Social Studies and Population Education Book 8_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

6. Economic and Social A Chamber of UN Economic and Social Council Council: It works for economic, Social, Cultural and Humanitarian activities. It is composed of 54 members who are elected by the General Assembly for a term of three years. 18 members are elected every year. Key Terms Blockade : an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving Submarine : underwater boat Tenure : the time period of holding of an office Veto : a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a lawmaking body Note to the teacher: Encourage the students to gather more information about the United Nations Organizations and its agencies through websites, magazines, newspaper and general knowledge. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 251

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Divide the class into 6 groups and let each group discuss about one body of the United Nations and let the leader present it in the class. 2. Read the article below and discuss and analyze the role of United Nations Security Council in the class. The United Nations Security Council has adopted three major resolutions that sanction North Korea for continuing to develop its nuclear weapons program and call to dismantle its nuclear program “in a complete, verifiable, and irreversible manner” and refrain from ballistic missile tests. The first two resolutions were passed shortly after North Korean nuclear tests in 2006 AD and 2009 AD. The third came a month after North Korea successfully launched a satellite on Dec 12th, 2012 AD. North Korea is prohibited from such launches under previous UN Security Council Resolutions because the technology in a satellite launch vehicle is directly applicable to ballistic missile development. Very short answer questions 1. What is Atlantic charter? 2. When was the UNO established? 3. Why was the UNO established? 4. How many countries are the members of the UN at present? 5. What is the General Assembly? 6. How many countries are the non-permanent members of the Security Council? 7. Write the main function of the International Court of Justice. 8. Who is the present Secretary-General of the UNO? 9. Why was the Trusteeship Council established? Short answer questions 1. Mention when and how the United Nations Organizations was established. 2. Write down the main objectives of United Nations Organization. 3. Draw a chart showing the different bodies of the United Nations Organization. 4. What is veto, who is entitled to use it? Present your views about the use of Veto. 5. If you were appointed as the Secretary-General of the UNO, What programmes would you like to launch in Nepal? 6. Mention the advantages for Nepal being a member of the UNO. 7. Critically analyse the functions of the UNO. 252 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION AND NEPAL 3 Nepal got the membership of the United Nations Organization on 14th December, 1955 AD. The Constitution of Nepal has mentioned that the foreign policies will be formulated in accordance with the United Nations charter. Nepal has been participating in a lot of programs since it got the membership of the United Nations. Nepal has been playing an active role in maintaining International peace and also in the economic and social development process. Nepal has been continuously helping the United Nations in maintaining international peace. A large number of Nepal army and police have been continuously serving as the peace keeping force in different countries. Many Nepalese soldiers and policemen have lost their lives while performing their duties as a peace keeping force. Due to their contribution in the United Nations Organization as a peace force, Nepali soldiers and policemen have been highly praised for their bravery and dedication internationally. Nepal has signed the convention and resolution passed by the United Nations and its special agencies to show the commitment towards the organization. Nepal has always welcomed and accepted the issues put forward by the United Nations Organization on anti-terrorism and disarmament of destructive weapon. The National Human Rights Commission has been established as an independent and empowered constitutional body to ensure full guarantee of human rights. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 253

Nepal has been participating and showing commitment to the plans and programs generated by the United Nations and its special agencies in the economic and social development sector. To achieve the long term developmental goal, Nepal has been operating various programs in coordination with different donor agencies. Nepal has been drawing the attention of the international community for the assistance and solutions of problems caused by natural disaster and conflicts which are being faced by under developed and developing countries. Nepal operates and organizes various programs by being a member of specialized agencies of the United Nations Organization like Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Similarly, Nepal has worked as the Vice President of United Nations Organization in the year 1958 AD, 1967 AD, 1970 AD, 1974 AD, 1983 AD, 1988 AD and 2001 AD. The United Nations had sent its mission ‘United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN)’, a special political mission to support of the peace process in Nepal. It was established in response to the letter to the Secretary-General sent on 9th August 2006 AD. The then Seven-Party Alliance Government and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) requested United Nations 254 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

for assistance in creating a free and fair atmosphere for the election of the Constituent Assembly and the entire peace process. Resolution 1740 (2007 AD) established UNMIN with a mandate to: Monitor the management of arms and armed personnel of the Nepal Army and the Maoist Army, Assist in the monitoring of ceasefire arrangements, Provide technical assistance to the Election Commission in the planning, preparation and conduct of the election of a Constituent Assembly in a free and fair atmosphere. The mandate recognized the need to pay special attention to the needs of women, children and traditionally marginalized groups in the peace process, as mentioned in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. UNMIN returned after fulfilling its duties and tasks successfully and effectively in 2011 AD. Nepal worked as a Vice Chairman in the United Nations Disarmament Commission in 2004 AD. It also worked as a temporary member of the United Nations Security Council in 1969 AD to 1970 AD and 1988 AD to 1989 AD. During that period, it played a significant role to solve the International Conflicts. Under the leadership of the Head of the Government, Nepal has been sending its delegations to General Assembly of the United Nations Organization. The delegates also address the assembly. The General Secretary of the United Nations Organization also had an official visit to Nepal. Thus, Nepal is considered as the active member of the UN. Key Terms Ceasefire : an order or signal to stop fighting Disarmament : the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons Mandate : an official order or commission to do something Note to the teacher: Make the students present the list of news regarding the contribution and developmental activities of the United Nations Organizations and its specialized agencies in class. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 255

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Divide the class into groups and let each group find out about the United Nation’s specialized agencies and their work in Nepal and let the group leader present it in class. 2. Collect news article published and gathered from TV, radio and other magazines regarding the relationship between Nepal and the United Nations and read them aloud. Short answer questions 1. When did Nepal get the membership of UNO? 2. What is peace keeping force? 3. Why was National Human Rights Commission established in Nepal? 4. Write the full form of UNICEF and UNESCO. 5. What was UNMIN? 6. Define International Conflict. Short answer questions 1. How has Nepal been helping the United Nations in establishing International peace and security? 2. How has the United Nations Organization been helping Nepal in its economic and social development? Give Examples. 3. Mention the names of any six specialized agencies of the United Nations who have been involved in various activities in Nepal. 4. Why are Nepalese soldiers liked all over the world? 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sending Nepalese army as peace keeping force? Write in points. 256 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson DIPLOMATIC MISSION 4 Diplomatic mission is a state’s agency located abroad to handle foreign relations. It is formed for the purpose of maintaining and developing international relationship and also extending help and support in a formal manner. It represents its country in a foreign land. Our country also has its embassy in other countries where we have diplomatic Embassy of Nepal in Qatar relations. The ambassadors are appointed to represent a country and they are the head of the embassy. The Constitution of Nepal states that the ambassador is to be appointed by the President of our country on the recommendation of the government. The first embassy of Nepal was opened in United Kingdom on 1816 AD. The Nepalese civil servants work together to assist the ambassador. The Embassy, Consulate and Embassy of USA in Nepal the Permanent Mission of a SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 257 country to the United Nations Organization which are located in foreign lands and represent their own country are known as the diplomatic missions. These diplomatic missions are usually situated in the capital city of the country. The Foreign Ministry is responsible for the management and appointment of the other staffs in the embassy.

