-13 Tanka Prasad Acharya was appointed the Prime Minister, but was forced to resign within 6 months. 5. 2015-11-7 First General Election was held. 6. 2017-09-01 All political leaders were arrested. King Mahendra’s direct rule started. 7. 2017-9-22 Panchayat system started. 8. 2019-09-1 New Panchayat based constitution was promulgated. 9. 2023-10-4 Back to village national campaign started. 10. 2028-10-17 King Mahendra died of heart attack. 11. 2036 Students’ Movement 12. 2037-01-20 Referendum held 13. 2046-12-26 Multi-party system restored 14. 2047-07-23 The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS was promulgated and enforced. 15. 2052-11-01 Armed people’s war started. 16. 2056-01-20 Election of House of Representatives 17. 2058-02-19 All the members of the Royal family were massacred in the Royal Palace. 18. 2063-08-05 Comprehensive Peace Accord was signed 19. 2063-10-01 Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 was promulgated. 20. 2064-12-28 The election of Constituent Assembly and the process of writing a new constitution started. 21. 2065-02-15 Nepal was declared a federal republic state. 22. 2069-02-14 Constituent Assembly I dissolved. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 207

23. 2070-08-04 Election of Constituent Assembly II and continuity given to the formation of new constitution. 24. 2072-06-03 Constitution of Nepal was promulgated. 2074-01-31 25. 2074-03-14 Local level elections were held in three phases. 2074-06-02 26. 2074-08-10 Election for the members of House of Representatives and 2074-08-21 Provincial Assembly held in two phases. 27. 2074-10-24 Election of National Assembly 28. 2074-11-03 Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli (K.P. Oli) appointed as the 41st Prime Minister of Nepal. 29. 2074-11-29 Bidhya Devi Bhandari was re-elected as the President of Nepal. 30. 2074-12-04 Nanda Bahadur Pun was re-elected as the new Vice President of Nepal. b) The social and economic achievements from 2007 BS to present Date in BS Social and Economic achievements 2008 Beginning of the budget. 2010 Nepal Education Planning Commission was formed. 2013 Civil Service Act was enforced. 2013 The First Five Year Plan was started. 2013-01-14 Establishment of Nepal Rastra Bank. 2016-09-07 Birta abolished. 2020-04-01 Muluki Ain (Civil Code) enforced. 2021 Land Reform Act enforced. 2028 National Education System Plan enforced. 2057-04-02 Kamaiya system abolished. 2063-02-04 Nepal was declared a secular state. 2063-10-01 Interim Constitution promulgated. 2072-06-03 The Constitution of Nepal promulgated. 2075-05-01 Muluki Civil Code 2074 and Muluki Criminal Code 2074 enforced. Note to the teacher: Make the students prepare a chart or table presenting the political events chronologically during that time and also make an appropriate environment for discussion. Encourage them to give feedbacks. 208 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Key Terms Enforce : impose something Massacre : kill people in large numbers Referendum : vote by whole population on issue Refuge : shelter or protection Reinstate : reintroduce something Evaluation Exercises Activity Divide yourselves into two groups. Group 1 prepares a chart containing the major political events after 2007 BS. Group 2 prepares a chart of the social and economic achievements after 2007 BS and present in class. Very short answer questions 1. When was the first General Election held? 2. What was Panchyat system? 3. Define referendum. 4. When was Comprehensive Peace Accord signed? 5. When did the first five year plan begin in Nepal? 6. What is Constituent Assembly? 7. When was Nepal declared as federal republic state? 8. When was Nepal declared as secular state? Short answer questions 1. Write any three important political and three social achievements in Nepal between 2007 BS to 2017 BS. 2. Write any six economic achievement of Nepal after 2007 BS. 3. Explain the major political events in Nepal after 2007 BS. 4. Prepare a timeline of the major political events of Nepal after 2007 BS to 2017 BS. Community Work Ask your elders about the political, social, cultural events that took place from 2007 BS till present day. Then present those events on a timeline. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 209

Lesson GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION 8 Teacher: History is a very interesting subject. It tells us about our past and how we and our society have reached the present condition. We need to know about our past in order to appreciate and understand our present. Human civilization has gone through many stages and given us great philosophers who have contributed in the development of the society. The two most important civilizations that we need to learn about are the Roman and the Greek civilization. I had asked Neelam and Subash to search in the internet and let the class know more about these two civilizations. Neelam: Yes, Ma’am. I have searched on the internet for Greek civilization and have come across some interesting facts which I am sharing with the class today. The Olympics games which are held today originated from ancient Greece. It started in the year 776 BC. Ancient Greek was made up of small city states. The people of these small states came together and participated in sports which strengthened the relationship between these city states. The Olympic games of today are the modified version of these sports. Greece is situated Political Map of Greece in the south western part of Europe. It was previously known as Yunan and its capital city was Athens. The people living in Greece are known as Greeks or Yunani. The Greek civilization developed 5,000 years ago and it was highly developed civilization. In ancient 210 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Greece the people from the small city states came together every year at a specified place and voted for the council. It is believed that the words such as politics, democracy and citizens came from Greece. The Greek people worshipped Zeus and considered him to be the lord of lords. The land of Greece was not suitable for agriculture. People travelled a lot Parthenon Temple for their livelihood. Art and architecture was highly developed in ancient Greece. Temples, buildings and theaters were built in this civilization. Parthenon temple of Athena is considered to be a wonderful example of the Greek architecture. Homer, the poet composed two of his greatest epics Iliad and Odyssey which can be compared to the Ramayan and Mahabharat of the eastern culture. The great philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were also Greeks. Socrates had consumed poison for the cause of truth and justice. His pupil Plato wrote one of the most influential books on political science known as the ‘Republic’. Plato’s pupil, Aristotle and Alexander the great were also from Greek. The Greek civilization is considered to be the base for today’s modernization. Teacher: Very good, Neelam. Ok now, Subash did you find anything about the Roman Civilization? Subash: Yes, Ma’am. Let me share my information. Julius Caesar The Roman civilization developed some 2,800 years ago in the ninth century BC. According to legend, ancient Rome was founded by two demigod brothers, Romulus and Remus, on 21st April 753. The legend claims that, in an argument over who would rule the city Romulus killed Remus and named the city after himself. He was the founder of Rome. He had granted all people of his state the position of citizens whether they were rich or poor, master or slave. The beginning of democracy can be traced back to the Roman civilization. Rome is the capital of Italy. Julius Caesar was a very powerful ruler of this civilization. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 211

