Social Studies Book 9_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. SOCIAL STUDIES Revised and Updated 2077 9GRADE Authors Matrika Pd. Lamsal Sanjeev Rai

Published by TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal. Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 E-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com © Copyright: Publisher 2075 BS First Edition : 2073 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2074, 2075, 2076 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2077 BS No part of this book (maps, symbols, illustrations, etc.) may be reproduced or transmitted by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution. Edited by: Thanks to: Language Editor Ganesh Dhakal Ishwar Mani Lamsal Kiran Thapa Krishna Pd. Parajuli Badri Bdr. Chauhan Grishma Rajbhandari Purshottam Khanal Narayan Chapagain Layout Readmore Desktop Printed in Nepal You can exchange this book from your nearest book shop if any binding errors are found. Read to help others read ! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Charity Fund. The fund is provided to deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

About the book Social Studies is a graded series of books for school children. The Secondary Level series consists of two books suitable for classes IX and X. This series is prepared especially for the children of English medium schools of Nepal. It is an appropriately planned graded series fulfilling the needs of students and teachers in the changing situation of our country and the world. Salient features of the book: The entire curriculum has been divided into 9 units as specified by the Curriculum Development Centre, Government of Nepal. Each unit consists of lessons covering the entire curriculum and additional materials. Every lesson has been supplemented with suitable pictures and illustrations. This book includes informative colourful maps of the continents so that students can easily get information about the physical features and other characteristics of the continents. Outline maps of all the continents are also included in the book so that students can evaluate their knowledge themselves. The related provisions of the Constitution of Nepal, prevailing rules and regulations have been presented in a simplified manner. New topics like Peace Culture, Empathy and Cooperation, Conflict Cycle and Conflict Resolution, Socialization, Nationality and Subject of National Concern, Constituent Assembly, Genealogy, Entrepreneurship, Trade Diversification in Nepal, etc have been given special attention. The contents of the lessons are simple with lucid language and edited by expert language editors. The latest accurate data is included in all the lessons. These series are appropriately illustrated books reflecting the socio-economic and cultural side of Nepal. Special attention has been given to social, ethnic and geographical diversity, gender equality and secularism. Sufficient evaluation exercises are given in each and every lesson according to the objectives of the curriculum. Activities, exercises and enough community and project works have been given in each lesson. Key terms are given in each lesson to make the students understand the lesson easily. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principals and teachers who have recommended Social Studies book to their students and schools. We are confident that this book will be able to fulfill the objective set forth by CDC/ GoN of Nepal. We highly appreciate the opinion and constructive suggestions from the teachers and intellectuals. - Authors

Table of Contents UNIT 1. WE AND OUR SOCIETY 7 10 1. Development of Society 14 2. Types of Society 17 3. Basic Elements of Society 19 4. Socialization 5. Our Identities and National Pride UNIT 2. DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Concept of Development 27 2. Prerequisites of Development 30 3. Infrastructures of Development 35 4. Traditional Knowledge, Skill and Technology and their Creative Use 45 UNIT 3. OUR TRADITION, SOCIAL VALUES AND NORMS 1. Our Traditional Arts 49 2. Nepali Sculpture (Murtikala) 54 3. Nepali Architecture (Vastukala) 57 4. Religious Tolerance and Secularism 61 5. Contributions Made by Our National Figures and Luminaries 65 6. Empathy and Cooperation 71 7. Peace Culture 73 UNIT 4. SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS 76 79 1. Identification of Social Problems and their Solutions 84 2. Corruption 89 3. Prostitution, Addiction and Bullying 92 4. Contribution of Local and National Organizations in Social Reform 95 5. Efforts Made for Social Reform in Nepal 6. Conflict Cycle and Resolution UNIT 5. CIVIC AWARENESS 99 102 1. An Introduction to Constitution 107 2. Constitutional Development in Nepal 111 3. Constituent Assembly 120 4. Fundamental Rights 122 5. Duties of Citizen 126 6. Rights to Information 130 7. Good Governance 133 8. Rule of Law 136 9. Democratic Conduct 139 10. Civil Society 142 11. Peace and Order 145 12. Unity in Diversity 13. Nationality and Subject of National Concern UNIT 6. OUR EARTH 150 156 1. Longitude and Time 2. Physical Features of Nepal

3. Climate of Nepal 162 4. Natural Vegetation of Nepal 166 5. Geographical Diversity and Lifestyle in Nepal 169 6. Water Resource in Nepal and its Utilization 172 7. Map Work 176 8. Sketch Map 182 9. Knowledge About Distance 184 10. Asia: Geographical and Natural Environment 189 11. Asia: Economic Activities and Social Life 194 12. Europe: Geographical and Natural Environment 202 13. Europe: Economic Activities and Social Life 207 14. Australia: Geographical and Natural Environment 214 15. Australia: Economic Activities and Social Life 217 16. Asia, Europe, Australia and Nepal 224 UNIT 7. OUR PAST 228 233 1. Exploration of Sources of History, their Study and Preservation 236 2. Birthplace of Buddha and Shakya Dynastic History of Kapilvastu 242 3. Prithvi Narayan Shah and Unification Campaign 245 4. Effects of the Unification Campaign of Nepal 250 5. Anglo-Nepal War: Causes and Consequences 255 6. Anglo-Nepal War and Nepalese Bravery 259 7. Causes of the Rise and Fall of Rana Rule 262 8. Effects of the Rana Regime 268 9. Industrial Revolution and its Effects 270 10. Genealogy 11. Our Ancestors: Our Guides UNIT 8. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 273 276 1. Agriculture 279 2. Modern Agriculture System 281 3. Commercialization of Agriculture 288 4. Industry 291 5. Trade 293 6. Pattern of Nepal’s Foreign Trade 295 7. Trade Diversification in Nepal 297 8. Trade Promotion and Marketing 300 9. Inter-Relationship Among Agriculture, Industry and Trade 305 10. Economic Planning 308 11. Contribution of Economic Planning in Poverty Alleviation and Employment Promotion 311 12. Entrepreneurship 313 13. Employment Generation and Management 14. Labour UNIT 9. OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND CO-OPERATION 317 322 1. Nepal’s Donor Countries and Agencies 325 2. Nepal in United Nations Organization 327 3. Nepal’s Contribution in International Peace Keeping 329 4. Diplomatic Mission 5. Contemporary Events GRID 332-336

1UNIT WE AND OUR SOCIETY Learning achievements Interpret the concept of society and its characteristics, Mention the concept of social development, its types and elements of a good society, Express the concept of socialization and exhibit it in practice, List the elements of socialization and its importance, Describe the elements of socialization, Discuss the importance of socialization, Identify the diversity and preserve it, and Explain the national prides of Nepal. 6 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

1Lesson DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY Introduction The term ‘society’ is derived from Latin word ‘socious’. In Latin language, ‘socious’ means friendship or relationship between the parties that are friendly. Thus, a society is an organized form of friendship and mutual relationship. It is a structured community of people bound together by similar tradition, institution, nationality, collective activities and interests. “Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together.” - Giddings “Society is the web of social relationship.” - MacIver and Page “Society is the complex of organised association and institution with a community.” - G.D.M. Cole Human societies are characterized by patterns of social relations between individuals who share a distinctive culture, institutions and same geographical or social territory. Every member is active in the society for achieving common aims and objectives. In fact, a society is the network of the relationships between the individuals. Relationship between individual and society A human being is a wise and conscious social creature. S/he lives in the society where his/ her existence is possible. There is no existence of society without its members. Hence, the existence of an individual and a society is not possible without each other. There is close relationship between an individual and society. Characteristics of a society Society is dynamic in nature as the needs of individuals change along with time. It is a network of cultured social relations. It is associated with the institutional development on the basis of certain objective, policy and norms. Every member of society protects his/her right in the society. Social development is the main aim of society. There is feeling of belongingness, mutual interaction, activeness and unity in the society. Members of the society have common aim and need. Society is independent and abstract. There is mutual relationship among the members of society. We and Our Society 7