Our embassies are in various countries where we have friendly relations. Similarly there are many embassies of different countries in our country. The embassy consists of an ambassador and various staffs to look after the activities of the embassy. Any formal notice and information that has to be conveyed to one country from another country is done through the embassy. We need to take permission from the country where we intend to travel. A formal document which is known as a visa is required to enter the concerned country. The embassy issues a visa for people wishing to travel to their country. Since ancient times, Nepal and India have a very close relation culturally and socially. Thus, till date no visa is required for the citizens of either country to travel into each others’ country. Nepali Visa The basic functions of a diplomatic mission Represent the home country in the host country, Protect the interests of the home country and its citizens in the host country, Monitor and report on conditions and developments in the commercial, economic, cultural, and scientific life of the host country, Promote friendly relations between the host country and the home country, Develop commercial, economic, cultural, and scientific relations between the host country and the home country. Issue passports, travel documents, and visas, Arrange and coordinate the visit of President, Prime Minister or any other high ranking personnel of both the countries, State a formal opinion and negotiate regarding the proposal of host country. The diplomatic mission acts like a bridge between two different countries. The Diplomatic mission needs to act according to the diplomatic protocol with other countries. Failing to do so might cause conflict between the two countries. It needs to make sure that its actions don’t hamper the dignity and esteem of the concerned country. Note to the teacher: Give additional information about this lesson through the website of diplomatic mission or any knowledgeable person. 258 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Key Terms Convey : transfer something through carrier Esteem : respect Negotiate : discuss and come to an agreement Protocol : code of conduct Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Look at the picture and discuss about it and draw a conclusion regarding this. 2. Who are the Nepalese ambassadors working in China and India at present? Find out from different sources and mention their names in the class. Very short answer questions 1. What is diplomatic mission? 2. Why are the ambassadors appointed to other country? 3. Who appoints ambassadors to other country? 4. Which Ministry is responsible to maintain diplomatic relations? 5. What is Visa? 6. Where and when was the first embassy of Nepal opened? Short answer questions 1. Why is diplomatic mission necessary? Describe in short. 2. List down the major functions of the diplomatic mission. 3. How are the ambassadors appointed in our country? Explain. 4. What is diplomatic protocol? Explain. 5. Are Nepalese embassies doing their work successfully in foreign countries? If not, suggest some points for improvement. 6. ‘Embassies should work as bridge between two countries to strengthen the relationship.’ Justify with examples. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 259

Lesson THE CONTRIBUTION OF NEPAL 5 IN INTERNATIONAL SECTOR Nepal was ruled by the Ranas till 2007 BS. During that time our neighboring country India was being ruled by the British. The Ranas had maintained good relationship with the British Empire. They were always putting efforts to impress the British government. They also sent Nepalese army to help the British. In the year 1947 AD (2004 BS), India got its freedom from the British regime. The independence of India had inspired a similar hunger for self rule and democracy in Nepal. When British regime left India, Ranas lost their good supporter. As a result, in 2007 BS the Rana regime came to an end. This had made an impact on the foreign policies of Nepal. After 2007 BS, it became necessary for Nepal to protect its independence, to establish its identity in the international community and to get international support for the development of the country. So, Nepal started to concentrate on maintaining diplomatic relations with other countries and international organizations. Today, Nepal has been able to achieve friendly relations with 168 countries. After World War II, powerful nations of the world politically divided into two groups. One group was being led by the United States of America whereas the second group was being led by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). This situation created the grounds for the cold war. India and China being the two big neighbouring countries of Nepal followed and idealized two different political philosophies. It was necessary for Nepal to be able to have an amicable relation with both its neighboring country with a balanced approach towards both the political philosophies. Countries like India, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana, Yugoslavia, etc also wanted to have a neutral approach, hence they started the Non-Aligned Movement which was supported by Nepal and also actively participated. The first summit of the Non-Aligned Nations was held in 1961 AD in Belgrade, the capital city of Yugoslavia. Nepal has been participating in the summit held since 1961 AD in Belgrade till the present day. The Head of State or the Head of Government has been representing Nepal in those summits. 260 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Nepal has been an active member of the United Nations Organization since the time it became a member of this organization on 14th December 1955 AD. Nepal has been elected in the Security Council of the United Nations Organization twice from the year 1969 AD to 1970 AD and 1988 AD to 1989 AD respectively. Nepal’s then permanent representative Rishikesh Shah was the chairperson of the investigation commission when the then UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold died in plane crash. During its tenure, Nepal played a very important role in resolving International Conflicts. From the beginning, Nepal has been helping and supporting the United Nations to maintain international peace and security. It has also been sending its army in the peace force as per the request of the UN. The Nepal army and police have served in 37 different peace missions in countries like Lebanon, Haiti, Sierra Leone, Congo, East Timor, Office of SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu Liberia, Sudan, etc. Nepal has been an active member of the SAARC since the time of its inception. The SAARC Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. It has been contributing in the various activities of SAARC, WTO BIMSTEC etc. Nepal has also been assisting its neighboring countries in different ways at the time of natural calamities. Likewise, Nepal has been successful in creating its own identity in the international community by its contribution and support. Key Terms Calamities : an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress Idealize : regard or represent something as ideal Inception : beginning of something Inspire : be encouraged Summit : meeting Note to the teacher: Give additional information about the contribution of Nepal in the international sector through chart, photo and table. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 261

