Social Studies and Population Education Book 8_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Evaluation Exercises Activity Write a poem or make a poster titled ‘Social Traditions’ and display it in a notice or information board. Very short answer questions 1. In which community is ‘Guthi’ prevalent? 2. Who are Guthiyaar and Thakali? 3. What is Bheja? 4. What do you know about Mukhiya? 5. What is the role of Badghar in Tharu community? 6. When is Badghar appointed in Tharu community? 7. What is done at Rodhighar? 8. How does Rodhighar help in making the relationship amongst the people? 9. Differentiate between ‘Parma’ and ‘Paincho’. 10. Why is Dhikuti declared illegal at present? Short answer questions 1. Write in brief about the importance of social tradition and customs. 2. Write down the differences and similarities between Bheja, Badghar and Guthi. 3. Explain the importance of Rodhighar in Gurung community in Nepal. 4. How does the Rodhighar help in making the relationship amongst the people of the community strong and harmonious? 5. “Parma and Paincho are traditional system of co-operation.” Justify the statement. Community Work Identify and find out about your social traditions and customs and discuss about it in class. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 51

Lesson RELIGIONS OF NEPAL 2 An institutional practice of improving habits and characters for making a better life is known as religion. Religion teaches us how to live our life with moral values. It guides us and shows us the way to control our weaknesses and improve our thinking and the way of living. There is religious tolerance among the various religious groups in Nepal. Religious tolerance is the system of respecting all religious group equally. Everybody participates in each other’s religious activities. Nepal was declared a secular state on 4th Jestha, 2063 BS and it is also recognized by the Constitution of Nepal. Secularism is the belief that religion should not play a role in government, education, or other public parts of society. The government is neutral in term of religion in secularism. The religions that are mainly practiced in Nepal are as follows: Hinduism Hinduism is the oldest religion which has been followed since the ancient time. So it is called Sanatan religion. Hindu people believe that god is present in different forms and avatar. They believe that our good deeds take us to heaven whereas our bad deeds push us to hell. Hindu practices include daily Pashupatinath rituals such as puja and recitations, annual festivals and occasional pilgrimages. It teaches us to be truthful, sympathetic, helpful, honest, and possess good behavior. Pashupatinath is one of the most famous Hindu temples of Nepal. It attracts many pilgrims from various part of the world. The major religious books of Hinduism are Vedas, Puraan, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Geeta, etc. Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Holi, etc are the main festivals observed by Hindus. 52 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Buddhism Lumbini is the birth place of Lord Buddha. It is in Rupandehi district, Province No. 5 of Nepal. Buddha was born in 563 BC. Buddhist people follow the teachings of Gautam Buddha. Buddhism is listed as the world’s fourth largest religion. The main teachings of Buddhism is to speak the truth, say Lumbini no to violence, don’t steal from others, follow good behaviours, avoid addictions of any kind and have faith in religion. Apart from these, he also started teaching four noble truths to people. They are: The world is full of suffering. Suffering is the result of people’s greed and attachment to materialistic world. Everyone can get rid of the suffering through salvation. Salvation can be achieved by following eight fold paths. They are: right thought, right speech, right action, right effort, right memory, right understanding, right livelihood and right meditations. The place where the Buddhists pray and study is called the Vihar or Gumba. Tripitaka and Jatak are the major religious books of the Buddhists. The main festivals of the Buddhist are Baishakh Purnima and Lhosar. Vihars and Gumbas are main religious place where Buddhists go to pray. Kirant religion Udhauli Parva SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 53 Kirant is also one of the oldest religions followed in our country. The Kirantis worship the nature like trees, mountains, jungle, river, etc.

The religious place of the Kirantis is known as Margathan. Phalgunanda Lingden is the Guru of this religion. The main festivals of the Kirantis are Ubhauli and Udhauli Parva. The religious book of the Kirantis is called Mundhum. Paruhang and Sumnima are the two deities worshipped by the Kirantis. Christianity Jesus Christ is the founder of this religion. Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god sent as the savior of humanity. Bible is the main religious book of the Christians. The place where they pray the lord Jesus Christ is known as the church. Christmas is main Church festival observed by the Christians on the 25th of December. It is the birth day of Jesus Christ. The main teachings of this religion are to forgive others, adopt good behavior, help the needy, and take care of the disabled and the poor people. The essence of this religion is love, compassion, generosity and humanity. Islam religion Muslims are the followers of Islam religion. They follow the teaching of Hajarat (Prophet) Mohammad. His teachings are concerned about the ways of getting rid of worries in our lives. Donating to the needy, adopting good habits, being Masjid truthful, helping the poor and protecting the religion is the main teaching of this religion. The Muslims pray to Allah also known as Khuda and their religious book is called Quran. The place where people worship their lord is called Masjid. The major festivals observed by them are Id, Bakra Id, Ramjan, Id-Ul-Fitr, etc. 54 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Shikhism The Sikhs follow the teachings of Guru Nanak. Their religious book is known as Guru Grantha Sahib. They do not believe in worshipping idols. The place where they pray to their god is known as Gurudwara. Sikh teaching emphasizes the principle of equality among all humans, and rejects discrimination on the basis of caste, creed and gender. They should follow the guru’s teachings, help the Gurudwara poor, avoid violence, be friendly and polite with everyone and protect their religion. The hymns of the Gurus are known as Gurbani. There are other religions which are followed around the world like Jain, Bahai, Sinto, Tao, etc. Key Terms Addictions : complete dependence on something Deities : gods and goddesses Emphasize : give special importance to something Hymns : a religious song Sympathetic : understanding and concerned Note to the teacher: Show some pictures about the popular religions of Nepal and start a discussion about those different religions. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 55

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Meet people belonging to different religion in your community and discuss with them about their religion. 2. Find out the different ways to worship the god by people belonging to different religions. Very short answer questions 1. What do you mean by religion? 2. Define religious tolerance. 3. What is Secularism? 4. When was Nepal declared as secular state? 5. What is the holy book of Islam religion? 6. When is Christmas celebrated? 7. What is Gurudwara? 8. Who is the teacher of Kirant religion? Short answer questions 1. Fill the table below with the similarities and differences of these religions: Similarities Differences Teachings Hindu Buddha Kirant Christian Muslim Sikh Religious books 2. Write down the ideology of your religion. 3. What is meant by Sanatan religion? Mention the important teachings of Hinduism. 4. What are the eight fold paths of Buddhism? 5. List out the teachings of Buddhism. 6. Who are the followers of Kirant religion? What do they worship? 7. Nepal is declared a secular state. Write its importance. 56 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson SOCIAL HARMONY 3 Nepal is geographically, culturally and socially diversed country. We can see diversity in the people living in different parts of this country. The climatic condition of the country is very different in the Mountain region, Hilly region and Terai region. People living in these parts of the country have their own costumes, language, religion, lifestyle and culture. It is very difficult to find any Rural Municipality or Municipality where people of only one caste or religion live. The most beautiful feature of our country is unity in diversity. All the three regions are interdependent on one another. The rivers flowing from the Mountains reach the Terai that facilitate in the process of irrigation. This in turn helps in the agricultural production. The crops grown in the Terai region is transported and consumed by the people of the Mountain and Hilly region. The electricity produced in the Hilly region is supplied to the Terai region. It helps to run the factories and industries of Terai region. So all parts of the country are dependent on each other and support each other for survival. Many people from Mountain and Hilly region go to Terai in search for work and education. We can find many professionals like teachers, social workers, and health workers, etc from Terai who are working in Mountain and Hilly region. The people from every region get support, love and respect from each other regardless of their origin. Even though Nepal is a multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural country, there isn’t any difference and conflict between the religions, castes and cultures. We believe in social harmony. We respect each other and live in harmony. This is the true spirit of social harmony that is embodied into each Nepalese’s mind. We have to create our own individuality and try to contribute as much as possible in the developmental work of our country. Our caste, religion, language can be different but united effort can push us to development. Note to the teacher: Make the students enact role play or understand the events relating to social harmony in their community and encourage them to maintain harmony amongst themselves. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 57