Development of Society Development refers to a positive and progressive change in somebody or something. It is something new observed in quality or quantity of something or somebody. We can observe many changes in the society. The positive change in social incidents, process and structure, etc is known as the development of society. Development of society indicates the entire change including internal and external structure of the society. In addition to that, development of society means transformation of social structure, social relations, social institution, etc in their new form. Every society is transforming from simple to complex, equality to inequality, unity to diversity, uncivilization to civilization and primitive to modern. Usual and planned Process of transformation Gender Equality Collective change Features of Religious Equality Universal process Development Unequal pace of of Society development Fair Judicial Focus on System reconciliation Unpredictable KEY TERMS Abstract : existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence Associated : connected with another person or event Derive : get or come from something Dynamic : active and changing Interaction : communication or collaboration Primitive : somebody or something from the first stage or form of something Transformation : complete change 8 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Organize a group discussion program among your classmates and discuss about the characteristics of your society. 2. Prepare a chart reflecting the characteristics of your society. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Define ‘Society’ in a sentence. 2. How do you identify the development of society? Write in a sentence. 3. “Every society is transforming from primitive to modern.” Do you agree with this statement? Write your opinion in a sentence. 4. In your view, which one is the most important characteristic of a society? Why? Short answer questions: 1. List the characteristics of society. 2. Explain the relationship between an individual and a society. 3. Prepare a dialogue between two friends about development of society. 4. “Development of society means the transformation of society”. Elucidate it by giving examples. 5. Why do you think the pace of the development of society is not equal everywhere? Write in four points. 6. “Development of the society is a universal process.” Justify the statement. Community Work Make a study in your community on the topic ‘Lifestyle of people’ or ‘Economic status of people’ and find out the changes observed within last thirty years. Present your study report in your class. We and Our Society 9

2Lesson TYPES OF SOCIETY Society has been classified into different types on various bases. Generally, society is classified on the basis of level of development and technology, livelihood, culture, language, religion, or other inequalities. English Anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Tylor has classified society into Nomadic society, Barbarian society and Civilized society. Sociologist Gerhard Lenski has differentiated Sir Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Marx societies into Hunters and Gatherers society, Simple Agricultural society, Advanced Agricultural society, Industrial society and Special society. Similarly, Karl Marx has classified it into Hunting and Gathering society, Pastoral society, Feudal society, Capitalist society and Socialist society. Classification of Society and their bases On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of economy language settlement religion time Capitalist Unilingual Rural Hindu Ancient Society Society Society Society Society Socialist Bilingual Urban Buddhist Medieval Society Society Society Society Society Mixed Multilingual Muslim Modern Society Society Society Society Christian Society etc Here, the societies have been classified according to subsistence strategies or on the ways humans use technology to fulfill their needs. 1. Hunting and Gathering Society It is considered as the first stage in the development of society. The main food source in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. It is the simplest form of society. There was no permanent human settlement. Humans used to move around constantly in search of food. There was no social relation like family, marriage, 10 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

relatives, etc. They adopted such subsistence strategy to continue their existence. Gradually, they began to use stone weapons and tools for collecting wild plants and hunting wild animals. In such societies, the human was only a consumer not a producer. Though, there was no division of labour, the males were involved in hunting and the females were involved in gathering foods. The Raute society of Nepal can be considered as an example of such society. This type of society is still in existence in India, Australia and South Africa. 2. Pastoral/Animal Rearing Society The members of pastoral society depend on domesticated herd of animals to meet their needs of food. When human needs could not be fulfilled only with hunting and gathering, this type of society was formed. It is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. In such society, the members live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. There, we can find the divisions of human society into having more cattle and having less cattle or having no cattle. The human needs are fulfilled through animal husbandry. Examples of this type of society can be found in Northern region of Nepal, Middle Asia, Tibet, Africa and Middle East. 3. Horticultural Society Various kinds of fruits and vegetables grown in gardens are the main source of food in this type of society. Some horticultural groups use the slash-and-burn method to increase their production. The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as fertilizers. Such type of society is found in Kenya and New Guinea. There are few societies in Nepal running their livelihood from horticulture. 4. Agrarian/Agricultural Society 11 This type of society depends on the agricultural production for livelihood. There are two classes in the agrarian society; feudal class and peasant class. The agrarian society is believed to be started from Egypt. We can find majority of rural society of Nepal depending on agriculture. People sustain their life by growing food crops and cash crops. About two-third of Nepal’s population depends on agrarian society. We and Our Society

5. Industrial Society The society running its member’s livelihood from industrial profession and producing more products for trading is known as industrial society. This type of society is considered to have emerged in 18th century. In the industrial society, the industrialist is called capitalist and the people working in the industries are called labourers or proletariats. There is a huge gap between the rich and poor people in such societies. It is rich in cultural diversity. Such societies can be found in developed countries like USA, Japan, South Korea, etc. It is gradually developing in industrial and urban area of Nepal as well. Different types of society and their prominent characteristics Agrarian Society: The people depend on agriculture for livelihood. Barbarian Society: The people are uncivilized, brutal and uncultured. Capitalist Society: The means of production are privately owned and producers compete to maximize their profit. The state does not interfere in the economic activities. The private sectors run economic activities along with agriculture, industry and trade. Feudal Society: The people receive land and protection from the landowner, and work and fight in a war for him in return. Horticultural Society: The people raise and tend plants, especially flowers, fruits and vegetables as the main source of their livelihood. Hunting and Gathering Society: The people sustain by hunting, fishing and gathering wild fruits and vegetables. Industrial Society: The people work in manufacturing, trade and service by using technology to enable mass production. Nomadic Society: The people have no fixed residence and move from place to place in search of food and water. Pastoral Society: The social and economic system is based on the raising and herding of livestocks. Socialist Society: The means of production, distribution, and exchange are owned by the community collectively, usually through the state or society. KEY TERMS Bilingual : having the ability to speak two languages Livelihood : something that provides income to live on, especially paid work Multilingual : speaking several languages Pastoral : relating to or keeping sheep or cattle Sociology : study of society Subsistence : the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself, especially at a minimal level Unilingual : using or knowing only one language 12 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Make a chart of the classification of society and display it in your classroom. 2. Organize a group discussion program among your classmates and discuss the characteristics of different types of society. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Who was Sir Edward Burnett Tylor? Into how many types has he classified the society? 2. What are the types of society according to Karl Marx? 3. Compare between nomadic and barbarian society in a sentence. 4. Classify the society on the basis of economy. 5. What type of society do you like the most and why? 6. On the basis of subsistence strategy or mode of life, in which type of society do you think the majority of Nepalese people belongs to? 7. “The Nepalese society is called the multilingual society.” Do you agree? Why? 8. The society of Raute tribe of Nepal is considered as an example of Hunting and Gathering Society. Why? Write your opinion in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. How is the society classified on the basis of time? Which one do you think is more civilized? Why? 2. How do you classify the society on the basis of economy? Write one characteristic of any two of them. 3. Prepare a list of the types of society on the basis of subsistence strategy or way of life. 4. Compare between the agrarian and industrial society in four points. 5. Even in this 21st century, some tribes of Nepal are living in hunting and gathering society. Their existence has become critical due to deforestation. In this situation, how should we protect them from extinction? Suggest any four measures. 6. What type of society do you prefer: pastoral or horticultural society? Give any four reasons. 7. Complete the following table: S.No. Types of Society Characteristics of Society 1. Hunting and Gathering Society 2. Pastoral Society 3. Horticultural Society 4. Agrarian Society 5. Industrial Society Community Work Consult the senior citizens of your community to find in which type of society you are living. We and Our Society 13