The ancient Romans are most famous for their architecture. They brought a lot of new ideas to architecture including the arch, the baked brick, and the use of cement and concrete. The famous structures of Rome are the Colosseum, Baalbek, Pantheon, Amphitheater, etc. Rome was considered to be a very beautiful city. Art, science, philosophy and literature developed here. There are many other big theatres and buildings built during this civilization and we can still see the remains even today. Teacher: Thank you, Neelam and Subash. You have really found some very interesting facts about these civilizations. Colosseum Baalbek Pantheon Amphitheater Key Terms Council : a body of people elected to manage the affairs of a city, county, or other municipal district Demigod : human with powers of god Originate : begin or develop somewhere or from something Note to the teacher: Make the students find out information about the achievements in the areas of politics, society, finance, literature, art, science in the ancient Greek civilization through the internet, books, atlas etc. And also make them find out the use of these in the day to day life of people. 212 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Look at the map of Europe and find Greece, Rome and other places surrounding it. 2. Trace the map of Greece and fill the places given below: Athens, Lamia, Larissa, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Crete Island and Mount Olympus Very short answer questions 1. Why did the people of Greek participate in sports? 2. Who are called Yunani? 3. Who is called the lord of the lords? 4. Name two epics written by Homer. 5. Who wrote ‘Republic’? 6. When did Roman civilization develop? 7. Who founded the city, Rome? 8. Name two famous structures of Rome. 9. Who was the most powerful ruler of Roman civilization? Short answer questions 1. When, where and why did the Olympic games start? 2. Write down the similarities and dissimilarities between Nepal and ancient Greek civilization in a table. 3. Discuss the main contribution given by the Roman Civilization to the Modern society. 4. Democracy started from the Greek and Roman civilization. What should we do to preserve democracy in our country? 5. Why should the modern society in the world be indebted to Greek and Roman Civilization? Describe. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 213

Lesson RENAISSANCE 9 The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. The word “Renaissance” is French word which means “rebirth”. The Middle Age began with the fall of the Roman Empire. Much of the advancements in science, art, and government that had been made by the Greeks and Romans were lost during this time. The Renaissance was a time of rebirth of education, science, art, literature, music, and a better life for people in general. Renaissance also means revival. Ancient Europe was highly developed in the areas of education, culture, art, civilization and language. The period between the 6th to 13th centuries saw the beliefs in religious superstitions increasing which had an adverse effect on the society and hindered the development process. From the fourteenth century once again there started development in the areas of education, culture, art, scientific inventions, etc. The people became more aware of their surroundings and they tried to bring realism in their works. The renaissance time period was the time of revival of knowledge. The chart given below clears the reason behind it. Rapid Publication of Books Urbanization and Newspaper Development Causes of Dominance of Science over in Marine Renaissance religion Transportation Influence of Arabic Civilization and Culture in Europe The reality of the people who cheated on the pretext of religion came to light. It was proved that superstitious belief had no scientific reasons. The scientific inventions were given more importance. Literature which once praised the pope and the priest started to end and personal expressions were emphasized. The articles then published in Greek and Latin languages. 214 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

There were many people who were responsible for the revival of knowledge. The main effect of the renaissance was felt in the area of literature, art, science, mathematics and research. Dante wrote his epic the ‘Divine Comedy’ and contributed in the Italian literature. He had severely criticized the pope, priests and lords and their deeds. Erasmus was one satirical writer who condemned the then arrogant superstitious people. ‘The Praise of the Folly’ is one of his famous works. The poet Spencer also generated awareness in the area of poetry. The style of writing poetry was transformed from middle ages to modern poetry. The people who contributed in the field of art are Leonardo Monalisa Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Rafael. Leonardo was multi talented and he was named as the true Renaissance man. He created the portrait of Monalisa which has been famous for its beauty, animation and sentimentality. Another sculptor named Giverty sculpted the gate of a church in Florence which Angelo praised it by saying it is worth making the gates of the heaven. Brunleski also contributed in the development of architecture. The Scientists of the renaissance period are Nicholas Galileo Copernicus, Gilbert, Galileo and Newton. Kapler and Newton Nipier are the mathematicians whose contributions cannot be forgotten. Nicholas Copernicus came with the theory that the Sun is still and the planets revolve around it. Kapler proved this theory mathematically. The European countries sent ships to all corners of the world to learn about new places, people, and things. The explorers made their contributions by finding new places. Columbus discovered America, Vasco Da Gama discovered India and Marcopolo discovered China. During the Renaissance period, music was gradually transformed to serve humanity. Vocal music, instrumental music, etc became popular. New musical instrument like the violin, the flute, the harpsichord were introduced. Operas and Orchestral music became popular in Europe. Note to the teacher: Search in the Internet and give additional information about renaissance. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 215

