Social Studies and Population Education Book 7_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Africa 1. Botswana 2. Burundi 6 73 3. Chad 4. Lesotho 9 5. Malawi 6. Mali 14 15 16 7. Niger 8. Rwanda 11 8 9. Burkina Faso 10. Swaziland 2 11. Uganda 12. Zambia 13. Zimbabwe 12 5 13 10 14. Central African Republic 1 15. Ethiopia 16. South Sudan 4 African Landlocked Countries 1 2 South America 1. Bolivia 2. Paraguay South American Landlocked Countries 201 Our International Relation and Cooperation

KEY TERMS Access : entry or approach Landlocked : surrounded by land Surrounded : enclosed Activities a. Find the landlocked countries in the map of Asia. b. Identify the following countries whether they are landlocked countries or not? India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Australia, USA, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Paraguay, Germany, Russia, Mongolia, Laos, Hungary, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Armenia, Qatar, Saudi Arab, South Korea, Japan, Sri Lanka c. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of being a landlocked. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Define landlocked country. b. Why is Nepal called a landlocked country? c. How many landlocked countries are there in Asia? Name them. d. Which continent has the least number of landlocked countries? Name them. e. Name the biggest and smallest landlocked countries of the world. 2. Match the following: Group B Group A African country European country Sri Lanka South American country Mali Asian Country Hungary Bolivia 202 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson PROBLEMS OF LANDLOCKED 4 COUNTRIES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS Nepal is rich in resources but is lacking access to the sea. Countries which have access to the sea and are linked by sea routes enjoy lots of Landlocked countries developmental opportunities. of the world The USA, Japan, Canada, The Landlocked High sea access Double-landlocked UK, Hong Kong, etc are a few Landlocked countries examples of countries with links to the ocean. On the other hand, a landlocked country is deprived of a number of opportunities for development provided by the sea. Therefore being landlocked is one of the major causes for poor economic development of our country. As a result, Nepalese are compelled to work in foreign countries for minimal salaries. Transportation of goods by waterway is cheaper and easier but we don’t have waterways. So, we have to use roadways in which transportation change is high. In the mountain districts of Nepal like Humla, Dolpa, Manang, etc, transportation of goods is very difficult and charge is also two to three times higher. Consequently, a landlocked country like ours experience many problems. Some of the major problems are: e Dependence on the neighbouring countries for external trade e Expensive border security and higher probability of border disputes e Cost of construction and development works is high because of expensive transport and trade e Difficulty in transportation of goods e Deprivation of marine resources opportunities Our International Relation and Cooperation 203

e Possibility of economic blockade if the relationship with neighbouring countries worsens Because our country is landlocked, we are also facing these problems. Since, we cannot fight with nature for having ‘no access to sea’ necessary steps must be taken to overcome these problems. The following measures can be helpful to minimize the problems faced by landlocked countries like Nepal: e Develop friendly relations with neighbouring countries and make provisions to import and export goods smoothly. e Develop healthy, warm and balanced relationship with neighbouring countries and other foreign countries. e Transits between the neighbouring countries should be made systematic. Any kind of illegal trade and smuggling of goods must be controlled. In the context of Nepal, the nearest sea ports lie to the south in India. The major transit cities in Nepal like Birgunj, Biratnagar, Kakarvitta, Bhairahawa, Dhangadhi, Mahendranagar, etc are situated in the South; the Nepal-India border. e Similarly, Olangchung Gola, Kimathanka, Kodari, Rasuwa, Mustang, etc are the northern transit cities with China. But they are very far from the sea. The northern transits are not as easy and effective as those in the south due to geographical difficulties. Other transit cities in both the north and south should open if necessary. e Develop railways, one of the most reliable and cheapest means of transportation, to promote trade with India and Tibet/China. e Mobilize effective internal means and resources, extend effective transportation routes across the country and increase man power according to national and international needs. KEY TERMS Blockade : stopping supply of goods from one place to another Consequently : as a result Transit : the action of passing through or across a place 204 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activities a. Beside the problems mentioned in the lesson, there may be other problems in landlocked countries. Discuss with the teacher and classmates and make a list of other problems landlocked countries can have. b. There are many landlocked countries in the World like Nepal. Some of them are highly developed. What may be the reasons for their prosperity? Why is our country not up to that level? Prepare a list of questions (questionnaire) and ask the teachers of other subjects for their opinions regarding this matter. Present your findings to the class. c. Compare the activities of the people living nearby a sea/ocean and a place far from sea. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Describe three major problems faced by landlocked countries. b. What are the measures to minimize the problems of landlocked countries like Nepal? Mention five measures. c. Both Nepal and Switzerland are mountainous and landlocked countries. Switzerland is highly developed and rich, but Nepal is not well developed. What are the possible reasons for this difference? d. Why is there no any landlocked country in North America and Australia? e. Write the differences between the transportation of goods through waterways and roadways. 2. Write a letter to your friend mentioning the major means and resources available in your locality and your future plan for their proper use. Our International Relation and Cooperation 205

Lesson CONTEMPORARY WORLD AND NEPAL 5 NEPAL RELEASED COINS Nepal launched commemorative coins to mark the 550th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism who is said to have visited Balaju, Kathmandu about 500 years ago. Though the population of Sikhs in Nepal is very small, they have made significant contribution in the development of transportation sector in Nepal. Similarly, commemorative coins were launched to mark Birth Centenary Year of Archeological and Cultural Expert Satyamohan Joshi. 13th South Asian Games (SAG)-2019 Nepal hosted 13th South Asian Games (SAG) from 1st-10th December, 2019. The game was inaugurated at Dasarath Rangasala, Kathmandu by Bidhya Devi Bhandari, the President of Nepal. Next South Asian Games will be held in Pakistan in 2022. Medal Table Country Gold Silver Bronze Total India 311 Nepal 173 93 45 206 251 Sri Lanka 51 60 95 132 Pakistan 138 Bangladesh 40 83 128 5 Maldives 20 Bhutan 32 41 59 19 32 87 104 0 7 13 206 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Visit Nepal 2020 “Visit Nepal 2020” has been inaugurated by the President of Nepal on 1st January, 2020. Its theme is “lifetime experiences”. The government of Nepal has aimed to welcome more than 2 million tourists in this year. Tourism is one of the important sources of Nepalese economy. KEY TERMS Centenary : the hundredth anniversary of a significant event Commemorative : an object such as a stamp or coin made to mark an event or honour a person Inaugurated : mark the beginning Activities a. Listen to the radio, watch television or read newspapers and collect five current affairs in the world. You can also cut the news reports and articles about current affairs and paste them in the scrap board of your classroom or school. b. How do games and sports contribute to strengthen mutual relationship among the countries? Present your logics. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Where was 13th SAG held? b. How many gold medals did Nepal bag in the 13th SAG? c. What do you think about the effort of the government to launch commemorative coins to mark birthday of important personalities? Present your opinion. d. Why is tourism considered an important source of Nepalese economy? Write in points. Our International Relation and Cooperation 207