3Lesson BASIC ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY Every society possesses some factors as its components. Such factors are known as the elements of society. The elements of society are presented below: Self-origin and development: When some people gather at a place and start settling there permanently, a kind of collective feeling develops within them. They start caring for each other, share feelings and support each other. Such activities automatically form and develop a society. Collective sentiment: There is collective sentiment in every member of society. The members of society are close to each other. They support each other and participate in each other’s programs and festivals. They have common feeling of unity and care for each other. Common life: The lifestyle of an individual is determined according to the form of society. Every member of society fulfills the needs like living, education, security, entertainment, etc from the same society. Generally, every member holds the similar lifestyle within a society. Feeling of pride to ancestral deeds: Ancestors are the guidelines for the present generation. Their good deeds are respected and adopted by their descendants. A good society holds the feeling of pride to ancestral deeds. Fixed territory: There is a fixed geographical territory of society. Thus, every member of the society gets an opportunity to share happiness and sorrow with each other. They remain close to each other. Permanency: A society is permanent in character. Every member of the society is closely concerned with the geography, climate, lifestyle, occupation, etc. Provision of common norms and their application: Norms are the typical pattern of behaviours that are considered normal in a society. The activities of the members of society are controlled by such norms. Every member of the society mandatorily follows such norms. Specific name: Every society possesses its own name. The specific name of the society brings its members close to each other. Variable size or population of society: Since the number of people in a particular group who inhabit an area may increase or decrease due to birth, death and migration, the size or population of a society is not fixed. According to sociologist and anthropologist, the fundamental elements of a society are: Individuals, Relationship, Interaction, 14 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Competition, Cooperation, Usages, Social values and norms, Control and freedom, Awareness, and Social division Essential factors of a good society A society, where every member lives a life with dignity, feels proud of being its member, gets recognition and an opportunity for the development of personality is known as a good society. The following factors are the essential factors of a good society: Application of rules: Social rules should be followed by everyone living in the society. It helps in social reforms. Collective responsibility: The feeling of collective responsibility helps in the progress of society. It makes everyone responsible towards the society. Friendship: The members of society should have a feeling of sympathy to each other, living together, cooperating with each other in need. It helps to maintain peaceful and cooperative environment in the society. Goodwill: Friendly behaviour to each other develops trust-worthy environment in the society. It increases the feeling of coexistence. Collective effort: Teamwork or group effort develops the feeling of cooperation among the members of society. It helps to carry out difficult works in an easier way. Love: Loving each other helps in getting support and cooperation in need. It develops emotional attachment among the members of society. Responsibility: If the members of a society have the sense of responsibility toward their society and attempt to fulfill their duty, it develops confidence in the society. Security: Each and every member of a society should have a feeling of collective security and interests. They should pay enough attention towards the individual, family and social security. Sense of belonging: Sense of belonging automatically develops activeness in people and activeness of people ensures the enhancement in the development. The feeling of responsibility towards the society is an important factor. If people have the feeling of ‘me for the society’ and ‘the society is for me’, the sense of belonging becomes stronger. Unity: Unity is strength. If there is unity among the members of society for collective work, gaining efficiency and making decisions for the common benefit of society, obviously the society maintains its stability. We and Our Society 15

KEY TERMS Ancestral : of previous generations Dignity : self-respect Mandatory : compulsory Possess : to have something Sentiment : a thought or idea based on a feeling or emotion Sympathy : capacity to share feelings Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Prepare a list of the elements of a society and show your teacher. 2. Discuss among the friends about the essential factors of a good society. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is meant by good society? 2. Mention any two social norms followed in the society where you live. 3. Which element do you think is the most important element of your society? Why? 4. Why the application of rule is considered an essential element of a good society? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Discuss ‘Collective Sentiment’ & ‘Common Life’ as the elements of a society. 2. What are the essential elements of a good society? Write any eight of them. 3. How does the sense of belonging help to develop a good society? Write your opinion in four points. 4. Explain any four qualities of a good society in brief. 5. “Love, Goodwill, Responsibility and Friendship are the elements of a good society.” Justify this statement. Community Work Visit some senior citizens or leaders of your community and consult with them to get information about the present condition of social unity, collaboration, application of rules and closeness among the people. 16 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

4Lesson SOCIALIZATION We have discussed about the society in the previous lessons. Society is a structured community of people bound together by similar traditions, institutions, or nationality. A human being is a social creature. S/he takes birth in a society, grows and dies in the society. Social characters are not developed in a human being from birth. S/he learns the way of behaving and interacting with people gradually. S/he accepts social norms, values, activities and principles for maintaining social relations. S/he takes supports from others for making his/her life successful. A society in which s/he lives teaches him/her the social and cultural activities. In this way, a human is developed as a social being or becomes socialized. Thus, socialization is the process through which human being acquires education, experience and the skills necessary to perform as a member of the society. In connection with socialization, an individual learns socially accepted values, norms, principles, ideology, etc and performs accordingly. An individual learns rights and duties through socialization. Socialization helps in the development of one’s personality. Agents of Socialization There are some structures and mechanisms in the society from where a child learns social behaviours. They are called agents of socialization. The agents of socialization are classified into two groups based on their nature. They are: a. Primary or Informal Agents b. Secondary or Formal Agents Family, peer group, neighbourhood, kin group, marriage, religion, festivals, community, etc are the primary or informal agents whereas educational institutions, political and economic institutions, religious institutions, mass media, legal system, state, formal seminars, etc are the secondary or formal agents of socialization. Elements of Socialization Elements of socialization denote the factors leading to socialization or method of socialization. Some of the elements of socialization are presented below: Language: Language is the appropriate base for communication which is used to understand others’ expression and makes others understand. Without communication, socialization is not possible and culture can’t be transferred to new generation. Social interaction: Social interaction is the communication or joint activity involving two or more people. Social interaction and mutual cooperation makes the socialization process possible. Love, care and support: A human can express his/her views, feelings and problems in a lovely and supportive environment. The feeling of love, affection and support to each other helps in the socialization process. We and Our Society 17

Importance of Socialization An individual learns social norms, values and ideology from socialization. Socialization teaches an individual the social skills and basic knowledge to live. Socialization helps an individual to be a good person full of social attitude. Through socialization, an individual attains a perfect personality by accomplishing social obligations and becomes a disciplined member in the society. KEY TERMS Accomplish : to carry out or complete something successfully Ideology : system of social beliefs Obligation : duty Supportive : giving support Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. How does a human being learn the ways of interacting and behaving with other members of family? Discuss in your group. 2. How do the elements like language, love, care, support and social interaction help in socialization? Draw a table and show how they help in socialization. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by socialization? 2. What kind of social behaviours does a child learn from home? Mention any two. 3. How does a human being become socialized from community? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. What are agents of socialization? Explain different types of agents of socialization. 2. Explain any two elements of socialization. 3. Why is socialization important? Highlight its importance. 4. How do family and peer group help in the socialization of an individual? Explain. 5. How did you learn the ways of interacting and behaving with other members of society? What elements supported you to be socialized? Present your experience. 6. How is a person transformed into social creature from the biological creature through socialization? Present your logics. Community Work Visit your community and collect the information how the socialization is developing in people. Present your findings in the class. 18 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

5Lesson OUR IDENTITIES AND NATIONAL PRIDE There are some typical features in our country that single us out among others. They make us distinctive and known to the world. These are our identities. Such identities make us feel pleased and satisfied. We feel proud of them. They are respected by all the people throughout the nation. They are the things of national pride. Here, we will discuss about some of our identities and things of national pride. National Identity Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia. It is divided into three geographical regions: Mountain, Hilly and Terai. The Mountain region has three distinct divisions: Outer Himalayas, Bhot basin and Main Himalayas. Hilly region also has three divisions: Chure range, Mid hills and Mahabharat range. Similarly, the Terai region is divided into three parts: Terai, Bhavar and Inner Terai. Mt. Everest, the highest peak of the world also lies in Nepal. There are more than 6,000 rivers and rivulets in Nepal. Three river systems Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali and some other independent watersheds have made Nepal rich in water resources. There is diversity in terms of ethnicity, religion, language, culture, etc as well. According to the last census of 2011 AD, the people of 125 castes, 123 languages and 10 religions have been identified in Nepal. Thus, Nepal is known as a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and a country of geographical diversity. Such diversities have made Nepal distinct in the world in spite of being small in area. This is our national identity. Ethnic Identity Unity in diversity is our identity. Nepal is a country of ethnic diversity. 125 ethnic groups have been identified according to the census of 2011 AD. There are 6 ethnic groups in Nepal having more than 1 million populations. It is our responsibility to maintain ethnic identity to build a unified and prosperous nation. It can be possible only when we preserve our script, language, culture of every ethnic group and maintain national unity among us. k\"jd{ f /fO,{ lnDa,' dWodf 5g\\ g]jf/ sfx] L dfG5g\\ wfg gfr oxf,“ sf]xL 3]jf 5j] f/ klZrdsf] u?' ª /fb] L xfdf| ] klxrfg afxg' , If]qL bz] }el/ 5l/Psf 5g\\ . sf}/f gfr du/ ;:+ sf/ x]/ slt /fdf| ] wft] L, 6f]kL, aVv' cflb klxrfg xfdf| ] . We and Our Society 19