Evaluation Exercises Activity Divide the class into four groups and let these groups discuss about the activities that Nepal has been performing by being involved in these organizations. Discuss in groups and present in class. a) United Nations Organization and Peace Keeping Force b) Specialized agencies of the United Nations c) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). d) Non-Aligned movement. Very short answer questions 1. With whom the Rana’s maintained relationship before 2007 BS? 2. When and where was the first summit of Non-Aligned Nations held? 3. Who has been representing in the summit of NAM from Nepal? 4. For how many times, Nepal has been elected as a non-permanent member in the Security Council? 5. Write the full form of SAARC. 6. Where is SAARC Secretariat located? Short answer questions 1. Explain the contribution of Nepal to international peace and cooperation. 2. How have the Nepal Army and Police contributed in maintaining the international peace and security? Explain. 3. Discuss the international relationship of Nepal after the year 2007 BS. 4. Write in brief about the Non-Aligned Movement and the role played by Nepal in it. 262 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Review Exercise 1. Who is the present Secretary General of United Nations and what is his nationality? 2. Collect news from radio, television, newspaper or internet about the role played by Nepal in international sector and read aloud in class. 3. Your community or district might be receiving help and support from our friendly or donor countries. List out those countries and mention their contribution. 4. The main important part of social studies is the study of contemporary incidents of the world. Everyday there are lots of events and incidents happening, which might be good or bad. Some are scientific inventions. These incidents and inventions influence our daily life. Collect the information from radio, television, internet, newspaper, etc. Conduct a quiz contest every week by using such information. 5. Divide the class in some groups. Collect the information of a week through various means like radio, television, internet, newspaper, book, etc. Paste it on the notice or information board outside your class. Let all the groups do that turn by turn every week. 6. Read the given article. Discuss and mention the main points that are emphasized. Chemical weapons were used on the 21st August, 2013 AD Ghouta attacks, according to the United Nations. United Nations Security Council was adopted unanimously on 27th September, 2013 AD in regard to the framework for elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons during the Syrian civil war. United Nations Security Council recalled that Syria has until mid-2014 to destroy its chemical weapons arsenal; and the resolution also outlines plans for a transition. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 263

Unit 9 AN INTRODUCTION OF POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS Learning Achievements Mention the demographic processes and its measurement rates, and State the causes of migration in Nepal. 264 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson CONCEPT OF DEMOGRAPHY 1 Meaning of Demography The word ‘Demography’ is derived from the Greek language which means a scientific study of population. It is formed with two words ‘Demos’ and ‘Graphy’. ‘Demos’ means people and ‘Graphy’ means study. Thus, the subject that studies the human population is called demography. At first, this word was used by the Belgium national ‘Achille Guillard’ in 1855 AD. A British intellectual John Graunt initiated the study of demography in 1662 AD so he is known as the father of demographic studies. He had done an important study on mortality rate. Demography focuses on the statistical aspect of the population. Various aspects of population are studied in the population education. The population education was developed during the period of 1960-70 AD. Population education is an educational programme. It makes the individuals aware about the effects and consequences of the population growth. Birth, death and migration are the most important demographic components. These three components determine the population change of any region or country. Thus, they are called the determinants of population change. We know that birth is related to fertility, death to mortality and migration is related to migration process. These processes are studied and analyzed in different demographic measures. The following table clearly shows the demographic components, processes and measures. Components Demographic Measures Birth Processes Fertility Rates Death Fertility Mortality Rates Mortality Migration Rates Migration Migration SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 265

Scope of Demography Here, the scopes of demography are described below: 1. Major Demographic Process: Fertility, mortality and migration are the major demographic processes. These three processes cause the change in the size, structure and the distribution of population. 2. Population Statistics: Population statistics is needed for the study of fertility rate, mortality rate, migration rate, distribution of population, population growth rate etc. The study of population statistics is an important part in the study of demography. 3. Population Distribution: Population distribution of any area is in a certain pattern. Some places are densely populated whereas some places are sparsely populated. For example: the density of population of Terai region is more than that of the mountain region of Nepal. 4. Causes of Population Growth: The causes of population growth are the important subject matters of demography. When the causes of the population growth are identified and its consequences are analyzed, then the measures to solve the problems can be discovered. 5. Consequences of Population Growth: There are countless problems in the world created by the population growth. The problems related to food, shelter, health, job opportunity, education, entertainment, etc are some of the examples. 6. Sexual and Reproductive Health Education: Under the sexual and reproductive health education, the physiological structure and child bearing, birth control, subjects related to the human sex, etc are studied. These elements affect the fertility rate significantly. 7. Population Policies and programmes: Population policies and programmes are also important subject matters of demography. Every nation has its own population policy and programme. Note to the teacher: Explain the concept of demography with the help of various examples, charts, and tables. 266 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Key Terms Components : a part or element of a larger whole Densely : thickly populated, Crowded Determinants : a factor which decisively affects the nature or outcome of something Mortality : death rate Sparsely : thinly populated, scattered Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss in your class about the concept of demography. 2. Form different groups in the class and discuss on birth, death and migration by each group. Find out the status of these three aspects within last three months in our community with the help of your guardian. Present your activities in the class. Long answer questions 1. Explain the scopes studied within demography. 2. Introduce demography. Show the demographic components, processes and measures in a table. Community Work Interact with your guardians or social workers in your community and collect their opinions and suggestions on what subject-matters should be taught to the learners under the population education. Discuss in your class on these suggestions. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 267

Lesson BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT 2 Introduction Fertility, mortality and migration are called the demographic processes. These processes determine the population change of any place or region. Birth, death and migration are the demographic components. There is difference between the demographic components and processes. Fertility is a process whereas birth is a component. Likewise, mortality is a process whereas death is a component. The measurement of population means the measurement of birth rate, death rate and migration rate. The act of measuring demographic rates is called demographic measurement. Among the demographic processes, the measurement of fertility is described below: Fertility rate Fertility rate refers to the total number of live births from the females aged from 15 to 49 years. The fertility rate is simply called a birth rate. The three types of measurements can be used in measuring fertility. They are: 1. Crude Birth Rate: This is the most popular and simple method of measuring birth rate. The total number of live birth in an area within a year in one thousand populations is called Crude Birth Rate. Crude Birth Rate can be calculated using the following formula: CBR= Total no. of live births during the given year (B) ×1,000 Total mid-year population of the same year (P) Example: If the mid-year population of Changing village was 5,000 in 2070 BS and 100 were live births in that year. Calculate CBR. 268 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Solution: Given, Mid-year population (P) = 5,000 Total live births (B) = 100 Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = ? Now, CBR = B ×1,000 P = 100 ×1,000 5,000 = 20 \\ CBR of Changsing village in 2070 BS was 20 per 1,000 mid-year population. 2. Age Specific Fertility Rate: The women in all age groups do not have the same fertility rate. Fertility differs according to the age. The total number of live births given by a specific age group of women in a year is called age specific fertility rate. The female population of 15-49 years of age is considered as capable for reproduction and it is categorized into the age groups of 5/5 years interval. ASFR can be calculated with the following formula: ASFR= Total no. of live births given by women of specific age group (B) ×1,000 Total mid-year female population of the same age group (P) Example: If the mid-year population of female of the age group 20-24, in Chisapani village was 3,000 in 2071 BS and total number of live births given by the women of the same age group during the same year were 50. Calculate ASFR. Solution: Given, Mid-year population of female (Pf20-24) = 3,000 Total live births given by the female of the same age group (B20-24) = 50 Crude Birth Rate (ASFR) = ? SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 269