Key Terms Consume : buy goods and services Embody : give a visible form to an idea, feelings or characteristics Interdependent : dependent on each other Irrigation : to supply water on lands with the means of pipes Survival : to live or to exist Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. List the things that you and your family need to do to maintain social harmony. 2. Present any effort made in your community for maintaining social harmony in the class. Very short answer questions 1. What is social harmony? 2. How do you maintain good relation with your friend? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions 1. List out the ideas that help in maintaining social harmony in the community. 2. How do you protect your own traditional identity and deal with people belonging to another traditional identity? 3. How are the different regions interdependent on each other? 4. Is there social harmony in your society? Why? Community Work Go around your community and visit at least 20 houses and fill the table given below. Then prepare a report on ‘Social harmony in my community’. Home Cast/ Mother Religion Disabled people Owner Surname Tongue yes/no 58 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson 4 NEPAL: A BEAUTIFUL GARDEN Nepal is a culturally rich country. There are various costumes, folk songs, music, dance, art and culture that belong to the people of different regions. People from Mountain region to Terai region are not only different in their conducts but are also different in their physical and facial structure. They also speak different languages and follow different culture. They celebrate different festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Buddha Jayanti, Udhauli, Ubhauli, Maghe Sankranti, etc. Nepal is similar to garden where different types of flowers bloom. The fragrance of these flowers enchants the whole garden making it beautiful and pleasant. In a similar manner the diversity of Nepalese people makes it a beautiful country where each community has something unique to give back to the nation. This essence of Nepal makes its people feel proud and happy. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 59

Late King Prithvi Narayan Shah lovingly once said, “Nepal Char Jaat Chhattis Barna Ko Sajha Phulbari Ho”. According to the census of 2068 BS, there are 123 languages spoken in Nepal. Most of these languages have a written script. These languages are our identity and they are all our national languages. Nepali has been chosen as the common language as not everyone understands all the languages. This is the official language of Nepal as well. There are 125 castes and 10 religions followed in Nepal. According to the census of 2068 BS, Hindu 80.62%, Buddhist 10.74%, Muslim 4.20%, Kirant 3.60%, Christian 0.45%, other groups 0.4%. The National Anthem of Nepal “Sayau Thunga Phulka Haami Eutai Mala Nepali” refers to the people of Nepal who are similar to hundreds of flowers knitted into one large garland. Nepali is also the medium language to other dialect groups. The major languages of Nepal according to 2011 AD census are Nepali 44.6%, Maithali 11.7%, Bhojpuri 6.0%, Tharu 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Nepal bhasa 3.2%, Magar 3.0%, Bajjika 3%, Doteli 3.0%, Urdu 2.6%. The regional languages Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Maithali, etc are spoken in the Southern Terai region. Key Terms Conduct : behavior and manner Consume : buy goods and services Essence : fundamental nature Fragrance : scent Unique : only one of its kinds Note to the teacher: Exhibit clothes, paintings, song and dance reflecting unity in diversity. 60 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Look at the picture given below and write down a song or poem or draw a picture to put down your feelings that the below picture has generated. 2. Nepal is a country of diversity. Discuss in the class on this topic. Very short answer questions 1. What do you understand by unity in diversity? 2. How many languages are listed and how many languages are spoken in Nepal? Short answer questions 1. There is Unity in diversity Nepal. Explain. 2. ‘Nepal is a beautiful garden.’ Present your logics. 3. ‘Nepal is a multi-lingual, multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious country.’ Justify. 4. How has our national anthem helped to promote unity in diversity? Community Work Go around your community and observe various costumes, cultures or festivals then draw a picture reflecting such things and display in the class. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 61

Lesson NATIONAL HERITAGE 5 Heritage means anything that is inherited or handed down to the people from generation to generation. The things that do not belong to a person, community or group but belong to the nation are known as National Heritage. It can be anything of national significance which is handed down and preserved through generation. Patan Durbar Square Every individual of the country has equal rights towards that heritage. Each country has its own National Heritage. The examples of National Heritages are religious places, temples, forests, Mountains, rivers, etc. Similarly, our costumes, folk music, festivals, traditions, songs, music, dance, Jatras, archaeological sites, and historical places and objects are also our National Heritage. Participation of people in the “Bagmati River Clean-Up Campaign” Women Environment Preservation Committee (WEPCO), Lalitpur Sub- Metropolitan City and Kathmandu Engineering College under mutual cooperation organized the “Bagmati River Clean-Up Campaign”. 50 members from different organization took part in the campaign. The members from organization like WEPCO, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City, Kathmandu Engineering College, Pokhareli Didi Bahini Samuha, Friend’s Club, JICA etc actively participated in campaign to clean the polluted Bagmati River. The clean-up spot was Bagmati Bridge at Kupondole. The clean up materials and tools were provided by Lalitpur while volunteers and members were coordinated by WEPCO. The tricycles from WEPCO were used for collection of the waste after the clean up. The Metropolitan trucks were used to transport the waste. The total amount of waste collected in first week was 2 Trucks with capacity of 4 tons. While, Total amount of waste collected on second week was 3 Trucks with capacity of 4 tons. 62 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Most countries have passed laws to protect National Heritage Sites. The UNESCO publishes a list of National Heritage Sites that are unique and represent the culture of the country. Those are considered internationally important. This list contains heritages from all over the world. It is a matter of pride for any country to be on this list. UNESCO has included the following properties of Nepal on the World Heritage lists: 1. Kathmandu Valley (Cultural Heritage) The Kathmandu Valley World Heritage property includes seven Monument Zones. They are: i) Kathmandu Durbar square ii) Patan Durbar square iii) Bhaktapur Durbar square iv) Swayambhunath Stupa v) Bauddhanath Stupa vi) Pashupatinath Temple vii) Changu Narayan Temple Bhaktapur Durbar Square 2. Lumbini (Cultural Heritage) 3. Chitwan National Park (Natural Heritage) 4. Sagarmatha National Park (Natural Heritage) National Heritages are identity of our country. They reflect our past civilization, culture and tradition. So, they need to be protected for the future generation. Following measures should be taken to preserve our National Heritages. Creating public awareness among the people about the importance of National Heritages, Periodical renovation and maintenance of our heritage sites, Formulation of strict laws and its effective implementation, Management of security system around the heritage sites. Key Terms Campaign : work in an organized and active way towards a goal Civilization : the society, culture, and way of life of a particular area Naming Convention : a meeting for the purpose of naming things Note to the teacher: Make the students participate in project works relating to the preservation of National Heritage Site. Also take them for an educational tour around a local heritage site. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 63