Lingual Identity There is lingual diversity in Nepal. According to the census of 2011 AD, 123 languages have been identified as mother tongue. Nepali language is the official language of Nepal. The people speaking Nepali language as their mother tongue are more in number. According to the constitutional provision, Nepali language and other languages spoken in Nepal as mother tongue are considered the languages of nation. Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang, Newari, Magar, Awadhi, Gurung, Urdu, Sherpa, Limbu, Hindi, etc are more significant among the other language of nation. Some of these languages are well developed. The languages spoken in Nepal belong to different language family. Description of Language Family in Nepal S. N. Language Family Population (%) 1. Indo-European 79.1 2. Tibeto-Burman 18.4 3. Austroasiatic 0.2 4. Dravidian 0.1 5. Others 2.2 Total 100 Religious Identity Source: National Census, 2011 AD Nepal is a country of religious diversity. There is an excellent example of religious tolerance and unity among the people of different religions. The people following different religion live together with unity, participate in each other’s religious and cultural activities and are positive to each other. Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Kirant, Christianity, etc are the religious classes having large population in Nepal. The population of those people who remain neutral in religious matter or not following any religion is also increasing day by day. Description of Religious Community in Nepal S. N. Religious Population Percentage (%) 1. Hindu 2. Buddhist 21,551,492 81.343 3. Islam 4. Kirant 2,396,099 9.044 5. Christian 6. Nature 1,162,370 4.387 7. Bon 8. Jain 807,169 3.047 9. Bahai 10. Sikh 375,699 1.418 11. Not mentioned 121,982 0.460 Total Population 13,006 0.049 3,214 0.012 1,283 0.005 609 0.002 61,581 0.232 26,494,504 100.00 Source: National Census, 2011 AD 20 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Gender Identity Sex is a person’s biological status as male, female or intersex whereas gender refers to attitudes, feelings, and behaviours that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex. Gender identity refers to a personal identification with a particular gender and gender role in society. Our culture and society behave differently with people on the basis of their gender which is also taken as gender identity. The third gender has also been recognized as gender identity nowadays. Both male and female are equally respected in our society. Our culture, religion and ideology have been giving equal priority to both male and female. Only a corrupt mind makes discrimination between them. Both gods and goddesses are equally worshiped and believed in the country. Gender equality has been our one of the identities. Cultural Identity Nepal is known as a country of cultural diversity. There are many ethnic groups. They have their own cultural identity and tradition. Besides that, a kind of common cultural tradition and identity has been developed by the people of different ethnic groups living in the different geographical regions. Not only based on caste but also various cultural traditions and identities have been developed in Nepal on the basis of geographical regions. In different parts of Nepal, the people of various castes are living together by maintaining harmonious relation with each other. Newar culture of Kathmandu, Khas culture of Karnali, Mithila culture of Middle Terai, Deuda culture of Sudurpashchim Province, etc have spread even among the people of other caste. Due to growing urbanization, people of different community live together. Consequently, they have mixed up and adopted each other’s cultural norms and values. A trend of inter-caste family is also growing. Different cultural groups and regions have also been developed. National Flag The National flag of any country represents national identity in the world. It is considered as the symbol of the country. In various programs, the distinguished guests show respect to their national flags. National flag is flown in the formal programs, school premises, government offices, during the motorcade of VVIP/VIP, etc. National Flag is the pride of the people of every nation. We and Our Society 21

Our constitution has also described our national flag. The national flag of Nepal is world’s only non-quadrilateral national flag. It is made with the combination of two single pennons. The background of our national flag is crimson red and the border is dark blue. The crimson red is Nepal’s national colour, and it indicates the brave spirit of the Nepalese people. It is also considered as the symbol of victory. The blue border symbolizes peace and harmony. The two triangles symbolize the Himalayas. The Moon and the Sun represent the permanence and symbolize the hope that Nepal will last as long as the Sun and the Moon are there. Thus, our national flag is our national pride. National Anthem ;of}+ yFu' f kmn\" sf xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL National anthem is the official song of the ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf d]rL–dxfsfnL . nation. It is considered as the pride of the nation. National anthem highly reminds and praises the ks| [ltsf sf]6Lsf6] L ;Dkbfsf] cfrF n history, tradition and struggles of its people. It jL/x¿sf /utn] :jtGq / c6n is used in a wide range of contexts. National 1fge\"ld zflGte\"ld t/fO{ kxf8 lxdfn anthem is played on national days, sporting events, at the morning assembly of school, cv08 of] Kof/f] xfdf| ] dft[el\" d gk] fn in a theatre before a play, in the honouring axn' hflt efiff wd{ ;:+ sl[ t 5g\\ ljzfn programs, etc. cuu| fdL /fi6« xfdf| ] ho ho g]kfn . National anthem of Nepal was changed along with the political change. National anthem shows the honour towards the nation. Everyone should stand while playing national anthem. National anthem makes everyone realize their duties and responsibilities. The lyrics of our national anthem are composed by Pradeep Kumar Rai (Byakul Maila). The music is arranged by Ambar Gurung. The national anthem has been created considering the inclusive issues of peoples’ movement 2062/63 BS. Though, Nepal is a country of geographical, religious, Pradeep Kumar Rai (Byakul Maila) economic, cultural and ethnic diversity, the national anthem has played a role to maintain unity among the people. The words used in our national anthem are respecting and praising sovereignty, unity, pride, courage, scenic beauty, peace, progress, cultural and biological diversity. It is our national pride. Janaki Temple Ambar Gurung Janaki temple is a Hindu temple at Janakpur. It is SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9 dedicated to the Nepalese goddess Sita. It is the biggest temple of Nepal. It is built in Mugal style and has covered an area of 4,860 sq. ft. This temple is the best example of Rajasthani architecture. Images of two lions have been 22

decorated above the North- Eastern gate. These images built from the stone are the best examples of stone sculptures. Every year, thousands of pilgrims from Nepal, India, Sri Lanka and other countries visit Ram Janaki Temple to worship Lord Ram and Sita. During the festivals of Ram Nawami, Vivaha Panchami, Dashain and Tihar, lots of people visit this temple every year. The temple is popularly known as the ‘Nau Lakha Mandir’since the cost for the construction of the temple was about nine lakh rupees. The Janaki temple was built in 1910 AD by Queen Vrisha Bhanu Devi of Tikamgadh, India. The temple of Lord Ram is also situated nearby. Towards its North-East, there is a Laxman temple and a Mosque towards its South- West. As this mosque is located in the premises of Janaki temple, it has presented a unique example of religious tolerance. During the construction of Janaki temple by the Muslim architectures, the mosque was also built for their ‘Namaj’ (prayer). This is our national identity. Pashupatinath Temple Pashupatinath temple is a famous, sacred Hindu temple. It is located on the banks of Bagmati River, Kathmandu. It covers temple premises along with Devpatan, Kutumbahal, Gaushala, Shlesmantak forest, etc. There are about 492 temples, 144 stupas and 1,000 Shiva Lingas. It is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. Temple courtyard has 4 entrances in all directions. It was made by King Dharma Dutta. The queen of Shiva Singh Malla and Pratap Malla had renovated this temple. Its premises is included as one of the seven monument groups in UNESCO’s designation of Kathmandu Valley as a cultural heritage site Since 1972 AD. Every year thousands of devotees visit here on the festivals of Maha Shivaratri, Bala Chaturdasi, Teej, etc. It is built in the Nepalese Pagoda style of architecture. The two levels of roofs are of copper with gold plate. It has four doors, all covered with silver sheets. This temple has a golden pinnacle. This is one of our national prides. We and Our Society 23

