Social Studies and Population Education Book 7_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Lesson IMPORTANCE OF PRECAUTION IN DISASTER 11 MANAGEMENT Disaster management refers to the activities which are carefully carried out before and after the occurrence of a disaster. Prevention of disasters or the measures that can be adopted to minimize the effect of disasters are the first aspects of disaster management. The other aspect of disaster management is the management after disasters or incidences. Disaster management should focus on the prevention of disaster. Careless and negligence are major causes of human induced disasters. It is necessary to take proper and necessary precaution to prevent epidemics like cholera, falling, drowning, road or traffic accidents, etc. Precaution of epidemics like cholera Keep the surroundings clean and hygienic. Proper attention should be given to educate the people with scientific knowledge to prevent the spread of cholera, such as food hygiene and safety, emergency response to epidemics, etc. Provide clean and hygienic A systematic settlement foods for consumption. Have regular health checkups and timely immunization and vaccination. Educate people about communicable diseases and how to be safe from it. Advise people not to follow superstitious beliefs, witch doctors, vows to deities, etc. Conserve the environment, develop hygienically planned settlements and prevent activities that can cause the spread of any kind of diseases, etc. Our Earth 151

Precaution of Accident Follow and spread awareness regarding proper safety measures in all construction sites, while riding bikes/bicycles and driving vehicles Improve environment, eliminate risk factors and provide safety tools to reduce dangers. Handle dangerous weapons, A collective effort to manage disaster electricity, chemicals or tools properly and cautiously. Prevent fire outbreak by misusing it. Take precautions while crossing rivers, climbing hills and rocky areas. Conduct safety knowledge classes that emphasizes on safe habits, adjust and accept positive changes and safety skills. Carry out awareness activities for conducting rescue operation and first aid treatment by using display boards, posters and demonstration as well. In addition, we should not panic during the time of disaster. We should participate Safe voluntarily in relief work. If anyone Home is injured or is a victim of any type epidemics, s/he should be taken to a health center/hospital immediately. Sources of Injury water and rivers should be kept clean Prevention and should only be used safe and clean drinking water. Health Camps, Vaccination Safe Safe School Community and immunization programmes should be conducted effectively and at regular intervals. There should be first aid and primary health service in every part of the country. People should know and follow the safety measures for both natural and man-made disasters. 152 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Immunization : protection of a person from disease especially by giving them an injection Infrastructure : basic framework Precaution : protection against possible undesirable event Prevention : the act of stopping something bad from happening Activities a. What measures or precautions should be taken to prevent epidemics in your village or locality? Discuss and write. b. Have you seen any accidents and injuries in your school? What are the causes of these accidents? Write some precautions of that. c. What should be the role of the following if there is an outbreak of an epidemic in your community? Complete the following table: Event Role You School Community Health Institution Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is disaster management? b. Mention measures to prevent accidents. c. “Prevention is better than cure.” Justify the statement. d. How can we prevent epidemics? Elaborate it in few sentences. Project Work Observe the condition of your school building, class rooms, windows and doors, ceilings and balconies, toilets, and the whole school premises. Is your school safe? What things do you think are not safe? What precautions should be taken to make it more secure? Prepare a report in group and submit it to the principal. Our Earth 153

Review Exercise Activities 1. Are there any similarities between the physical condition and the people of Nepal with Europe? Discuss and Write. 2. What should be done to strengthen the relationship between the people of Nepal and Australia? Is there any benefit of having a good relationship? Write your opinion. 3. Write a letter to your foreign friend describing the natural wonders and diversity of Nepal. 4. Look at the following map and write the boundaries of any four countries of Europe. N AFRICA Project Work Is there any probability of epidemics such as cholera in your community? What are the facilities available to manage a disaster if there is an epidemic such as cholera in the community? Are there precautions that can be made to prevent epidemics or manage an epidemic if one occurs? Prepare a description of your study and present it in the class. 154 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

6UNIT HISTORICAL STUDIES ??? Learning Achievement J Introduce Medieval Nepal, J Discuss the political, social and economic condition of Medieval Nepal, J Discuss the art and culture of Medieval Nepal, J Narrate the origin of early human civilization, J Introduce Huang-ho and Mesopotamian civilization, and J Explain the effects of Huang-ho and Mesopotamian civilization in human life. Historical Studies 155

Lesson INTRODUCTION OF MEDIEVAL NEPAL 1 Medieval Age in Nepalese history is believed to have begun from 936 BS. Since Nepal Sambat also began from the same year, age has been divided on its basis. The Medieval Age in Nepalese history began from 936 BS and lasted till 1825 BS for 888 years when Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered the Kathmandu Valley. Nepal was in a fragmented form in the Medieval Age. Then Nepal was divided mainly into the following states: i. Kathmandu Valley (Nepal Valley): Kathmandu Valley There were three states in Kathmandu Valley in the Medieval Age. They were: Kantipur, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. These states existed until the unification of Nepal. Mostly the rulers of the Lichchhavi and Malla dynasty ruled here during the Medieval Age. Kathmandu valley went into the hand of Prithvi Narayan Shah completely in 1826 BS. ii. Simrounagadh (Mithila) State: This state was founded by Nanya Dev in 1154 BS. This state was called Tirahut or the Doya State as well. Simrounagadh was its capital. Now it lies in Bara district. Although it was extended from the Terai region of Nepal up to the northern Bihar, its border has not been clearly mentioned in any official documents. 156 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

iii. Sen State (Kingdom): The rule of the Sen Dynasty was established around the middle of 16th century in eastern and central part of Nepal. Rudra Sen is considered to be the first authentic king of Sen Dynasty. Makawanpur, Chaudandi and Vijayapur were the main Sen States. Before the unification of Nepal, Palpa, Butwal, Rajpur, Paiyun and Tanahun in the west and Makawanpur, Chaudandi and Vijayapur in the east were under the rule of the Sen Dynasty. iv. Baise and Chaubise State: There was a vast Khas State in western Nepal before the establishment of Baise and Chaubise State. The Khas State in the Karnali region was very powerful in the ancient age. Jumla was its centre. It extended up to Trishuli River in the east, Kumau Gadhwal Jumla Valley, Karnali region in the west, Mansarowar in the north and Bodhgaya in the south. It was dissolved before 1450 AD. The Baise and Chaubise States emerged after the dissolution of the Khas State by 1506 BS. After that the twenty two states in Karnali region were collectively called the Baise State. Likewise twenty four states in the Gandaki region were called the Chaubise State. Although there was fluctuation in the number of states, they were called the Baise and Chaubise State. Thus there is no uniformity in the name or number of states in the Baise and Chaubise State. Chronological Division in the Nepalese History Ancient Age Time before 936 BS Medieval Age Time between 936 BS to 1825 BS Modern Age Time after 1825 BS Historical Studies 157