Review Exercise 1. Identify the provinces in the given map of Nepal and show their headquarters. N 2. Why is SAARC needed? What are the benefits gained by Nepal from the establishment of SAARC? 3. Match the following: Capitals Kathmandu Countries Male Pakistan New Delhi Bhutan Colombo Sri Lanka Thimpu Nepal Kabul India Islamabad Bangladesh Dhaka Maldives Afghanistan 4. Compare the problems faced by Nepal as a landlocked country in construction and development, and the problems faced by other landlocked countries. Make a list of similarities and differences. 208 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

INTRODUCTION 9UNIT TO POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION ??? Learning Achievement J State introduction and importance of Population Education, J Mention scope and evolution of Population Education, J Apply different demographic data in population analysis, J Explain the trend of population growth rate in Nepal, and J Get acquainted with the pattern of population composition and distribution of Nepal. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 209

Lesson INTRODUCTION TO POPULATION EDUCATION 1 The word ‘Population’ generally denotes the total number of people living in a specific geographical area during a particular time. The area may be an Ilaka, a village, a town, a territory or a country and the time refers to a specific year. In other words, the total number of people residing in a particular place, community, territory or a country itself is the population of that place, community or country. For example, we can say that the population of Kathmandu district in 2011 AD was 17,44,240. Knowing the population helps answer the questions like: What is the population size of a specified place? How is the population distributed? What is the pattern of population composition of that place? Similarly, it also provides knowledge about the trend of population change of that place. Moreover, it develops understanding about the demographic components, process and measures in relation to the mathematical and statistical aspects. According to UNESCO (1970 AD): “Population Education is an educational programme which provides knowledge of population situation in the family, community, nation and the world with the purpose of developing in the students rational and responsible attitudes and behaviours towards that situation.” Population Education is dynamic in nature and is also accepted as an educational programme. The size, distribution, composition and change in population are considered to be the scope of population dynamics. It helps in shaping the attitude and the behaviour towards population for individuals, community, society and the nation. The increase in population results into more pressure on available means and resources. More resources have to be used to fulfill the needs and demands of the increasing population. As a result, the rapid population growth adversely affects the social, economic, cultural and environmental situation of the society and the nation. Hence, Population Education plays an important role to raise awareness regarding the negative consequences of rapid population 210 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

growth. In addition, it also supports the government for the proper management of population growth. In this way, Population Education helps people understand the consequences of over population and depopulation, experienced by family, society and the nation. It teaches people how to find ways to lessen the consequences brought about by overpopulation and depopulation. It develops awareness and understanding among stakeholders. It also plays an important role to encourage positive changes in attitudes and behaviours towards population issues. Advantages of Population Education There are various advantages of Population Education to individuals, family, society and the nation. Some advantages are mentioned as follows: Informs about the population composition of people living in particular places according to age, sex, religion, caste/ethnicity, etc. Helps to analyse the change in population size due to birth, death and migration in a particular place. Helps to develop positive attitudes on age for marriage, number of children, birth spacing and family size. Encourages people for proper family planning. Makes people aware of the consequences of rapid population growth on social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects. It increases quality of life. Makes people more responsible towards population management. Importance of Population Education For Nepal, census data is accepted as the most reliable source of demographic data. The importance of demographic data is mentioned as follows: M Political Importance: It helps to determine the number of electoral constituency and members of parliament. M Socio-economic Importance: It helps to take as a reference point to help determine the amount of development grants for the Rural Municipality, Municipality, District, etc. M Statistical Importance: It helps to provide a benchmark population for different sample surveys like Nepal’s Living Standard Survey, Nepal’s Demographic Health Survey, Nepal’s Labour Force Survey, Nepal’s Multi Indicators Survey, etc. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 211

KEY TERMS Benchmark : surveyor’s reference marker Demographic : the study of the characteristics of human population, such as size, growth, density, distribution, etc Dynamic : always changing Exploited : used up Territory : an area of land that belongs to or controlled by the government Activities a. Prepare a poster about the importance of population education to be displayed in your school and community. b. Prepare the household information of your classmates and display it on the notice board of your classroom. Name of Caste/ Family members in household the friends Ethnicity S.N. 0-14 15-59 60 years Occupation years years & above Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is population? b. Give a short introduction to Population Education. c. Write three advantages of Population Education. d. What sorts of queries are answered by Population Education? Write three points. 212 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson SCOPE OF POPULATION EDUCATION 2 Population Education is a multidimensional subject. Its scope and subject matter are wide. The scope of this subject varies from place to place and country to country depending on the context and requirement of those places. Not only Population Education helps to change the attitude and behaviour of individuals, it also helps to shape perception in order to develop a happy and more prosperous society. Similarly, it also helps them to achieve a higher quality of life. In this sense Population Education has a wider scope since it deals with many issues and subject matters. The scope of Population Education can be studied under the following topics: Demography Demography is one of the important scopes of Population Education. One must know that Demography and Population Education are not same. The mathematical study of the size, composition, spatial distribution and change in population over a time period is called Demography. Size, distribution, composition, density and population change are studied under Demography. The total number of people is called population size, while the arrangement of population according to the geographical and administrative division is called distribution. In the context of our country, population is distributed according to Mountain, Hill and Terai as well as provinces, districts, etc. Similarly, composition is the distribution of population according to age, sex, caste/ethnicity, religion, occupation and so on. Moreover population change refers to positive or negative increase of population over the time period. We know that birth, death and migration are the causes of population change. Determinants of Population Change As discussed earlier, birth, death and migration are called demographic factors of population change and play a significant role in changing the population size. Basically, factors like high infant mortality rate, illiteracy, economic condition of the family, socio-cultural norms and values, religious beliefs, superstitions and traditional values play major role in population change. In addition, malnutrition, poverty, and lack of health services also have a direct influence over population change. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 213