Now, ASFR = B ×1,000 P 50 = 3,000 ×1,000 = 16.66 \\ ASFR of the women in the age group 20-24 years of that village in 2071 BS was 16.66 per 1,000 mid-year population. 3. Total Fertility Rate: This is the sum of ASFR. Total fertility rate is the average number of births to a woman throughout her reproductive period. It is expressed in per woman. TFR is calculated by multiplying the sum of ASFR by 5 and dividing by 1,000. The total fertility rate is calculated using the following formula: TFR = ∑ ASFR × 5 1,000 Example: If the ∑ASFRIf the ∑ASFR of a place was 758 in the year 2010 AD, calculate Total Fertility Rate (TFR). Solution: Given, ∑ ASFR = 758 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = ? Now, TFR = ∑ ASFR × 5 1,000 = 758×5 1,000 = 3.8 \\ TFR of that place in the year 2010 AD was 3.8 per woman. Note to the teacher: Focus on inductive method while teaching formulae. Make the students practice more numericals by using the formulae from the lesson. 270 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Collect the data of live births within a year and number of women of 15 to 49 years of age of your community. Calculate Crude Birth Rate and Age Specific Fertility Rate from the data. 2. Find the causes of the population growth in your community and discuss about it in the class. Long answer questions 1. Give short introduction to demographic components, processes and measures. 2. Define Crude Birth Rate. Suppose, the total mid-population of a city in 2011 AD was 2,60,000 and the total live births during the same year were 8,000. Calculate Crude Birth Rate. 3. What is Age Specific Fertility Rate? If the total number of mid-year population of the age group 25-29, in Harinas Rural Municipality in 2010 AD was 20,000 and the number of live births given by the women of the same age group during the same year were 4,000. Calculate ASFR. 4. Introduce Total Fertility Rate. Calculate the TFR from the following table of ASFR. Age Group ASFR 15-19 80 20-24 230 25-29 180 30-34 120 35-39 75 40-44 35 45-49 10 Total ∑ ASFR = 730 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 271

Lesson 3 MORTALITY AND MIGRATION Death Rate (Mortality Rate) Mortality is the second important demographic process. Mortality rate indicates the number of deaths out of thousand population of a particular region in a year. Population increases when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. The developing countries in the world are facing the problem of population growth due to the huge gap between birth rate and death rate. Death rate can be measured in the following ways: 1. Crude Death Rate (CDR): Crude death rate is the simplest procedure of calculating death rate. It needs the total number of deaths of an area in a year and the midyear population of the same area and of the same year. Crude Death Rate is the total number of deaths of an area within a year in thousand populations. It is calculated using the following formula: Total no. of deaths during the given year (D) CDR= Total mid-year population of the same year (P) ×1,000 Example: Suppose, the mid-year population of Khantichhap village was 8,000 in 2015 AD and altogether 20 people died during the same year. Find CDR. Solution: Given, Mid-year population (P) = 8,000 Total deaths (D) = 20 Crude Death Rate (CDR) = ? Now, CDR = D × 1000 = 20 × 1000 = 2.5 P 8,000 \\ CDR of Khantichhap village in 2015 AD was 2.5 per 1,000 mid-year population. 272 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

2. Age Specific Mortality Rate: It is the total number of deaths of specific age group per thousand population of the same age group of an area within a year. It is regarded as more specific than Crude Death Rate because death may take place at any age. It is obvious that the death rate of infants and old is more than the young people. It is calculated using the following formula: ASMR= Total Total number of deaths of specific age group in a year (Dx) (Px)×1,000 mid-year population of the same age group of the same year Example: The mid-year population of the group 30-34 years of Kopundole was 36,000 in 2015 AD. Altogether 220 persons of same age group died in the same year. Find ASMR. Solution: Given, Total number of deaths (Dx) = 220 Total mid-year population (Px) = 36,000 ASMR = ? Now, Dx Px ASMR = × 1,000 = 220 × 1,000 = 6.12 36,000 \\ ASMR of the age group 30-34 years of Kopundole in 2015 AD is 6.12 per thousand. 3. Infant Mortality Rate: The death rate of infants below 1 year of an area within a year is called Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). The number of deaths of infants out of 1,000 live births of the same year of a place is Infant Mortality Rate. IMR can be calculated using the following formula: IMR= Total no.of deaths of infants during the given year (D) ×1,000 Total no.of live births during the same year (B) Example: If 3,200 live births were recorded in Shukla Gandaki Municipality in 2016 AD. Among them 128 died before completing one year of age. Calculate Infant Mortality Rate. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 273

Solution: Given, Total number of live births (B) = 3,200 Total number of infant deaths (D) = 128 Infant Mortality Rate = ? Now, D B IMR = × 1,000 = 128 × 1,000 = 40 3,200 \\ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of Shukla Gandaki Municipality in 2016 AD was 40 per 1,000 live births. Migration Migration is the third major component of demographic process. It plays a great role in population change of a place. The study of migration shows the number of people immigrating in a year and number of people emigrating in the same year in any geographical region. Migration is the geographical or regional flow of population. In the measurement of migration, In-migration indicates the process of coming in from outside whereas out-migration indicates the process of going out from inside. Migration rate can be measured in the following ways: 1. In-Migration Rate: This is the number of people immigrating out of the thousand population of the region. To calculate the In-Migration Rate, the total number of immigrants is divided by the mid year population of the region and multiplied by 1,000. It is calculated by using the following formula: Total no. of in-migrants during the given year (I) I-MR= Total mid-year population of the same year (P) ×1,000 2. Out-Migration Rate: This is the number of people emigrating out of the thousand population of the region. To calculate the Out-Migration Rate, the total number of emigrants is divided by the mid year population of the region and multiplied by 1,000. It is calculated by using the following formula: O-MR= Total no. of out-migrants during the given year (O) ×1,000 Total mid-year population of the same year (P) 3. Net-Migration Rate: This is the difference between in-migration rate and out-migration rate. (NMR = IMR – OMR) or NMR = I –O ×1,000 P 274 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