Mt. Everest Mount Everest also called as ‘Sagarmatha’ in Nepal, is the highest mountain peak in the world. It is located in the Mahalangur mountain range. Its height is 8,848 meters (29,029 ft) above sea level. Among the fourteen mountain peaks above of 8,000 meter in the world, 8 of them lie in Nepal. It lies at 27°59'31\"E longitude. Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary made the first official ascent on Everest in 2010 BS (1953 AD). The Royal Geographical Society officially adopted ‘Mount Everest’ as the name for the highest mountain in the world after the name of its surveyor Colonel Sir George Everest in 1865 AD. A famous historian of Nepal “Itihas Siromani” Baburam Acharya named it as ‘Sagarmatha’ in 1956 AD (2013 BS). Every year many tourists visit Nepal to see or ascend Mount Everest. As a result, it has contributed largely in the economic development of Nepal. Thus, Mt. Everest is considered as our identity and pride. Michael Karz named Sagarmatha the ‘Third Pole’ as it has similar difficult living condition as found in the North Pole and South Pole. KEY TERMS Historian : an expert in history Intersex : organism with male and female characteristics Pennon : a flag that is larger at the hoist than at the fly Prosperous : financially successful Tolerance : acceptance of different views Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss the condition of gender identity in your family and society. 2. Collect the examples of religious identity, ethnic identity and lingual identity, and discuss their contributions in the society. 3. Prepare a list of the things of National Pride. Discuss about that list with your friends in the class. 4. There might be an encyclopedia in your school library. Go to your library and search more facts about Mt. Everest in encyclopedia. 24 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. How do you define the term “Identity”? Write in a sentence. 2. Mention any two things that give our identity. 3. How many castes, languages and religions are there in Nepal according to the last census of 2011 AD? 4. Name any four religions followed in Nepal? 5. What is meant by gender identity? 6. What do you mean by the subjects of national pride? Write in a sentence. 7. What other things of our country may come under national pride? Mention any two. 8. Why do you think the national flag of Nepal is unique in the world? 9. Name the lyricist and music arranger of our national anthem. 10. Who named Mt. Everest as ‘Sagarmatha’? 11. Why is Janaki Temple called ‘Nau Lakha Mandir’? Short answer questions: 1. What national identities have made our country known to the world? Make a list of any four and explain any two of them. 2. “Nepal is multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-lingual country.” Justify this statement. 3. How has religious tolerance been maintained in Nepal? Mention with examples. 4. How is the gender identity maintained in our society? Mention in brief. 5. List down the problems seen in gender identity in Nepal and mention the efforts made for its solution. 6. How does our national flag glorify the nation’s pride? 7. Why is the national anthem considered our national pride? 8. “Diverse and unique culture is our national pride.” Justify with examples. 9. Janaki Temple and Pashupatinath Temple are increasing our pride.’ How? 10. How has Mount Everest preserved our national pride? Explain. Community Work 1. Visit some women leaders of your community and consult with them about the problems seen in gender identity and efforts made to maintain it in Nepal. Prepare a report about it and present in the class. 2. Make a group of your friends and conduct a research in your community to find out the other things present in your community which can be considered as pride of your community. Present your findings in the class. We and Our Society 25

UNIT DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURES 2 OF DEVELOPMENT Learning achievements Discuss the concept of development, be well-known with the means and resources of development and mobilize them, Introduce the pre-requisites of development and their importance, Mention the status of education, health, transportation, communication, electricity and drinking water in Nepal, Exhibit the creativity, collaboration and responsibility in the development works, and Explore about the use of traditional knowledge, skill and technology in the development of Nepal. 26 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

1Lesson CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT Development is the process of positive and progressive change. It brings improvement in every sector of the country. Everything in the world is changeable and dynamic. We desire progressive change in the existing condition in order to make it easier, accessible and better. In the progressive and improved condition, lifestyle of people becomes better. The increment in the facilities, progressive change in the life style of people, improvement in the condition of peace and order, advancement in the physical aspects, etc reflect the development. According to the UN Charter, “Development is related not only with the material needs of people but also with the improvement in social conditions. Hence, development doesn’t mean economic development only. It is also social, cultural and institutional progress”. When the lifestyle of people is changed progressively throughout the country, it is considered as development of the country. Developed Countries The countries which are being developed at a rapid pace and are gaining high living standard are called developed countries. The people living in such countries are educated. They are mostly engaged in industry, trade and service sectors. The infrastructures of development are well developed. Life expectancy of people is high. The per capita income is also high in developed countries. USA, Canada, South Korea, Germany, etc are the examples of developed countries. Developing Countries The countries which are being developed at a slow pace and have a slow economic and technical growth rate are called developing countries. The literacy rate is low in such countries. People are mostly engaged in agriculture sector and animal rearing. Infrastructures of development are not enough and well developed. People have low life expectancy because of poor diet and health service. Per capita income is also low in developing countries. Nepal, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, etc are the examples of developing countries. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation’s geographic borders over a specified period of time is called Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Gross National Product (GNP): The economic statistic that includes GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents is called Gross National Product (GNP). Per Capita Income (PCI): The average earning of an individual of a country in a year is called per capita income. It is calculated by dividing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of region with its total population. PCI is generally expressed in US$ (dollar). Only the Development and Infrastructures of Development 27

per capita income cannot reflect the true state of economic development. A few rich people and their high income may show high per capita income whereas a majority of people could be below the poverty line. Mathematically, Per Capita Income (PCI) = GDP Total Population Gross Domestic Product per capita at nominal value has been published by the World Bank in 2017. It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, converted at market exchange rates to current US$, divided by the average population for the same year. Table of Gross Domestic Product PCI 2019 S. No. Name of Countries GDP Per Capita of Some Countries (in US$) 1. Luxembourg 113,196 2. United States 65,111 3. Canada 46,212 4. China 10,098 5. Bhutan 3,423 6. India 2,171 7. Nepal 1,047 8. Afghanistan 513 9. Burundi 309 10. South Sudan 275 Source: International Monetary Fund (2019) Necessary Means and Resources for the Infrastructures of Development Resources Means Capital Saving, investments, trades and commerce Education Schools, technical/vocational institutes, colleges, universities, distance learning Energy Hydro-power, gas, petroleum, thermal power, wind mills, nuclear energy, solar power, etc. Health Health posts/centers, hospitals, health workers, medicines Irrigation facility Canals, water channels, tube wells, pump sets, rain water collection, etc. Labour Skilled, unskilled or semi-skilled human power Market Local, national and international markets Means of Tv’s, radios, satellites, faxes, post offices, internet, telephones, e-mail, communication etc. Raw Materials Forest and agro-based products, natural resources like minerals, etc. Trade and commerce Banking, insurance, markets, shops, co-operatives, etc. Transportation Roadways, airways, railways, ropeways, waterways 28 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

KEY TERMS Advancement : progress or development of something Expectancy : average expected length of life Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Make groups of your friends and write a paragraph on, “Change in Our Locality” by each group. Include comparison of the houses, lifestyles and attitudes of people that you have seen in the past and at present. 2. Ask your parents and find out the annual income of your family then calculate per capita income of your family. 3. What are the indicators of economic and social development? Discuss in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is development? Write in a sentence. 2. Define ‘Development’ according to the UN Charter. 3. What is per capita income? 4. Differentiate between GDP and GNP in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Differentiate between developed and developing country in four points. 2. How is GDP different than that of GNP? Explain with examples. 3. ‘Only the per capita income cannot reflect the true state of economic development.’ Justify their statement. 4. Write any four causes of having low per capita income in Nepal. 5. Mention any four means and resources necessary for the infrastructures of development. Community Work There will be many changes after 20 years. New buildings, roads, schools, etc will be constructed. Methods of cooking, earning, entertaining, etc will be very different than that we have now. What will be those changes? Ask people related to planning and write an article based on it. Development and Infrastructures of Development 29