Consequences of Rapid Population Growth Population growth increases the demand of essential goods and services. For example, the demand for food, housing, employment, drinking water, etc will increase when the population grows. At the same time there is an undue pressure on education and health services. Remember that there are limited resources in any community, and the demands of growing populations may not be achieved. Consequently, the economic condition of many families become worse, and people suffer from various problems like unemployment, starvation, insecurity, family conflict, malnutrition and other various socio-economic and environmental problems. Natural resources are gradually depleted. In this situation, sustainable development of the society and nation is not possible and eventually it may create problems in the environment and ecosystem balance too. Consequences of Depopulation Depopulation is an equally serious problem for society and the nation. There is a lack of productive human resources like doctors, engineers, lawyers, teachers, carpenters, plumbers, farmers, pilots, etc due to depopulation. It affects the overall development process of the country. In this situation, a country has to bring in foreign workers to do these jobs. But it is not the long term solution. Its negative impact hinders in the social, cultural and political aspects due to the lack of human resources to work in these areas. Human Sexuality and Reproductive System Human sexual behavior and problems including reproductive system and functions are also the scope of Population Education. Similarly, the biological differences between a male and a female and their sexual characteristics have a direct impact on population change. Moreover, the gender role played by them also influences the size of population. This subject matter helps to control and manage the sexual behavior. Planning for the Future The issues and subject matters like marriage at an appropriate age, conception at an appropriate age, proper birth spacing and planning of family come under the scope of population education. It helps to secure happiness and prosperity in the family. At the same time, it also helps to change attitude and behaviour of the individuals towards the issues and subject matter of Population Education. 214 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Depopulation : population decline Multidimensional : of relating to several dimensions or subjects Perception : the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses Starvation : it is a severe deficiency in energy, nutrient and vitamin intake Superstition : a belief that is based on fear of the unknown and faith in magic or luck Traditional values : those beliefs and moral codes that are passed down from generation to generation within a subculture, culture or community Activity a. Compare over populated and depopulated areas. Prepare a small report about the socio-economic problems faced by the people who live in these two areas and report to your class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is demography? b. What are the factors that determine population change? c. What are the consequences of population growth in your locality? d. Mention the scope of Population Education. e. Explain the impact of rapid population growth on the socio-economic development of the society. f. Name three problems caused when an area is depopulated. g. Do you think people should plan their future family? State your opinion. Community Work Prepare a report by conducting a small survey with 10 unmarried individuals from different households in your nearby locality or neighbourhood about their future plan. What are they planning in regards to: a. Age for marriage b. Number of children c. Family size d. Birth spacing Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 215

3Lesson EVOLUTION OF POPULATION EDUCATION Population Education is considered as a part of education. It is believed that the study of Population Education was started since 1935 AD. Professor S.R. Wayland of Columbia University (USA) introduced this subject in the beginning. Wayland is called the father of Population Education. The evolution of Population Education in formal education system is mentioned below: Sweden introduced Population Education in 1935 AD. USA introduced Population Education in 1937 AD. Majority of the countries of the world began Population Education in 1970 AD. In order to develop the concept of Population Education, many worldwide awareness campaigns, international and regional workshops and seminars have been held over time. The main objective of these workshops and conferences were ultimately to direct the countries towards proper management of population in order to maintain quality of life. Some of the international workshops that have been held are as follows: The first Workshop on Population Education was held in 1970 AD in Bangkok, Thailand under the initiation of UNESCO. The workshops held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1971 AD, Istanbul, Turkey in 1973 AD and Santiago, Chile in 1974 AD had focused on developing the awareness regarding the need and importance of Population Education. Some international conferences have been held as organized collective efforts for information dissemination and solution on the adverse impact of rapid population growth. Among them, some noteworthy conferences are as follows: The first international conference on population and development was held in Bucharest, the capital city of Romania in 1974 AD. 216 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

The second international conference on population and development was held in Mexico in 1984 AD. The third international conference on population and development was held in Cairo, the capital city of Egypt in 1994 AD. In the context of Nepal, the Population Education was incorporated in the School Level Curriculum for the first time with the joint effort of the government and UNICEF in 2037 BS. The population committee (2032 BS) and the National Population Commission (2035 BS) provided the background to introduce Population Education in Nepal. The National Population Commission was formed in 2038 BS. In the same year, Population Education was incorporated in the school and university curriculum. The importance of Population Education subject has increased after the establishment of the Ministry of Population and Environment in 2052 BS. The Population Education programme has been in operation since 2038 BS in the Faculty of Education of Tribhuvan University. Population Education has been taught as an optional subject in M. Ed. since 2041 BS and in B. Ed. since 2046 BS. Similarly, the Faculty of Humanities started the B.A. programme on Population Study in 2042 BS and the M.A. programme in 2047 BS. Initially, a new subject, Population and Environment Education from grade 6 to 8 was introduced in 2052 BS as a compulsory subject. As per the recommendation of high-level national education commission 2055 BS, Health, Population and Environment Education was introduced as an integrated subject in the secondary level. Population Education is taught as an optional subject at the secondary level. Now, Basic Education Curriculum (grade 6 to 8), 2069 BS has introduced Social Studies and Population Education by developing a syllabus and subject matter as an integrated subject. Several local, national and international agencies are encouraging for the development of population and environment education. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 217

KEY TERMS Conference : meeting of people who confer about a topic Dissemination : scattering or spreading of information Workshop : a class or series of classes in which a small group people learn the methods and skills in doing something Activity a. Study the books, magazines, bulletins and other resource materials related to Population Education. Then write an article about the evolution of Population Education in Nepal. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Who is known as the founder of Population Education? Why is Population Education considered as an important subject? b. Explain the evolution of Population Education in Nepal. c. Mention the international workshops and conferences on Population Education in different time periods. 2. Match the following: Group B 2047 BS Group A 1974 AD 2038 BS • Establishment of National 2052 BS Population Commission 2069 BS 2035 BS • Provision of Social Studies and Population Education as an integrated subject • The first International Conference on population and development • Introduction of Population studies as an optional subject in MA • Establishment of Ministry of Population and Environment 218 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson SOURCES OF POPULATION STATISTICS 4 There are various sources of population data and these sources include census, Vital Registration System (VRS), sample survey, administrative records, etc. The population data collected from those sources in different time periods essentially provide information about the change in population size. In this lesson, we will discuss population census. Sources of Population Data Primary Sources Secondary Sources Census Textbooks Vital Registration System Research Reports Sample Survey Statistical Year Books Administrative Records Periodical Journals Population Monographs Census A population census is the primary source of population data. The enumeration of the entire population of a country or a region at a particular time period is known as population census. In a census, some important characteristics of each person such as age, sex, religion, language, economic activity, occupation, literacy and educational attainment, etc are separately recorded. A census enumerator collects information about each person in the household using demographic data (number of men, women, children, age, marital status, birth place, date of birth, etc), social data (nationality, religion, literacy, mother tongue, etc), and economic data (occupation, main source of livelihood, status as employer or employee, etc). The process of taking population data of households, community, society and the nation as a whole is called a population census. In our country the first population census was taken in 1911 AD. Generally, the population census is conducted every ten years. Since the first population Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 219