Key Terms Condemn : consider somebody or something guilt Realism : practical understanding of life Renaissance : rebirth or revival Evaluation Exercises Activity Present a table mentioning the names of the writer, actor, sculptor and artist who have made major contribution in your community. Discuss about them in class. Very short answer questions 1. What do you mean by Renaissance? 2. Which period is called the Renaissance period? 3. Where did Renaissance start from? 4. Who wrote ‘Divine Comedy’? 5. Who was Erasmus? What is his famous work? 6. Name any two artists of Renaissance period. 7. What was the theory of Nicholas Copernicus? 8. Who discovered China? 9. Who created the portrait of Monalisa? 10. Name four scientists of Renaissance period. Short answer questions 1. How did renaissance open the door for modernization? 2. Which fields were mostly affected during this period? 3. Write the major contribution of the people in various fields during the renaissance. 4. What geographical discoveries were made during the renaissance period? 5. What was the condition of Nepal when renaissance period began in Europe? 216 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Review Exercise 1. Match the following: Mathematician Yunan Poli Pythagoras Greece City state Round earth Homer Iliad 2. Gather information about the given personalities from articles, newspapers, internet, encyclopaedia, etc and write few lines, about them. Homer Plato Alexander Aristotle Project Work Collect news about Greece and Italy and display them on the information or notice board. Community Work How was your tole 20 years ago? Ask the elders and write few lines about those days. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 217

Unit 7 OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Learning Achievements Find out and mention the present condition, importance, problems and solutions in the tourism industry and international trade, and Explain the concept of cooperatives, currency, bank, price determination, saving, investment, capital formation, external and internal employment and use them practically. 218 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson TOURISM INDUSTRY 1 Normally human beings move from one place to another for pleasure, business, pilgrimage, adventure and other purposes. It is usually of a limited duration. People like to visit new places and learn new things about culture, art and lifestyle of other people. When people travel from one place to another with a specific objective and time then that is called tourism. Those people are known as tourists. There are two types of tourists. They are: 1. Internal tourist 2. External tourist SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 219

Internal tourist: Those people who travel within their own country are known as Internal or Domestic tourist. They travel in their own country but visit different places that they do not live in. External tourist: Those people who travel to different countries are known as External or International tourist. They travel outside the borders of their country of residence. Tourists visiting new places require some facilities, services, assistance and guidance. People open hotels, restaurants, lodges, resorts, etc for this purpose. The business or industry providing information, accommodation, transportation and other services to tourists is known as tourism industry. Travel agency, paragliding, snow skating, rafting, trekking, hot air ballooning, golf, polo are some more examples of it. Tourism studies in Nepal: The government of Nepal has established Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hotel Management to produce high level and basic level human resource for the development of tourism in the country. The institution is affiliated to Tribhuwan University (TU) and has been conducting three years Bachelor Level studies in Travel and Tourism Management and Hotel Management. The classes for Masters of Hospitality Management started from 2011 AD. Similarly, Kathmandu University (KU) and Pokhara University (KU) are also offering classes on Tourism and Hotel Management. The importance of Tourism Industry: Nepal is rich in natural beauty, resources and wonders. Many places of Nepal are religiously and culturally important. Mt. Everest, other mountains peaks, green forest, beautiful water resources, flora and fauna, etc tempt many tourists to visit Nepal. There are also many historic and religious places, ancient art, diverse culture, diverse climate, rare herbs, etc. If the tourism industry is developed then the possibility of overall development of Nepal can be foreseen. The importance of development of tourism in Nepal is as follows: 1. Earn foreign currency and increase in national income, 2. Create employment opportunities, 3. Development of small and cottage industries, 4. Development of rural infrastructure, 5. Increase business and promote it, 6. Exchange of art and culture and also publicize the country in international sector. 220 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

The problems of the tourism industry: 1. Lack of proper plan and policy, 2. Lack of proper communication and transportation facilities, 3. Pollution, 4. Lack of skilled human resource, 5. Lack of airport facilities, 6. Lack of good hotels in remote areas. The solutions: To solve these problems, a number of solutions can be adopted: 1. Maintain and preserve the tourist areas, 2. Improve land and air transportation facility, 3. Develop the communication sector, 4. Publicize our country internationally, 5. Maintain the peace and security of the country, 6. Provide good quality service, goods, markets, banks, hotels, etc. 7. Emphasize the production of skilled human resources, 8. Control the population and pollution. Eco-tourism: Eco-tourism is proper planning and executing of tourism activities to protect and maintain natural environment and sustain the well being of local people. It is a responsible tourism which aware all concerned groups to be sensible in use of resources and environment. It is directed towards the decrease of adverse effect of tourism on nature and natural environment. Visit Nepal 2020: Tourism is an important business in Nepal. The year 2020 has been announced as “Visit Nepal 2020” with a vision of enhancing the growth of tourism industry by welcoming more than two million tourists. The government has planned to complete the construction and expansion of the international and domestic airports, heritage sites and other tourism infrastructures within this year. Note to the teacher: Make the students interview a person related to the tourism industry or a tourist or an experienced person regarding tourism. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 221