4. Gross-Migration Rate: This is the sum of in-migration rate and out- migration rate. I + O P (GMR = IMR + OMR) or GMR = ×1,000 Example: In the year 2066 BS, in a city of Nepal, the total population was 40,000. In the same year 2,000 people in-migrated and 1,000 people out-migrated from there. Calculate In-migration Rate (I-MR), Out-migration Rate (O-MR), Net Migration Rate (NMR) and Gross Migration Rate (GMR). Solution: Given, Total population (P) = 40,000 Total In-migrants (I) = 2,000 Total Out-migrants (O) = 1,000 In-migration Rate (I-MR) = ? Out-migration Rate (O-MR) = ? Net Migration Rate (NMR) = ? Gross Migration Rate (GMR) = ? Now, I 2,000 P 40,000 I-MR = × 1000 = × 1,000 = 50 O-MR = O × 1000 = 1,000 × 1,000 = 25 P 40,000 NMR = I –O × 1000 = 2,000 – 1,000 × 1,000 = 25 P 40,000 GMR = I +O × 1000 = 2,000 + 1,000 × 1,000 = 75 P 40,000 \\ I-MR = 50 per 1,000 population O-MR = 25 per 1,000 population NMR = 25 per 1,000 population GMR = 75 per 1,000 population Note to the teacher: Make the students collect the data from their community. From the collected data make them find out the rate of death, birth and migration. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 275

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Identify the causes of the high infant mortality rate in your community and discuss in the class. 2. Find the total number of deaths within a year and number of deaths of infants below one year of your community. Calculate Crude Death Rate and Infant Mortality Rate. Long answer questions 1. What is Migration? Explain the ways of measuring the migration rate with examples. 2. Differentiate between the immigration and emigration with examples. 3. Suppose, the mid-year population of a municipality was 80,000 in 2006 AD. Altogether 500 people died during the same year. Find Crude Death Rate. Also find the Infant Mortality Rate if the number of dead infants below one year was 20 and the total live births in the same year of that municipality was 800. 4. In a city, the mid-year population in 2012 AD was 90,000. During the same year, 10,000 people came to that city from different parts of the country and 2,000 people left the city. Calculate the In-migration Rate, Out-migration Rate, Net Migration Rate and Gross Migration Rate. 276 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson DETERMINANTS OF POPULATION CHANGE 4 Introduction The population of any region or a place does not remain constant. It is always changing. The population is generally increasing. It decreases if the out-migration and death rate are higher than in-migration and birth rate. The population of rural area is decreasing because of the same reason. Birth, death and migration are the determinants of population change. Determinants of population change a) Birth or fertility rate: The birth or fertility rate is influenced by the composition of population by age, marriageable age, education, occupation, religious status, nutrition and health. The fecundity, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, the political situation of the country, the social status of the patents etc also affect the birth or fertility rate. The birth or fertility rate of least developed countries is mainly influenced by the composition of population by age, early marriage and illiteracy. b) Death or mortality rate: The factor determining the population change next to birth is death. There are many elements that affect the death or mortality rate. The major factors that affect the death or mortality rate are: composition of population, facility of health care, occupation and nature of the work, region of the settlement, age, malnutrition, diseases etc. The mortality rate is decreasing nowadays in the least developed countries in comparison to the past. Some of the reasons of decreasing death rate in the developing and least developed countries are: growth in the income, improvement in the medical treatment, the expansion of the public health and education etc. Note to the teacher: Make the students discuss how the population of their community is changing by showing them related charts, pictures etc to make their concept clear. You can also use the method of discussion, question-answer etc to explain the concept. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 277

c) Migration or migration rate: It is considered as the most complex demographic process. There are two kinds of elements that affect migration. They are studied as pull factors and push factors. The process of coming in from the outside is called in-migration and the process of going out from the inside is called out-migration in the migration. Key Terms Fecundity : ability to produce offspring Illiteracy : the condition of being unable to read and write Malnutrition : lack of proper nutrition Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Why does the total population of your community keep changing? Why can’t the fertility rate be controlled easily? Identify the reasons and discuss in the class. 2. What are the factors affecting the migration? Make a list of them and present in the class. Long answer questions 1. What are the elements that affect the Fertility Rate? Mention. 2. Discuss the differences between the Fertility Rate and Mortality Rate of developed and least developed countries. 3. Explain the determinants of population change. 4. ‘The fertility increases the population whereas mortality decreases the population.’ Describe the statement with examples. 5. Mention the factors affecting migration. Community Work Collect the statistics of the out-migration from your village/city and prepare a report including the reasons of migration. 278 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson POPULATION COMPOSITION OF NEPAL 5 Introduction Population composition is also known as population structure. The distribution of population according to religion, sex, caste, occupation, age, area of settlement, mother tongue, literacy etc is called the population composition. The population composition on the basis of literacy and occupation has been presented in this lesson. The population of 6 years and above has been included in the census while calculating the literacy of Nepal. The status of Nepal’s literacy is shown in the table below: Population Composition on the basis of literacy Literacy means the ability to read and write. The one who has ability to read and write is called literate. The literates can understand and read simple and short sentences written about the daily life activities in their own language. They can share what they have learned with others. The population is also studied by dividing it into various groups on the basis of its literacy status. Here, the literacy status of Nepal depending on different census is presented below: Population Composition by the literacy status (in percentage) Sex Nepal Rural Area Urban Area Both sex 2038 BS 2048 BS 2058 BS 2068 BS 2038 BS 2048 BS 2058 BS 2038 BS 2048 BS 2058 BS Male Female 23.3 39.6 54.1 65.9 21.3 36.8 51.0 56.0 66.4 71.9 34.0 54.4 54.1 75.1 32.0 51.9 62.6 66.0 77.4 81.2 12.0 25.0 42.8 57.4 10.3 22.0 39.6 44.0 54.3 61.9 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2068 BS Note to the teacher: Make the students convert above table into bar-graph or pie chart and discuss on the composition of population by displaying the charts. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 279

