Social Studies and Population Education Book 7_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

KEY TERMS Ammunition : bullets, explosives Assemble : put components together Barrel : tube of gun through which the bullets are fired Dismantle : break something down into parts Mystery : something that is difficult to explain and understand Activities a. Some of the students in your class room may be interested in scientific inventions, and they might have made some scientific models too. Discuss their areas of interests and their models. Also encourage them to keep on working on their inventions until they are successful. b. You might have heard, read or watched about people who have built a scientific invention or worked in the scientific fields in our country. Collect their names and achievements and present your findings in class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Why is Gehendra Shumsher considered to be the first scientist of Nepal? b. Make a list of inventions and achievements made by Gehendra Shumsher. c. Write a letter to your friend mentioning the inspiration you get from the life of Gehendra Shumsher. d. What work will you do in the future and why? e. Write the name of the person who has made a good contribution in your community and his/her contribution. 2. Fill in the gaps with suitable words to complete the following incomplete sentences. a. Gehendra Shumsher was born in................................BS. b. Gehendra Shumsher was the son of Rana Prime Minister.............................. c. Gehendra Shumsher imported a motor car from the.................................. Company of Britain. d. Gehendra Shumsher is regarded as the first................................of Nepal. 3. Prepare a biography of Gehendra Shumsher in three paragraphs. Our Social Norms and Values 51

Lesson SOME HISTORICAL PERSONALITIES OF NEPAL 8 There is a great contribution of historical personalities to buildup the glorious history of Nepal. Many personalities were born in Nepal and they worked hard for the betterment of the country. Such personalities who made remarkable contributions for their country in the past are known as historical personalities. Many historical personalities contributed to the Prithivi Narayan Shah history of Nepal from the ancient to the modern period. Here are some of them who contributed to the modern history of Nepal: Name Contribution Major Four Martyrs: Shukraraj - Sacrificed their lives to over-throw Rana Shastri, Dharma Bhakta Rule and establish democracy in Nepal. Mathema, Gangalal Shrestha - They were given the death penalty by then and Dashrath Chand government in 1997 BS. Bisheshwor Prasad Koirala - A pioneer democratic leader (B. P. Koirala) - First elected Prime Minister of Nepal Pushpalal Shrestha - Continuously struggled to over-throw Panchayat rule and establish multi-party democracy - Founder leader of the Nepal Communist Party Manmohan Adhikari - Pioneer of Communist thought in Nepal - A Communist/Socialistic leader - First Communist Prime minister of Nepal - Helped to introduce the social security and welfare programs in Nepal 52 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Ganeshman Singh - A democratic leader Girija Prasad Koirala - Contributed in the establishment of multi- Krishna Prasad Bhattarai party system Dwarika Devi Thakurani Mangala Devi Shrestha - Commander of the People’s Movement 2046 BS. - A leader of the multi party system - A leader in the Comprehensive Peace Accord - Known for the declaration of Democratic Republic Nepal - A pioneer leader of the Nepali Congress - Known for the democratic movement in Nepal - Prime Minister of the interim government 2047 BS. - A female leader - First female minister of Nepal - A pioneer lady for the women’s movement Gajendra Narayan Singh - A pioneer for political, social and cultural Ramraja Prasad Singh awareness in the Terai region of Nepal - A pioneer leader of Republican thought KEY TERMS Interim : serving temporarily until a permanent replacement; provisional Over throw : to remove someone or something from power Pioneer : a person who is the first to do something or that leads in developing something new Republic : a political system or form of government with elected representatives Sacrifice : giving up something valuable Our Social Norms and Values 53

Activity a. Besides the personalities mentioned in the chapter, there are many politicians, martyrs and others who have contributed for Nepal and the welfare of Nepalese society. Collect their names with their major contributions and present your findings in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What types of persons are called historical personalities? b. Prepare a dialogue on two historical personalities and include their contributions in Nepalese history. c. How can you contribute for your nation in the future? Write in brief. d. Contribution of the martyrs is very important for the nation building. Why? 2. Complete the following table: One major contribution Name of historical personality Community Work There might be individuals who have made remarkable contributions in your community. You can ask the people who know about their contributions. Prepare a description of their contributions. 54 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Review Exercise Activities 1. Prepare a community work report on the basis of the findings of the following questions: a. Find the people who follow different religions in your community. b. Ask the people about the traditions and rituals related to their religions and cultural norms. c. Are there any evils or problems related to traditions or rituals? d. What may be the solutions to these problems? 2. Collect the opinions of the following people about the religious rituals you follow and present your findings in the table below: a. Opinion of any one member of your family b. Opinion of any one friend of yours c. Opinion of any one senior citizen d. Opinion of any one teacher e. Your opinion Opinion Person Compulsory act in ritual Good aspect Aspect to be reformed 3. Find out things of national importance available in your community. What are the measures to promote these valuable things? Prepare an action plan to support these important measures. 4. Write your roles to preserve and promote prevailing folk songs, folk musical instruments and folk dances in your community. Our Social Norms and Values 55

3UNIT SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR ??? SOLUTIONS Learning Achievement J Identify social problems and evils, J Identify the problems which arise due to superstitious beliefs, J Engage in activities that will curb extravagant in social rituals, J Create awareness against human trafficking, J Work to prevent human trafficking, J Participate in programs conducted by the school and various organizations to control and abolish social problems, J Contribute in managing the conflict in family and neighbourhoods, J Mention the role of communication in conflict management, and J Apply measures for the establishment of sustainable peace. lbbLalxgL DIDIBAHINI Working towards gender equality and social justice 56 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND EVILS 1 Dear students, today we will identify the social problems of our society. I believe that you are already familiar with some social problems in your locality. Human society and culture are the fundamental aspects of human life. Besides the many beautiful aspects of society, there are some bad activities and attitudes. The bad activities and practices which harm justice, development and prosperity in society are social problems and evils. Now, let us identify the social problems and evils by studying the following article reported in a national daily newspaper: Social Problems in Betauli Dharmendra Mishra, Doti, Feb 4th, 2020 Betauli is a remote village situated in the western part of Doti district. Majority of the people of this village are engaged in farming. There is a primary school nearby the village and a higher secondary school in the neighbouring village. Most of the girls of the village hardly complete their primary education from their local primary school. The girls are engaged in household works whereas the boys go to the school. Manita, a 12 years old girl, is getting married to a boy who is 20 years and works in a foreign country. When I asked her father, Harikishan for his reasons to marry her off so early, he replies, “It is our tradition to marry daughters at an early age so that we can enjoy a life of sanctity. We lose our family’s prestige Unmatched Marriage if we keep a grown-up daughter.” He further said, “I hesitate to send her to Social Problems and their Solutions 57