Key Terms Accommodation : a room or building to live in Enhance : improve Foresee : predict Tempt : to be inviting or attractive Evaluation Exercises Activity Describe a tourist area located near your community. Very short answer questions 1. Who are tourists? 2. What is tourism? 3. Who are called external tourists? 4. What is tourism industry? 5. What is eco-tourism? 6. Why do people travel? Short answer questions 1. Write down the importance of tourism in the development of Nepal. 2. What are the objectives of the tourist for visiting Nepal? Write in points. 3. Mention the problems seen in the tourism industry of Nepal and its solutions. 4. Differentiate between external and internal tourist. 5. How does tourism increase income and employment opportunity in a country? 6. Prepare a six day trip for your friend from another district who is visiting your community. 222 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson FOREIGN TRADE 2 Trade is essential for satisfaction of human wants. It is conducted not only for the sake of earning profit, it also provides services. It is an important social activity. Trade came into existence with the beginning of human life and will continue as long as human life exists. It is not possible for one person or community to produce the things that they require by themselves. That is why, the excess things that they produce should be sold in markets and the things that they lack should be bought from the market. The exchange or transaction or buying and selling of goods between people to people or community to community is known as Trade. Trade can be divided into two categories: 1. Internal Trade 2. Foreign Trade SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 223

Internal Trade: Internal trade is also known as Home or Domestic trade. It is conducted within the same country. It can be local, regional and national level. For example: trade carried out among traders of different parts of our country. It can be further divided into two groups: a. Wholesale Trade b. Retail Trade In wholesale trade, goods are purchased and stored in large quantities and sold to retailers whereas, goods are purchased from the wholesalers and sold to individuals in small quantities in retail trade. External Trade: Foreign Trade is also known as External or International trade. The trade that takes place between two countries is known as foreign or international trade. International currency is used for International Trade. These types of businesses are determined by custom tariff, the quota system and foreign exchange rate and business policies. For example trade carried out among traders of Kathmandu and New York. It can be further divided into two groups: a. Import Trade b. Export Trade The remaining goods and services of one country after consumption can be exported to other countries. Similarly, the goods that are costly to produce in one’s own country can be imported from other countries at lesser cost. International business can be advantageous in this condition. The traders involved in the International Trade can be benefited by analyzing the comparative cost difference and specialization on production of goods, etc. Present condition of foreign trade in Nepal Currently Nepal is doing its two thirds of the International business with India. Nepal has been bearing loss in its foreign trade. It is because Nepal is importing more compared to exporting. Nepal exports clothes, polyester thread, GI pipe, stones, sand and cardamom to India. The export of carpets, readymade garments, pashmina, Nepali paper, leather, handicrafts, tea and coffee has increased in other countries. Nepal imports petroleum, coal, chemical fertilizers, readymade clothes, and agricultural equipment and motor parts from India. There has been increment in imports of gold, raw soybean oil, silver, edible oils, machinery and its parts from other countries. Importance of foreign trade International trade plays an important role in the economy of every country in the world. Its role and importance is more in the developing and landlocked countries like Nepal. The importance of International trade is as follows: 224 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

1. It gives opportunities to expand the new market. 2. It can earn foreign currency. 3. The resources and means are utilized properly. 4. It helps in industrialization. 5. It creates employment opportunity. 6. It increases in government revenue and strengthens the economy of a country. 7. It helps in strengthening the ties between the nations. Problems faced in the foreign trade Nepal imports more goods than it exports. The massive increment in import compared to export results into trade loss by eight times to Nepal. Even though it is an agricultural country, basic crop like rice is being imported from other countries. Some of the problems faced by Nepal in foreign trade are as follows: 1. Nepal being a landlocked country, 2. Its unmanaged open boundaries, 3. Regular increase in the demand of petroleum products, 4. Unable to produce and export goods of basic necessity, 5. Unable to produce the quality goods to compete in the International market, 6. Lack of good policies and planning. Solutions: There are some measures to solve these problems which are as follows: 1. Establishment of industries focusing on the agriculture and forestry, 2. Special facilities should be demanded from the World Trade Organizations (WTO). 3. Industrial infrastructure should be developed and goods of superior quality should be produced. 4. Unconditional transit and enough capital should be managed. 5. Focus and concentration should be given in the areas of tourism, health, water resource, green energy and programs should be formulated to develop these areas. Note to the teacher: Make the students interview a person related to foreign trade regarding trade in Nepal. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 225

Key Terms Excess : surplus, extra Lack : shortage Tariff : tax levied on goods Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss the condition of foreign trade in Nepal. 2. Collect the names of goods that have been imported or manufactured in foreign country and find out which country they have been produced in. Very short answer questions 1. What is trade? 2. What are the types of trade? 3. Differentiate between wholesale and retail trade in a sentence. 4. Make a list of goods that Nepal exports. 5. Write the full form of WTO. 6. What do you mean by international trade? Short answer questions 1. Write the differences between Internal and Foreign Trade. 2. List the goods that are being exported to India from Nepal. 3. Discuss the importance of foreign trade in the development of Nepal. 4. Write down six measures to reduce trade deficit of Nepal. 5. Why is trade necessary? Explain with example. 6. What is the present status of international trade in Nepal? 7. What are the problems of foreign trade in Nepal? 8. Write the solutions of the problems in international trade in Nepal. 226 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson CURRENCY 3 SPECIMEN SPECIMEN SPECIMEN SPECIMEN SPECIMEN SPECIMEN In the ancient time people used to produce the things in their own home that they needed. They used to exchange the excess things they had with other people and got other required goods from them. Thus, in the absence of currency, the system of giving excess things in exchange for other required things is known as barter system. As the economic activities increased, the barter system seemed to be impractical. The search began for something which would be acceptable by all instead of barter system. People started using things like special kind of crops, a hard substance with a hole in the middle, animals, skin of animals, the shell of the tortoise, etc for the purpose of exchanging goods. As the development progressed, materials like gold and silver started to come into use. At present, money is being generally accepted or in use, which is known as currency. Currency has some features such as portable, liquidity, legal tender, durable, divisible, a unit of account, resistant to counterfeiting, etc. Currently paper notes are in use as currency. Along with the human civilization, the features and definitions of currency also has undergone some changes. Nepal Rashtra Bank is the only institution responsible for printing paper notes and minting coins in Nepal. The European countries use a common currency which is known as Euro. The currency of USA is known as Dollar ($). SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 227