2Lesson PREREQUISITES OF DEVELOPMENT Prerequisites of development refer to positive and appropriate environment as prior condition for development. They are the basic objects, qualities or conditions required in order to develop the infrastructures of development. Literacy, public participation, entrepreneurship and peace are the important prerequisites of development. 1. Literacy Literacy means the ability to read and write. The one who has little ability to read and write is called literate. Literates can understand and read simple and short sentences written about the daily life activities in their own language. They can share what they have learned with others. The literates are able to solve common numerical problems too. The traditional concept of literacy has been drastically Adult literacy programme changed. In the past, only gaining 3 R’s like reading, writing and solving arithmetic problems was considered as literacy. Nowadays, to be a literate, one has to gain 7 R’s like reading, writing, solving arithmetic problems, being aware about the rights, responsibilities, maintaining good relationship with others and the way of recreation. Thus, literacy is not merely limited to reading and writing but is related with the opportunity to be achieved for developing the internal talent. Literacy is taken as means of empowerment. The literacy program is considered to be started from Gurukul education system. According to the census of 2011 AD, the literacy rate of Nepal is 65.9 percent. The literacy is not only the skills of reading and writing but a system of peoples’ daily life and behaviours. So, it is linked with social, economic, cultural and political aspects as well. Literacy helps to increase awareness regarding social norms and values. It encourages peoples’ participation, social goodwill and cooperation and finally helps in the development. The literacy helps to increase entrepreneurship, improve in income, make people aware towards rights and duties and realize responsibilities. Census 2001 AD Census 2011 AD (for population aged five years and above) (for population aged six years and above) Male Female Total Male Female Total 65.5% 42.8% 54.1% 75.1% 57.4% 65.9% 2. Public Participation Involvement and participation of people in various development activities like decision making, execution of planning, supervision and management of projects with the intention of developing their own areas is called public participation. 30 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

No country in the world has made progress without the participation of people. Public participation in development really helps in speedy development. Government alone cannot solve all the problems of the country. The participation of active, dedicated, hard working and skilled human resource ensures the sustainable development in the country. Public participation in any project reduces the cost of the project and moreover makes the development more sustainable and people friendly. In conclusion, the public participation plays an important role for taking decision, developing the sense of belonging, collecting the resources and cultivating the feeling Public participation for development of responsibility in people. Advantages of public participation People learn various skills for the development activities which help in reducing dependency on others. Sense of ownership and pride for work is cultivated when they realize that the development is for them and is the result of their own hard work. Feeling of unity, mutual understanding, cooperation and collaboration develop among the people. Development works become sustainable and faster. There is less chance of corruption, consequently the development projects can be completed with minimum cost. Some examples of public participation Success of farmers Farmers of a village had enough arable land but they were not able to grow crops well due to the lack of irrigation facility. They had to depend on the rainwater. So, they formed a consumer group and made a plan to bring water from the nearby lake. They mobilized necessary local resources and manpower to implement, manage and supervise the work. They made some rules of cooperation and decided to divide the cost, labour and the water equally. Now, they are happy with the availability of irrigation facility. They have no problem in irrigating their land. They can cultivate all year around and earn a good income. They have become capable of meeting their requirements, expenditures and paying debts and project costs and continue improvement of the irrigation system. Women’s participation in literacy The women of Changsing, a remote village are now able to read and write. At first, they collected money to buy books. They formed a consumer group and collected member fees as well. They also collected some money by playing Deusi, Bhailo during Tihar. They used that money to buy some more books and established a library. Some NGOs also provided books and money to maintain the library. Now, they have managed a tutor for themselves. Development and Infrastructures of Development 31

3. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is a business activity in which a person starts or organizes a commercial enterprise, especially one involving own financial risk. It is one of the prerequisites of development. Without entrepreneurship, one cannot progress even being involved in industry, trade, agriculture, etc. Economic progress of a nation depends on the development and expansion of its trade and Self employment commercial sector. The development and expansion of trade and commercial sector depends on the entrepreneurship of the entrepreneurs. Because of the entrepreneurship of entrepreneurs, the world economy has developed at a rapid pace. New industries and business have been expanding in the world. Human life has become standard and well facilitated due to the modern machines and goods. In this way, there is a great role of entrepreneurship to bring changes in the human lifestyle and activities. As it contributes greatly in the development of national economy, it is necessary to motivate every citizen for the development of entrepreneurship. Advantages of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship creates self employment in the society. It helps in the optimum utilization of available means and resources. The employment opportunities increase in the country. The personal economy is promoted and become stronger. It plays an important role in the development and expansion of national economy. 4. Peace Peace is one of the prerequisites of development. It is the absence of violence or other disturbances within a state where there is no feeling of conflict, disagreement, jealousy, ego, bitterness, etc among the people, and where people are living with mutual understanding and cooperation. Peace and development are complementary to each other. Development is possible only in a peaceful environment. Development activities can be carried out only with unity, understanding and consensus among the people. There Peace Agreement should be sustainable peace for sustainable development. Sustainable peace means permanent peace or long term peace. For maintaining permanent peace in the country, the causes of conflicts should be timely identified and solved. Development activities can be geared up and performed well only in a peaceful condition. Peace can be maintained in the society if the individuals hold dialogues effectively with each other. Dialogue helps in understanding each other. Likewise, empathy is also a way to 32 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

establish peace. Uniformity in saying and doing, preassumption of the effects of any action, positive thinking and service oriented attitude are the main elements for establishing peace in the society. The self evaluation in the work and thought is essential in this situation. KEY TERMS Drastically : greatly; extremely Empathy : understanding of another’s feelings Enterprise : a commercial company Optimum : best of several outcomes Prerequisite : something needed as prior condition Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Conduct an oratory program in your school on the topic “Literacy is the main base of development”. 2. Is the definition of “Literacy” mentioned in the lesson appropriate for the differently able students? Discuss in the class. 3. Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions. Bill Gates is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur who cofounded Microsoft Corporation, the world’s largest personal-computer software company. He was born in Washington, USA in 1955 AD. He is the owner of Microsoft Company. He had an interest in computer program since the age of 13 years. He became a successful entrepreneur in the field of computer software due to his creativity, professional strategy, and competitive idea. He is a talented professional, inventor and founder chairperson Bill Gates of Microsoft Company. He became rich from his software business. Bill Gates total property is $110.1 billion as of 1/26/2020 AD. a. What is the profession of Bill Gates? b. What are the causative elements that made Bill Gates a successful entrepreneur? c. What have you learnt from the study of above paragraph? Development and Infrastructures of Development 33

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is meant by literacy? 2. What is public participation? 3. Define entrepreneurship in a single sentence? 4. How do you define peace? Write in a sentence. 5. What is meant by sustainable peace? Short answer questions: 1. ‘Literacy is prerequisite of development.’ Justify this statement with examples. 2. List the indicators of literacy. Clarify their relevance in the present context. 3. Describe the importance of peoples’ participation. 4. Compare between literate and illiterate individuals in four points. 5. “Public participation reduces the cost of the project and makes best use of available resources.” Present your logics in four points. 6. Suggest any four techniques of promoting peoples’ participation in your country. 7. ‘Entrepreneurship is a prerequisite of development.’ Justify the statement with your logics. 8. Write any four advantages of entrepreneurship. 9. What should be done to establish sustainable peace in the society? Mention any four measures. 10. Peace and development are complementary to each other. Justify. Community Work 1. Consult a person concerned with your school in order to get the answers of the following questions. Then, prepare a leaflet about your school including your findings. When and how was our school constructed? How was the furniture made? Is our school disabled friendly? How are the funds for regular and maintenance expenses collected? What efforts are being made to improve the quality of our school? 2. Collect the facts about a successful entrepreneur of your community and prepare a report on your finding. Conduct discussion with your friends in the class on your report. 34 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