Population composition on the basis of occupation The population of a region or country can be categorized into the various groups on the basis of occupation. The population composition of Nepal by occupation is shown in the table below: Population composition by occupation Occupation 1991 2001 2011 Agriculture 80.3 65.7 60.43 Service 6.1 9.3 8.29 Trade 3.0 7.9 8.07 Production 4.2 1.4 2.22 Technical 1.8 1.4 2.09 Others 4.6 11.5 19.03 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2001, 2013 AD Key Terms Categorize : put somebody or something into category Census : an official count or survey, especially of a population Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Collect the statistics of your locality and find out the literacy rate of male and female of 6 years and above. 2. Discuss about the literacy status and population composition by occupation as per the statistics mentioned above or given in the lesson. Long answer questions 1. What is population composition? Explain in short about its importance in planning. 2. What is literacy? What should we do to increase literacy in Nepal? 3. How is the status of population composition by occupation of Nepal in rural and urban area? Explain. 4. Write a short note on: a. The status of literacy in Nepal. b. The status of population composition by occupation in Nepal. 280 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL 6 The population distribution shows the distribution of population in different geographical regions. Geographical regions, provinces, districts, rural and urban areas, etc are taken as the bases for the study of population distribution. The number of people shifting from mountain and hilly region to Terai region is increasing. The distribution of population based on geographical regions is shown in the table below: Population distribution of Nepal based on Geographical Regions Census year Mountain Hilly Terai 2048 7.8% 45.5% 46.7% 2058 7.3% 44.4% 48.4% 2068 6.73% 43% 50.27% Source: Central Bureau of Statistics There is rapid growth in Terai population in comparison with mountain and hilly population of Nepal. It indicates the increasing trend of migration of people towards the Terai region. There are seven provinces in Nepal. The following table shows the population according to the provinces: Population distribution of Nepal based on Provinces Provinces Male Female Total Province No. 1 2,166,536 2,368,407 4,534,943 Province No. 2 2,717,938 2,686,207 5,404,145 Bagmati Province 2,747,633 2,781,819 5,529,452 Gandaki Province 1,090,808 1,312,949 2,403,757 Province No. 5 2,140,316 2,358,956 4,499,272 Karnali Province 767,923 802,495 1,570,418 Sudurpashchim Province 1,217,887 1,334,630 2,552,517 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics Note to the teacher: Show the students the population map of Nepal in an atlas. Let them figure out the areas where the population is more and those areas where it is the least. Let them discuss it in class. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 281

Among the seven provinces of Nepal, the Bagmati Province has the highest population. According to the census report of 2068 BS, the Bagmati Province has the population of 5,529,452. It represents 20.87% of the total population of the country. The Province No. 2 has taken the second place in the population. The Karnali Province is the least populated province. The population percentages of the Province No. 1, Province No. 2, Bagmati Province, Gandaki Province, Province No. 5, Karnali Province and Sudurpashchim Province are 17.12%, 20.4%, 20.87%, 9.11%, 16.94%, 5.93% and 9.63% respectively. It shows a great disparity in the distribution of population in provinces. The possible reasons may be due to the unequal distribution of services, facilities and opportunities. Key Terms Disparity : a great difference Rapid : at a great rate Trend : a fashion Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss about the population distribution of your Rural Municipality or Municipality. 2. Show the population distribution according to the geographical regions in a pie chart and discuss in the class. Long answer questions 1. Mention the reasons of rapid population growth in the Terai region. 2. What are the reasons of rapid population growth in the urban areas? Discuss. 3. Explain the population distribution based on geographical regions. 4. Analyze the population distribution on the basis of provinces. 5. Explain the causes of uneven distribution of population in Nepal. 282 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MIGRATION IN NEPAL 7 Internal Migration The process of migration within the same country from one region to another is called internal migration. Migration is affected by the pull and push factors. Availability of education opportunity, drinking water, hospitals, transportation facility, communication and electricity facilities, etc play vital role in the migration. People migrate from one place to another due to the attraction and availability of facilities and development of infrastructures whereas the shortages, difficulties, violence, fear, etc compel the people to leave their place of origin and migrate to safer places. There is high flow of migration in Nepal from mountain and hilly region to the Terai and urban regions. The census report of 2068 BS shows that more than 50% of the total population of Nepal lives in Terai region. Its main reason is the flow of migration towards the Terai region from mountain and hilly region. The main attractions of the Terai region for migration are trade, agriculture, employment, physical infrastructures, education, etc. Till 1950 AD, the Terai region of Nepal was affected by Malaria and hence fearing Malaria, people stayed in mountain and hilly region and didn’t migrate to the Terai region. When the Malaria was eradicated, the migration started to increase from the mountain and hilly regions. This increased the migration by 109 percent. External Migration The process of migration from one country to another is called External migration. This is the migration in international level. An individual crosses the border and enters another country in this process. The following table shows the distribution of migrants and causes of migration. Note to the teacher: Make the students role play explaining the reasons for migration. Let them conduct a survey to find out people who have migrated to other places and a people who have migrated here from other places and explain the phenomenon. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 283

The distribution of migrants who migrated from Nepal within a year and the causes of their migration: Reasons Number of Persons Percent (%) Agriculture 7,763 1.02 Trade 12,060 1.58 Self-service 506,221 66.42 Organizational-service 94,329 12.38 Education/training 31,727 4.17 Marriage 14,101 1.85 Others 95,970 12.69 Total 762,171 100.00 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. How many individuals migrated from your locality last year? What were the causes for their migration? Discuss in the class. 2. Make groups with your friends and discuss about the causes of External migration in Nepal. Long answer questions 1. What is meant by migration? List out any three factors which affect migration and mention any four effects created by it. 2. Write short notes on: a. Internal Migration b. External Migration 3. Why do people from Nepal migrate to other countries? Explain. 4. What are the pull and push factors of migration? Describe two factors of each. 284 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson WORLD’S POPULATION SIZE AND ITS GROWTH 8 The world population has already crossed 7 billion in 2011 AD. It is estimated that the world’s population was about 250 million or 25 Crore in 1 AD. It took about 1650 years to reach to 50 Crore. The world population increased to 100 Crore or 1 billion in 1820 AD. It reached 3 billion in 1930 AD and 4 billion in 1975 AD. The population of the world increased to 5 billion in 1987 AD. World’s population density 10 Most Populous Countries Rank Countries Population Percentage of Data world population 1. China 1,401,304,160 2. India 1,358,533,700 20 12th Feb 2020 3. United States 329,316,640 4. Indonesia 265,015,300 17.5 12th Feb 2020 5. Pakistan 212,742,631 6. Brazil 211,116,063 4.24 12th Feb 2020 7. Nigeria 188,500,000 8. Bangladesh 168,090,620 3.41 1st July 2018 9. Russia 146,877,088 10. Mexico 126,577,691 2.74 25th May 2017 2.72 12th Feb 2020 2.43 31st October 2016 2.16 12th Feb 2020 1.89 1st January 2018 1.63 1st July 2019 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 285

The rapid growth of population has begun from seventeenth century. The population in Europe, Russia and America was found increasing before 1750 AD. The population growth rate increased rapidly in China in about 1700 AD. A population expert Colin Clark had estimated the world population to be 3.5 billion in 1900 AD. Another population expert Notestine had estimated that the world population would reach up to 3.3 billion in 2000 AD but it reached to the size as estimated before the time. The world population reached 6 billion in 1999 AD. 1 billion populations were added within the period of 12 years. The world population was estimated to have reached 7.6 billion as of December 2017 AD. The United Nations estimates it will further increase to 11.8 billion by the year 2100 AD. World Historical and Predicted Populations (in millions) Region 2008 AD 2010 AD 2012 AD 2050 AD World 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 Africa 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 Asia 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 Europe 732 738 740 734 Latin America 577 590 603 784 North America 337 345 351 433 Oceania 34 37 38 57 Note to the teacher: Make the students convert above table into bar-graph and clarify the concept by displaying the charts. 286 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Collect the population statistics of your ward and discuss about its size in 2011 AD and what will be its size after 10 years. 2. Prepare a report on the population data of your district according the census of 2011 AD. 3. What is the meaning of population density? Discuss about the world’s population density. Long answer questions 1. Identify the places of high population and low population in the world with the help of atlas. 2. Compare the birth rate and death rate of developed, developing and least developed countries. 3. Show the following statistics in a bar-graph: Countries Population (in millions) China 1,401 India 1,358 United States 329 Pakistan 212 Russia 146 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 287