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Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Find out and list how and where the currency has been used in your community. 2. List out the various notes of Nepalese currencies issued by Nepal Rastra Bank. Also observe the facts given on any one note. 3. Find out about the people who have gone abroad for employment, ask them about the currency that was used in the foreign land and make a list. Very short answer questions 1. Define barter system. 2. What is currency? 3. Which institution is responsible for issuing paper notes in Nepal? 4. Which organization gives permission to issue currency to the countries? 5. What is Euro? Short answer questions 1. Write the disadvantage of barter system. 2. Define currency and write down the specialities of currency. 3. How has currency helped in our economic activities? Write in short. 4. Write the process of issuing currency by a country. 5. How should we us notes? Write in six points. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 229

Lesson BANK 4 Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd. Murari Prasad Shah lives in Taratal. His daughter is working in Dubai. He is a very hard working man. He owns a land of four Katthas. He has been doing vegetable farming there. He has been saving the income generated from this. As his savings increased, he felt insecure to keep all his money at home. It is also not possible for him to carry the money because it might get lost. One morning, he met Radha Bhauju in the market. He asked her where she was going. She told him that she needed some money to buy things. Then she took out a card from her purse and then entered a small room. She inserted the card in one box and pressed some buttons on the machine. Immediately, some notes came out of the box. Murari was surprised and he asked how that happened! Radha Bhauju told him about the bank in the following manner: In simple words, we can say that Bank is a financial institution that undertakes the banking SAMPLE activity. It accepts deposits and then lends the same to earn certain profit. Bank provides the people a personal coded card to withdraw money from the bank. This card is known as ATM Card ATM (Automated Teller Machine) card. By using this card we can get access to our money conveniently. I have opened an account at a bank and saved my money there. And whenever I need money I can 230 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

use this card to get it. We can also withdraw money from the cheque but ATM is easier and faster. The bank also gives us interest on our deposit amount. After hearing this Murari told Radha Bhauju about his insecurities and fears. Radha Bhauju helped Murari to open an account in his name. Murari gave all the details of his business to the Bank’s manager. The manager encouraged him to take some loan from the bank and extend his business. Murari kept four Katthas of his land as security and applied for loan. From that loan amount he rented another five Katthas of land ATM Machine and extended his farming business there. He paid the principal and interest on time. Now Murari has become one of the successful farmers in Bardiya. He also receives the money sent to him by his daughter from a foreign country through bank. Radha Bhauju also sends money to Khasa in order to receive goods through bank. The goods reach her godown straightaway. She also exchanges the foreign currency at the bank. She sends money to her son who is studying abroad through bank. She doesn’t have to take much cash with her while travelling too. She can withdraw money from any branch of her concern bank. Types of Bank and Financial Institutions in Nepal Class: “A” Class: “B” Class: “C” Class: “D” Micro Finance (Commercial (Development (Finance Financial Institutions and Companies) Banks) Banks) Co-operatives Note to the teacher: Show ATM cards, Cheque book etc practically in class and discuss about them. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 231

Key Terms Extend : make larger Godown : a warehouse Insecure : uncertain or anxious Insert : place, fit, or push (something) into something else Withdraw : taking out of money from ones account Evaluation Exercises Activities 1 Write the name of a financial institution established in your community and list the services it provides. 2. Find out the differences between Nepal Rastra Bank and Banijya Bank and write them down. Very short answer questions 1. Define bank. 2. What is ATM card? Write its full form. 3. Why is bank necessary? 4. What are the types of bank in Nepal? Short answer questions 1. Why do people save money in banks? 2. Write down about development banks. 3. How has bank made our lives easier? Explain. 4. What is the role played by a bank in the economic development of Nepal? 5. Write a letter to your cousin explaining to him the importance of saving money in bank rather than keeping cash at home. 232 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson PRICE DETERMINATION OF GOODS AND PRICE HIKING 5 Teacher : Good morning students. Students : Good morning teacher. Teacher : Does anybody have questions regarding price determination of goods and price hiking? Students : Yes sir. How and who determines the price of goods? Teacher : Ok listen carefully. The goods that we get in the market are produced by the manufacturers. The manufacturer can be an individual, firm or industry. The manufacturer needs various resources to produce goods. The resources include land, capital, labour, and organization. The manufacturer needs to pay the rent for land, interest for capital, wages to labour and profit to organization. Thus all the expenditure made to produce goods is its cost price. In other words, cost price is the price that costs to make a product, without profit being added. Normally the price is determined by the cost price of the goods. There are some products on which government imposes tax. Such government taxes will be added in the cost price if any. Similarly, on some products, government can provide grand or tax rebate. In that circumstance, the price of the goods might be lesser than its cost price. Students : Teacher, what are the factors that influence the increase in the price of the product? SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 233