3Lesson INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT The basic services and facilities provided for the economic and social development of the nation are known as infrastructures of development. The infrastructures of development like education, health, communication, electricity, transportation and drinking water play a significant role in the economic and social development of a nation. 1. Education Education is a process of imparting and acquiring knowledge through teaching and learning. It is essential for the physical, mental, social, cultural and moral development of an individual. Education is a continuous process. Through the medium of education, a society deliberately passes on its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another. We can acquire education from different ways. Generally, an individual acquires education from formal, informal and irregular medium. The most important resource of any country is its citizens. They must be educated, trained and motivated to carry out various works. Education is very important for human beings. It promotes the level of awareness and awareness contributes to all round development of an individual. Education teaches skill and good behaviour to individuals. It leads to quality life. It opens the door of development in other sectors too. Education helps to produce skilled, competent and efficient manpower for the development of different sectors. It prepares well-aware manpower about their rights, duties, and responsibility toward the family, society and the state. Since the education helps to prepare creative and aware manpower about rights and duties, it is considered as very important infrastructure for the development. Education has several objectives: to be able to bring changes in the society, to be able to take appropriate and timely decisions, to be efficient in linguistic behavior, to be entrepreneur and self-dependent, to be honest and disciplined, to contribute in economic development, to cultivate correct habits, attitudes and be responsible, to do creative works, to enhance capability to solve problems, to manage household works, to promote living standard and earn social status. Thus, education is considered as an important infrastructure of development. Development and Infrastructures of Development 35

2. Health Health is a state of complete physical, Health is the greatest wealth. According to World Health Organization (WHO), “Health mental, and social is a state of complete physical, mental and well-being and social well-being and not merely the absence not merely the of disease and infirmity”. It means, we should absence of disease be physically fit, mentally alert and socially or infirmity. adjustable in order to be healthy. A country requires healthy manpower for its development. The manpower with poor health cannot contribute in the development in full extent. The health status of our country is not satisfactory. It has been difficult to improve it due to mass poverty, illiteracy and ignorance in people. Our government has not been able to establish hospitals and send doctors to every part of the country. In some places, there is hospital but no doctors, and then again where there are doctors, there is no medicine. An individual needs to have nutritious food, regular exercise, good health care service, less suffering from disease, etc to remain healthy. The life expectancy of such people is also high. High life expectancy of a country reflects the good health status of its people. Nepal’s life expectancy is low compared to developed countries. The urban population is increasing in our country too. This population is also suffering from different health problems due to the lack of nutritious foods and proper physical exercise to maintain a healthy life. For providing basic health service, health posts, health centers and hospitals have been established in different parts of the country. Health workers and volunteers are mobilized throughout the country. Thus, the health is an infrastructure of development. A healthy manpower can play a significant role in the development of a country as healthy manpower can perform well. 3. Communication Using Mobile Phone Communication is one of the most important SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9 infrastructures of development. Communication means exchange of information between people. We exchange our ideas, feelings, views, messages, information through the means of communication. Telephone, newspapers, television, radio, fax, mobile phone, etc are commonly used means of communication. Few decades ago, postal service was the main means of communication but it has been gradually replaced by modern means of communication. Nowadays, people can easily communicate through social networks like facebook, twitter, skype, viber, etc. 36

If the communication system is efficient, ideas and opinions get transferred quickly which helps in the development of country in a rapid speed. Using Internet in Computer Fax Newspapers 4. Electricity Electricity is one of the most important sources of energy. It has become an inseparable part of our life. In the absence of electricity, industrial development is not possible. Industries require machinery and other heavy equipment to produce manufactured goods. Such huge machines are operated only with the support of electricity. The domestic works like cooking, washing, lighting, cooling, heating, etc are also done with the help of electricity. The modern means of communication like television, mobile phone, internet, fax, etc cannot be operated without electricity. Thus, electricity is considered as one of the basic infrastructure of development. Electricity can be generated from different sources like coal, Sun light, water, wind, biogas, etc. The electricity generated from rivers, lakes, rivulets, etc is called hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity was generated for the first time in Nepal in 1968 BS during the time of Chandra Shumsher with the capacity of 500 KW. It is the cheapest Solar and wind energy and reliable source of energy in Nepal. There are plenty of rivers flowing continuously throughout the year in Nepal. Nepal has the potentiality of producing 83,000 mega watts hydroelectricity. Only about 1% of it has been produced and supplied to the cities. The remote areas are still out of reach of electricity. Despite great possibility of hydroelectricity production, our country is not being able to produce enough hydroelectricity. Political instability, insufficient budget, donor oriented national economy, shortage of skilled manpower, lack of appropriate technology and lack of political commitment are the main obstacles in the development of electricity in our country. If the government and private sectors work together with mutual coordination, electricity can be generated through different sources like hydropower projects, micro- hydropower projects, windmills, petroleum, biological and farm waste materials, etc. Development and Infrastructures of Development 37

Some hydropower projects of Nepal Hydropower projects Location Production (in MW) Bhotekoshi hydropower project Sindhupalchok 42 Chilime hydropower project Rasuwa 20 Jhimruk hydropower project Pyuthan 12 Kali Gandaki ‘A’ hydropower project Syangja 144 60 Kulekhani hydropower project I Makwanpur 69 Marsyangdi hydropower project Tanahun 14 Modikhola hydropower project Parbat 10.05 Sunkoshi hydropower project 21 Trishuli hydropower project Sindhupalchok Upper Tamakoshi hydropower project (under Nuwakot 456 construction) Middle Marsyangdi hydro power project Dolakha 70 Lamjung 5. Transportation Transportation is an act of carrying goods or people from one place to another. A vehicle that is available and makes transportation possible is known as means of transportation. The development of transportation reflects the overall status of a country.Agood transportation system is necessary in order to develop other infrastructures of development. It is the backbone of the socio-economic development of a country. If the transportation system is available, then the industries can import raw materials and supply manufactured goods easily in the market, farmers can sell their products and improve their financial condition, and human relation and cooperation also get improved. In the lack of the transportation, all such activities become difficult and the overall development of the country is obstructed. Since Nepal being a landlocked country and with various types of landscapes, the development of transportation is difficult. It has adversely affected socio-economic development of the country. Road transportation is the cheaper and suitable means of transportation for the common people of Nepal.Air service is expensive for them. Besides roadways and airways, ropeways and railways are also in operation in Nepal but they are not common. The development of road network is also difficult and more expensive in the hilly and mountain regions. Some of highways are constructed with the foreign assistance. Tribhuvan highway is the oldest highway in Nepal which was constructed in the assistance of India in 2013 BS. Transportation is means of economic development, deliverance of public service and social unification. It can contribute largely to reduce regional disparity, accelerate 38 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

economic activities and develop other sectors as well. Though road transportation is taken as main means of transportation, there is also possibility of getting advantages from the development of airways, railways, waterways, ropeways, etc. The current Fifteenth Plan (2076/77-2080/81) has made the following strategies for the development of transportation in Nepal: Roadways 1. Develop road network along with modern structures like fast-track, underground passage and viaduct, 2. Utilize modern technology for the development of institutional capacity, 3. Collect alternative source of investment to lessen the dependency on traditional government source, 4. Focus on the use of modern technology and mechanization for road design, construction, maintenance and safety, 5. Minimize the effect or loss from the possible natural disaster and adverse climate. Airways 1. Encourage partnership and collaboration between government and private sector in the construction, development and management of air-infrastructures, 2. Make air service more secured, qualitative and reliable by maximum utilization of new technology and following international criteria regarding security, 3. Strengthen aviation authorities, 4. Make air service accessible, 5. Extend air service to the international market. Railways 1. Identify national need of rail service by its feasibility study, develop and extend it, 2. Improve institutional efficiency of rail department, 3. Promote alternative source of investment in the development of railways infrastructure and its operation. Waterways 1. Develop and extend waterways for the domestic service and access upto sea, 2. Attract private and other investment for the development of waterways service, Development and Infrastructures of Development 39