Review Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks: a) The formula of TFR is............................ b) The age of female is divided into groups with.......................... year intervals to calculate fertility rate. c) Fertility, mortality and migration are called........................... processes. d) The total number of live births in a year out of thousand population of an area is called............................ e) Migration is...........................factor of population change. f) ...........................is the least populated province of Nepal. 2. Look the pictures below and write a paragraph mentioning your feelings. 288 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Unit 10 POPULATION GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT Learning Achievements Explain about the declination in quality of life due to the population growth, measures to improve the quality of life and family life education, and Mention the role of international organizations in population management. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 289

Lesson POPULATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE 1 Quality of life is the overall standard of life of individual or members of the family or community. It is proportionately related with the fulfillment of human needs. There is a strong relationship between population and quality of life. Rapid population growth rate adversely affects the quality of life. The available resources are insufficient to meet the needs of growing population. It is difficult for the management of population growth. The main objective of the population education is to help in the development of quality of life. There are many factors affecting the quality of life. They are presented below in a chart: First level Second level Third level Fourth level (Demographic (Socio-cultural (Development (Resources and Elements) Elements) process) Means) Size of the Social Development Human population system priorities resource Population Political Trade Natural growth system resource International Migration Consuming relation Technology pattern Capital Cultural norms and values The quality of life is related to the per capita income of people. The living standard of people is affected by the employment, health, shelter, food and nutrition, education, social service, etc. According to the census of 2068 BS, there live 4.88 members in a family. The population growth rate is 1.35% whereas the sex ratio of male and female is 94.2 in 100. Density of population in Nepal is 180 persons per sq km. Similarly, 85.26% Nepalese live in their own house whereas 12.81% live in rented house. According to the census report, 290 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

38.17% households do not have their own toilet. These facts also have greatly affected in the quality of life. The human need and quality of life are deeply related to each other. The quality life can be expected only when all the needs are fulfilled along with the high level of education and health. Foodstuffs for eating, clothes for protecting body and residence for security are the basic necessity of every human. An individual lives in a family and society. S/he cannot be happy only with the fulfillment of his/her physical and biological needs. The psychological needs should also be fulfilled. S/he may want to get quality education or wishes to involve and participate in the traditional and social occasions. S/he cannot be satisfied when his/her wishes are not fulfilled. One cannot be psychologically and socially satisfied when such wishes are not fulfilled even though their life is running smoothly. Key Terms Adversely : bad or unfavourable Prominent : important, major Psychological : relating to the mind, intellectual Note to the teacher: Present a table showing the standard of living of people and try to make the concept clear. When we talk about standard of living we should care not to humiliate anybody. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 291

Evaluation Exercises Activity Visit some individuals who are involved in social works and discuss with them about the fundamental needs in daily life. Make a list of such needs and discuss with your friends in class. Very short answer questions 1. Define quality of life. 2. Write the primary factors affecting quality of life? 3. What is the population growth rate according to the census of 2068 BS? 4. Write the population density of Nepal according to the census 2068 BS? Short answer questions 1. What are the social and cultural elements that affect the quality of life? 2. Make a list of factors affecting the living standard of people. 3. Mention the basic needs of people. 4. What is the interrelationship between quality of life and population growth? 292 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson MEASURES FOR POPULATION MANAGEMENT 2 Population of a society or a nation does not remain constant. There is always change in the size of population. Population change is also not same in all the places. It differs from place to place. Birth, death and migration are the elements affecting population change. Population growth creates countless effects in the human life. The only one way to prevent such effects is population management. Generally, the population is increasing in many of the countries but it is decreasing in some countries of North-west Europe like Denmark and Norway. Population management does not mean the control in population growth rate only but it also means mobilization of population by balancing it with means and resources and by addressing the different aspects related to the birth, death and migration. In the population management, the life of people is made better by providing basic needs like food, cloth, shelter, education, health service, employment, etc. All these works are called population management. Population growth and means and resources have deep relationship. It is always important to maintain balance between population growth and means and resources. Otherwise, the human life will be in trouble. The population of a country should be in the right ratio with the available means and resources of the country. In the least developed countries, during population management, the main focus should be on the aspects like quality education, small family size, age of marriage and change in child bearing age, birth spacing, gender equality, breast feeding, participation of women in the important decisions of family, etc. It is also necessary to launch the programmes for women employment or income generating activities, women empowerment, and publicity of population education. Note to the teacher: Present the ideas of population management on a chart or table. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 293

Key Terms Empowerment : giving authority or power to somebody Management : handling of something successfully Evaluation Exercises Activity Select any five families in your locality. Visit each family and make a list of problems related to the population by consulting with the head of the family. Discuss the outcomes in your class. Very short answer questions 1. What is population management? 2. What are the elements affecting population change? 3. What is done in population management? 4. Define gender equality. 5. Write one cause of decreasing population in some countries. Short answer questions 1. What are the factors affecting population change? Discuss in the class. 2. What are the aspects to be focused for population management? Clarify. 3. Discuss about the measures to be taken for population management in your community. 4. What relation is there between population management and women employment? 5. Explain the necessity of population education for the population management. 6. How does the delayed marriage help in population management? 294 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

Lesson THE PROBLEMS OF POPULATION MANAGEMENT 3 IN NEPAL According to the census report of 2068 BS, the present population of Nepal is 26,494,504. The distribution of population is uneven in our country. More than 50% of our population lives in Terai region. The population growth rate in 2068 BS is 1.35% whereas it was 2.25% in 2058 BS. But still with a decline in our population growth rate, Nepal is known as the country with high population growth rate. There should be always balance between the population growth and means and resources of the country. The population of Nepal was 5,638,749 as per the first census of the country held in 1968 BS. It increased up to 11,555,983 in 2028 BS. According to the census of 2058 BS, the population of the country was 23,151,423 and the growth rate was also higher but recent census report shows a decline in it. Population management has to be done in a systematic way. If not, it may affect the human life adversely. Population keeps on changing continuously. Generally, the population increases but nowadays it has been decreasing in some countries. Some of the developed countries in the world are its examples. Our government is very keen to manage the population of our country. Despite a rapid fall in our population growth rate, our total population is still high. Programmes are launched by government and different I/NGOs in Nepal for the population management, but still we lag behind due to the following problems seen in the population management of Nepal: 1. Low literacy and academic level According to the census report of 2068 BS, the literacy rate of Nepal is 65.9%. The population taken was of 6 years and above to calculate literacy rate. According to this census, the literacy rate of female is 57.4%. The literacy rate of male is slightly better than female which is 75.1%. Low literacy results in low awareness. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 295