KEY TERMS Dissolution : officially end Dynasty : a line of genetic rulers of a country Emerge : become known Uniform : the same; not varying or different in any way Activities a. How did Baise and Chaubise States emerge in the Medieval Age? b. Nepal is now a federal democratic republican state. So, what needs to be done to institutionalize it? Discuss among your friends and write a report. c. Suggest important ways to make Nepal a competent, strong and united emotionally among the Nepalese people. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What was the duration of Medieval Age in the history of Nepal? b. Make a list of major states of Medieval Nepal. c. Give a short introduction of the Simrounagadh State. d. Which states were called as Baise and Chaubise States? e. Which dynasties ruled in Nepal mainly? f. How many states were there in Kathmandu Valley in the Medieval Age? Name them. 158 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson POLITICAL CONDITION OF MEDIEVAL NEPAL 2 The Medieval Age is the period of monarchical ruling system. The Medieval Age is divided into Pre-Medieval Age and Post-Medieval Age. The period before the rule of Yaksha Malla is considered as Pre-Medieval and the period between 936 BS to 1500 BS is considered as Post-Medieval Age. During that age, various famous Kings ruled under the monarchical system, both inside and outside of Nepal Valley. By the end of the eleventh century, Nepal was divided into three states namely Malla states in the west, Kathmandu valley, and Tirahut State in Simrounagadh in the south respectively. The Malla and Challa Thakuri Kings ruled in the Karnali region. The Challa kings also started using Malla as their surname. The kings after Ashok Malla from Challa dynasty started calling themselves Malla. Amongst the Malla kings, Prithvi Malla was very much a spirited king. In southern Nepal, Nanyadev established Tirahut state in Simrounagadh. Similarly, Rudra Sen established the rule of Sen Dynasty in Palpa. His son Mukunda Sen I was famous as Sage Mukunda Sen. His sons divided the Palpa state and started ruling over there. Dev and Malla kings had ruled in the Kathmandu Bhupatindra Malla valley. Their kingdoms were called Nepal Mandal. Many famous kings ruled during that period. King 159 Gunakamdev established the Kantipur city. After that the other kings extended it. Ari Malla was the first king of Malla dynasty in Nepal Mandal. Amongst those kings Jayasthiti Malla, Yaksha Malla, Jitamitra Malla, Bhupatindra Malla, Ranjit Malla, Siddhinarsingh Malla, Ratna Malla, Mahendra Malla, Pratap Malla, Jayaprakash Historical Studies

Malla, etc significantly contributed to the development of the beautiful cities of Kantipur, Patan and Bhaktapur. Similarly, the king of Gorkha, Ram Shah initiated the tradition of reforms. The following reforms were made during that period: A. Efforts to systematize the ruling system The kings used to be “All in All” in that period. They were the head of the administration, the army and the judiciary. They used to form a council of ministers consisting of five members at centre to support ruling. Among the members of council of ministers, one used to be the Chautariya (Chief Minister), the other a Parman (Chief administrator) who was appointed to run the local administration and a Dware (Village head) to run the administration of small villages. There was an arrangement of Panchayat for supporting the local administration and constructing inns, paths, temples, bridges, etc and performing religious and cultural activities. During this period, the main cities were divided into various Toles for administrative purpose. There were twenty four Toles including Bhaktapur, Lalitpur. A Pradhan used to be appointed to look after such Toles. B. Judicial reform Even though the political system was not well managed, there were some reforms made in the judicial system. The judicial system was based on religion and tradition. C. Development of religion, culture, language and literature Hinduism was the main religion at that time. Religion and culture used to be protected according to the religious script of Hinduism. The political leaders played an active role in the development Sanskrit, Nepali and the Newari languages. Arts and crafts were also used in the temples. Prithvi Narayan Shah had begun unification campaign in the late Medieval Age. There was a significant contribution of women in the development of history of Medieval Nepal. Amongst them, the role of Queen Devaldevi (Dev Laxmi Devi), Chandra Prabhavati (the elder mother of Prithvi Narayan Shah) and Queen Rajendra Laxmi was very important. 160 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Monarchical System : a political system in which a state is ruled by a monarch Spirited : very active, lively and confident Activities a. Prepare some points for a speech on the topic ‘Political Condition of Medieval Nepal’. b. Identify the good and poor aspects of the political condition of Medieval Nepal and present in your class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. List out any three points depicting the political condition of Medieval Nepal. b. What do you think the reasons behind change in political system from Kathmandu valley? Present your views. c. Which languages and literatures were developed in Medieval Age? Make a list of them. Community Work a. Satee and slavery systems were the barriers to social and political development during Medieval Age. Prepare some questions to be asked to a politician or a social reformer in order to find out solutions to such barriers. b. Discuss with your friends for correcting and improving the questions prepared for question no. 1. c. Prepare a model of speech based on the answers you received from your community and present it in class. Historical Studies 161