census was conducted in 1911 AD, ten more censuses have been conducted in Nepal. The National Population Census was conducted in 2011 AD and is the eleventh census of Nepal. Population Census cannot be conducted yearly due to the lack of means and resources, geographical constraints and various other reasons. In Nepal population census is enumerated on the basis of usual place of residence. This type of census is called modified de-jure census. The population information obtained from a census is called primary source of population statistics. On the basis of available population census data, the future planning, policy, strategy and programmes can be formulated for the development of the nation. Data or information already collected by other persons or institutions for different purposes is called secondary source of population data. Objectives of a Population Census To collect data on population size, composition, distribution and change there in, To provide benchmark data in order to formulate socio-economic and other development planning, To collect information about the facilities utilized by households, To provide reliable population frames for sample surveys, and To provide data for administrative units. Table: Population Situation of Nepal of Different Census Years (1971-2011 AD) Census Years (AD) Male Female Total 1971 5,817,203 5,738,780 11,555,983 1981 7,695,336 7,327,503 15,022,839 1991 9,220,974 9,270,123 18,491,097 2001 11,563,921 11,587,502 23,151,423 2011 12,849,041 13,645,463 26,494,504 Source: CBS, 2012 AD Vital Registration System A compulsory legal registration and statistical recording of vital events like births, deaths, divorce, marriage, adoption, migration of the individuals is called the vital registration system. It is also known as the civil registration system. The office which keeps the record of vital events of individuals is known as the vital 220 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

registration office (Panjikaadhikaariko Harinas Rural Municipality Karyalaya). In Nepal, the local vital registration office (Rural Municipality, Municipality) is the place that keeps the record of vital events like birth, death, migration and marriage. A divorce case is handled by the court. Hence the vital registration system can be known as a continuous, permanent and compulsory registration of vital events. In Nepal, this system dates back to 1st Baisakh 2034 BS. Generally the census occurs in every 10 years. The vital registration system helps to provide correct information about the number of births, deaths, marriage, migration, etc. It is taken as a legal document and is a source for population statistics. It is also essential to prove citizenship and to transfer inheritances. It provides the population data for a particular place. It also helps in the policy formulation process for different agencies by providing recent demographic data. There is provision for a vital registration office in each Rural Municipality and Municipality. These agencies come under the Ministry of Local Development. Table: Situation of Birth, Death and Migration in Nepal, 1991-2011 AD Demographic Indicators 2001 2011 Crude Birth Rate 32.5 24.3 Crude Death Rate 9.3 6.8* Migration 762,181 (Emigration) 1,921,494 (Emigration) 608,092 (Immigration) - *CIA, World Factbook Source: CBS, 2003, 2012 AD Sample Survey The act of collecting important data or statistics from a selected group of people which encompasses the whole population of an area is called sample survey. According to the definition of UN, “the sample survey is a process of collecting, compiling, analyzing, evaluating and publishing demographic, economic and social data about the sample population at a specified time that help to conclude the general behaviour of the specified area.” Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 221

Administrative Records The data collected by the various administrative bodies or units for their own use is known as administrative records. The administrative bodies have the list of voters, tax payers, telephone users, drinking water consumers, etc. The data obtained from these sources are useful in recording vital events and conducting surveys. KEY TERMS Benchmark population : reference population Constrains : something that plays the role of restriction Formation : creation Strategy : a careful plan for achieving a particular goal usually over a long period of time Activities a. Prepare a small report by taking data of your classmates and their family members on the basis of the following table: S.N. Caste/Ethnic Sex Age Religion Language Occupation Group 222 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

b. Why is the registration of vital events of your family, neighborhood and community essential? What are the advantages of a vital registration system to the nation? Discuss with your parents, teachers and present your findings to the class. c. Prepare a sample of a birth registration certificate with the help of your own birth registration certificate. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is a population data? b. What is a population census? c. Write the difference between census and population data. d. Why is a census essential for us? Give reasons. e. What is the difference between primary and secondary source of population data? f. What is a vital registration system? g. What kinds of events are registered in the vital registration system? h. What is the importance of vital registration system? i. In which year was the vital registration system started in Nepal? 2. Mention the objectives of a national population census. Community Work Identify the individuals who have not registered their birth and marriage in the Local Vital Registration Office. Prepare a letter to the head of the households for registration of vital events of their family members. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 223

5Lesson THE TREND OF POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN NEPAL Population is always changing with the change in time. It is a continuous process. It is difficult to determine the exact population size, but it is possible to enumerate an exact population for specified time and place. The trend of population growth (negative growth or positive growth) can be analysed through a comparative study of different census years. Realizing this importance, the total population is enumerated every ten years in Nepal. Table: Population Situation of Nepal, 1911-2011 AD Year Population Sex Ratio Population Population (AD) Growth Rate (%) Density (Km2) 1911 5,638,749 -- -- 38.3 1920 5,573,788 -- -0.13 38.0 1930 5,532,574 -- -0.07 37.6 1940 6,283,649 -- 1.16 43.0 1952/54 8,256,625 96.8 2.27 56.0 1961 9,412,996 97.0 1.64 64.0 1971 11,555,983 101.4 2.05 79.0 1981 15,022,839 105.0 2.62 102.0 1991 18,491,097 99.5 2.08 126.0 2001 23,151,423 99.8 2.25 157.0 2011 26,494,504 94.2 1.35 180.0 Source: CBS, 2012 AD The total population of Nepal in 1911 AD was 5,638,749. The population of the country declined until 1930 AD, and then after the population started increasing. The population of the country reached 6.28 million in 1940 AD with the growth 224 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