Evaluation Exercises Activity List the ancient and important National Heritage found in and around your community. Very short answer questions 1. What is National Heritage? 2. What are the properties of Nepal that are enlisted in World Heritage Sites? 3. What does national heritage reflect? 4. Why should we preserve heritages? 5. Write the full form of UNESCO. 6. How does the national heritage enhance our pride? 7. Which organization is responsible for preparing the list of World Heritage Sites? Short answer questions 1. What is National Heritage? Write its importance. 2. Write a travel journal including your experience of travelling to any one World Heritage Site. 3. Our heritages are being damaged day by day. List the ideas to protect these heritages. 4. Write about one such heritage site in your community which has not been included in the World Heritage Site. 5. Write an application to the Rural Municipality/Municipality requesting to include the National Heritage found around your community in the World Heritage Site. 6. If you are given an opportunity to enlist any National Heritage Site of Nepal in World Heritage Site, which one site will you enlist and why? Community Work Visit a historical, religious or tourist sites in your community. Then prepare a report including all the points given below: a) Background of the visit b) Objective c) Method d) Findings e) Conclusions f) Suggestions 64 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY 6 Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale (1820 AD - 1910 AD) We have often visited hospitals and seen nurses taking care of the sick people. The nurses work very hard looking after the patients. Their responsibility is to provide medicine, give care and assistance to the sick people. In the earlier years, this profession was carried out by men and it wasn’t considered to be a respected job. In these circumstances Florence Nightingale took up this profession. She showed to the world that women could equally take care of the sick people and help them recover. Her step was a big example for the people all around. Florence was born on 20th May, 1820 AD in Italy. Her parents wanted her to get married to a rich gentleman and settle down but she refused. She had different plans for herself. She wanted to take care of the sick people and help them. She was a very caring girl from her childhood. She used to take care of her dolls as if they were real people. She even helped the sick and needy people in her village. At the age of 17, she Florence Nightingale at Scutari decided to take up nursing as her profession. She felt that it was her calling. She went to Kaiserswerth, Germany to be trained in the field of nursing. During the Crimean war in 1854 AD, she along with A scene from “A Pageant of Nursing” to be presented by Dundee nurse in the Gaumont her team of 38 nurses went on Sunday–Florence Nightingale with the wounded at Scutari. The pageant is in aid of the Royal College of Nursing education appeal. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 65

to take care of the injured soldiers in the army hospital of Britain. The condition of the hospital was pathetic. It had poor hygiene and sanitation. Due to the lack of proper care, a lot of people were dying. She with her fellow workers cleaned the hospital. Florence didn’t even rest at night. She walked from one patient’s bed to the other with a lamp on her hand making sure that everyone was alright. The soldiers lovingly called her the ‘Lady with the Lamp’ or ‘Lady Bird’ and this is how she is recognized even today. She used to write letters on behalf of the soldiers letting their families know that they were fine. She was a true friend to them. Her efforts were recognized once she came back from the Crimean war. She was awarded with the order of merit in 1907 AD for her hard work and dedication. She established a hospital named Scutari. She dedicated all her life to the sick people and she passed away on 13th August 1910 AD. Every year 12th May is observed as International Nurse Day to commemorate her birth and the roles of nurse. Mahatma Gandhi Peace is one of the most important necessities in the world. Peace is an occurrence of harmony characterized by lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2nd Oct 1869 AD. He is the epitome of peace and non-violence. He never believed that violence could give us any solution for our problem. He proved and showed to the world that Mahatma Gandhi tolerance, patience and peace can lead us to (1869 AD - 1948 AD) better solutions. During the freedom fight in India, he guided millions of people into the path of non-violence. One of his famous saying is ‘In a gentle way, you can shake the world’. His efforts paid off and India got its freedom from the British rule. He launched non- violent movements like non-cooperation movement, quit India movement and civil disobedience movement. He stopped the non-cooperation movement when the protestors became violent. They burnt the 66 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

police station where several policemen were killed. Even though his colleagues urged him to make the movement violent, he still stood by his principles. His determination won over others and they had to follow the path he led. He believed in the theory of ‘simple living, high thinking’. He used to sleep on the floor with a single bed sheet spread on it. He wore simple clothes and always promoted the domestic products. He also started ‘Charkha Movement’ with the intention of promoting Indian made clothes. He believed that a country could be developed and move forward only if we encourage our domestic products. Mahatma Gandhi is not only recognized in India but he has been a great example of non-violence for people all over the world. Mahatma Gandhi led the Indians to challenge the British-imposed tax on salt with 240 miles long walk from Sabarmati to Dandi. It is called Dandi Salt March. On 12th March 1930 AD, Gandhi made his own salt and denounced the salt tax. Gandhi also launched the Quit Indian Movement in 1942 AD for the British to quit India. He was imprisoned for many years in both India and South Africa. Finally, India got independence on 15th August 1947 AD. Gandhi, a great person was assassinated at the Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti) by Nathuram Godse on 30th January 1948 AD at the age of 78 in New Delhi, India. Key Terms Calling : a strong urge towards a particular way of life or career Colleagues : a person with whom one works in a profession or business Epitome : a person or thing that is a perfect example of a particular quality or type Launch : start something Pathetic : weak and useless Note to the teacher: Bring a famous personality’s biography and share the summary of it in class. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 67