study in the higher classes, because if she gets a higher education, then we will need to get a more educated groom who will require more dowries. But, I cannot offer more dowries.” Women are engaged in their household Gambling and Alcoholism works and in the fields whereas most men are found indulging in gambling and alcoholism. Locally made and imported alcoholic liquor (Raksi), marijuana (Ganja), tobacco, etc are commonly available in the village. The youths of the village have easy access to these bad things. Sandesh and Bikram, who are just 18 years old, were recently rescued by NARCONON, Nepal for rehabilitation since they have become addicted to drugs. There are a few landlords in the village who spend extravagantly on festivals, feasts and other social and religious rituals. This has caused an adverse effect on the poor families in the village. People believe in superstitions. Some ill manners and practices of the society Dhami Jhakri have brutally victimized innocent people as they believe in witchcraft (Boksi). Similarly, during times of illness, people either visit or call shamans-Dhami Jhakri. KEY TERMS Adverse : undesirable Extravagant : spending a lot more money than is necessary Rehabilitate : to help someone to have a normal life again Sanctity : the state of being holy Superstition : irrational belief 58 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activity a. Identify the social problems mentioned in the above news report. Are these problems also found in your community? Discuss in the classroom. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What are social problems and evils? b. Make a list of social problems and evils prevailing in your society. c. What are the causes of social problems and evils? d. How can social problems and evils be minimized? e. Why is dowry system a social problem? 2. Identify whether these are right or wrong customs. a. We can live a holy life if daughters are married at an early age. b. It is better to give dowries than educate daughters. c. It is dangerous for a person’s health to drink alcoholic liquor. d. Equal opportunities should be provided to both boys and girls. e. Gambling is a good way to pass leisure time. Community Work Prepare a community work report on the basis of the findings discovered in the following questions: - Visit your society and make a list of the social problems and evils found there. - During your visit, meet the families who have suffered from social evils and problems. - Discuss the ways to control these problems with social activists, intellectuals, old people and youths who live in the society. Social Problems and their Solutions 59

Lesson CAUSES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR 2 SOLUTIONS Some social problems of our society are based on traditional practices and superstitious beliefs. Imported cultures and influence have also created social problems in our society. Social problems and evils are the major obstacles to a balanced development and social justice. Therefore, the identification of the causes of these problems, control, and abolishment is very essential. Let’s discuss some problems and evils of our society and their causes and solutions that are given in the table below: Problems and Causes Measures to Solve Evils - Caste based unequal - Conduct awareness social structure campaign - Traditional belief and - Increase opportunity for 1 Untouchability social thought education - Illiteracy - Publicity of legal - Poverty provision - Religious superstition - Continuity of a bad - Social boycott custom - Strict enforcement of 2 Dowry custom - Lack of awareness legal provision - Male domination - Ban on taking and giving - Social prestige and dowry competitive feeling - Traditional and - Conduct awareness superstitious practices campaign - Poverty - Legal provision - Conservative social - Education for the public 3 Child Marriage thought - Abolish discrimination - Religious superstition between girls and boys - Provide employment opportunities to both genders 60 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

- Due to advertisement - Create awareness on - Pressure of peer effect of drugs group - Engage in creative works 4 Drug Abuse - Idleness - Avoid extra leisure - Lack of strict - Implementation of law and effective effective laws implementation - Misconception - Lack of awareness - Maintain gender equality - Ignorance in the society - Gender - Create public awareness 5 Polygamy discrimination - Effective implementation - Conservative social of law thoughts - Structure of patriarchal society - Unemployment - Increase employment - Poor implementation opportunities of law - Mobilize local organizations 6 Gambling and - Influence of bad Alcoholism friends circle - Social boycott - Poor customs and - Legal restriction and punishment traditions - Laziness - Traditional and - Providing equal rights superstitious beliefs and opportunities - Poverty - Awareness on legal Gender - Conservative social provisions discrimination thought - Support and encourage 7 (inequality - Bad influence in the fundamental rights between son name of religion - Increase girl and daughter) - Right to parental friendly education and employment property opportunities Social Problems and their Solutions 61

- Illiteracy - Create awareness through social institutions and Social - Conservative social organizations Superstitions thought - Social boycott of such (Boksi, Dhami, practices 8 - Orthodox behavior - Encourage legal Jhakri,etc) punishment - Show off of one’s - Discourage such attitudes wealth - Encourage economical feasts and festivals 9 Extravagant - Lack of legal and - Avoid unnecessary show social control off during feasts and festivals - Negative thinking - Competitive feeling KEY TERMS Abolish : put an end to something Boycott : to refuse Conservative : prefer traditional styles and values Economical : using no more of something than is necessary Patriarchal : ruled or controlled by men Show off : attract attention of others 62 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activity Read the following news report: Four Child Workers Rescued in Harisiddhi The Himalayan Correspondence Lalitpur, 15th March, 2020 At a time when government and non-government organizations have been working for the protection of child rights across the country, the District Children Welfare Committee, a district-based NGO, on Friday rescued four children from a factory. They have been identified as Mina Kumari (9) of Makawanpur, Laxman Kumar (10), Bina Nepali (11) and the identity of the fourth one is yet to be established. According to the Committee, the children were rescued from a brick factory belonging to Mr. Sahadev Sahani. Preliminary investigation reveals that they have been working in the factory for the past few months and even their monthly salaries were not fixed yet. Laxman Kumar said that he was studying in grade four before he started working in the district and was in the brick factory due to the poor financial condition of his family. Sushila Simkhada, a child rights officer, said that they were rescued with the help of police and child rights activists. Answer the following questions: a. What is child labour? What are the causes of it? b. How is the condition of children in your community? Have you found any child engaged in child labour? c. Are there any social organizations working against child labour and helping to rescue children working as labourers in your locality? Social Problems and their Solutions 63