rate 1.16. If the population, growth rate had remained 1.16 in next decades too, the population would have only doubled after 200 years. But the growth rate of population after 1940 AD increased dramatically. From 1911 AD to 2011 AD the population of Nepal increased nearly four times. The population growth rate during 1991 to 2001 AD was 2.25 percent whereas the population growth rate of the country was 1.35 percent for the census period of 2001 AD to 2011 AD. If the population of the country increases at the same rate (i.e. 1.35%), the population growth rate could have been controlled to some extent. Now according to the 11th National Population Census, 2011 AD, the population of our country is recorded as 26,494,504. Nepal’s population will be doubled after 52 years if its annual growth rate remains at 1.35 percent. A glimpse of an overcrowded population KEY TERMS Decline : to become less in number Enumerated : counted, listed Trend : a pattern of gradual change Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 225

Activity a. Collect the population data in your ward of different years from the Rural Municipality/Municipality. Present the trend of population change in a bar diagram and discuss the reasons of population change in your locality. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Why is the comparative study of population essential? b. Present the population growth rate in Nepal in a table. c. Explain the population size and growth rate in Nepal. 2. Write True for correct statements and False for incorrect statements. a. The first population census of Nepal was held in 1921 AD. b. The population growth rate of Nepal recorded in the population census of 1971 AD is greater than that of population census of 1991 AD. c. The population of a country will be doubled in 70 years if the population increases at the rate of 1.35 percent per year. d. The population of Nepal declined until 1930 AD and started to grow. e. The high infant mortality rate causes rapid population growth rate. 226 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson POPULATION COMPOSITION IN NEPAL BY AGE, SEX 6 AND RELIGION Population data can be collected on the basis of age, sex, religion, occupation, etc. and these elements denote the population composition. Population composition indicates the socio-economic and demographic situation in the community and the society and also influences the nation’s development activities. Population Composition by Age: The distribution or arrangement of population on the basis of different age groups is called population composition by age. There is a common tendency to list the population according to groups like infants, children, youths, adults and old. Sometimes the population composition classifies the age according to a broad age group like: 0-14, 15-59 and 60 years and above. The population composition by broad age group is mentioned in the table given below: Table: The Composition of Population by Broad Age Group 2011 AD Age Group (Years) Population Percentage 0-14 9,248,246 34.91 15-59 15,091,848 56.96 60 & above 2,154,410 8.13 Total 26,494,504 100.00 Source: CBS, 2012 AD Population Composition by Sex: Population composition by sex refers to the distribution or arrangement of population according to male, female and third gender. It helps to provide the basis for the execution of plans and programmes to mitigate gender gap and discrimination. The results of the census year 2001 AD and 2011 AD are mentioned in the table that is given below: Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 227

Table: Situation of Population Composition by Sex, 2001-2011 AD Census years Total Male Female Sex (AD) Population Population Population Ratio 2001 23,151,423 11,563,925 11,587,502 99.8 2011 26,494,504 12,849,041 13,645,463 94.16 Change in 3,343,081 1,285,116 2,057,961 Population Source: CBS, 2012 AD Population Composition by Religion: The distribution of population on the basis of religion is called population structure or composition by religion. The population of Nepal is classified according to different religious groups. In our country people follow different religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Kirant, Islam, Jain, Sikhism, Christianity and so on. The population composition by religion in our country in different census periods is given in the table below: Table: The situation of Population Composition by Religion of Nepal 2001-2011 AD Religion Population Percentage Hindu 2001 AD 2011 AD 80.62 81.3 Buddhist 10.74 9.0 Islam 4.2 4.4 Kirant 3.6 3.1 Christian 0.45 1.4 Prakriti - 0.04 Jain 0.02 0.02 Sikh 0.02 0.002 Bahai 0.01 0.004 Others 0.44 0.88 Source: CBS, 2012 AD 228 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Census : the complete enumeration of a population at a point in time Mitigate : to make or become less severe or harsh Tendency : an inclination to do something Third gender : individuals, who are categorized as neither male nor female Activity a. Using the total number of boys and girls in the class, calculate the sex ratio of your class with the help of your teacher. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is population composition? b. What is population composition by sex? Why is it important to study population composition by sex? c. Define population composition by age. Why is population composition by age important? Write your answer. d. Explain the population composition of Nepal by religion. 2. Fill in the blanks. a. According to the population census of 2011 AD, ............................... percent of the population belonged to the 15-59 years age group. b. Female population in the National Population Census, 2001 AD was ...........................percent of the total population. c. According to the census report of 2068 BS, in our country 0.004 percent follow...................................religion. d. The sex ratio is the ratio between...........................and............................ e. During the period between 2001 AD and 2011 AD, the population of Nepal was increased by................................. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 229

Lesson POPULATION COMPOSITION IN 7 NEPAL BY LANGUAGE, CASTE/ ETHNICITY AND OCCUPATION Population Composition by Language The distribution of population according to mother tongue is called population composition by language. Despite its small size, Nepal accommodates a vast cultural diversity and linguistic plurality. The 2011 census has identified 123 languages spoken by the people in Nepal as mother tongues. The population composition of Nepal by mother tongue is presented in the table given below: Table: The Composition of Population in Nepal by Mother Tongue (2011 AD) Mother Tongue Percent Mother Tongue Percent Nepali 44.6 Magar 3.0 Maithili 11.7 Doteli 3.0 Bhojpuri 6.0 Bajjika 3.0 Tharu 5.8 Urdu 2.6 Tamang 5.1 Magar 3.0 Newari 3.2 Limbu 1.29 Awadhi 1.9 Gurung 1.23 Bhote/Sherpa 0.45 Santhal 0.19 Sunuwar 0.15 Rajbansi 0.01 Thakali 0.02 Hindi 0.23 Danuwar 0.18 Others 3.35 Source: CBS, 2012 AD Population Composition by Caste/Ethnicity The distribution of population according to caste or ethnicity is known as population composition by caste or ethnicity. 125 castes/ethnic groups 230 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