Lesson SOCIAL CONDITION OF MEDIEVAL NEPAL 3 The existing political condition of a period affects its social structure. In the Medieval Age, there used to be a joint rule system and it was even between father and son, brothers, uncles and nephews. During this age, some major and basic social structures were common. Such as, joint family, caste system, writing surnames, naming the lineage, Dolajee system, widow marriage and re-marriage, customs, festivals, and the status of females in the society. Joint Family A family consisting of many generations living in the same home and all bound by the common relationship is called joint family. A joint family usually includes children, parents, grandparents, uncle, aunt, niece, nephew etc. As there was a joint rule system, joint family was preferred and prevalent during Medieval Age. This type of joint family had social, religious and economic significance. Hence, settlements in the villages in the Medieval Age were dense because of people living in joint families. Caste System The caste system originated from Lichchhivi regime. In this period, the society was divided into four castes and eighteen sub-castes. Later it was divided into four castes and thirty six sub-castes. Naming the Lineage The Malla kings of Doti and Kathmandu valley introduced themselves as ‘Suryavanshi’. Likewise, the Shah Kings outside of Kathmandu valley called themselves ‘Chandravanshi’. This is how the lineage system of Suryavanshi and Chandravanshi began. 162 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Origin of Surname In Medieval Nepal, the trend of adopting surnames on the basis of place, lineage etc. existed. Surnames originated even on the basis of profession. For example: in the Pre-Medieval Age Baidya, Khadka (Khadgada), Bhandari, Joshi, etc were started on the basis of profession in the Karnali region. During the rule of Jayasthiti Malla, the Minister was called ‘Mulmi’, the high official was called ‘Shista or Shrestha’ and the Prime Minister was called ‘Mahath’ in the Kathmandu valley. Similarly, in the Newar community of Kathmandu, Guruwacharya, Baidya, Shrestha and Daibagya etc were all surnames based on their profession and social status. Dolajee Custom After marriage, a bride leaves for her bridegroom’s home and adopts his surname as hers too. But in medieval age, there was also a trend of bridegroom moving in with his wife at her parental home. And such bridegrooms would adopt their wives’ surname too. This system was known as Dolajee system then. According to this system, a bachelor Jayasthiti received the Malla surname after marrying Princess Rajalla Devi Malla. Similarly, Punya Pal of the Pal dynasty became Punya Malla after marrying Princess Shakun Malla of Karnali region. Widow Custom and Re-marriage The custom of widow and re-marriage was prevalent in the Medieval Age. The Malla kings who ruled in the beginning of the Medieval Age had very large families. These kings had many queens and there was a custom of keeping women a widow to keep the lineage and to strengthen the royal power. Re-marriage was also common then. Nayak Devi, the daughter of Rudra Malla, the King of Bhaktapur was first married to Prince Harischandra of Kashi and her second marriage was with Prince Jagat Singh Kumhar of Tirahut. Tradition and Festival During the Medieval Age, traditions like ‘Aashouch’ and ‘Sutak’ which came from ancient Hindu religious values based on birth, death and other social norms Historical Studies 163

were practiced. Festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Gaijatra, Indrajatra, Ghantakarna (Gathemangal), etc were also observed. Status of Women Women were treated with respect in the Medieval Age even away from their homes, villages and state. One such example is of Deval Devi, the queen of Harisingh Dev of Simrounagadh. When she came to Kathmandu, she was highly respected in the social circle and accordingly she was able to leave positive impression in the male dominated society. KEY TERMS Chandrabanshi : shah kings Mahath : prime minister Mulmi : minister Shrestha : high official Suryabanshi : malla kings Activities a. Ask your guardian about the origin of the surname of the people residing in your community and present your information in class. b. How are widow custom and re-marriage taken in your community? Conduct a talk programme in your locality and discuss the ways to reform. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What things represent the social condition of Medieval Age? b. Write a paragraph on ‘Dolajee’ system. c. What was the status of women in Medieval Age? Write with examples. d. How was your surname originated? 164 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson ECONOMIC CONDITION OF MEDIEVAL NEPAL 4 Since ancient time, there has been continuous trade relation between Nepal and Tibet, China and India. The rulers of Medieval Age also paid special attention to it. Due to the development of industries, commerce and trade, there was rapid economic growth in the Medieval Age. Jayasthiti Malla had extended the traditional trade and reformed the internal trade as well. He made uniformity in the measuring instruments and scale. Nepali traders earned foreign currency Market price of Malla period: 850 NS (1786 BS) by selling their products to foreign countries. It Goods Quantity Price is said that the swords Rice 17 Pathi 1 Mohar Salt 1 Pathi 1 Mohar made in Nepal were very Oil 1 Pathi 1 Mohar famous in Indian markets. Similarly, Nepal used to Cotton 1 Pal 1 Mohar Source: Dhanbajra Bajracharya, Nepal Parichaya export copper to India. Jayasthiti Malla highly concentrated in the management of land. On the basis of its productivity, land was divided into Abbal, Doyam, Sim and Chahar. In order to collect revenue and set the economic standard, the area of the land was changed and fixed to the following: Abbal land circle of 95 haat in one square, Doyam 103 haat, Sim 112 haat and Chahar 125 haat. The scale of hand was fixed Medieval Period Coins (Mahendramalli) to measure the land. Historical Studies 165

24 scale of one thumb was equal to one hand. Mahendra Malla, the King of Kantipur introduced silver coins to ease the trade which was called ‘Mahendramalli’. Prithvi Narayan Shah made some reforms for his people through his ‘Divine Instruction’ (Divyopadesh). The King of Gorkha, Ram Shah, also made some economic reforms. He managed Mana, Pathi, Dhak, Taraju to reform the trade system. He made the scale of 10 Muthi equal to 1 Mana, 8 Mana equal to 1 Pathi, and for the weight 10 Lal equal to 1 Masa, 10 Masa equal to 1 Tola, 27 Tola equal to 1 Bodi, 4 Bodi equal to 1 Bisauli and 2 Bisauli equal to 1 Dharni. He established the system of putting government seals on the metallic measuring instruments. He fixed the interest rate for debts to not exceed 10 percent in cash and 25 percent in goods. Ram Shah directed not to give Birta (a revenue free land) without recommendation of high officials. And while giving Birta, specify the four directions and area, and keep nobles for witness. Since his time, the land owners and workers have been addressed as Talsing and Mohi respectively. Nepal gained lots of benefits from the trade treaty done by Pratap Malla with Tibet. KEY TERMS Abbal : excellent or of highest class Birta : revenue free land Chahar : fourth grade land Doyam : second grade land Sim : third grade land 166 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activities a. Organize a talk programme on the topic ‘Importance of money in daily activities’. b. What problems got solved from the economic activities of Medieval Age? Discuss in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Sketch the coins of Malla period in your copy. b. Prepare a table comparing the coins of Malla period with the coins of present and present it in the class. c. Compare between the economic condition of Medieval Age and the present era. Community Work a. Interview senior citizens of your community about what economic activities were in practice in medieval age but are not now and were not in practice in the Medieval Age but are now. Prepare a report on the basis of the answers. b. Prepare a comparative table showing the market price of Medieval Age and present time. Historical Studies 167