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Untouchability on the basis of caste is one of the major social problems. How? Give your argument. b. What is a dowry system? Why is it considered as a social problem? c. “Extravagant in feast, festival and other occasions obstructs the development of society.” Do you agree with the statement? Write your opinion. d. Prepare immediate and long term ways to abolish the social problems and evils in our societies. 2. Prepare a news report for a national daily about any social problems prevailing in your community. 3. Define the following: a. Untouchability b. Gender discrimination c. Superstition d. Alcoholism e. Dowry custom 4. Write a letter to any social organization in your district requesting them to conduct various programs which will help to control the social problems in your community. 5. What social problem is indicated by the given picture? Discuss the causes of the problem? How can it be abolished? 64 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson HUMAN TRAFFICKING 3 Human trafficking is an inhumane activity. No national and international law accept the buying and selling of human beings. However, human trafficking is a big problem in the least developed countries like Nepal. Many innocent girls and women of Nepal are being duped and trafficked for different purposes. Kamala (name changed) who was trafficked by a broker is recently rescued. She is in a rehabilitation center now. Here, she has written her feelings and experiences. Let’s read it: Uff! I wish no one should have this kind of life. If I were educated I would not be in this situation, and I would have become like others. I also like to be educated. But I did not have the chance to go to school. All of my family members faced extreme poverty. All of us-my mother, brothers and sisters had to work as wage earners to survive. The wages we earned was hardly enough to support our basic needs. So, we were totally deprived of education. My father was a drunkard; he never realized his responsibility as a father. There were often disputes in the family. Sometimes he used to physically assault my mother. When I was 12 years old, my father abandoned us, went to India and then never came back. We were treated as lower caste people in the village and deprived of any village support or contact. When I was 15 years old, a stranger asked me to marry him. I believed him immediately. He took me to a foreign land to meet his family and other relatives. I was so immature that I didn’t suspect him even once. But, after reaching there, Social Problems and their Solutions 65

he left me with his so called relative and never came back. After few days, I came to know that I was sold. I was forced into the flesh trade against my wishes and protests. I spent a hellish life for six months over there. I hate my broker and I seek revenge against him. My family continued to suffer. One of my brothers who left for a foreign job with a fake passport was being mistreated by the owner of the hotel where he worked. My brother is spending his days in jail now. I heard that he has lost whatever property he owned and is trapped owing a huge debt. The broker cheated him very badly. He was so innocent that he had no idea whether the broker was a license holder or not. My brother was not aware that the necessary legal documents were fakes. He knew nothing about the training, language, work permit, the type of work he was to do and salary. Even so, he is also a victim. Who will punish these human traffickers in our societies? I am very delighted that there are institutions which rescue victims like me. I have been given opportunities for training and education in the rehabilitation center. Now, I am hopeful that I can begin a new life successfully. Also, I am determined to fulfill the following tasks: - Find out the broker who sold me and hand him over to the police administration. - Join an organization that rescues girls who are sold in foreign countries. - File an application to the police administration for the welfare of victims like my brother and support punishment to human traffickers. - Conduct literacy and awareness programs through institutions like the one which rescued me. - Appeal to the government and other agencies to provide employment opportunities for impoverished families. KEY TERMS Abandon : to leave Dispute : an argument or disagreement Hellish : extremely unpleasant Impoverish : make poor, weaken Rescue : the act of saving someone Traffic : illegal trade 66 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activities a. Is there any one in your community who has been facing problems like Kamala? Collect information from the community activists and social organization like ‘Mother Group’ about human trafficking in your community. Present your findings in class. b. Collect news published in various newspapers regarding human trafficking and present in class. Display current news on the notice board of the school. c. Prepare a song, poem, drama or story about human trafficking and present in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. “Human trafficking is a big crime.” Give your opinion. b. “Illiteracy and poverty are the main causes of social evils.” Do you agree with this statement? Write your logic. c. Point out the major causes and consequences of human trafficking as expressed by Kamala in the lesson above. d. Do you like Kamala’s determination? Why? 2. Prepare a placard with an appropriate slogan to control human trafficking. 3. You might have heard about the social organizations working against human trafficking. Collect the information about the organization and prepare a short description on it. Social Problems and their Solutions 67

Lesson WAYS TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS 4 We have already discussed some of the social problems and their solutions in the previous lessons of this unit. We know that all problems have solutions. This is the age of civilization, and nothing is impossible. There are many collective efforts on the local, national and international levels to help Nepal solve these problems. Let’s study the following report from a community based research project on the problems and evils prevailing in our community: A Community Based Research Report On Social Problems and Evils in Our Community I. Introduction Nepal is rich in culture and tradition. People from different social, cultural, religious and geographical backgrounds practice different rituals and traditions. Our community is also an example of such diversity. A few good aspects of our traditions and customs are the respect and service we give to our parents, senior citizens and our elders as well as the love we show to our juniors and the hospitality we show to guests. However, some bad elements have crept into our customs and traditions. Also influence from other cultures outside of our community has also created some problems. This report is prepared under the community work to study social problems and ritual. II. Objectives of the Community Work The objectives of the community based work are: • To identify the social problems and evils prevailing in the community, • To obtain the information about the impacts of such evils and problems in the community, and • To collect the suggestions about the measures to abolish the problems and evils. 68 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

III. Methods of Community Based Research Work The major techniques and steps employed in the community research are: • Preparation of an interview schedule • Division of groups • Interviews with the respondents • Collection of information and making a final list of the problems and evils, their effects and measures to control them • Prepare a report based on the community work and present it to the class IV. Findings of the community work The major findings based on the information as collected during the research are: a. Social problems and evils prevailing in the community: • Child labour • Drug abuse • Gender discrimination • Smoking • Alcoholism • Theft • Human trafficking • Untouchability • Superstitious beliefs • Gambling • Drug abuse and addiction • Disrespectful to the disabled and helpless • Extravagance • Discrimination between rich and poor b. Causes of the problem During the interview with community activists and intellectuals, information regarding causes of the problems has also been collected. According to their opinions, the causes of the problems are: • Extreme poverty and economic problem • Caste, class and regional based discrimination • Lawlessness • Illiteracy and lack of awareness • Limited access to education and other opportunity • Conservative thought and superstitious beliefs • Over population • Easy access to tobacco, cigarette, drugs, etc • Influence of the bad aspects of foreign cultures Social Problems and their Solutions 69