were listed in the 11th National Population Census in Nepal 2011 AD. The composition of population census by caste/ethnicity in Nepal in 2011 AD is mentioned in the table below: Table: The Composition of Population by Caste/Ethnicity, 2011 AD Caste/Ethnic Population Caste/Ethnic Population Group (Percentage) Group (Percentage) Chhetri 16.6 Rai 2.3 Brahmin 12.2 Gurung 1.98 Magar 7.1 Damai 1.79 Tharu 6.6 Limbu 1.46 Newar 5.8 Thakuri 1.61 Tamang 5.0 Sarki 1.41 Kami 4.8 Teli 1.39 Muslim 4.4 Chamar 1.26 Yadav 4.0 Koiri 1.16 Sherpa 0.43 Rajbanshi 0.44 Others 18.27 Population Composition by Occupation Source: CBS, 2012 AD Population composition by occupation refers to the distribution of population on the basis of various occupations. In our country people have a variety of occupations that they are involved in. Some are engaged in traditional occupations and businesses, while others are handling modern businesses and occupations. For instance: some people are engaged in agriculture, Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 231

some in sales and business, while others are in production, service and so on. Occupation has become one of the most important components of the population analysis in the world including Nepal. The population composition in Nepal based on various occupations is listed in the table below: Table: Population Compositions of Nepal by Major Occupations, 2011 AD Occupation 2011 (Population in %) Agriculture 61 Service 8 Trade 8 Production 2 Technical 2 Others 19 Source: CBS, 2014 AD The table reveals that the majority of the economically active population is engaged in agriculture while less than half of the total population is involved in non-agricultural sectors. For instance, 8 percent are engaged in service while 8 percent in trade. Moreover, 2 percent have been found in production whereas 2 percent have been engaged in technical sector. Out of the total economically active population, 19 percent have been found in other types of occupations. KEY TERMS Accommodate : include Engaged : involved in something Ethnicity : ethnic affiliation Linguistic : relating to language Plurality : great number 232 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activity a. Prepare a table showing the total number of students of your school for ten preceding years. Analyse the trend of students’ population of your school over ten years and discuss in the class under the supervision of your subject teacher. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. List the languages spoken by the people in your locality as their mother tongues. b. Describe the composition of population by Caste/Ethnicity according to the 11th Population Census 2011 AD. c. Analyze the population composition in Nepal by occupation from the 2011 AD census. 2. Write True for correct statement and False for incorrect statement. a. According to the 2011 AD population census, 5.1 percent speak the Tharu language. b. According to the 2011 AD population census, the Gurung population is 2.39 percent of the total population. c. 8 percent of the economically active population is in service in the 2011 AD National Population Census Report. Community Work a. Visit the people in your locality. Collect the data related to their occupations and present it in the class. b. Conduct a small survey on Caste/Ethnicity in your neighbourhood and present your findings in the class. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 233

Lesson POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF NEPAL BY 8 GEOGRAPHICAL REGION The arrangement of population on the basis of geographical, political and administrative regions is called Population Distribution. Nepal is divided into Mountain, Hill and Terai region and these geographical regions differ by topography, climate and settlement. The pattern of population distribution in the rural and urban area is not the same. There is a high population density in those places having more facilities. On the other hand the density of population is low in the areas with less facility. People migrate from rural to urban areas for employment, study, business and access to more facilities and opportunities. There has been a trend of migration from the Mountain and Hill to the Terai region. Nepal’s population is not equally distributed according to geographical region. The distribution of population according to geographical regions is listed in the table that is given below: Table: Population Distribution of Nepal by Geographical Regions (2001-2011 AD) Geographical Regions Population (Percent) Mountain 2001 AD 2011 AD 7.3 6.73 Hill 44.3 43.00 Terai 48.4 50.27 100.0 100.0 Total Source: CBS, 2012 AD The table reveals that the population of the Mountain region was 7.3 percent out of the total population in 2001 AD. After ten years the population of this region declined to 6.73 percent in 2011 AD. Similarly, the population of the Hilly region was 44.3 percent in 2001 AD. In 2011 AD census this population decreased to 43.00 percent. The population of the Terai region was 48.4 percent in 2001 AD. After 10 years the population of this region increased to 50.27 percent. So proper development planning is essential to manage the unbalanced distribution of population by geographical regions. 234 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activities a. Why is population distribution by geographical region essential? Discuss this with your class under the guidance of your subject teacher. b. Show the population distribution in Nepal in 2001 AD by geographical regions in a pie chart. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is population distribution? b. Explain the population distribution of Nepal by geographical regions, according to the 2011 AD census report. c. Write the reasons for low population density in the Mountain region. d. Why is there an unbalanced distribution of population by geographical regions? Explain with justification. e. The population in the Terai region is increasing rapidly. Why? 2. Fill in the blanks. a. During the period from 2001 AD to 2011 AD, the population of Terai region has increased by......................percent. b. According to the census year 2011 AD, the population of the Hill region was......................percent of the total population of the country. c. The distribution of population differs by geographical regions due to ......................, climate and socio-economic factors. d. Population distribution is the......................of population on the basis of ......................and administrative divisions. Introduction to Population and Demographic Situation 235

Review Exercise Activities Divide the class into four groups. Prepare posters mentioning the introduction, importance and needs of Population Education and display at your neighbourhood. 1. Fill in the blanks. a. Population Education helps to change..........................of individuals. b. There are..........................areas of Population Education. c. The total number of people living in a specific area and at a specific time is called........................... d. ..........................deteriorates the environmental balance. e. ..........................is the primary source of population data. 2. Match the following: Group B Group A • Birth, death and • Demography • Determinants of population change migration • Consequences of rapid population • Age, Sex, Religion, Caste/ growth Ethnicity, etc • Components of Population • Statistical Study of Composition population • The arrangement of population • Unemployment, according to geographical, political and Unsecurity, Food Scarcity, administrative division Poverty, etc • Population distribution • Socialization process 3. Write True for correct statements and False for incorrect statements. a. Population denotes the population of all living creatures. b. Population Education promotes knowledge, skill and understanding and brings positive changes in behaviour. c. Population Education helps people to live happy and prosperous lives. d. Depopulation is advantageous to the society and nation. e. Population distribution means the arrangement of population by age, sex and occupation. 236 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

10UNIT POPULATION GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT ??? Learning Achievement J Discuss the status of population growth in Nepal, J Mention the causes and consequences of rapid population growth, J Introduce population management and follow the measures of population management, J Get knowledge about family life education, J Explain quality of life and practice it, and J Illustrate the role of national agencies for population management. Population Growth and Management 237