Lesson ART AND CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL NEPAL 5 Art and culture are the identities of human life. They represent the values, norms, thoughts, skills as well as the social life of people. Nepal is rich in art and culture. Art and culture have both played a very significant role in the development of the Nepalese life style. Common beliefs, hopes, traditions and values have been developed as art and culture. The period between 936 BS to 1825 BS is called the Medieval Age. From an art and cultural perspective, Medieval Nepal is considered to be a very important period. Many temples and idols of gods and goddesses were built in this age. Therefore, this period is rightfully called ‘the age of temples more than houses, and deities more than people’. Festivals related to these temples and deities developed and flourished. As a result, there were many festivals and Jatras in practice. Some of Bhaktapur Durbar Square which are still practiced. The temples and palaces during the medieval age were beautifully decorated with art and crafts. Even the taps, inns, Chautara, Dabali, etc were decorated with art and crafts. The art was developed as wood art, stone art and architecture. The Chaityas, Bihars and temples of Shikhar and Gumbaj style were built. The doors, windows and roofs of temples, houses and palaces used to be decorated with artistic works. The Medieval Age was famous for clothes, food items and hospitality. Thus the Medieval Age is considered a period to be rich in art, culture and literature. The examples of such arts and cultures are still found in Kathmandu valley and other places in Nepal. 168 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Hospitality : friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guest Inn : public house Activities a. Your community may have its own heritage of art and culture. Prepare the following details about it. - Establishment/construction date and time - Constructor - Features of heritage - Present status of the heritage - Works to be done for promotion and protection of heritage b. Prepare a report on the artistic features of any building, temple, gumba, bihar, chaitya, mosque, church, statue located in your locality by asking seniors and by direct observation. c. Art and culture are necessary. Why? Discuss in the class and draw the conclusion. Exercise 169 1. Answer the following questions: a. What do mean by art and culture? b. “Art and culture represent the social life of people.” Justify. c. Describe the art and culture of Medieval Nepal. d. Write the features of Medieval art and culture. Historical Studies

Lesson THE CIVILIZATION OF HUANG-HO VALLEY 6 The River, Huang-ho holds historical MONGOLIA Harbin importance in China. The People’s GOBI DESERT Republic of China lies to the north Shenyang of our country. The first civilization Qinhuangdao of the People’s Republic of China was developed in the valley of the ORDOS BEIJING river Huang-ho. Huang-ho is the DESERT second largest river of China. It is KUNLUM Great Wall Tianjin Bo Hai Dalian called the Yellow River as well. The big cities situated on the bank of the MOUNTAINS Huang Ho Grand Canal Qingdao Lanzhou Jinan Gyümai Kaifeng Yellow Xi’an Zhengzhou Grand Canal Sea Nanjing Shanghai Chengdu Wuhan Yangtze Ningbo Chongqing river Huang-ho are Lanzhou, Baotou, Huang-ho Valley Zhengzhou and Jinan. The major rivers in China are Yangtze (6,300 km), Huang-ho (5,465 km) and Heilong Jiang (2,965 km). The Huang-ho (Yellow River) traverses from its source in the Kunlun Mountains to the mouth of the Bo-Hai gulf. This river flows through a dozen valleys. There used to be the production of millet, maize, paddy, wheat, silk, etc even in the 16th century BC. The Great Wall of China was built for the protection of Chinese culture and its civilization during the ancient period. The Great Wall still exists and UNESCO has listed this wall in the list of world heritage sites. The Great Wall of China is the only man-made structure which can be seen from space. This wall is in northern China, and it stretches from west to east and ends in the gulf of Bo-Hai Sea. Chinese people have named the wall as ‘Ten thousand li wall’, but actually its length is twelve thousand li (6,000 km). The construction of this wall was completed during the reign of Hung Chang, the emperor of Qin/Chin dynasty. He established the great China after conquering 6 Great Wall of China states. There are two storied watch 170 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

towers in each 100m distance on the Great Wall in the name of the kings of Qin dynasty. The view of the surroundings can be seen from the upper storey of each watch tower. They were built to watch the activities of enemies. King Shihuangdi of the Qin dynasty adopted the title of huangdi (emperor) and became the first emperor of China. The Qin dynasty is also known as Chin, which gave its name to ‘China’. Many tourist visit Badaling, a place 84 km far from Beijing, the capital of China to see the Great Wall. The wall situated here is 8.5m high and 5.7m wide. Activities a. Your locality may have forts, walls, remains, etc built in ancient time. Prepare a list of them and present in the class. b. Find China and the Great Wall of China on a map of Asia. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Describe the lifestyle of the Huang-ho valley civilization. b. Explain the relationship between Chinese civilization and the Huang-ho River. c. How was the China named? 2. Fill in the blanks. a. The northern neighbour of our country is................................. b. .........................................is the largest river of China. c. Huang-ho River falls into...........................................sea. d. ........................................was the first emperor of China. e. The capital of China is............................................. Historical Studies 171

Lesson THE MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION 7 This is a dialogue between a teacher and a student on the topic of ‘The Mesopotamian Civilization’. Student : Can you tell us about the Mesopotamian Civilization? Teacher : Of course, the Mesopotamia region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq is called Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian civilization developed in that region in the ancient time. Student : When was it developed? Teacher : The Mesopotamian Civilization was developed in 5000 BC. Student : We know that, Mesopotamia is composed of two words ‘Meso’ and ‘Potamos’. What do these two words mean? Teacher : In Greek language, ‘Meso’ means between and ‘Potamos’ means rivers. This is an area situated between two rivers. That is why it was named Mesopotamia. Student : Mesopotamia covered a large area then. What other civilizations come under the Mesopotamian civilization? Teacher : Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyria and Chaldean civilizations come under the Mesopotamian civilization. Student : What was the duration of Sumerian civilization? 172 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Teacher : The Sumerian civilization remained from 4000 BC to 2000 BC. Student : We have heard that the priest used to be the king in the Sumerian civilization. They were called The Priest Kings. What were the functions of such Priest Kings? Teacher : The Priest Kings, with the help of nobles, used to collect the land revenue, manage the irrigation, and construct the public buildings and multistoried temples called ‘Ziggurats’. Student : Ziggurat! What is the real meaning of Ziggurat? And why were they built? Teacher : They were not just temples but actually had space for judiciary offices, schools, markets, banks, factories, and storage rooms inside Ziggurat them. The real meaning of Ziggurat is a house of ancient Mesopotamia with four corners, sub- divided and surrounded by temples. Student : What led to the construction of one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Hanging Garden by Babylonian Emperor Nebuchadnezzar of the Chaldean Dynasty? Teacher : Emperor Nebuchadnezzar Hanging Garden of Babylon built a beautiful garden on the roof of the palace with 173 sub-divisions to please his wife. A canal was constructed to irrigate the flowers of that garden. It looked like it was hanging in the sky but it is no longer there. Historical Studies