Teacher : Very good question. The nature of the market also influences and determines the price of the product. If there is a monopoly market then the manufacturers can fix the price as they wish. In this circumstance, if they want to sell their product in a larger quantity then they should reduce the price of a product. Some factors that influence the price are as follows: a) Cost of Production: Cost of production is the main component of price. Normally, company cannot sell its product or services at lesser price than the cost of production. Thus, before price determination, it is necessary to compile data relating to the cost of production. b) Demand for Product: The demand of any product is created by the consumers. The demand for the product should be taken into consideration before price determination. If demand is relatively more than supply, higher price can be fixed. Similarly if the demand is less than supply, lower price can be fixed. Finally the price of the product is determined when the price of supply quantity of the product and the demand quantity is equal. If due to some reasons, the price of the product is higher than the determined price, then the supply of the product increases than its demand. Because of that, manufacturers compete to lower the price of the product. As a result the price of the product comes down to the price determined before. If the price of the product is lesser than its determined price then it creates more demand. Because of that, there is a competition among consumers to buy the product. As a result the price of the product increases as determined before. c) Price of Competing Firms: In the competitive market, there could be plenty of competitors who sell the same product. It is necessary to take into consideration prices of the products of the competing firms prior to determining the price. In case of cut-throat competition it is desirable to keep prices low. 234 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

d) Purchasing Power of Customers: It should also be taken into consideration before determining the price of a product what the purchasing power of the customers is and at what price and how much they can purchase. e) Government Regulation: If the price of the commodity and services is to be determined as per the regulation of the government, it should also be done accordingly. f) Objective: Usually, at the time of price determination, a certain amount of profit is added to the cost of production. If company’s objective is to earn higher profit it may add higher amount of it. g) Marketing Method Used: Price is also influenced by the marketing method used by the company, eg: commission which is to be paid to the middlemen for sale of the goods is also added to the price. Similarly, if the customers are to be provided “after sale service” facility, then those expenses are also added to the price. Hope you understood now. Students : Yes teacher. Thank you. Key Terms Black market : illegal buying and selling Commodity : something that is bought and sold Compile : to put together Cut-throat : aggressive and merciless in striving for supremacy Impose : cause something, such as a tax, fine, and rule to come into affect Monopoly : complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market Rebate : an amount of money that is paid back to you because you have paid too much Note to the teacher: Concentrate on question answer and discussion method for this lesson. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 235

Evaluation Exercises Activity The grocers paste the price list of all goods for the customers to view. Similarly, manufacturers pack the goods and send them into market. Such packed goods contain the date of manufacture, weight of the product, price and expiry date. Find any six products and fill the following table: S.N. Name of Price of Weight (kg/ Manufacture Expiry Product Product Date litre) Date (Rs.) Also discuss why product which has exceeded its expiry dates shouldn’t be used. Very short answer questions 1. Who are manufacturers? 2. What is cost price? 3. What do you mean by monopoly market? 4. What is meant by purchasing power of customers? Short answer questions 1. How is the price of a product determined? 2. Write down the reasons for the price hiking? 3. What is black market? Write down the measures to control it. 4. Write short notes on: a. Cost of Production b. Demand for Product c. Purchasing Power of Customers 5. Explain any six factors that influence the price of goods. 236 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson CAPITAL FORMATION AND CO-OPERATIVES 6 Palungtar, Gorkha 12th February, 2020 Dear Anju, Hope you are doing well. As you have asked me about our village and how it has changed in last few years, I will tell you in detail. There were about 40 families living in our village. Five years ago, the people of our village were very poor. We used to work on daily wages. The crops we grew or produced weren’t sufficient even for a year. The wages were very low too. Due to the structure of the land/uncultivated land, the production was very low. During this time literacy programs started in our village. The volunteers of the literacy program started Khutruke Savings Program. They made a rule of saving just five rupees out of the money they spent on cigarettes and tea every day. After this rule came into practice, a lot of people quit having cigarettes and tobacco. Each family from the forty families saved Rs. 5.00 per day. With this ratio the savings of that village was Rs. 200.00 per day. In one month the savings was Rs. 6,000.00. With that amount the villagers bought six kids of goats and by conducting a lottery they were distributed amongst the six individuals. Those individuals were to pay 10% interest along with the principal of Rs. 1,000.00. The money accumulated on the second month was given to three people as loan for vegetable farming. They rented 1 Ropani land and started their farming. On the third month twelve people got Rs. 500.00 as loan including me. We planted the seed of lemon grass and other herbs on the field. On the fourth month three people took Rs. 2,000.00 as a loan. They started a business which sold the products of our village in haat bazaar. In this way, the amount we saved was used in various economical activities. Then both the principal and interest started to return. As a result, we had collected a good amount of money. Then it became necessary and also difficult to keep the accounts. The volunteers conducting informal education suggested and helped us in opening cooperatives. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 237

By this time, a lot of youth had been educated. So we opened ‘Palungtar saving and credit’ cooperatives. One representative from forty families became member of that organization. There was no discrimination on the bases of caste, religion and race. Monthly savings now turned from khutruke savings to accounts. The saving amount also increased. We now started collecting Rs. 300.00 monthly. There was a vast improvement in the life of the people of our village. Nobody is unemployed. Everyone is engaged in some work. The children from every family went to school now. There wasn’t any lack of money for our basic necessities. We could get loans from the cooperatives anytime for the business. The shares from the cooperatives also generated profit. The interest on savings was also received timely. There is a unity in our community. The success story of our village encouraged the District agriculture, Municipality and District Co-ordination Committee to provide special assistance and support. Now our village has been linked to the main road. Cottage industries and health organizations are also conducting training program in our village now. Within five years the fate of the people of our village has changed. Their habit of saving helped in generating capital. When the capital was invested in various businesses, our economic status also improved. Similarly, there was also development of agriculture, cottage industries and business in our village. Cooperative organizations came into existence with the view of managing our savings and capital. The slogan of the government “Gaun Gaun Ma Sahakari, Ghar Ghar Ma Bhakari” has become meaningful in our village. Savings is necessary to generate capital. We saved Rs. 300.00 every month and through cooperatives were able to generate capital. This helped in increasing the production of our village. Hope you are clear now. Take care of your health. I look forward to seeing you soon. Your loving brother, Dharma Note to the teacher: Take a tour to the nearest office of a cooperative and discuss about it with the students. 238 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Key Terms Cooperative : business owned by workers Daily wages : the pay that one gets on daily bases Fate : destiny Literacy programs : programs that give knowledge Volunteer : a person who works for an organization without being paid Evaluation Exercises Activity Write down the name of a cooperative organization in your neighborhood or around your school and list down its functions. Very short answer questions 1. What is saving? 2. What do you mean by cooperatives? 3. How did the cooperative organizations come into existence? 4. What is the slogan of the government to increase saving? Short answer questions 1. Why is saving important? Explain. 2. What are the advantages of a cooperative? 3. Write down the differences between cooperative business and personal business. 4. List the working areas of cooperatives. 5. Write a letter to your brother telling him about the importance and benefit of cooperatives. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 239