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. ‘Simple living, high thinking.’ Prepare a speech on this topic. Invite a social worker of your community and conduct the program yourselves. 2. Find quotes on peace said by different international personalities. Write them down on a chart paper and display them on different areas of your school. Some of such quotes are given below: a) Where women are honoured, there the god rejoices. (Manu) b) For to be free is not merely to cast off one’s chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others. (Nelson Mandela) c) Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves. (Abraham Lincoln) d) Better than a thousand hollow words, is one word that brings peace. (Buddha) e) We could never learn to be brave and patient, if there were only joy in the world. (Helen Keller) Very short answer questions 1. Who are called International Personality? 2. When and where was Florence Nightingale born? 3. Why is Nightingale called ‘the lady with the lamp’? 4. What was the award given to Nightingale and why? 5. What was the real name of Mahatma Gandhi? 6. When and where was Gandhi born? 7. When did India get independence from British rule? 8. Why did Gandhi start ‘Charkha Movement’? 9. What is Dandi Salt March? 10. When and where did Gandhi pass away? Short answer questions 1. Write a letter to your friend explaining what you have learnt from the life of Florence Nightingale and Mahatma Gandhi. 2. What role did Nightingale play at Scutari hospital in Turkey? 3. How did Nightingale improve the condition of the soldiers of Crimean War? 4. Why did Gandhi withdraw Non Co-operation Movement? 5. ‘Simple living, high thinking.’ Justify this statement relating with the life of Mahatma Gandhi? Community Work Ask your parents about a person of your community who has served other people or is a social worker and prepare a report. 68 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Review Exercise Give short answers: 1. Why is Badghar considered to be important in the Tharu Community? 2. What are the benefits enjoyed by the Guthiyars through Guthis in the newar community? 3. What would happen in the Gurung community if there was no Rodhighar? 4. How does Bheja unite the community? 5. Write an Introduction of the Dhikuti in the Thakali community. Project Work Find out if your community practices the custom of parma or not? If yes, find out about its condition in the present time. Prepare a report by asking the chief person of 10 families based on the following questions: Questions to be asked to the chief member of the family: a) Do you know about the custom of parma and paicho? b) Do you take interest on small amount of money that has been lent or borrowed? c) What are the benefits of parma and paicho? d) What needs to be done to preserve such customs? Example of a report of project work. The custom of parma and paicho in my community I belong to the rural community of Nepal. We conducted a survey on 27th Bhadra, to know the condition of the parma and paicho customs in my community. We collected data from 10 houses in the neighbourhood. The following are the findings of the survey: 70% of the family in my community are aware of the parma or paicho custom. The custom of parma was quite popular in the past few years. But people these days prefer to work on daily wages that is the reason why the custom of parma is becoming extinct. The custom of paicho and parma helps in strengthening the bond between the members of the community. To maintain this custom a few points need to be considered as below: a) Returning honestly the things that you have borrowed (paicho) on time. b) The condition of the thing should be as it was in the time of borrowing. c) When you borrow the labour of somebody, make sure that you pay the parma on time. d) When you go to help others then be honest regarding your work and work as if you are being paid on daily wages. If these customs are maintained then it would help the community by giving them the feeling of unity. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 69

Unit 3 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS Learning Achievements Identify the various social problems and their solutions. And also to find out and mention the contributions and roles played by international organizations and Find out the reasons behind the conflicts occurring in the society and its solutions and provide help in conflict management. 70 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson SOCIAL PROBLEMS 1 There has been a program going on about the “social problems and solutions” in a school, in Nepalgunj. Sabitri Gautam put her views on ‘Dowry Custom’ which are as follows: Respected guests, brothers, sisters and friends! Dowry custom has become one of the major problems in our society. The custom of demanding for property by the groom’s side which is supposed to be fulfilled by the bride’s side is known as dowry custom. In simple term, we can say the money, goods or estate that wife brings to her husband’s house at marriage is known as dowry. The demands can be anything ranging from money, jewellery, house, car, motorbike, etc. This puts a lot of pressure on the bride’s family. They are forced to take loan, borrow money, mortgage or sell their homes and other properties to meet the groom’s demands. This is financial exploitation by the groom’s family. If the bride’s family is unable to fulfill their demands then they have to go through mental, physical and psychological torture. We can find these kinds of news in the newspaper on a regular basis. Due to this, some women have to face domestic violence. This practice needs to be stopped. But day by day such incidents are increasing not only in the villages but in the cities too. One should not get married for property or dowry. The bases of marriage should always be love, understanding and support. This is the message we need to spread in our society. Saying this I would like to end my speech. Thank you! Now Mohan Chaudhary has a few points to say about ‘Intellectual Migration’ or ‘Brain Drain’. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 71

Ladies and gentleman, the trend of migration of intellectual and skilled people to another country is known as intellectual migration. This trend can also be termed as human capital migration. Every year many people go abroad in search of better job opportunity from Nepal. If the intellectual and skilled people leave their country instead of using their knowledge and creativity in their own country or if the youth are not involved in the development process then it is difficult to develop the country. It is the intellectual young bloods who are responsible for taking our country towards development. But if they migrate to foreign countries then our country will lag behind compared to other countries. Every country needs industries to develop. The people who have the potential to invest their capital, labour, skill, etc to establish the industries are migrating to other countries. In such a situation, how can a country be developed? If there is no one to worry and work for the positive changes in our country then how will our country progress? The history of developed countries shows the answers to these questions. The people of those countries have really worked hard and sacrificed to make their countries developed and a better place to live in. Nothing can be gained without hard work. The government immediately needs to take these issues into consideration. It should start giving good education and provide employment opportunities for the youth of the country. Our government has to be able to give its people good reason to stay back. The citizens of the country should also understand their responsibility towards their country. We should love our birth place and never forget our duty towards it. Saying this, I would like to conclude my speech. Thank you! Key Terms Domestic violence : violent or aggressive behavior within the home Financial Exploitation : the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work or money Intellectual : a person who engages in academic study Lag behind : to move or develop slowly Mortgage : a property to a creditor as security on a loan Note to the teacher: Collect different figures related to social problems and ask the students to identify. 72 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Arrange a speech on the topic ‘The effect of youth migration in the society’. 2. Prepare a poem or a song or a story or a drama regarding anti-dowry campaign and domestic violence and present in class. Very short answer questions 1. What is social problem? 2. Write any two causes of social problem. 3. Make an attractive poster to raise awareness against social problem. 4. What is dowry custom? 5. Why is dowry custom a social problem? Write in a sentence. 6. What do you mean by intellectual migration? 7. Which factors are responsible for intellectual migration? 8. Write any two measures to stop intellectual migration. Short answer questions 1. ‘Dowry practice is considered to be a social problem.’ Justify. 2. How does intellectual migration affect the development of the country? 3. What role does a school play to stop the intellectual migration? Explain. 4. Write a letter to your cousin who wants to go abroad for job, telling him that better opportunities are available in our own country. 5. What advice would you give to your friend who has been suffering from domestic violence? 6. Nowadays, cyber crime has increased. People misuse the internet, mobile phones to blackmail and threat others. They also morph photographs and destroy the reputation of people. This is also a social problem which is increasing day by day. Write any six measures to avoid it. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 73