Activities a. Act out the dialogue given in the lesson between two students. Other students note down the main points and present them in the class. b. Draw a map indicating Mesopotamian civilization and display in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Describe the Mesopotamian civilization in a paragraph. b. What was the importance of a Ziggurat in the Mesopotamian civilization? c. Write two features of the garden built by Nebuchadnezzar. 2. Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ to the following statements. a. In the Greek language, ‘Meso’ means the rivers. b. Sumerian priests used to be the kings. c. The hanging garden of Babylon is still there. d. Mesopotamia lies on the bank of Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Community Work Ask your seniors about the ancient civilization or history of Nepal like the Mesopotamian civilization. Present your findings in the class. 174 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Exercise Review Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks. a. Medieval age is the period of...................ruling system. b. ..........................established the Sen Dynasty states. c. Ram Shah was the king of............................. d. There used to be........................Ministers in the Medieval Council of Ministers. e. The protector of the fort was called................................. 2. Match the following: 936 BS Joint family Dolajee System custom of ‘Aashouch’ and ‘Sutak’ Custom Shah Kings Chandravanshi Beginning of Medieval age a family living together with whole family members marriage done by calling bridegroom at home 3. Tick (P) the correct statements. a. There was not any trade relation between Nepal and Tibet in the Ancient Age. b. In the Malla period, the price of 17 pathi rice was 1 mohar. c. The one who measures the land was called Kshetrakar in the Malla period. d. 3 Bisauli is equal to 1 Dharni. e. Landlord is called Mohi. 4. Activities a. What should be done to maintain unity in Nepal? Make a list and present in the class. b. What contributions can you make for the progress of the country? Prepare a plan. c. Compare the governing system of Malla period with that of present. Also mention the positive aspects of the present governing system. d. You may have seen beautiful flowers around your home or neighbor or in the garden. Draw a nice picture of it. Plant some flower plants around your home. Historical Studies 175

7UNIT OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ??? Learning Achievement J Identify the present status of Nepal’s natural resources and means (land, water, forest and mineral), J Get knowledge about the use of natural resources, J Discuss the present status of industries in Nepal, J Explain the importance of industries in Nepal, J Clarify the relationship between agriculture and industries, J List out the problems seen in the industrial development of Nepal along with their solutions, J Identify the present status of trade in Nepal, J Explain the importance of trade in Nepal, and J Find the problems seen in the trade development of Nepal along with their solutions. 176 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson NATURAL RESOURCES: LAND AND WATER 1 Resources available freely in nature are called natural resources. Land, water, forest and mineral are the major natural resources. Natural resources play an important role in human life. If such resources are found in large quantities and utilized wisely, human life is easier and developed. In the shortage of natural resources, development is not possible and human life becomes difficult. Countries are also rich or poor on the basis of natural resources. Nepal is rich in natural resources. There is diversity in the natural resources available in Nepal. A brief description of natural resources of Nepal has been given below: a. Land/Soil : The status of land is diverse according to the geographical structure of Nepal. There is alluvial soil in the Terai region, which is very fertile for agriculture. There is sandy and stony soil in the Inner Terai and on either side of Chure range. On the slopes of the Mahabharat range, the red and pale soil is found. There is lacustrine soil in the valleys. The soil of the mountain region is less fertile. Land resource Red and Pale soil The soil of Nepal can be categorized into the following five types: 1. Sandy stony soil: It is found at the foot of mountains. It contains pebbles hence making the land unsuitable for agriculture. Our Economic Activities 177

2. Lacustrine soil: It is found at the valleys and bottom of the lakes. It is very fertile. Therefore, such lands are very suitable for growing all types of crops and vegetables. 3. Alluvial soil: It is found in river basin and Terai. It is fertile and suitable for growing different crops. 4. Glacial soil: It is found in mountains in the high altitude. Although, it is less fertile, grains like barley, potato, buckwheat, millet can be grown in this soil. 5. Rocky soil: It is found in hilly region. This type of soil is not favourable for paddy and wheat however maize, tea, fruit, millet, etc can be grown here. b. Water : The naturally flowing rivers, rivulets, lakes, underground water, etc are the sources of water resource. Melting of snow on the mountains is also a source of river water. Water resource is the major resource among the natural resources. Nepal is the second richest country in water resource in the world after Brazil. Water resource can be utilized for drinking, irrigation, hydroelectricity and water transportation. Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali are the permanently flowing rivers in Nepal. Such rivers flow due to the melting of snow in mountains. The volume of water in such rivers does not decrease even during winter. These rivers can be used for hydroelectricity, drinking and irrigation. Tourism can be developed because of the availability of water activities which attract tourists. Some rivers originate from the Mahabharat range. The volume of water in such rivers increases in the rainy season but decreases in the winter season. The rivers originating from the Chure range during rainy season can also be utilized. Water resource Rafting 178 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS : formed by action of running water Alluvial Chure range : the lowest range in the southern Nepal Diversity : variety Inner terai : the plains between Chure and Mahabharat range Lacustrine : belonging to or produced by lakes Mahabharat range : high hills in the middle of Nepal Activities a. What are the natural resources available in your locality? Discuss with your friends. b. Do you think Nepal is naturally blessed by resources? If it is so, what can be done to improve the economic condition of Nepal? Discuss. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What do you mean by natural resources? b. What are the major natural resources in Nepal? Make a list of them. c. Write a short paragraph about the importance of water resources in Nepal. d. What is the status of land in Nepal? 2. Match the following: Group B Group A Sandy and stony soil Terai region Mahabharat range Lacustrine soil Inner Terai and Chure range alluvial soil Valley red and pale soil Mountain region less fertile soil Project Work Nepal is rich in water resource but it is not properly utilized. We are not being able to generate enough hydroelectricity. In the lack of electricity, we cannot operate industries, factories and machineries. It has directly affected country’s national production. In this context, consult with your seniors and find what should be done to produce hydroelectricity in sufficient amount. Prepare a report on your findings. Our Economic Activities 179