c. Solutions for our problems and evils The ways to solve the problems and evils, on the basis of respondents’ views and suggestions include: • Provide job oriented trainings and increase job opportunities • Provide information about legal provisions against social and class based discriminations • Increase access and opportunity for education • Conduct effective awareness programs • Development and promotion of local knowledge, skill and techniques • Appropriate use of local skills, means and resources • End lawlessness in the community • Population management • Equal distribution of local and national resources • Conduct programs that will help in eradicating poverty V. Suggestions Social problems and evils are harmful for the overall development process and prosperity of society. We should all help to remove our social problems and evils. The measures mentioned above should be implemented by the government, local community, civil society and other concerned authorities. Interview Schedule for Community Based Research Work Name of the respondent: Age: Sex: Occupation: 1. Are there any social problems and evils in our society? Can you name some of these problems? 2. What are the causes of such problems and evils? 3. What may be the solutions to the problems? 4. What role can the school, social organizations, and other institutions play to minimize the problems and evils? 5. Do you have anything more to tell? 70 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Eradicate : eliminate, remove Hospitality : friendly and generous behavior towards guests Lawlessness : no respect for the law Research : a careful and systematic study Respondents : a person who responds or makes reply Exercise 1. Tell the answer of the following: a. On what topic the report has been prepared in the lesson? b. What are the objectives of the community work? c. What are the methods used for community work? d. Point out the major steps to complete a community work. 2. Answer the following questions: a. Make a list of the social problems and evils prevailing in your community. b. What are the causes of the social problems and evils? Mention any six major causes. c. Write the solutions to eliminate the social problems and evils? 3. Suppose, you are going to ask the questions regarding various aspects of social problems prevailing in your locality to any resource persons like intellectuals, political leaders, social activists, etc. Prepare a list of six questions (questionnaire) for this work. Social Problems and their Solutions 71

Lesson ROLE OF SCHOOLS AND NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS TO 5 SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS Teacher : Dear students, I hope you are ready to share information on the roles of schools and national organizations and institutions to combat social problems. Sunita : Yes sir. We have talked to our principal, our seniors, and others as you had told us. Hardik : School is the center of education. Schools play a vital role in character building. Character building helps us to know about our traditions and heritage as well as be aware of bad customs and practices. Similarly, participation in extracurricular activities at the school helps us to learn to work in groups and to be cooperative, develop mutual understanding and to avoid inequality and misunderstanding. Mingma : School plays an important role in preventing social problems by providing quality education. Schools help to instill good character in the students. Along with education, school teaches the children discipline, self-reliance, passion and how to have a healthy environment which helps them to avoid social problems. We know Social Studies as a school subject, teaches us how to fight against social problems like child marriage, polygamy, dowry custom, untouchability, etc. Tashi : There are many national and local level social organizations established with the objective of removing social problems in our country. These organizations have been working on national, regional and local levels. These different organizations and institutions can bring social reforms in our societies. They provide information on different issues. These organizations can be involved by conducting 72 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

awareness activities, by developing education opportunities for all, by eradicating poverty and encouraging population control. These organizations also work with temple, monastery, church, mosque, club, mother group, etc on different occasions. Sonam : Sir, we also have come to know lbbLalxgL about some non-governmental organizations like Maiti Nepal, DIDIBAHINI Didi Bahini, Saathi, CVICT (Centre for Victims of Torture) Working towards gender equality and social justice and other professional and industrial organizations. These organizations are playing important roles to remove social evils, violence, child abuse and various social crimes. These organizations provide counseling, suggestions and means and resources to the communities, local organizations and the victims. Teacher : Thank you very much for your efforts to collect information and then sharing it to the class. Indeed, educational institutions and social organizations are the means of social changes and transformation. They play vital roles to help to abolish social problems and evils. It is our obligation to be self disciplined and maintain goodwill with everyone. We should be committed to becoming an ideal member of our society and then bring reforms in society. We should promote our fundamental cultural identity and not be influenced by external culture. Social Problems and their Solutions 73

KEY TERMS Avoid : keep away from or stop oneself from doing Eradicate : get rid of something completely Instill : impart something gradually Passion : strong and barely controllable emotion Polygamy : having multiple spouses Activities a. Discuss the role on how a school can help to remove social problems and evils. Prepare a report. b. Prepare a model of an appreciation letter which can be given from the school to a person who has been involved with eradicating social problems and evils in your community. c. Prepare some placards to create social awareness. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. “School is the symbol of social civilization.” Elucidate. b. How can a school help to abolish social problem? Present your views. c. Make a list of social organizations working in your community. d. Mention the roles of national organizations and institutions to control social problems. 2. Prepare a news report for a newspaper about the ways your school has helped to control social problems. Community Work Collect information about activities held by organizations and institutions which are available in your community and help to control social problems. Then make a report and present it in the class. 74 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 6 Conflict is the condition of misunderstanding and dispute between persons, groups, organizations/institutions or thoughts. Conflicts begin when the beliefs or actions of one is resisted or rejected by the other. It is a common social occurrence. If it is not managed or controlled on time, it can harm various aspects of development. It violates peace in family, community, a whole nation and in some cases even internationally. Thus, the causes of conflict should be identified and managed immediately. The concept of conflict is explained in both a negative and positive way. The traditional view of conflict assumes that conflicts are destructive and harmful. However conflicts are not always destructive and harmful. If conflict is managed well, it can be constructive and brings a positive result. So, conflict is classified into two types: (i) Positive Conflict (ii) Negative Conflict Causes of conflict in family and neighbourhood: Conflicts arise when people are dissatisfied with themselves, their family members, and friends or with the decisions. There are many causes which give rise to conflicts in different sectors or aspects of human life. Some of the common causes or sources of conflict in family and neighbourhood are: Dispute in family and with neighbours Circulation of wrong information and misunderstanding Social inequality Lack of good political culture Lack of positive thinking Avoiding responsibility Social Problems and their Solutions 75