Lesson THE CONDITION OF EMPLOYMENT IN NEPAL 7 Employment is the state where a person holds a job. The people get salary or wage in the form of cash or any valuable as income for the work that they do. This type of money is received periodically. It can be per hour, per day, week, month, etc. There is an age limit for employment in an organization. Normally, the active age for a person to be working is from 15 years to 59 years. People falling into this category are known as economically active population. This age limit can be different according to countries. Employment is a person’s means for his/her livelihood. The employment level of a country shows the number of people involved in an employment compared to its total labour power. The economy can be divided into different areas like agriculture, industries, business, construction, service, etc which helps in analyzing the employment sector of a country. We can analyze employment by dividing it into two types: internal employment and foreign employment. The people who are working on their own and generating income are known as self-employed people. The condition when people are not involved in a job prevailing salary scale even if they have the required skill, age, desire and ability is known as unemployment. 240 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Employment Inicators and Long Term Targets S.N. Indicators Status Target Target (2074/75 BS) (2080/81 BS) (2100/01 BS) 1. Unemployment rate (%) 11.4 6 3 2. Labor force participation 38.5 48.5 72 rate above 15 years (%) 3. Employment in formal 36.5 50 70 sector (%) Source: 15th Plan Approach Paper The problems or challenges related to employment 1. Not being able to create employment opportunities for the human resources which are increasing every year, 2. Lack of employment information centers, 3. Unmanaged foreign employment or manpower companies, 4. Lack of long term vision, policy and planning about the production of human resources and their mobilization, 5. Lack of planning on the future programs and the skilled human resources to conduct such programs, 6. Inability to produce new and skilled human resources as per the demand of the market, 7. The person going for the foreign employment lack the timely information on essential notice, are being cheated, are not being able to get the salary and work as per the agreement, 8. Not being able to commercialise agriculture, etc. Key Terms Livelihood : a means of securing the necessities of life Periodically : at regular intervals of time Note to the teacher: Make the students draw charts, table and graph while teaching them this lesson. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 241

Evaluation Exercises Activity Find out the number of employed and unemployed people in your community. Convert that number into percentage and find out the percentage of employed people. Very short answer questions 1. What is employment? 2. What do you mean by economically active population? 3. What are the types of employment? 4. Define Self employment. 5. What is Unemployment? Short answer questions 1. Define employment and write four problems relating to this area. 2. What do you mean by active population? What is the role played by it for the development of a country? 3. Prepare a dialogue on the topic “Employment is the key to development”. 4. Prepare an editorial on “Self-employment is today’s need”. 5. What do you think are the causes of unemployment in Nepal? Suggest the measures to overcome this problem. 242 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Review Exercise 1. Given table shows the facts of International Trade of Nepal in the fiscal year of 2073/74 BS and 2074/75 BS. Study the given table and suggest any six ways to improve foreign trade of Nepal. FOREIGN TRADE DIRECTION: FY 2017/18 AD (2074/75 BS) S.N. Trade Indicators FY 2074/75 BS FY 2073/74 BS Change (2017/18 AD) (2016/17 AD) (%) 1. Imports (Rs. in `000) 1,245,103,223 984,302,948 26.50 2. Exports (Rs. in `000) 81,359,796 73,036,244 11.40 3. Trade Deficit (Rs. in `000) 1,163,507,864 911,266,704 27.68 4. Total Foreign Trade (Rs. in `000) 1,326,120,970 1,057,339,192 25.42 5. Imports/Exports Ratio 15.31 13.48 13.60 6. Exports Share to Total Trade (%) 6.13 6.91 -11.26 7. Imports Share to Total Trade (%) 93.87 93.09 0.84 Source: Nepal Foreign Trade Statistics Fiscal Year 2074/75 BS (2017/18 AD) 2. Create a poem or a song about the theme ‘timely saving leads to a secure future’. 3. Match the followings: movement from one place to another Capital formation internationalization of trade use of saving in production Investment increment in capital involvement in the income generating works Foreign trade Employment SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 243