Lesson NATURAL RESOURCES: FOREST AND MINERAL 2 a. Forest : There is diversity in the geographical structure of Nepal. This causes diversity in forests too. The evergreen, deciduous, coniferous, tundra and alpine vegetations are found in Nepal. Evergreen forest is found in the Terai region. This forest contains trees like Saal, Sisau, etc. In the mountain region, medicinal herbs are found. The hilly region has the deciduous type of forest. Timber, wood and medicinal herbs can be obtained from such forest. This forest is useful for fodder, grass and litter for domestic animals. Various furniture and houses can be made from the wood found here. Forest industries and businesses are essential to fulfill the domestic needs. The forest plays an important role in keeping the environment clean and green. It helps to prevent flood, landslide and soil erosion. It provides shelter for birds and wild animals. It helps to promote tourism. There is a saying ‘Hariyo Ban Nepal Ko Dhan’ as it provides lots of benefits. It Forest Resource is our duty to conserve and use it properly. b. Mineral : Mineral is also an important natural resource. There are various types of minerals available in Nepal. Iron, copper, mica, coal, lime stone, lead, petroleum, natural gas, etc are found in Nepal. The minerals in Nepal are not utilized adequately due to lack of proper research and investment. If they are properly utilized, various industries can be developed in Nepal. Such industries create employment opportunities and help to earn foreign currency by exporting our products. Hence, its proper utilization in a planned and well managed way is necessary. 180 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Coal Lime stone Copper Mica Iron Lead KEY TERMS Adequately : sufficiently Export : send goods abroad Investment : use of money for future profit Litter : substance used for farm animals to sleep on Our Economic Activities 181

Activities a. Rapid deforestation is taking place. It has adversely affected the environment. There is a problem of landslides and floods in many places. It has created an imbalance in human life and nature. What can be done to solve such problems? Discuss and find the solutions. b. Make a list of natural resources found in your locality. Ask your seniors to collect their ideas on how to use Nepal’s natural resources properly and present it in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Elaborate the saying “Hariyo Ban Nepal Ko Dhan”. b. Why are the minerals not being utilized in Nepal? Give reasons. c. Why should the forest be conserved? Write four reasons. d. Make a list of any six minerals found in Nepal and give short introduction of any one. 2. Fill in the blanks: a. There is.......................in the geographical structure of Nepal. b. We should conserve.......................to keep the environment clean and green. c. Evergreen forest is found in the.......................region. d. Copper is a........................ Community Work Find out whether the natural resources are properly utilized or not in your community. If they are not properly utilized, what should be done for their proper utilization? Discuss your ideas with your friends and present in the class. 182 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES 3 Rima Chaudhary, a teacher of Social Studies subject had taken her students for an educational tour to different parts of the country. In her guidance, the students prepared the following report of their tour. A report of Educational Tour Objective of the tour: To observe the industrial activities in various parts of Nepal No. of students participated in the tour: 50 Places visited: Kathmandu, Sunsari, Biratnagar, Birgunj, Hetauda, Pokhara and Gorkha The observation of industries in the places visited and details of experience from the observation: S. No. Place Observed industries Productions Carpet industry, shoes industry, Carpet, tile, brick, 1 Kathmandu brick industry, garment industry, ready-made medicine industry, juice industry garments, shoes, juice, medicine 2 Sunsari Sugar industry, food industry, Sugar, foodstuff, soap industry, jute industry soap, jute Biratnagar jute mill, Jyoti match Jute, matches, sugar 3 Biratnagar factory, Morang sugar mills, Raghupati jute mill 4 Birgunj Juddha match factory, Birgunj Matches, sugar sugar factory Nepal tobacco company, Hetauda Cigarettes, cement, 5 Hetauda cement factory, Hetauda textile clothes industry 6 Gorkha Gorakhkali rubber industry Tyres Biscuit industry, dairy industry, Biscuits, noodles, 7 Pokhara match industry, textile industry, clothes, matches, noodle industry, confectionery dairy products Our Economic Activities 183

Gained experience: a. Nepal is traditionally an agriculture based country. There are many agro- based industries in the country. Such agro-based industries use the raw materials from agriculture. Some industries use raw materials by importing them from abroad as well. The industries have provided jobs for people. It has been experienced that if we want to develop agro-based industries in Nepal, we have to modernize agriculture first. In course of our educational tour, we found that some of the industries have been closed and some others are about to be closed due to various reasons. In fact, its not good sign for the development of the nation. b. Division of industries in Nepal on the basis of service and production: i. Manufacturing industry, ii. Export based industry, iii. Power based industry, iv. Mineral based industry, v. Tourism industry, vi. Construction industry, vii. Service-oriented industry, viii. Information and technology industry, ix. Agriculture and forest based industry. c. Division of industries in Nepal on the basis of investment and capital: i. Cottage industry ii. Small scale industry (The industry with maximum fixed capital of 50 million rupees) iii. Medium scale industry (The industry with fixed capital of 50 to 150 million rupees) iv. Large scale industry (The industry with fixed capital of more than 150 million rupees) Industries are developing at a slow pace in Nepal. Physical infrastructures required for the development of industries have not been appropriately developed. Most of the industries of Nepal are agro-based industries. Some are using the imported minerals as raw materials. There are several challenges for industrial development here such as: e Lack of basic infrastructures. e Shortage of capital. 184 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

e Lack of technology. e Lack of means of communication and transportation. e Lack of market. e Lack of skilled and technical manpower. e Political instability. e Problem of power supply. e Ineffective industrial policies. Conclusion: Industrial development is the most reliable and sustainable base for economic development in a country. Hence, we need to focus on the establishment of industry in our country. Industrialization is very important to solve the issues like unemployment, semi-unemployment and poverty. Some of the essential measures to develop industries in Nepal are: e Increase the investment in the industries e Make provisions to provide security to the industries e Stop strikes of labourers e Give priority to the domestic products e Make availability of skilled manpower e Maintain political stability e Provide communication and transportation facilities e Form simple, clear and stable government policies e Mobilize local capital and resources e Encourage entrepreneurs to establish new industries e Make simple procedures of obtaining license. KEY TERMS Agro-based : based on agriculture products Entrepreneur : a person who organizes and operates a business Textile : raw materials used for making fabrics Our Economic Activities 185

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What was the main objective of the educational tour? b. What are the advantages of such tours? Why is it important for us to observe industrial activities? Explain. c. What do the major industries of Nepal depend on? Why? d. What are the advantages of industries? e. What are the challenges for industrial development in Nepal? f. What should be done to develop the industries in Nepal? Explain in your own way. 2. Look at the pictures below and identify what types of industries they are and what they produce. 186 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