2. Tradition of early marriage The age of marriage is also one of the factors affecting in population management of Nepal. The marital status of the population who were 10 years or above was also studied in the census. On the basis of marriageable age, 48.9% of population of the country was found getting married within 15 to 19 years of age. 3. Tradition of bearing children immediately after marriage There is a tradition of bearing children immediately after marriage in our society. The parents wish to see their grandsons or granddaughters as soon as possible after the marriage of their sons and daughters. It has also added challenges in the population management. 4. Short birth spacing The gap between the births of two children is very short in our society. We have not been able to change this trend. 5. Strong wish for son As our society is male dominant society, a married couple does not wish to limit the family size until there is a birth of a son in the family. The population increases and challenges are added when there is a strong wish to have a son, even after having 4/5 daughters. Only few couples have the feeling that son and daughter are equal. 6. High infant and child mortality rate The infant mortality rate is high in Nepal. As per the world population data sheet 2011 AD, the infant mortality rate of Nepal is 53 per thousand live births whereas Sri Lanka and Maldives have the infant mortality rate 15 and 11 respectively. When the possibility of a child’s survival is less, the parents continue bearing more children. It is difficult to address this problem. 7. Gender discrimination There are many examples that our society discriminate between sons and daughters. Women are not given chance in planning, decision making, executing of any activities in the family. Women have very less role in the planning of their family size. Women are compelled to give the birth of the child as per the interest and wish of the husband and other family members. It causes to increase population and hinders in population management. Note to the teacher: The students can be asked to complete the project work in this lesson which can increase awareness regarding the problems of population management in the community and its solutions. 296 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

8. Population composition by age The National Census 2068 BS shows that the population of 0-14 age group is 34.9 percent of the total population of the country. This is also a complex problem as it indicates the high population growth rate in near future. Key Terms Decline : decrease Dominant : having power and influence over others Keen : having or showing eagerness or enthusiasm Survival : the state or fact of continuing to live or exist Evaluation Exercises Activity Visit your community and select any 10 families. Take an interview with the head of the families regarding the right marriageable age. Prepare a report as per the obtained answer. Very short answer questions 1. When was the first census held in Nepal? 2. How does low literacy cause more birth? 3. Write a negative impact of early marriage. 4. What is the cause of high mortality rate in Nepal? 5. What is birth spacing? Short answer questions 1. How does the education of parents affect the population management of a family? Explain. 2. What kind of trend has been developing in the population growth of Nepal? 3. Discuss any three main problems seen in the population management of Nepal. 4. How do the factors like Infant/Child Mortality Rate affect the population management? 5. How do early marriage and strong wish for son affect the population management in Nepal? Explain in short. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 297

Lesson ROLES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN 4 POPULATION MANAGEMENT There are several international organizations working in Nepal for the management of population. As population is rapidly increasing and environmental resources are being consumed recklessly. Government alone is not sufficient to manage the growth of population. It needs assistance and cooperation from the national and international stakeholders. In the recent years, several international organizations have been providing the assistance to the population management. Following are some of the organizations and their activities: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) UNFPA is an international organization. It was established in 1969 AD. It publishes the State of World Population. It has been helping different countries for conducting demographic surveys and census. It provides the necessary population related statistics for the programmes and helps in policy making of the various countries in the world. It works under the work plans passed by the International Convention on Population and Development held in Cairo, Egypt in 1994 AD. The headquarters of UNFPA is in New York, USA. It has been working in many countries of the world to promote and encourage the population policies that help in poverty reduction, women and men empowerment etc. Objectives of UNFPA 1. To get the world wide approach in sex and reproductive health, 2. To promote the reproductive right, 3. To reduce the maternal and child mortality rate, and 4. To help to maintain quality of life. This organization aims that all the women in the world who wish to give birth should get the opportunity of safe pregnancy and safe delivery to a child. Its programmes help for the comparative study of the development of various 298 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8

countries in the world. The changes seen in various countries help other countries to improve their status of development. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) It was established on 14th December 1946 AD. Its headquarters is in New York, USA. The main objectives of this agency are: 1. To work for the welfare of the children in developing countries, 2. To conduct programmes on nutrition, primary health care, vaccination, education to the developing countries, 3. To conduct programmes on women empowerment, 4. To help to maintain clean environment and sanitation, and 5. To help to promote child rights. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) It was established in 1948AD by scientist, environmentalists, and conservationists to safeguard the natural phenomenon. The objectives of this union are: 1. To support to maintain balance between natural resources and population, 2. To protect natural resources and environment, and 3. To help the other different organizations in conservation of nature. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) It was established on 16th October 1945 AD. Its headquarters is in Rome, Italy. Its main activities are: 1. To make international effort to defeat hunger serving both developed and underdeveloped countries, 2. To raise the level of nutrition, 3. To improve agricultural productivity, 4. To improve the life standard of rural people, and 5. To contribute to the growth of world economy. Note to the teacher: Make the students discuss the activities being performed by the organizations in your community who have been working for children, women and population. If this is not possible then make them find out about the organizations like UNICEF and other similar organization who have been working for this cause. SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8 299

Key Terms Maternal : relating to a mother, especially during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth Promote : to encourage Reduction : reducing of something Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Prepare a chart showing the functions of UNFPA and display it in the class. 2. Divide the class into groups and draw the logo of UNFPA and paste in the class room. Very short answer questions 1. When was UNFPA established? 2. Where and when was the International Convention on Population and Development held? 3. Where is the headquarters of UNICEF? 4. Who established IUCN? 5. What is the full form of FAO? Short answer questions 1. Give short introduction of UNFPA. 2. Make a list of UNFPA’s major functions in the field of population. 3. Through what kind of works does UNFPA help the different countries? 4. What are the objectives of UNFPA? 5. Mention the supports made by UNFPA in the field of population management. 6. Give introduction of IUCN with its objectives. 7. What are the objectives of UNICEF? 8. What are the roles of International Organizations in Population Management? 9. Write short notes on FAO. 300 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 8