Use of force or power Inconsistency in interest Hatred and disrespect for each other Discriminatory behavior Bad habits, attitudes and manners Differences in opinions Lack of active participation Measures to solve conflict in family and with neighbourhood: Conflicts can be managed and transformed with time. If timely attention is not paid, conflicts can grow, multiply and get out of control. Therefore, appropriate measures should be identified and employed to prevent and solve conflicts. Some of the common measures are: M Ensure equal opportunity and participation M Listen carefully to others M Remove conflict through discussion and common agreement M Develop positive attitudes and thinking M Maintain transparency in behavior and activities M Circulate clear and effective communication and information M Understand needs and desire M Maintain mutual understanding and cooperation M Conduct equal and respectful behavior M Use clear language and expression KEY TERMS Coercive : the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats Inconsistent : contradictory Transparency : the condition of being transparent 76 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activity a. How can we solve conflicts or disputes that happen between students and teachers or between student and student in our school? Discuss appropriate solutions. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is conflict? How does it occur? b. Write down six causes of conflicts. c. What should be done to prevent conflict in the society? d. Make a list of the effects caused due to conflict. e. Make a list of measures to solve conflicts. f. “Conflict is the main cause of social violence.” Justify the statement. 2. Write True for correct statement and False for incorrect statement. a. Conflict is the state of understanding between individuals or groups. b. It is necessary to find out the causes of conflict to manage conflict. c. Communication is one of the major causes of conflict. d. Conflicts can make society dynamic and progressive. e. Conflicts bring both positive and negative changes in the society. Social Problems and their Solutions 77

Lesson MISCOMMUNICATION AND ITS EFFECTS 7 Communication is the process of expressing ideas and feelings or giving people information. Communication is an important infrastructure for development. It helps us to know the events happening around the globe. Communication also shares information about technology, scientific inventions, social life and economic development, etc among the people of different parts of the world. The development of communication has brought the people of the world close to one another. The world has become a global village because of the rapid development of information technology. Indeed, different means of communication contribute to the promotion of human cooperation and relationships. But, wrong information provided by various means of communication creates misunderstanding and disputes among people. Poor communication and rumours can create confusion and clashes in society. Let’s read an example of miscommunication and its effect: Darshan KC was an ideal person in Rumdi village. He was a famous community activist. He made a big contribution to the development of Rumdi. He was involved in all the community development works. People of Rumdi community highly appreciated him because of his selfless efforts to the developments made in education, roads, drinking water, health, agriculture, etc. He always stood by the people even in time of adversity. But, in the course of time, many people wondered about his work. He was gradually isolated from the community. People stopped talking to him. His plans for community reform were rejected. A local newspaper published news that he misused community resources. Similarly, the local FM and TV stations accused him of wrong doing. Consequently, people of the community were divided into two opposite groups. The issue led to a conflict between them. The intellectuals in the community were worried about the situation. The intellectuals formed an action research team and conducted an investigation to 78 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

find out the causes of the conflict in their community. The action research found the following facts: a) Falsehoods and rumours were broadcasted in the news. b) He was falsely labeled a fraud in money matters and a corrupt by some anti-community activists. c) A few people were jealous of his popularity in the community. d) Innocent people believed the rumours circulated by the media and the anti-community activists. e) Darshan KC became frustrated and hopeless because of the false rumours and social boycott. f) There wasn’t any misuse of fund which was provided by donor agencies. g) Darshan KC was found to be very fair and transparent in his activities in the community. After the analysis of these facts, the media made a public apology and gave an accurate version of his work. The villagers identified the real anti-community development people who started rumours and charged them with corruption. The people who were opposing Darshan KC acknowledged his selfless devotion for the development of community. Now the circumstance in the community has improved. Darshan has actively started to get involved in development works and community welfare. The recommendation of the research team is: Remember : It is wise to think and find the facts out first before speaking. It is also better to know the fact before making any decisions. Make several drafts before writing a final copy. The same goes for public speaking. KEY TERMS 79 Apology : a statement saying sorry Circumstance : the condition Global village : the whole world Isolation : the act of separation Rumour : a piece of information that may not be true Social Problems and their Solutions

Activity a. Answer the following questions on the basis of the mentioned incident: 1. Misuse of communication can cause misunderstandings and lead to arguments, fights, and the loss of friends, employment, relationships, self- esteem, self-confidence, and value. Discuss these effects on the basis of report’s evidence. 2. What were the reasons behind the conflict between the people in Rumdi village? 3. What were the effects of the news falsely reported by newspaper and broadcast on radio and TV? 4. How was the conflict solved? Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Compare the advantage of using truthful communication and the disadvantage of the misuse of communication. b. The relationship between people and institutions can be cordial and sustainable if internal conflict is immediately solved. Justify the statement. c. Why is it important to find the facts and truth before speaking, and especially before making major decisions? Community Work There might have occurred conflict in your community due to a wrongful communication. Identify such conflicts and find out its causes and effects. Prepare a report including the solutions to solve the conflict and present it in class. 80 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson PEACE AND ITS NECESSITY 8 Tanushree and Sweta shared their views on peace and its necessity in the morning assembly at their school as follows: Respected principal, vice principal, teachers, seniors, juniors and my dear friends, today we, the students of grade seven, Sweta and I would like to share our views on ‘Peace and its necessity’. I would like to express my opinion and views on the topic “Peace”. Peace has many meanings. Normally it is the calmness in which people run their activities smoothly and independently. It is the mental and physical state of being free from violence and fear. Generally, peace refers to the state of pleasure and happiness, non-interference, respect for each other, non-violence, love and affection, just and social justice and the fulfillment of basic needs without hurting anyone. Indeed, peace is inevitable in human life. Peace along with democracy and social justice is considered important for the well-being of present societies. If so, how can we maintain peace in our Comprehensive Peace Accord societies? Of course, there are necessary conditions for maintaining peace in 81 human societies. Rule of Law, equality and equity, social justice, participation of all, positive attitude and thinking, tolerance, cooperation, democratic practice, common understanding and agreement, respect, fulfillment of basic needs, transparency and security are necessary elements for peace in human societies. Social Problems and their Solutions