Unit 8 OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND CO-OPERATION Learning Achievements Introduce our neighboring countries and find out the inter-relation between Nepal and those countries and the help they are giving and receiving from each other, Mention the participation of Nepal in the United Nations organization, and Give information about activities related to contemporary social activities and adjust to it accordingly. 244 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson OUR FRIENDLY NATIONS 1 Nepal is a landlocked country situated in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and its neighboring country in the North is the People’s Republic of China and to the South, East and West lies the Republic of India. It is a small country lying between two powerful nations. Its major focus has always been in maintaining a friendly relationship with them. Nepal has also been successful in having good relations with other countries of the world. Nepal wants to maintain good relationships on the basis of equality in the areas of economy, social and other areas by expanding bilateral relations and cooperation. Nepal’s foreign policy is guided by its faith in the UN Charter, adherence to the principles of Non-alignment, the Panchsheel, and respect for international law and contribution to world peace. Nepal has been successful in maintaining diplomatic relations with 168 countries of the world (Sept. 25th, 2019). Nepal has been an active member of Non-Aligned movement, United Nations and its specialized agencies. China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, N Sri-lanka, Bhutan, Maldives are all our neighboring countries. The AFGHAPNAKISITSATANN BHUTAN friendly relations between the NEPAL neighboring countries have increased harmony, help, cooperation and INDIA support amongst them. Nepal has been the founder member of BANGLADESH the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). SRI LANKA SAARC plays an important role to MALDIVES maintain good relationship amongst its member countries through regional cooperation for their mutual SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 245

benefits. Countries like Japan, China, India, United States of America, Britain, Germany, France, Netherland, Denmark, and Australia have been helping Nepal economically and technically for its development. Nepalese students have been going to Japan, United States of America, Britain, Australia, China, India, and Bangladesh for higher studies. In a similar manner thousands of Nepalese workers have been going to countries like India, Unites Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Israel, South Korea, Singapore, etc for employment. This has helped to solve the unemployment problem of our country to some extent. The foreign currency earned by them has been facilitating for the economical growth of our country. The periodic visits between the delegates of friendly countries have helped in maintaining a good relationship between them. Due to the relation with the friend countries, we can learn a lot about the economic, social and cultural condition of those countries. It also helps to introduce our culture and tradition in the international level. The development of information and communication has brought the world closer. These days, a lot of information and knowledge can be gathered through internet and emails about any country of our choice. Using this same technology, we can also send information about our country to the world. Besides this, we can also gain knowledge from other sources like books, magazines, and atlas and by interacting with the foreigners who come to visit our country. Key Terms Adherence : the act of doing what is required by a rule, belief, etc Bilateral : involving two parties, especially countries Delegates : a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference Note to the teacher: Bring pictures, chart, tables depicting the maps, flags of our neighboring country and areas where they have helped us. Give additional information and teach the lesson. 246 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activity Find where are the friendly countries mentioned in this lesson located in the world map? Discuss in class. Very short answer questions 1. Define international relation. 2. What is the principle of foreign policy of Nepal? 3. With how many countries of the world has Nepal maintained friendly relation? 4. What is non-aligned movement? Short answer questions 1. Write a letter to a Nepali friend who is in abroad, telling him/her about the relationship of our country with our friendly countries and the interrelation, help and support that exists between the countries. 2. List the name of the member countries of SAARC. 3. List the eight countries that have been helping Nepal in the economical and technical development. 4. List the names of the eight countries where the Nepalese workers are going for employment. 5. Write the sources from where we can get more information about our neighbouring countries. 6. What do you mean by Panchasheel? List the principles of Panchasheel. 7. Why is international relation necessary to a country? Write in brief. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 247

Lesson UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION AND 2 ITS ORGANS The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14th, 1941 AD following a meeting of the two heads of state in a submarine in Atlantic Ocean. They wanted to establish an international organization, United Nations Organization. The Atlantic Charter set goals for the post- World War II and inspired many of the international agreements that shaped the world thereafter. The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental UN Headquarters organization established on 24th October 1945 AD, to promote international co-operation. Due to the ineffectiveness of League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. It was established with the participation of 51 countries. Today there are 193 members in this organization including Nepal. Its head office is in New York, USA. The United Nations Organization has six main organs: 1. General Assembly: The General UN General Assembly Assembly is known as the legislative body of the UN. This is the most important organ of the United Nations. The member countries, in accordance to the charter of the United Nations, can express their views and also have 248 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

the right to vote on different issues. It also passes the annual budget of the organization and also takes major decisions. 2. Security Council: It plays an important role to maintain international peace and security. It takes important decision regarding the mobilization of peace keeping forces and blockade to a country if required. Countries like United States of America, United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China are the permanent members of this organization. Along with these countries there are 10 other countries as non-permanent members of this organization. The non- permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for the tenure of two years. The permanent members of the Security Council have the right to Veto against any decision taken by the organization. Non-permanent members of Security Council are elected as follows: A Chamber of UN Security Council Regions Members Afro-Asian 5 Latin America 2 Eastern Europe 1 Western Europe and others 2 10 Total 3. Trusteeship Council: The A Chamber of UN Trusteeship Council trusteeship system, under SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 249 the League of Nations, was established on the premise that colonial territories taken from countries defeated in war should not be taken over by the victorious

powers. It should be administered by a trust country under international supervision until their future status was determined. The Trusteeship Council is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council-China, France, Russia, United Kingdom and the United States. The aims of the Trusteeship council have been fulfilled to the extent that all Trust Territories have attained self-government or independence, either as separate States or by joining neighbouring independent countries. But it has been inactive since the year 1994 AD after the independence of Palau. 4. International Court of Justice: The main function of the International Court of Justice is to protect international law, implement it and resolve any conflicts arising between the member countries. There are altogether 15 Judges working here. They are elected by the Security Council and the General Assembly for nine years. More than one Judge cannot be appointed from each country. Its headquarters is located in Hague, Holland. 5. Secretariat: It is headed by International Court of Justice the Secretary-General supported António Guterres, the Secretary General of UN by the staffs of international civil servants worldwide. Secretariat provides necessary information and facilities to UN bodies for their meetings. It carries out tasks as directed by its other organs and keeps the records of UN activities. The current and 9th Secretary- General is António Guterres of Portugal who is serving since 1st January 2017. 250 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8