Lesson CORRUPTION 2 Corruption is a non-virtuous characteristic of an individual. The act of misuse of public power and authority by public servant or individual in an illegal manner for personal gains and benefits is known as corruption. It includes the activities like bribery and other misdeeds. In other term we can say ‘Corruption is a delay in the decision making process, in which a decision maker demands a reward in exchange of his/her decision or work in the favour of concerned person’. The tendency of corruption can be looked into in four different ways. Bribery Misuse of government properties Four different Bad attitude forms of corruption and tendency intentions Giving opportunities to relatives (Nepotism) Transparency International Transparency International is a global organization to fight against corruption. It was established in 1993 AD. It publishes the index of the corruption of the world every year. This index is called Corruption Perception Index (CPI). CPI shows the status of corruption in the country around the world. The CPI score 74 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale 0-100, in which 0 means highly corrupt and 100 means very clean or no corruption. CPI score 50 is midpoint. The country having more than 50 score is less corrupt and less than 50 score is more corrupt. A country’s rank reflects its position relation to the other countries included in the index. Rank Country CPI 2019 CPI 2018 CPI 2017 CPI 2016 CPI 2015 87 88 88 90 91 1 New Zealand 87 87 89 90 91 1 Denmark 69 71 75 74 76 23 United States 68 68 67 65 65 of America 41 39 41 40 37 41 41 40 40 38 25 Bhutan 38 38 38 36 37 34 31 31 29 27 80 China 32 33 32 32 30 26 26 28 26 25 80 India 16 16 15 15 11 12 13 12 11 15 93 Sri Lanka 9 10 9 10 8 113 Nepal Source: Transparency International, 2019 AD 120 Pakistan 146 Bangladesh 173 Afghanistan 179 South Sudan 180 Somalia According to the report of Transparency International 2019 AD, New Zealand and Denmark are at the top of the chart as the least corrupt countries with 87 points. For the tenth year running, Somalia is the worst performer on the index. In South Asia, Bhutan as a least corrupt country stands in the 25th position with 68 points; whereas Afghanistan is highly corrupt country as it stands in the 173rd position with just 16 points. Nepal stands in the 113th position in the CPI index of 2019 scoring 34 points. The report also revealed that the countries having political instability, poverty, illiteracy, backwardness, military rule, dictatorship, etc lead to more corruption. There are a lot of reasons for increasing corruption. Some of them are listed below: The increase in greed for money and show off, The intention of becoming rich in a short time, SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 75

Weakness in Government monitoring system, The society giving more priority towards a person’s status rather than understanding the income resources, Lack of transparency in the work environment, Lack of awareness in people, The society being weak and a silent spectator, Strong networking of corrupt people. We know that it is difficult to eradicate corruption from society. Corruption is a disease which affects the society in a negative manner. Corruption hinders the progress and development of the society. Our efforts are meant to restrict corruption and to protect the poor and weak in our societies as much as possible. In the end all corruption costs are paid by the consumers and the tax-payer. They need protection, services and opportunities. That is the reason why corruption needs to be checked on time. Corruption can be eliminated from the society in the following ways: We should launch awareness programmes against corruption. People should be taught to act morally and virtuously. The corrupt people should be publicized and necessary actions should be taken against them. The functioning of the governmental and developmental work should be transparent. There should be no loop holes for people to take advantage of. The corrupt people should be socially boycotted. The budget of the government should be transparent. The people should be acknowledged for their virtuous acts. Those political parties whose financial activities are not transparent should not be allowed to participate in the elections. We should develop the habit of making a complaint against corruption. We should discourage unnecessary spending and give importance to social ethics and values. Note to the teacher: Encourage the students to develop anti corruption attitude by making them participate in conference, rally, etc. Invite a person who is well- informed about corruption as resource person and request him/her to share experiences with the class. 76 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Key Terms Eradicate : put an end to Loop hole : inadequacy in the law or set of rules Non-virtuous : a person who acts in a morally wrong manner Spectator : a person who watches a show, event Tendency : an approach to particular kind of thought Virtuously : having and showing high moral standards Evaluation Exercises Activity Collect news, articles, editorials, cartoons, pictures regarding corruption from old magazines. Paste the cuttings and display them on the information board. Very short answer questions 1. What is corruption? 2. Prepare an attractive slogan against corruption. 3. What is Transparency International? 4. What is CPI? 5. Why is corruption increasing in Nepal? Write in a sentence. 6. Mention any one function of Transparency International. Short answer questions 1. Corruption is a social crime. Why? 2. Write how can you help in controlling corruption as a student? 3. Write down the reasons for occurring corruption. 4. How can corruption be eliminated from the society? Write any six points. 5. CIAA has been established as constitutional organ to check corruption but corruption is still increasing day by day instead of decreasing. Why? Write its solutions. 6. List out the effects of corruption in our country. 7. Corruption is one of the main obstacles of development in Nepal. Justify. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 77

Lesson DRUG ABUSE 3 Cancer Brain Hemorrhage Effect Lose respect in society Waste of money and of drugs HIV/ AIDS abuse property Stress in family, individual and society Drug is an addictive substance that causes changes in behavior and perception. It may damage our body if taken. Illegal or excessive use of drug is called drug abuse. If someone depends on drug or has a great interest in taking drugs, it is known as drug addiction. Drug abuse and addiction have negative consequences on individuals and Drug Abuse society as well. Drug abuse is a serious public health problem that affects almost every community and family in some ways. Each year drug abuse causes millions of serious illnesses or injuries. Drug abuse also plays a role in many major social problems, such as drugged driving, violence, stress, and child abuse. It can lead to homelessness, crime, loss of employment, failure in school, domestic violence, etc. Generally, drugs are illegal. Some of the drugs used and supplied by the drug users and drug traffickers are heroin, smack, cocaine, cannabis, Ganja, etc. Selling of such substance is illegal and punishable as crime. Strict laws 78 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

are made for punishing those who are involved in drug trafficking business. But still many people are involved in it. It is very difficult to stop drug trafficking due to following reasons: The traffickers run this business in an organized way. The traffickers use their private means of transportation to supply it. They have good link in customs, airport, etc. There is good deal of money in this business. The traffickers have link and network with high ranking officers and politicians. Causes of drug abuse The trend of using drug is increasing rapidly in the world. About 4% of world’s population use drug. Many adolescents, teenagers and youth easily fall to drug abuse than elders because they are easily tempted by the drug traffickers. The causes of taking drugs are: Due to influence of bad company, they trust their peer groups and under the peer pressure, youths start using drugs, Due to falling into the trap of drug traders, Due to the attractive advertisement of drugs, Due to lack of peace in the family environment, Due to frustration from family members or girl or boy friend or community, Effects of drug abuse to an individual When the individual starts to take drugs, s/he: Cannot continue education, Failure in exam and cannot develop career, Lose jobs due to less attention in work, Suffers from various diseases like AIDS, Cancer, etc. Suffers from financial crisis, Shows criminal attitudes. Effects of drug abuse in family Following are the effects of drugs in family: Mental tension in family members, SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 79