4Lesson RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY Nepal is an agricultural country. According to 15th Plan Approach Paper 60.4% of Nepalese people are engaged in agriculture and it has contributed 27% to the Gross Domestic Production. The industries in Nepal mainly depend on agriculture for raw materials. Agriculture is the major source of raw materials. There is a direct relationship between agriculture and industry. The following table shows the industries of Nepal and the raw materials they use. S. No. Industries Raw materials Sugar cane 1 Sugar industry Fine flour (wheat, maize) Jute (Patuwa/Paat) 2 Biscuit and Noodle industry Various fruits Tobacco 3 Jute industry Various herbs and agricultural products 4 Juice industry Dairy products and oil seeds 5 Cigarette industry Various foodstuffs 6 Herbs refining industry Animals’ skin Young shoot of tea plants 7 Ghee, Oil industry 8 Food industries like rice, wheat, husk, bran 9 Leather shoes industry 10 Tea industry Agro-based industries run with cash crops, food crops, animal husbandry, herbs farming, etc. If the raw materials are not provided by our agriculture, either the industries must be closed or the raw materials must be imported from abroad. The industries that are run with the raw materials produced in Nepal make profits. But if the raw materials for the industries are brought from abroad, the products are too expensive for our local market and hence such businesses do not last for long. And since our agriculture is more pervasive than our mineral mines, Our Economic Activities 187

it is good to foster agro-based industries. If agriculture is modernized, it will positively affect the industry. The surplus agricultural products can be exported, and foreign currency can be earned. Agricultural development has a double benefit as it helps to promote the industries and the farmers get the appropriate price of their products. We need to focus on agricultural development to develop the industries in Nepal. Jute Farming Jute Industry Sugarcane Farming Sugar Industry Tea Farming Tea Industry 188 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Cash crops : crops grown for sale, not for consumption Commercialize : to apply business methodology to use something in order to make profit Food crops : crops grown for consumption, not for sale Foster : encouraging for development Pervasive : spreading widely throughout an area Activities a. List the name of any five goods you use and the raw materials used for them. Compare your list with your friends. b. What should be done to use the agricultural production of your locality for an agricultural industry? Inquire with your seniors and prepare a short report. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. List three points to show the relationship between agriculture and industry. b. Why is it necessary to modernize and commercialize agriculture to foster industries of Nepal? c. According to you, what should be done to modernize and commercialize agriculture in Nepal? d. What do you mean by Agro-based Industry? Explain e. Why do you think an agriculture-based industry is more beneficial than a mineral-based industry in Nepal? Our Economic Activities 189

Lesson TRADING ACTIVITIES 5 Trade is an exchange of goods or services with the aim of earning profit. It plays an important role in the economic development of a country. A country imports the necessary materials which are not produced in the country and exports the surplus products. The trade of various goods and services by a country with other countries is called diversification of trade. Similarly in the country, the goods and services are brought from other places if they are not available there. The goods are sold to other places if there is more production. Thus, the exchange of goods or services within and outside the country is trading activity. Various machineries, petroleum products, raw materials for various industries which are not produced in our country are imported to Nepal. Carpets, readymade garments, herbs, oilseeds, vegetation ghee, etc are exported from Nepal. Similarly, the goods produced in one place are supplied Import of Petroleum products to other places of Nepal. Nepal’s foreign trade is in deficit as the volume of import is greater than export. Due to unfavourable environment seen in the industries of Nepal in the last few years has ultimately led to some industries being closed. It has increased the amount of imports. Insecurity, lack of enough supply of electricity, conflict between workers and owners etc are some of the causes decreasing Nepal’s production. It has directly affected the trade and economy of Nepal. In the mountain region of Nepal, only animal husbandry and small scale farming of fruits and herbs are possible. Necessary goods and foodstuffs are brought here from the Hilly and Terai region. Similarly, lacking foodstuffs and clothes are 190 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

brought to the hilly region as well. Clothes and other materials are bought in the Terai region although the Terai region has enough food production. Even in a small village, the surpluses are sold and requirements are bought regularly. These all come under trading activities. KEY TERMS Diversification : broadening, expansion Export : send goods abroad Import : bring something in from abroad Surplus : excess amount Activity a. Discuss with your friends about the diversification of trade and its advantages in the context of Nepal. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is trade? What is meant by trading activities? b. What is diversification of trade? What are its advantages? c. Make a table showing the goods that Nepal imports and exports. d. Write about the trade status in Nepal. e. ‘Import is more than export in Nepal.’ Why? Community Work Visit a shop in your community. Write the name of major goods available there. Prepare a list of domestic and foreign goods. Our Economic Activities 191

Review Exercise Multiple Choice Questions a. Where is the Gorakhkali rubber industry located? i. Dumre, Tanahun ii. Aambukhaireni, Gorkha iii. Gorkha bazaar, Gorkha iv. Noubise, Dhading b. What type industries should have maximum fixed capital of 50 million? i. Cottage industries ii. Small scale industries iii. Medium scale industries iv. Large scale industries c. How much fixed capital is required to be a large scale industry? i. More than 50 million rupees ii. More than 100 million rupees iii. More than 150 million rupees iv. More than 200 million rupees d. Which aspect should be focused on to develop industries in Nepal? i. Increase the investment ii. Industrial Security iii. Priority to domestic industries iv. All of the above Field Visit 1. Visit an industry run in your village/town. Find out the following details and present in the class. i. Amount of invested in the industry ii. Goods produced from the industry iii. Human resources employed in the industry iv. Necessary raw materials for the industry v. Major problems of the industry 2. Make an arrangement for an educational tour consulting with your school and prepare a report of the visit. Community Work What are the agricultural products produced in your community? Make a list of them. What type of industry can be run with these products? Discuss and present in your class. 192 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

OUR 8UNIT INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND COOPERATION ??? Learning Achievement J Provide the general information about SAARC, J State the role of Nepal in SAARC, J List the activities of SAARC, J Introduce land-locked countries, J Explain the problems faced by land-locked countries, J State the measures to minimize the problems of land-locked countries, and J Discuss the current/contemporary activities of the world. Our International Relation and Cooperation 193