Now, my friend Sweta will express her views on the necessity of peace in the society. Thank you Tanushree. Peace is definitely one of the basic prerequisites for society and its development. If there is peace in a society, then people will feel that their lives are easy and comfortable and do their jobs freely without any kind of fear. People will increase their desire to do something good and creative. Similarly, development activities can be run smoothly and effectively. Conflict, violence, destruction, social injustice and other disturbance may be common if there is no peace in society. Now, I would like to share some ways to maintain peace and make our school a zone of peace. Create an environment free of fear, discrimination and violence Respect, love and be kind to all Develop an environment of mutual understanding Form a democratic culture to solve problems Create an environment for regular, active involvement of all stakeholders in various programmes Be polite and behave yourself Conduct child-friendly, teaching and learning activities Maintain discipline and order Follow the rules and regulations of the school Stop bullying and fighting Develop respectful relationships between teachers and students Finally, I would like to say that it is our own responsibility to maintain peace and make our family, school, society and the nation prosperous, developed and peaceful. I am grateful to our class teacher, Mr. Kamal, and the social studies teacher, Mrs. Bina, for encouraging us to share a few words with all of you. Thank you and have a wonderful day! 82 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Bullying : the act of using someone’s strength or power to frighten or hurt weaker people Inevitable : that you cannot avoid or prevent, unavoidable Interference : the action of interfering or the process of being interfered with Stakeholder : somebody or something with direct interest Activities a. What are the roles that should be played by the students for the development of a peaceful learning environment in school? Make a list and discuss in the class. b. Management, teachers and students are the three pillars for the sound development of school, for maintaining peace and for the improvement of quality education. Discuss this statement with appropriate logic. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What do you mean by peace? b. Make a list of measures to maintain peace in family and society. c. What is a zone of peace? What should be done to make your school a zone of peace? d. “Peace is the factor to develop the nation.” How? Give your logics. e. “Peace and development are interrelated with each other.” Give your reasons. 2. Prepare a model speech on the ‘necessity of peace for development’. Social Problems and their Solutions 83

Review Exercise Activities 1. ‘Male and female are two wheels of a cart’. Is this practiced in our society? 2. What are the efforts made to remove social evils and problems in your community? Discuss. 3. Differentiate between social evils and problems with examples. 4. Write a letter to a chairperson of a social organization working in your community discussing the various social problems and evils existing in your community and measures to remove them. Community Work There might be different social problems and evils in your locality/community. Prepare a community work report according to the following steps: • Divide the students of your class into three or four groups. For this you can get the help of your teacher. • Ask community members and intellectuals about the social problems and evils found there. Record your findings. • Find out the causes of the social problems and evils found in your community. • Discuss the ways to solve these problems with social activists, intellectuals, old people and the youths of your society. • Visiteducationalinstitutionslikeschoolsandcollegesandsocialorganizations and discuss their roles to help remove problems and bring about social reforms. 84 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

4UNIT CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS ??? Learning Achievement J Introduce the basic elements of a state, J Mention the fundamental rights provisioned in the constitution, J Explain the meaning and importance of child rights, J List the efforts made to protect the child rights, J Get involved in the protection of civic rights and show the democratic norms, J Behave equally to all the friends, family members, neighbours and the people in the community, and J Perform different activities as per accepted social norms. Civic Consciousness 85

1Lesson BASIC ELEMENTS OF STATE: TERRITORY AND POPULATION Introduction of State A state is an organized community. It is also called a political community. The community of people residing within a certain boundary is called a state. Within such a state, there is settlement of people belonging to different castes, classes, genders and communities. A state is developed for the welfare of its people. It is believed that the origin of state was along with the origin of human being. Aristotle, a philosopher had said, “The state was originated to fulfill the political and social needs of people”. A state is a natural organization formed to fulfill the needs of people. It is different than a government. Government is an aspect of a state. The government is the representative of the state. A state is stable and government is changeable in nature. A state has fundamental rights and powers whereas a government has only the rights and powers given by the constitution. Basic elements of a state Various basic elements are required to be a state. A state cannot be formed without such elements. The basic elements of a state are territory, population, government, sovereignty and constitution. A short introduction of territory and population has been presented below: Basic Elements of a State Territory Population Government Sovereignty Constitution Territory A geographical area under the jurisdiction A geographical area of the state is called territory. There is no state without territory. Every state has its fixed 86 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

territory. Territory is like a body of a N state. As we cannot expect to live without a body, a state cannot be formed without territory. The territory is also called the physical base of the state. A fixed territory is required in a state where people can settle down permanently. A territory consists of a boundary, atmosphere, minerals, forests, rivers, seashore, etc. Population All the people living in a certain geographical region is called population. Population is also an essential element of a state. It is said that the population is the first basic element of a state. The population is dynamic element of a state. It is not necessary that a state requires a fixed size of population. Aristotle, a philosopher had said, “If the people are good then the state is also good”. A state may have people speaking various languages, practicing various religions and cultures. The progress of a state depends on the quality and ability of its people. Thus, territory and population are the basic elements of a state. People of different cultures Civic Consciousness 87

KEY TERMS Dynamic : changing over time Philosopher : a person of great thoughts; a person who seeks wisdom Welfare : the health, happiness and fortune of a person or a group Activity a. Your school is also an organized institution. As a state requires certain essential elements to be formed, what elements are required to run your school? Discuss in class and write. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is a state? b. What are the essential elements of a state? c. What is the difference between a state and a government? d. Why is a territory considered as a major element of a state? e. “A state becomes good if its people are good.” Justify this statement. Community Work What are the basic elements of your community? Discuss with your seniors. Write a report explaining what you know about your community. Share your report with your friends. 88 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson BASIC ELEMENTS OF STATE: 2 GOVERNMENT, SOVEREIGNTY AND CONSTITUTION Government Government is the third major element of a state. A state cannot be formed only with territory and population. The government is an agent or medium to run a state. Without the government, the public or population becomes unorganized and anarchy. The government mobilizes people in a systematic way. It safeguards the border, enacts laws, keeps peace and maintains security in the state. It also collects revenue, runs the administration and maintains foreign relations. Nowadays, our government is a democratic government and is being run by popular will. This democratic system of government is considered to be a good government. Sovereignty Sovereignty is a kind of special power vested by the constitution. It is the supreme authority to run the state. The constitution gives the sovereignty to the state to run its own government. It is also called the right to self-governance without external interference. It is an important element of a state. It is also believed to be the soul of a state. A state is incomplete without it. It provides national and international recognition to the state. gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg There is a clear provision in the constitution to whom the sovereignty to be vested on. The Constitution of Nepal has vested sovereignty to the Nepalese people. Constitution g]kfn ;/sf/ sfgg\" , Gofo, ;l+ jwfg;ef tyf ;;+ bLo dfldnf dGqfno The constitution is another element of the state. It is the supreme law of the state. It directs the ways sfgg\" lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt of governing and guarantees the rights of people. It legitimates the functions of the state. 89 Civic Consciousness