Loss of peace and social prestige, Financial crisis in the family, Negative impacts on children. Effects of drug abuse on society Following are the effects of drug abuse on society: Conflict may take place in the society. Society will lose its peace. Accident, murder, robbery, kidnapping may increase in the society. Society lags in economic development. Society loses active and creative manpower. Solutions: There are different ways to solve the problem of drug abuse which are as follows: Strict laws should be made and implemented against drug traffickers. Mass awareness programmes should be conducted to aware about the bad effects of drug abuse. Various social organizations should play an active role for public awareness. Children should be provided proper counseling. Children should be given proper love and care from the parents. More rehabilitation centers should be established for addicts. Family and society should show love and positive attitude to the addicts. Key Terms Peer : close friend Rehabilitation centre : a place where people are given help and support to get rid of their addiction Victimize : to make someone a victim Note to the teacher: Encourage the students to develop anti-drug attitude by making them participate in anti-drug programs. Invite a health worker or well informed person regarding abuse of drugs and let the class interact with him/her. 80 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. What is the role of the family to protect an individual from drug abuse? Talk to your parents and present your views in the class. 2. Prepare a chart showing the effects of drug abuse and paste it in class. Very short answer questions 1. What is drug? 2. What is drug abuse? 3. If a close friend of yours asked you to try drug, what would you do? 4. Prepare a slogan against drug abuse? 5. Name any two organizations working to solve drug abuse? Short answer questions 1. Why do you think people take drug? 2. Write a letter to your brother/sister/friend, mentioning the ill effects of drug abuse and the measures to get away from drug abuse. 3. Why is it difficult to stop drug trafficking? 4. Mention the effects of drug in an individual, family and society. 5. What are the ways to solve the problem of drug abuse? Mention in points. Community Work Prepare a street drama creating awareness against drug abuse and show it in your community. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 81

Lesson CONFLICT AND ITS MANAGEMENT 4 A father is helping his son in homework. Son : Father, can you please help me in my homework? Father : Sure I will. What do you want to know? Son : Tell me something about conflict. Father : The disagreement or clash between individuals or the people of community is known as conflict. Conflict arises when people have different point of views, opinions and different understandings about a subject. Conflict can be both positive and negative. For example: we spend a lot of time with our friends and family. There are certain occasions when we do not completely agree on some topic. We don’t like certain interpretations of some situations given by others. Then we become angry and end up arguing. This situation is known as conflict situation. When the understanding differs we end up facing a conflict situation. Son : What types of conflict could arise among people? Father : The types of conflict can be: Personal and Corporate conflict, Racial conflict, Political conflict, International conflict, Class conflict, etc. Son : Why does the conflict arise? Father : There are lots of reasons for conflicts to arise, such as: Clashes of interests Cultural differences Social differences Discriminatory behaviors Differences in political views 82 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Receiving the wrong information or miscommunication Unbalanced supplies of basic necessities Bias, etc Son : What roles can be played by a society in conflict management? Father : The society and community plays an important role in conflict management. There are a lot of examples where conflicts have been solved within the society. A society should play the following roles for conflict management: Specialists should identify and analyze the conflict situations. Mediator should be a neutral third party, who is trusted by the people involved in the conflict. Make the situation amicable for both parties to come forward and talk things through. The mediator should come up with a reasonable solution for both the parties. Son : What is the role dialogue in conflict management? Father : One of the major reasons for conflicts to occur is miscommunication which leads to misunderstanding. The inability of one party to understand the actions of another party leads to conflict. In this situation it is necessary for both the parties to sit and talk and clear out any misunderstanding. This gives the opportunity to both parties to voice their opinions. This can help them reach a more peaceful and better solution. Communication brings clarity on ones thoughts. If the parties understand the root of the conflict, then the solution can be permanent. It will also help to reach to final and better conclusions. Use of dialogue is necessary to solve the conflict in the society. There is always a conflict in some way among individual, community and in corporate sector. These conflicts have to be resolved in time before it turns into bigger issue. We should encourage the development of conflict management system for our society to be peaceful. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 83

Son : How can a dialogue or talk between two parties help in conflict management? Father : Dialogue is an effective technique for two-way communication. This helps in bringing both the parties into win-win situation. If nobody loses, then the conflict can be resolved forever. Son : What are the possible measures to prevent conflict? Father : There are several ways to solve the conflict. Everyone should make the efforts for it. The conflict should be amicably resolved. ‘Win Win’ situation should be created to settle the conflict. Following are the preventive measures of conflict: Political stability and inclusive administration, Equal distribution of means and resources, Society without discrimination, Culture or co-operation and mutual understanding, Unhindered use of fundamental rights and Practice of table talk. Key Terms Amicable : friendliness and absence of dispute Bias : inclination for or against a person or group Interpretation : the action of explaining the meaning of something Mediator : a person who attempts to make people involved in a conflict come to an agreement Miscommunication : fail to communicate properly Note to the teacher: Discuss in class the recent conflict which occurred in the local environment. How did the conflict occur? How did it increase? Who helped in solving the conflict? How was it resolved? What is the present condition? Discuss these types of questions and also discuss the stages of conflict management. 84 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Prepare slogans like ‘Make the school a peaceful zone’ and display it in class. 2. Read the table given below and discuss in class. The sequential table of ideas for conflict management Management by the people Conflict resolved by Use of external help to involved in the conflict the involvement of resolve the conflict third party Conflict resolved by the Conflict Mediator Discussion Solve the Use of people by controlling resolved by helps in made by conflict weapons to anger, tensions, greed discussion. solving the Mukhiya. through suppress the problem. judiciary. etc. conflict. Low Use of power and the possibility of winning or losing High Very short answer questions 1. What do you understand by conflict? 2. What are the types of conflict? 3. What is conflict management? 4. Why does conflict occur? 5. What is ‘Win-Win’ situation? 6. Write two main causes of conflict in society. 7. What do you mean by the international conflict? Short answer questions 1. What is the role of society in conflict management? 2. What are the reasons of conflict? 3. Mention the stages of conflict management. 4. How can media help in conflict management? 5. What are the measures to prevent conflict? 6. How do you solve the conflict if it arises between two friends in your class? Present you views. Community Work Ask the members of your community about events that occurred due to conflict and how those conflicts were resolved. Discuss and present in class. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 85

Lesson 5 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It believes that we should not over use our resources extensively but also save it for our younger generations to take benefit from it. Sustainable development is reliant on itself. It must be efficient with resources and carefully planned to deliver immediate and long-term benefits for people, planet, and prosperity. Securing economic development, social equity and justice, and environmental protection is the goal of sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development came into existence in 1980’s period. According to the World Conservation Strategy, “Sustainable development is such a path for human progress that has the capacity to continue in the long term”. In 1983 AD, to suggest the world on Environment and Development, the General Assembly of UN formed a World Commission on Environment and Development under the chairmanship of Norwegian Prime Minister Grow Harlem Brundtland. It is called Brundtland commission. This commission has defined the sustainable development as, “A sustainable development is a process in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment and the orientation of the technological development and institutional change meet the needs of the preset generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs”. Sustainable development can be explained in the following way: Self reliant A genuine interest in the development of the future generation Maintains Sustainable Durable sustainable balance between development development environment Emphasizes on protection and social justice development 86 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Objectives of sustainable development 1. To increase the people’s participation, 2. To conserve the environment, 3. To use natural resources with care and awareness, 4. To get economic growth and social progress and 5. To make human development process favorable by increasing social harmony. Measures for sustainable development 1. We should plant trees, conserve the forest and environment. 2. We should encourage the small and local technological development programs. 3. We should concentrate on utilizing alternative and renewed source of energy. 4. We should concentrate on effective waste management. 5. We should stop people from taking out stone, pebbles, sand from the rivers. 6. We should control the population growth. 7. We should encourage organic farming. Key Terms Durable : able to exist for a long time Organic farming : vegetable and livestock production using natural sources of nutrients Prosperity : the state of being prosperous Note to the teacher: Conduct and encourage activities which develop the concept of sustainable development and help the students adopt the attitude for it. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 87