Lesson SAARC AND ITS ACTIVITIES 1 Dear students, let’s study some general information about SAARC: Name: South Asian Association For Regional Co-operation-SAARC -blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xofu] ;u+ 7g_ Establishment: Formal declaration AfghanPiastkaisntan N of its establishment was made during the first summit in Dhaka in December Nepal Bhutan 7th - 8th, 1985 AD Members: The seven countries of India South Asia Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh Bhutan are the founder members of SAARC. In 2005, the 13th SAARC Maldives Sri Lanka Summit approved membership to Afghanistan. Hence, now there are eight members in SAARC. SAARC Charter: The charter is the constitution of SAARC. It states the objectives and the principles of SAARC, and the organizational structure of the association. There are 10 articles in the charter. Main Organs of SAARC: a. Meetings of the Heads of the State or Government b. Council of Ministers c. Standing Committee d. Technical Committee e. Action Committee f. Secretariat 194 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Secretariat: SAARC Secretariat is located in Kathmandu. The present (1st March 2017 onward) Secretary General of SAARC is Amjad Hussain B. Sial of Pakistan. SAARC Summit: The meeting of the heads of state or government of SAARC member countries is called SAARC Summit. According to the SAARC Charter, SAARC Summit requires to be held once in a year or more often as and when considered necessary by the member countries. There have been a total of eighteen summits so far. 18th SAARC Summit: The 18th summit of SAARC was held on 26th-27th November 2014 AD in Kathmandu, the capital of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. The motto of the summit was ‘Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity’. This summit focused on developing connectivity between the member states for easier transit-transport across the region. The 18th summit of SAARC took place after an interval of 3 years. The member states of SAARC agreed to deepen regional integration for peace and prosperity by promoting mutual trust, amity, understanding, cooperation and partnership. The 18th SAARC summit was concluded with the ‘Kathmandu Declaration’. KEY TERMS 195 Charter : a formal document incorporating an organization Declaration : an official or formal statement Summit : top-level diplomatic conference Our International Relation and Cooperation

Activities a. What are the benefits for Nepal being a member of SAARC? Inquire and write a description on it. b. Find the capital cities of the SAARC Member countries in the Atlas. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. When was SAARC established? Write the full form of SAARC in both English and Devanagari scripts. b. How many SAARC Summits have been held till now? Where is the next summit going to be held? c. What are the main organs of SAARC? 2. Fill in the following blanks: a. Afghanistan joined the SAARC at the..........................SAARC summit. b. There are..........................articles in the SAARC charter. c. The present secretary general of SAARC is........................... d. The first SAARC summit was held in..........................in 1985. Community Work There may be various organizations established by the people and different groups in your community like the organizations established by the countries in the World. What community organizations are in your area and introduce their objectives and activities with your class. 196 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson ROLE OF NEPAL IN SAARC 2 Thamel, Kathmandu 12th Jan, 2019 Dear Bina, I hope you are doing well. I had a busy schedule with the SAARC secretariat today and now I finally have some time to write to you. As you are interested to know about the role of Nepal in SAARC, let me give you some more information. We all know that Nepal is a founding member of SAARC. Nepal had asked for regional cooperation to utilize the enormous water resources in Nepal. The late King Birendra proposed it to the meeting of the Advisory Aid Committee of the Colombo Plan which was held in Kathmandu in 1977. In this context the President of Bangladesh, Ziaur Rahman, developed the concept of SAARC in 1980. So SAARC is the outcome of these concepts. Therefore Nepal has been an important part of SAARC since its establishment. The late King Birendra participated in the first Summit held in Dhaka in 1985. He signed the SAARC Charter and continued Nepal’s support to promote SAARC goals. The vision of Nepal for regional peace, stability and prosperity is similar to the objectives of SAARC. Nepal has been taking part in many high level foreign affairs committees. Nepal has welcomed special representatives, foreign ministers and heads of the state of SAARC. Likewise the logo of SAARC was designed by Sailendra Maharjan, a Nepali national. Our International Relation and Cooperation 197

The major roles/contributions of Nepal to SAARC are presented here as follows: Establishment of SAARC Secretariat in Kathmandu, Nepal Establishment of SAARC Tuberculosis Centre in Bhaktapur The Secretariat of SAARC Information Centre is also situated in Kathmandu. The third, eleventh and eighteenth SAARC Summits were held in Kathmandu. Increasing mutual cooperation in various sectors like agriculture, health, family planning, transportation, postal service, climate, etc. Agreement in women and child development, controlling girl trafficking, smuggling of drugs, assistance against terrorism and establishment of a food security store Agreement on poverty eradication, quality determination, crime control, etc. Hosting regional games and sports Playing an important role in the implementation and celebration of various SAARC activities such as SAARC days Contributing 11.35 percent of the total expenditure of SAARC Nepal had successfully organised 1st (1984), 8th (1999) and 13th (2019) South Asian Games (SAG) Dear Bina, besides these contributions, Nepal has been contributing in many other ways in SAARC for mutual peace and prosperity in the region. I think this information will be helpful to you to learn more about SAARC and the role of Nepal in SAARC. Please keep in touch. Your loving brother, Manoj 198 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Determination : fixed purpose Foreign affairs : dealing with other countries Mutual : shared by two or more people or group or countries equally Promotion : advancement in position Smuggling : sending or bringing goods secretly and illegally into or out of a country Terrorism : the use of violent action Activities a. If you are appointed as the Secretary General of SAARC what activities would you like to carry out? Write six activities. b. How has Nepal contributed to SAARC? Search in book, journal, magazines, newspaper, etc and make a list. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What role did Nepal play in the establishment of SAARC? b. Who represented Nepal in the first SAARC summit? c. How did Nepal contribute for the establishment office of the SAARC Secretariat? d. Write six contributions of Nepal to SAARC. e. How do regional and international games and sports contribute to the development of regional and international relations? Give your opinion. Our International Relation and Cooperation 199

Lesson LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES 3 Two-third of the world’s area is occupied by water. However, there is a large dry area on the earth and many countries are land locked. A country surrounded by land from all sides and having no direct link with the sea or ocean is called a landlocked country. Nepal is surrounded by India to the east, west and south and by China to the north. Nepal does not have direct access to sea. So Nepal is a landlocked country. The nearest sea from Nepal is the Bay of 6 5 Bengal which is about 1127 km away. 97 10 There are many landlocked countries in the world. Continent-wise maps of 3 4 landlocked countries are given below: 8 Asia 1 2 1. Nepal 2. Bhutan Asian Landlocked Countries 3. Afghanistan 4. Laos 5. Mongolia 6. Kazakhstan 7. Uzbekistan 8. Tajikistan 9. Turkmenistan 10. Kyrgyzstan Europe 1. Austria 2. Hungary 3. Switzerland 4. Belarus 5. Luxembourg 6. Andorra 7. Vatican City 8. Slovakia 5 15 4 9. Monaco 10. San Marino 11 11. Czech Republic 12. Macedonia 3 1 8 14 69 2 13. Kosovo 14. Moldova 10 16 13 15. Liechtenstein 16. Serbia 12 7 [Armenia and Azerbaijan fall partially European Landlocked Countries in Asia and in Europe. So, they are known as the Caucasia or Eurasia.] 200 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7