Thus, various elements are needed to be a strong and successful state. There is a very deep interrelationship among the various elements of the state. For a sustainable development of our country, we should develop a positive atmosphere within each element. KEY TERMS Anarchy : a situation in which there is a total lack of control Enact : pass Interference : illegal obstructing Revenue : the income of a government Supreme : above all others Vested : having rights to something Activities a. How the basic elements of a state interrelated with each other? Discuss with friends and find their interrelationship. b. Is your family also running with some specific norms? What things are required to run the family smoothly? Discuss and prepare a report. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is a government? Why is it necessary for a state? b. What kind of government is considered to be a good government? Write five characteristics of a good government. c. Why is sovereignty called the soul of a state? d. Constitution is considered to be a basic element of a state. Why? e. List the basic elements of a state and describe any one of them. 2. Match the following: Group B Group A the first basic element Territory Population agent of the state Government supreme law of the state Sovereignty body of the state Constitution soul of the state 90 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 3 Nuwakot, Nepal February 14th, 2020 Dear Radha, Warm Greetings! I am fine here and hope that you are also fine there along with your family members. As per your request in the last letter, I am writing to you today about fundamental rights. The Constitution of Nepal was promulgated on 3rd Aswin, 2072 BS. Nepal has become federal democratic republican state. It was the result of several revolutions and movements which occurred since 2007 BS. The first constitution of republic of Nepal granted 31 fundamental rights to all Nepalese citizens. The rights which are essential and naturally Justice exercised for the well-being of a person are called fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are also called civic rights. The constitution of Nepal is the main law of the state and it has provisioned fundamental rights. Right to live freely, right to express, right to roam, right to speak, all the citizens to be equal by law, etc are fundamental rights. The present Constitution of Nepal has included 31 fundamental rights in part 3, from Article 16 to 46. Following are the fundamental rights granted by the Constitution of Nepal:- Article 16. Right to live with dignity Article 17. Right to Freedom Article 18. Right to Equality Article 19. Right to Communication Article 20. Right to Justice Article 21. Right to victim of crime Civic Consciousness 91

Article 22. Right against torture Article 23. Right against preventive detention Article 24. Right against untouchability and discrimination Article 25. Right to property Article 26. Right to religious freedom Article 27. Right to information Article 28. Right to privacy Article 29. Right against exploitation Article 30. Right regarding clean environment Article 31. Right to education Article 32. Right to language and culture Article 33. Right to employment Article 34. Right regarding labour Article 35. Right to health care Article 36. Right to food Article 37. Right to housing Article 38. Right of women Article 39. Right of children Article 40. Right of Dalits Article 41. Right of senior citizen Article 42. Right to social justice Article 43. Right to social security Article 44. Right of consumers Article 45. Right against exile Article 46. Right to constitutional remedy It is our privilege to enjoy these fundamental rights freely and simply. But we people generally seek rights but we do not pay attention to the duties associated with these rights. We should not violate others’ rights while exercising our rights. Currently, we need all the political parties and their activists to recognize their duties. So, my dear sister, I hope that you will also be an ideal citizen so that you can enjoy your fundamental rights without violating others’ rights. I have written enough now. Stay healthy! Your loving brother SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7 Shiva 92

KEY TERMS Exile : deportation Promulgate : declare something officially Remedy : a legal means of enforcing a right Activity The Constitution of Nepal has provisioned ‘Right relating to education’ in Article 31. According to this article, Nepalese citizens have the following rights: Right relating to education 1. Every citizen shall have the right of access to basic education. 2. Every citizen shall have the right to get compulsory and free education up to the basic level and free education up to the secondary level from the State. 3. The citizens with disabilities and the economically indigent citizens shall have the right to get free higher education in accordance with law. 4. The visually impaired citizens shall have the right to get free education through Braille script and the citizens with hearing or speaking impairment, to get free education through sign language, in accordance with law. 5. Every Nepalese community residing in Nepal shall have the right to get education in its mother tongue and, for that purpose, to open and operate schools and educational institutes, in accordance with law. Discuss within a group of your friends whether you have enjoyed the above rights or not. Present the conclusion in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is fundamental right? b. “Fundamental rights and duties are two sides of the same coin.” Clarify. c. List the fundamental rights mentioned in the Constitution of Nepal. Civic Consciousness 93

Lesson CHILD RIGHTS 4 Children are the future of a country. They should get to live, have an opportunity to develop their personality by receiving education, health service and to enjoy a secured life. These various fundamental requirements of children are the basic rights for all children. According to the legal provision of Nepal, the people below the age of 18 are considered children. Children deserve the right to proper care, appropriate education, the right to information and health. They should have the right to express their opinion. Protection from risk, opportunity of entertainment, end of exploitation, equal and fair behavior also come under child rights. Family, school, community and the Child rights state should pay attention in this regard and carry out their duties accordingly. Therefore, all of us have to work for the all round development of children. Children must be protected from discrimination. They should be encouraged to do well and their opinions should be respected by all. When children do well, they should be praised. Child rights can be categorized in four aspects. Right to survival : Right to food, shelter, clothes, health and security. Right to development : Right to education, play, exercise, entertainment, support, family love and affection. Right to protection : Right to be protected from exploitation, discrimination, dislike, risky work, social inequality, punishment and war. Right to participate : Right to participate in child development activities, express opinions, participate in religious and social activities, participate in decision making processes that concern their life. 94 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