Lesson TREND OF POPULATION GROWTH IN NEPAL 1 Increase or decrease in the size of population in a particular place at a particular time is known as population change. There is increase in population size with the birth of the babies. On the other hand, death decreases the population size. Similarly, in-migration and immigration also contribute to the increase in population. In-migration is the movement of people to a particular place from different parts of the country whereas; immigration is the migration of foreigners into the country. Population growth rate is the increase in population due to birth and migration. The increase in population at a high rate is known as rapid population growth. In Nepal the population census began in 1911 AD. The population in the country decreased in the next 30 years. Some of the reasons behind the drop in the population size are: Unscientific census enumeration. Emigration of a large number of Nepali youth due to the recruitment in Gorkha Army during the First World War Due to the prevalence of a pandemic influenza throughout the country. After the 1941 AD census year, the population of our country began increasing rapidly. One of the reasons for rapid growth in population is the return of the Nepali youths from the World War (approximately 2,00,000 were recruited in Gorkha Army during that period). At the same time many Nepali citizens who were residing in different countries also returned to their homeland after the establishment of democracy. The trend of population growth rate in the country is listed in the table given below: 238 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Table: The Situation of Population Growth Rate of Nepal (1911-2011 AD) Census Year (AD) Population Growth Rate(%) 1911 - 1920 1930 -0.13 1941 -0.07 1.16 1952/54 2.27 1961 1.64 1971 2.05 1981 2.62 1991 2.08 2001 2.25 2011 1.35 Source: CBS, 2012 AD One important reason behind the rapid population growth rate is the high birth rate and a significant decline in mortality rate. According to the above table, the population of Nepal increased rapidly from 1971 AD to 2001 AD. However, the growth rate decreased to 1.35 percent in 2011 AD. Some of the reasons for the fall in population growth rate are the improvement in health services, reduction in fertility rate, urbanization, emigration of Nepali people to different countries, increased access to sanitation services, and family planning awareness and services. The birth rate plays an important role in the growth of population. Furthermore migration is also considered to be an important factor responsible for rapid population growth. Migration is the geographical movement of people from one place to another place involving the change of usual place of residence. In- migration and out-migration plays an important role in population change. KEY TERMS Emigration : the process of moving out to other countries crossing the national boundary Residence : the place in which one lives Population Growth and Management 239

Activities a. Show the trend of population growth rate in Nepal in a table and discuss in the class. b. Write the consequences of depopulation and over population on social, economic and environmental aspects on a chart paper and display it on your classroom’s wall. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is rapid population growth? b. What are the reasons for the population decrease in Nepal from 1911 AD until 1930 AD? c. Explain the factors of population change. d. What is migration? e. “Migration is also considered as an important factor of population change.” Justify. f. What is the trend of migration in Nepal? Forward possible reasons. Community Work Collect the data of vital events of life that occurred in your community for the past one year. Use the table below to present your findings. Total Total live Total Total Total Total number households births population immigrants out-migrants of deaths 240 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID 2 POPULATION GROWTH Janata Secondary School Bahuni, Morang February 25th, 2020 The Chairperson, District Co-ordination Committee, Kaski. Dear Sir, We, the students of grade seven visited Kaski district, a beautiful tourist destination in our country, for an educational tour from our school for our Population Education class. During our visit we received cordial cooperation from the District Co-ordination Committee office. With the help of the district profile of population statistics, we were able to collect important socio-economic and demographic information. This information helped us to learn about the socio- economic and demographic condition of the people of your district. We also learned that there has been a rapid increase in population in your district. On the other hand, the population in some other districts of our country has decreased during the same time period. During our study we observed that the following factors are responsible for rapid population growth in your district: High migration rate: There is a large volume of in-migrants from different districts. An increasing trend of in-migration rate has been observed. Ignorance: There is a tendency of having large number of children due to ignorance especially in rural and remote areas. Illiterate people are most likely to have large families. Population Growth and Management 241

Superstition: Some villagers still believe that children are a blessing from God. As such, they did not use contraceptive devices and were indifferent towards reproductive health counseling and services. Poor Economic Condition: It is because of poverty that many villagers believe that more children meant more income. Also there is a tendency among couples to believe that having more children meant a better old age security. Social and religious norms and values: It is observed that in your district girls are married at an early age and this practice results in high birth rates. People also believe that birth control and family planning are against the philosophy of religion. As such, high birth rates contribute to population growth. Poverty and backwardness: The task of population management might be difficult in rural and urban areas due to poverty and backwardness. Unbalanced distribution of development opportunities: The state of development of the district is not planned properly and is not according to the principle of sustainable and balanced development. Development opportunities and benefits are not distributed on an equitable basis in the district. Due to this, poverty and backwardness is on the increase among the people. This in turn created an adverse impact on the population situation and quality of life. This trend of rapid population growth in your district will have following consequences: M The cultivable land will be used up for settlement and is likely to result in food scarcity in the near future. M Various kinds of chronic and acute diseases will spread due to environmental pollution. M There will be a depletion of biodiversity including, water and land resources. 242 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

M There will be an encroachment in the forest resources and poaching of wild animals and other forest products. M Pollution and waste management problem will increase which will eventually create problems in human health and well-being. M There will be a prevalence of endemic as well as epidemic diseases. M There will be an increase in social problems like theft, robbery, kidnapping. M Since this place itself is the hot spot in tourism, the impact of this district will spread to its neighbouring districts and other parts of the country too. M Over population will be a great challenge to eradicate poverty. M It is likely to increase the gap between the rich and the poor as well as urban and rural settlement. M Finally rapid population growth in Kaski will cause negative impact on the development activities. We hope you will give your attention to our suggestions. Sincerely yours, Research Team KEY TERMS : long lasting Chronic Demographic : the data relating to the population Destination : the place people migrate to Epidemic : the disease regularly occur in a particular place or among a particular group of people Eradicate : to destroy or get rid of something completely, specially something bad Population statistics : population data Smuggling : the crime of taking, sending or bringing goods illegally into or out of the country Superstition : the belief that particular events happen in a way that cannot be explained by reason or science Population Growth and Management 243