Evaluation Exercises Activity Make plans for the maintenance of your school’s environment (garden, tree plantation, cleaning) and implement them. Very short answer questions 1. What is sustainable development? 2. What are the objectives of sustainable development? 3. When did the concept of sustainable development come into existence? 4. Define sustainable development according to World Conservation Strategy. Short answer questions 1. What is sustainable development? Write its importance. 2. What are the needs of sustainable development? 3. What should be done to achieve sustainable development? 4. Describe the roles played by the citizens in achieving sustainable development. 5. What are the problems that may arise while carrying out sustainable development? 6. What are the advantages of sustainable development? Community Work Has your community adopted the ideas that are given in the chapter to achieve sustainable development? Fill in the table with that information. Implemented ideas Ideas not implemented 88 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson GOOD GOVERNANCE 6 Good governance refers to the high quality activities of government. A good and positive rule is the structure of good governance. The rule that is progressive and has good management is an example of good governance. The proper use of administrative power makes the government effective. The basic characteristics of good governance are: responsibility towards citizens, transparent judicial system and corruption free society. Apart from that, people’s participation and rule of law are also the basis of good governance. There are different elements of good governance like participation, transparency, rule of law, accountability, responsiveness, equity and inclusiveness, consensus, effectiveness, decentralization of power, etc. The World Bank defines good governance as “the manner in which the power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development”. The basic things that should be done to maintain good governance are as follows: Everybody should follow the law. Good rule should be guaranteed. Transparency in every kind of activity should be maintained. Citizen Charter should be displayed in front of every government as well as public related offices. The people should be given quick and effective service. Besides these other things that are needed to be considered for the good governance: Focus on poor, minority and disadvantaged group, Accountability towards the citizens, Decisions on the basis of facts and data, Good behavior and efficiency, Proper planning and budgeting, etc. There are many challenges in achieving good governance in Nepal. The challenges are as follows: SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 89

Wide spread corruption Political instability Weak civil society Lack of public pressure Unstable policies Lack of feeling of nationality Giving more focus to power rather than skill and talent Increasing nepotism and favouritism Lack of commitment from political parties Good governance is possible with the collective efforts from government, private sector and every individual. The procedural administration should be changed into active and service oriented administration. Judicial institution should be empowered. The traditional structural system should be reformed. Except these, mass awareness and educational programme for good governance should be launched. Overall, all the stakeholders should be mobilized for good governance. The effects of good governance Good governance is important for countries at all stages of development. It is required for the smooth running of the country. Good governance brings economic growth, peace and prosperity. Some effects of good governance are: Corruption rate decreases. Country becomes peaceful. Facilities and services can be received in an easy and uncomplicated manner. The relation between the ruler and its citizens becomes smooth. Everybody is entitled to equal social justice. Resources and means are distributed in an equal and lawful manner. Key Terms Abuse : improper use Accountability : responsibility Entitled : to have a right to something Note to the teacher: Conduct a debate, essay writing or poem competition about good governance in class. Let the teacher facilitate and motivate the students to manage and operate the competition. 90 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activity Is Good governance necessary for school management and administration to function properly? Write the major activities that have been carried out in your school to maintain good governance. Very short answer questions 1. What is good governance? 2. Why is good governance necessary? Short answer questions 1. What do you mean by good governance and what are its elements? 2. What happens in the society if there is no good governance? Present your views. 3. What are the effects of good governance? 4. What are the challenges of good governance in Nepal? 5. How can good governance be maintained? Project Work Find out if the following works are being performed in your school or not. Prepare a report based on your findings. The school can be said to have good governance if it follows all the points mentioned. Meetings of school management committee, teachers and parent’s association have to take place regularly. Students are also encouraged to participate in such meetings. Observe whether the code of conduct of teachers, students and classroom rules and regulations has been implemented or not. Similarly, observe and monitor whether the school has informed or notified all its annual activities to the parents in parent’s day or not. Message from National Information Commission (Matters to be remembered by a conscious citizen) a. Salary of the government staffs and the expenses of government offices run from the tax collected from us. b. It is our fundamental right to know how and where the expenses are made from the tax paid by us. c. We have the right to know about the matter of public importance held in public agencies. d. We have the right to obtain verified sample of any material or to obtain information held in any type of machine. e. Let’s develop a habit of giving and taking the information of public importance and develop a culture of open information. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 91

Lesson INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 7 Transparency International Transparency International is an INGO (International Non-governmental organization) which was established in May, 1993 AD. Its main objective is to monitor the level of corruption in the international level, supervise political corruption and publicize it. Its head office is in Berlin, Germany. It conducts its activities in more than 70 countries through its chapters. Peter Eigen is the main founder of this organization. It has been publishing corruption perception index (CPI) since 1995 AD and bribe payers index (BPI) since 1999 AD. The main objective of this organization is to stop corruption and promote transparency, sense of responsibility and honesty. The core values of this organization are trust, accountability, unity, transparency, courage, justice and democracy. Its function is to stop corruption in the government, politics, business, society and everyday life of the people. Transparency International’s biggest success has been to put the topic of corruption on the world’s agenda. Transparency International has been functioning as an INGO which has been trying to control the corruption level in Nepal. Nepal has been included in Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), a report launched by Transparency International (TI) since 2004 AD. According to the CPI 2018 AD, Nepal is ranked at 124th position with score of 31 out of 180 countries. Transparency International claims that: “Transparency International is the global civil society organization leading the fight against corruption. It brings people together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men, women and children around the world. Its mission is to create change towards a world free of corruption.” 92 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

UNICEF UNICEF was established on 11th December, 1946 AD. The International organization has been conducting programs for the benefits of children. It has been working in underdeveloped countries where issues like children education, health, nutrition and safe motherhood are always under risk. The contribution made by this organization is huge in these areas. It has been functioning in about more than 160 countries. A lot of programs for the benefits of children have been conducted through this organization in Nepal. The following are the programs which are conducted with the purpose of solving social problems: 1. Poverty alleviation programs, 2. Programmes to prevent the possibility of HIV/AIDS from transferring to the child through the mother and provide counseling, 3. Programmes to prevent drug abuse and give counseling to the women and children who are drug abusers, 4. Activities to prevent gender discrimination, 5. Protecting and advocating the rights of children, 6. Protecting children and women from any form of violence, exploitation and abuse, 7. Provision of adequate nutrition and safe drinking water for children, and 8. Increase child survival rate in the lease developed and developing countries. Save the children Save the children was established on 15th of April 1919 AD, in London, UK. Now it has been operating in many countries. This INGO has been conducting its works in the areas like HIV/AIDS, protection of children, poverty etc. It lends its help to the children who have been affected by conflicts, who needs emergency help and protection. Through its educational programs it has been making children aware of their rights. It helps the children in about 120 countries, providing support for health, education, protection, disaster relief and so on. It also has been equipping the children by SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 93