According to the Constitution of Nepal, following are the rights of child: 1. Every child shall have the right to name and birth registration along with his or her identity. 2. Every child shall have the right to education, health, maintenance, proper care, sports, entertainment and overall personality development from the families and the State. 3. Every child shall have the right to elementary child development and child participation. 4. No child shall be employed to work in any factory, mine or engaged in similar other hazardous work. 5. No child shall be subjected to child marriage, transported illegally, abducted/ kidnapped or taken in hostage. 6. No child shall be recruited or used in army, police or any armed group, or be subjected, in the name of cultural or religious traditions, to abuse, exclusion or physical, mental, sexual or other form of exploitation or improper use by any means or in any manner. 7. No child shall be subjected to physical, mental or any other form of torture in home, school or other place and situation whatsoever. 8. Every child shall have the right to juvenile friendly justice. 9. The child who is helpless, orphan, with disabilities, conflict victim, displaced or vulnerable shall have the right to special protection and facilities from the State. 10. Any act contrary to in clauses (4), (5), (6) and (7) shall be punishable by law, and a child who is the victim of such act shall have the right to obtain compensation from the perpetrator, in accordance with law. KEY TERMS 95 Discrimination : the unjust or prejudicial treatment to different categories of people Exploitation : the action or fact of treating someone unfairly Fundamental : a central or primary rule Civic Consciousness

Activities a. What would you do if you saw child rights being violated in your locality? Express your views based on that incident. b. What activities have been carried out in your school for the protection of child rights? Discuss. c. On the basis of the following incidents find whether there is a violation of child rights or not. 1. Kalpana got married at underage. 2. The students from Dalit community are not allowed to sit together with other students in the school. 3. In the village, the children help their parents as much they can in household work. 4. A daily newspaper published news that some children because of the absence of health services died. 5. Street children are sleeping with hungry stomach. What should be done to protect and promote child rights? Make a list of your suggestions and present in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What do you mean by child rights? b. What rights are included in child rights? List them. c. What are four main aspects of child rights? d. How should a family protect child rights? e. Mention the importance of child rights. f. What should a school do to protect child rights? 96 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson EFFORTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF CHILD 5 RIGHTS Children are the pillars of nation building. They are the future of the country. If the rights of children are protected and promoted, a country can have prosperous future. The Constitution of Nepal has ensured the child rights as fundamental right. It is the responsibility of every stakeholder to protect the rights of children. The differently able children, victim of conflict, homeless, etc should be granted special priority from the side of the state. Minors shouldn’t be employed in perilous work such as in military, police, hotels, mines, industries, etc. Different attempts have been made for the protection of child rights at national and international level. Some of the important efforts made in Nepal are given below: M Nepal has signed the UN convention on the Rights of the Child on 20th November 1989 AD and committed to protect the child rights ratifying it on 14th September 1990 AD. M Nepal as a member of SAARC observed 1990 AD as girls’ year, 1991-2000 AD as girls’ decade and 2001-2010 AD as children’s decade with numerous programmes. M Nepal has enacted Children’s Act 2048 BS, Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 2056 BS. M The Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, and Ministry of Education have made different efforts to protect the child rights. M Various child welfare centres, children rehabilitation homes, child court and child centres have been established in different parts of the country. M International organizations like UNICEF, SOS, Save the Children (USA, UK, Norway), Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), Underprivileged Children’s Education Project (UCEP), ILO and so on are carrying out several programmes in Nepal for the protection of child rights. M The Constitution of Nepal has provisioned ‘Rights of Child’as a fundamental right in Article 39. Civic Consciousness 97

There are several challenges to implement the rights of children practically. Poverty, illiteracy, political instability, insincere leadership and ignorance are the main hurdles. The government has the main responsibility to ensure the child rights. The government, parents, child right activists, teachers, etc should play important roles to protect the rights of children and shape their future in meaningful way. Duties of the Children Rights and duties are supplementary to each other. One is incomplete in absence of other. Right can be entertained if it is followed by duties. Right without duty is anarchy. The children should fulfill certain duties while enjoying rights. Duties of children are as follows: To be obedient and discipline To study, play, eat and sleep in time To respect parents, teachers and seniors To love, help and care the juniors To be helpful to the needy To share the ideas with friends To use polite and respectful language To learn good behaviours and manner To learn to speak the truth KEY TERMS Hurdle : difficulty or obstacle Perilous : very dangerous Pillar : central figure Prosperous : successful and flourishing Stakeholder : somebody or something with direct interest 98 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activities a. What can be done to protect and promote child rights? Discuss with your friends and prepare a list. b. If there is someone doing good job for the welfare of children in your locality, write an article about that. c. What challenges do you think are there in the protection of child rights? Prepare a table showing challenges and their solution. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Children are the future of the country. Why? b. Why is it important to ensure child rights in the country? c. What are the efforts made in Nepal to protect child rights? List any four of them. d. Children also should fulfill certain duties while enjoying their rights. Make a list of such duties. 2. State true or false. a. It is enough if children are provided with food and cloths, no need to impart them education. b. Untouchability is a social crime. c. Listening to children means just to kill time. d. While making a plan in the family, welfare of the children should be considered. e. The Constitution of Nepal has not provisioned ‘Rights of Child’ in the fundamental rights. Civic Consciousness 99

Lesson RIGHT TO INFORMATION 6 Dear students, today we are going to discuss about the Right to Information. In our country, every citizen is guaranteed with right to information. It means we can request and obtain information held in public agencies. “Right to Information” is a fundamental right ;r\" gf xfdf| ] clwsf/ granted by present constitution. The Constitution of Nepal has provisioned the “Right to Information” ;z' f;g / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ in Article 27 as “Every citizen shall have the right to demand and receive information on any matter Right to Information is the of his or her interest or of public interest. But no foundation of Democracy one shall be compelled to provide information on any matter of which confidentiality must be maintained in accordance with law.” Previously, Right to Information Act, 2064 has also been enacted in the country to ensure the Right to Information in Nepal. Similarly, there is also a Right to Information Regulation, 2065 enacted with the purpose of giving enforcement to right to information laws in Nepal. Now, let’s study more about the “Right to Information”. Information Information refers to any written document, material or information related to the functions, proceeding or decisions of public importance made by the public agencies. Here, ‘Public Agency’ means an agency which provides public service and performs the function of public importance. Similarly, Public Importance means a subject related directly or indirectly with the interest of citizens. Information can be obtained by contacting the information officer. Nepali citizen who seeks to obtain any information should submit an application to the related information officer. The application must contain personal identity, reason and required specific information. Right to Information Right to information denotes the right to request and obtain information of public importance held in public agencies. This term also includes the right to study or observation of any written document, material held in public agency or proceedings of such public agency, to obtain a verified copy of such written 100 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7