Activity a. Evaluate the impact of population growth on socio-economic and environmental aspects in your locality and present your findings to the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Write the causes of rapid population growth. b. How does illiteracy help to increase population growth rate? Give reasons. c. “Religious norms and values is helping to increase population.” Justify the statement. d. Poverty and backwardness are also considered as the cause of rapid population growth. Why? e. Mention the consequences of rapid population growth rate. 244 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson POPULATION MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE 3 Rapid population growth disintegrates the balance between natural resource, environment and other living beings. It directly has impact on the ability to meet our needs in life. With an increase in population, there will be an increase in the needs and demands. These needs and necessities cannot be fulfilled if the rapid population growth rate cannot be controlled. In such a situation, our basic needs like food, clothing, housing, health service and education, etc cannot be adequately fulfilled. As a result, it reduces our quality of life. Population Management Population management implies to the proper distribution of population as per the natural resources. Population is dynamic in nature. So, the population situation needs to be focused while utilizing the means and resources. If the population has increased beyond the capacity of the means and resources, it results in the crisis of social, economic and environmental aspects. Problems like hunger, conflict, and dispute emerges in families and society. In order to control such problems and for the proper utilization of the available means and resources, population management is mandatory. Moreover in some conditions, when there is inadequate human resource to mobilize the available means and resources, population size has to be increased. This practice also comes under the strategy of population management. So, we can say that there is mutual relationship between means and resources and population in the nation. Quality of Life Quality is a relative term. It can be studied in terms of situation, time and place. The human’s quality of life is basically determined by the quality and quantity of the goods and services utilized by them and their life style. An increase in income level increases his/her living standard, but merely an increase in living standard may not necessarily improve quality of life. 245 Population Growth and Management

A happy joint family Quality of life can be determined by the quality and quantity of necessary services and facilities available to people. Nutritious food, healthy residence, clean clothes, quality education, safe drinking water, easily accessible and affordable health services, small family size, saving, employment, birth spacing, marriage at appropriate age, gender equality, first conception at suitable age are some basic criteria for measuring quality of life. If the population increases rapidly and services and facilities cannot be increased in the same ratio, there will be deterioration in quantity and quality of services. In this situation people will not be able to get food, shelter, clothing, health service, education and other services and facilities as per their requirement. When people do not get essential goods and services adequately, it deteriorates the quality of their life. There must be proper management of population for the attainment of quality of life. 246 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Criteria : a standard or principle by which something is judged or decision is made Degradation : the act of reducing quality or rank Deterioration : degradation Disintegrate : to separate into small parts Dispute : serious disagreement about something Inadequate : not enough Activity a. Make a list of the available natural resources of your locality. What should be the optimum population size of your locality in terms of existing resources and other means and services of that place? Give your opinion in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is population management? b. “Population management is essential for development.” Justify the statement. c. What is meant by quality of life? d. How does degradation in quality of life occur? e. Explain the role of population management for the attainment of quality of life. Population Growth and Management 247

Lesson MEASURES OF POPULATION MANAGEMENT 4 In the context of Nepal, the primary task of population management is to control population growth rate. Similarly, planning for the proper settlement for migrants also comes under the population management. Some of the important measures of population management are as follows: Proper Birth Spacing The interval between two babies (the first and the second baby) is called birth spacing. In the context of our country, there is a general practice of birth spacing with the interval of 3-5 years. Birth spacing delays the birth of the babies and eventually helps in the management of population. Proper Age at Marriage and Conception Proper age at marriage can be considered as the proper age for marriage when the individuals are physically, mentally, socially and economically prepared. From the reproductive health perspective, the appropriate age of marriage for a female is after 20 years and for male is believed to be after 25 years. Generally, the healthy reproductive age for female is considered from 20 to 30 years. In the context of males, physical growth continues till the age of 25 years. Marriage of a female after 20 and for a male after 25 years is ideal for reproductive health and for other socio-economic and spiritual perspectives too. According to Muluki Civil (Code) Act 2074 BS, both male and female should have attained at least 20 years of age for marriage. Some advantages of first conception at an appropriate age are as follows: M There is birth of a physically and mentally healthy baby. M There is less chance of miscarriage. M There is less chance of health complications for mother. M There is less risk to the mother during her delivery period. M It doesn’t hamper the career of the women due to understanding. At the same time parents can get ample opportunities to acquire proper education and income generating skills so they can provide better health care for their 248 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

babies. Parents can also save for the education and career of their children from their income generated by their jobs and businesses. Hence, appropriate age of marriage and conception helps in population management. Education Opportunity to Female According to the 2011 AD census report, more than half of the total population is occupied by the female population in Nepal. However females are deprived of education, health service and political accessibility. The female literacy rate is less when compared to their male counterparts. Gender discrimination For instance the 2011 census male literacy rate is 75.1 percent whereas the female literacy rate is 57.4 percent. The females of our country are still suffering from social problems like child marriage, polygamy, illiteracy, social and religious taboos etc. There is an urge to empower women through education and other means. Female education can boost the status of their reproductive health. At the same time it helps to increase their involvement in the social, economic and political decision making process. Ultimately education for females provides support in the management of population. Gender equality Males and females both deserve equal rights and obligations. Gender equality refers to the equal enjoyment of rights, opportunities, resources and rewards by males and females. A family leads a happy and productive life only through the mutual understanding and cooperation between Enjoying equal rights husband and wife. But unfortunately, there is gender discrimination in each and every sector in Nepal. When we emphasize on gender equality, the couple’s mutual satisfying decision about the birth of their babies must be taken into consideration too. In this situation, mutual understanding and the involvement of husband and wife play an important part in having a small family and the attainment of quality of life. Population Growth and Management 249

KEY TERMS Conception : the process of being pregnant Empower : to give somebody the power or authority to do something Obligation : something which you must do Perspective : a particular attitude towards something Activities a. Discuss the various measures of population management in the class under the supervision of your subject teacher. b. Write down the measures of women empowerment on a chart paper after discussing it with friends. Then explain the measures to your subject teacher. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. How does birth spacing help in population management? b. Mention the impact of appropriate age of marriage on population management. c. Write down the advantages of first conception at appropriate age. d. “Gender equality helps population management.”Justify this statement. 2. Write True for correct statement and False for incorrect statement. a. The appropriate age of marriage for women is after 20 years from the perspective of reproductive health. b. There is less risk to the mother when she gives birth to the baby at an early age. c. Females should be provided with education rather than a dowry. d. Nepali people are enjoying gender equality in each and every sector. e. Population management means to balance the population size with the existing resources in a particular place. 250 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7