giving them knowledge about how they can stop and deal with social problems and its distortions. “The only international language in the world is a child’s cry,” said Eglantyne Jebb, the founder of Save the Children. Some other International Organization to Solve the Social Problems in Nepal Organizations Functions International Labour Organization It is actively involved in abolishing all (ILO) kinds of child labour in Nepal. World Food Programme (WFP) It has been providing food especially for the Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. Danish International Development It has been providing help and training Agency (DANIDA) programmes for the deaf people. Norwegian Agency for International It has been providing free legal service Development (NORAD) to Nepalese women. It has been providing accommodation Directorate General for International and training to homeless, helping Service (Netherlands) (DGIS) ‘Kamaiyas’, helping for wastage disposal in Kathmandu. International Nepal Fellowship (INF) It has been helping to rehabilitate drug addicts and treating leprosy patients. United Nations Fund for Population It has been encouraging Nepalese Activities (UNFPA) women to participate in various fields and to move forward. It has been running training Scout programmes to motivate youths towards social service. Nepal Red Cross Society It has been holding eye camp, blood donation and first aid training. It has been providing shelter and Save Our Soul (SOS) education to the homeless and orphan children. Note to the teacher: There might be other International organizations working on the social problems and helping to control it, apart from the organizations mentioned in the lesson. Find out them and discuss in class. 94 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Key Terms Agenda : list of things to be discussed at a formal meeting Alleviate : lessen something Devastating : highly damaging Distortion : misrepresentation of facts Publicize : make something wildly known Evaluation Exercises Activity Collect the articles published in the newspaper about the organizations mentioned in this lesson and how have they been trying to resolve the social problems arising in our country. Very short answer questions 1. What is Transparency International? When was it established? 2. Who is the founder of Transparency International? 3. What is the main objective of Transparency International? 4. When was UNICEF established? 5. Where and when was Save the Children established? 6. Write the full form of CPI and BPI. 7. What is the main function of INF? 8. Write the main function of Save the Children. 9. Write the full form of NORAD and DANIDA. Short answer questions 1. Mention the role played by UNICEF in solving social problems. 2. List out the works that have been done by Save the Children. 3. List the activities that Transparency International has been conducting to stop corruption in Nepal. 4. Write the names of six social organizations working in Nepal and their functions. 5. What type of help is provided by international organizations to your community? SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 95

Review Exercise 1. Study the corruption perception index and answer the following questions: Rank in CPI Name of country Points achieved 1 New Zealand 87 1 Denmark 87 23 United States of America 69 25 Bhutan 68 80 China 41 80 India 41 93 Sri Lanka 38 113 Nepal 34 120 Pakistan 32 146 Bangladesh 26 173 Afghanistan 16 179 South Sudan 12 180 Somalia 9 Sources: Transparency International, 2019 AD a) What is the rank of Nepal in CPI? b) Which country is the most and the least corrupted in South Asia? c) Why is corruption less in developed countries? Write your opinions. d) Why does corruption increase? Give reasons. 2. Write slogans about anti-corruption and prepare a placard and conduct an anti-corruption rally in the school premises. 3. Think and discuss about the problems with your classmates: a) If all the intellectual migrants return to the country then what will happen? b) What will happen if we boycott corrupt people? c) What will happen if conflict keeps increasing in the society? 96 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Unit 4 CIVIC AWARENESS Learning Achievements Follow social rules, Enjoy and protect the human rights, Act according to the concept of inclusion, Find out the characteristics of the present constitution, Introduce Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, and Discuss about the role of the citizens to be played in the federal democratic republican political system and act accordingly. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 97

Lesson SOCIAL RULES 1 A society needs certain rules to function in an organized manner. They are necessary for the society to be healthy, beautiful and well managed. These rules are made by the participation of the members of the society. It might not be legally recognized but they are maintained with the consent of the people living in that society. It helps in maintaining the relationship, provide help in need and increase the feeling of brotherhood amongst people. These rules also help to reduce the crime rate in the society. Each member of the society needs to follow these rules. Social rules are based on the traditional values. It can differ according to the society. Small organizations like Guthi, Aama Samuha, Tole Sudhar Samiti and local youth clubs also play an important role to maintain these rules. Those people who do not follow the rules are People participating in sanitation either socially punished or boycott. According to the needs of the changing time and the structure of the society, these rules also undergo changes. If necessary changes are not made according to the changing times then the rules might turn into bad customs and traditions. 98 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Let’s read the news published in a local newspaper. Tole Reform Committee Formulated Social Rules Taking into consideration the need for a better and healthy society, the village, under the supervision of Hari Bahadur K.C. started a Tole reform committee. They have also formulated some social rules. Action can be taken against the person who does not comply by the rules set by the committee. The following are the social rules of the village/Tole which is passed by their meeting: 1. Sale of alcohol is prohibited in the village. 2. Apart from emergency cases, people are not allowed to roam around the village after 11 pm. 3. Waste materials should be thrown in a proper place. 4. All the villagers should have commitment to follow rule of law. 5. In case of need, the villagers from each house should provide help to the concerned family. 6. Conflicts should be resolved in the village through mediators. 7. All the villagers have to participate in the development programs like construction of roads, schools, health camps, etc. Key Terms Comply : obey rules Consent : give permission for something to happen Formulate : create Roam : move about or travel aimlessly Note to the teacher: Conduct activities to encourage the students to follow social rules. Concentrate on practical lessons to make them experience the importance of social rules rather than lectures and theoretical lessons. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 99

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Ask your parents about the social rules in your society and list them down. Discuss in groups and write down some more social rules and present in class. 2. Read the news below and answer the following questions: The parents who don’t send their children to school to be fined Rs. 100.00 Taplejung, 20th Chaitra – The locals of Sawa village passed the decision for compulsory education in the village. The parents who didn’t send their children aged five to school will be fined with Rs. 100.00. The Mukhiya of the village said that they are doing this because the number of students who didn’t go to school was increasing day by day in the village. The Tole reform committee is responsible to implement the rule in the village. a) What is the social rule made in Sawa village and who made that rule? b) How can that rule change the society? c) What are the traditional rules followed in your community? Very short answer questions 1. What is social rule? 2. Why does a society need social rules? 3. Why is it important to follow social rules? 4. What should be done to the people who violate the social rules? 5. Does it need to change the practices of the society? Why? 6. Write down two social practices you like. Short answer questions 1. ‘It is our duty to follow the social rules.’ Explain. 2. What kinds of rules have to be improved? Write with examples. 3. What are the benefits of following social rules for an individual and the society? Long answer questions 1. Define social rule. Why are social rules formulated? What are the benefits of following social rules for an individual and the society? 2. Prepare a set of rules and regulations required for your class room. 100 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8