3. Develop and promote institutional, managerial and technical capacity in the development and operation of waterways. Some National Highways of Nepal Name of the Highways Code Places connected Length No. (in KM) Mahendra Highway H01 Kakarvitta, Jhapa to Gaddachauki, Kanchanpur 1027.67 Tribhuvan Highway H02 Tripureshwor, Kathmandu to Sirsiya, Parsa 159.66 Araniko Highway H03 Maitighar, Kathmandu to Kodari, Sindhupalchok 112.83 Prithvi Highway H04 Naubise, Dhading to Prithvichowk, Kaski 173.43 Madan Ashrit Highway H05 Narayangadh, Chitwan to Mugling, Chitwan 36.16 BP Highway H06 Bardibas, Mahottari to Dhulikhel. Kavre 158 Mechi Highway H07 Kechana Border, Bhadrapur to Teplejung 391.06 Koshi Highway H08 Rani Border, Biratnagar to Hile, Dhankuta 111.46 Sagarmatha Highway H09 Kadmaha Chowk, Saptari to Diktel, Khotang 178.97 Siddhartha Highway H10 Sunauli Border, Rupandehi to Prithvichowk, Kaski 181.22 Rapti Highway H11 Ameliya, Dang to Musikot, Rukum 168.68 Ratna Highway H12 Jamuniya Border, Nepalgunj to Bangesimal, Surkhet 113.08 Karnali Highway H13 Bangesimal, Surkhet to Jumla Khalanga, Jumla 233 Mahakali Highway H14 Mohana Bridge, Dhangadhi Border to Tinker Pass, Darchula 415.15 Seti Highway H15 Syaule, Dadeldhura to Silgadhi, Dhoti 65.96 Pasang Lhamu Highway - Kathmandu to Dhunche, Rasuwa 117.10 Pushpalal Highway - Chiyabhanjyang, Panchthar to Jhulaghat, Baitadi 1776 Dhulikhel Sindhuli Bhittamod Highway - Barkhekhola, Kavre to Bhittamod, Mahottari 208.88 H = Highway Mahakali Highway Karnali Highway Darchula Pushpalal Midhill CHINA Highway Dadeldhura Seti Highway Mahendranagar Jumla Dhangadi Birendranagar Musikot Araniko Highway (Surkhet) Prithvi Highway Sagarmatha Highway Pokhara B. P. Koirala Highway Ratna Highway Nepalgunj Mechi Highway Ameliya Damauli Mugling Naubise Kathmandu Kodari Narayangadh Dhulikhel Salleri Mahendra Highway Rapti Highway Taplejung Bhairahawa Madan Ashrit Sindhulimadi Dhankuta (Sunauli) Highway Siddhartha Highway Birgunj Tribhuvan Highway Kadmaha Inaruwa Kakarbhitta Kechana INDIA Bhittamod Koshi Highway Biratnagar Major Highways of Nepal 40 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

6. Drinking water Drinking water is one of the most important Scarcity of drinking water basic needs of human life. We cannot survive without water. It is as important as air. Safe and pure drinking water helps to ensure our good health. The health of people may not be sound in the lack of pure drinking water. People with ill health cannot actively contribute to the development of country. So, the drinking water indirectly affects the industries, hotel, business operation, etc. At present, only one-third of the population of Nepal is provided with the drinking water facility. Because of the growing urbanization, industrialization and rapid growth of population, there is acute shortage of drinking water and people are compelled to go far distance to collect drinking water. Since the sources are at a distance from the settlement, it requires more expenses for the completion of drinking water projects. In the mountain and hilly region, most of the settlements are located on the slopes of hills and mountains. The sources of water are at the bottom of the hills and mountains resulting difficult in the water supply. One has to walk whole day to fetch a jar of water. People are also unaware about the purity of the water. In most of the remote and rural areas people depend upon wells, rivers, springs and ponds for drinking water. Such open sources of water are not safe to drink. So, many people suffer from water-borne diseases. In the Terai region of Nepal, deep boring is at wide use for drinking water. Water obtained from well, tube wells, etc generally contains high level of arsenic which is poisonous to human health. The problem of drinking water is acute in the cities due to fast growing population. Following are the solutions of drinking water problem: a. We can improve the purity of water and its distribution by upgrading construction materials, producing skilled and trained manpower, installing standard purification and filtering system, developing an information management system, improving the purity and distribution system of drinking water with modern technology in the assistance of national and international agencies. b. The consumers should be made aware of water leakage, proper use of water, conservation of environment and water resources. For this, they should be made actively involved in the planning, execution and operation of the project. c. The government has to carry out routine examination of water from wells, ponds, rivers, rivulets, tubewell, etc. People should also be careful not to drink water from unhealthy sources. Water should be purified before consumption. d. Rainwater in Nepal is suitable to drink. We can collect such water and store in tanks and use during the dry season. e. As most of the communicable diseases are carried through water, it is the primary responsibility of the government to provide pure drinking water to its people. Development and Infrastructures of Development 41

f. Several ways of purifying water like boiling, filtering, using chlorine or potassium, using euro guard, etc should be taught to people. Problems in the development of infrastructures in Nepal Public participation is essential for the development. This is also a process of social transformation. At the same time, there are some problems in the effective mobilization of resources through public participation. The following are the problems in the development of infrastructures: Lack of proper utilization of available means and resources, Frequent damage on infrastructures by the natural disasters like flood, landslide and earthquake, Complication in the construction and development of physical infrastructures due to difficult geography, Failure in proper use of available resources due to lack of public awareness, Lack of equipment for construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructures, Lack of technical manpower to speed up the development of infrastructures, Over dependency upon others and inability to make capital inside the country, Shortage of capital for the investment, and Widespread corruption and waste of foreign aid. KEY TERMS Adjust : adapt to new circumstances Backbone : central supporting part Complication : difficulty Transformation : complete change Viaduct : bridge with arched spans Widespread : spread or extending far apart Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Conduct a speech program in the class on the topic “Education is an important infrastructure of development”. 2. Play a role of a doctor, patient, pharmacist and patient’s attendant in your class. 3. Nepal has a great potentiality to generate hydroelectricity. If only a small amount of it is generated and exported to other countries, it would benefit to our economy. What do you think should be done to make this happen? Discuss in groups and present your conclusion in the class. 42 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

4. Discuss among the friends about the development of communication in Nepal. 5. What are the main problems created due to shortage of transportation system? Discuss in pairs and present the conclusion in the class. 6. Prepare a poster or pamphlet to raise awareness about drinking water. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by infrastructures of development? 2. Define education in a sentence. 3. How has the WHO defined health? 4. Write any four means of communication. 5. Electricity can be generated through different sources. Write any four such sources. Short answer questions: 1. Mention any four importance of electricity in the present days? 2. “Infrastructures of development are not developed as per the expectation in Nepal.” Write any four causes of it. 3. Mention the importance of education in a paragraph. 4. What should be done to make the education practical and useful in life? Write your opinion in four points. 5. “Healthy manpower is the foundation of the development of a nation.” How? Present your logic. 6. What measures should be taken to improve the health status in your community? Write any four such measures. 7. Write a suggestion letter to School Management Committee mentioning the educational problems of your school and suggestions for their solution. 8. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily newspaper to draw attention of the concerned authority regarding weak network of mobile phone in your locality. 9. “Advancement in the communication system has made the world a global village.” Justify this statement. 10. Why is electricity important in the modern society? Explain. 11. Write an application to the Chief of Nepal Electricity Authority requesting him/her to connect your locality with electricity. 12. Write an article on the topic “Energy crisis and its solution in Nepal”. 13. “Road transportation is the best means of transportation in the context of Nepal.” Justify the statement. 14. What are the factors responsible for hindering the development of transportation system in our country? Mention any four with reasons. Development and Infrastructures of Development 43

15. Mention any four strategies of Fifteenth Plan for the development of transportation in Nepal. 16. Show the following data in a bar graph. Hydropower projects Production (in MW) Bhotekoshi hydropower project 42 Chilime hydropower project 20 Jhimruk hydropower project 12 Kulekhani hydropower project-I 60 17. Discuss the present condition of drinking water in Nepal? 18. Why do we have drinking water crisis when there are plenty of sources of water in Nepal? Write four reasons. 19. What suggestions do you give to solve the problems of drinking water in Nepal? Mention any four solutions. 20. Explain any four methods of purifying water. Community Work 1. Visit a hospital or health post nearby your community and collect some descriptions and complete the following table. S. No. Description Number 1. Doctors 2. Nurses 3. Number of beds 4. Types of medicines for free distribution 5. Average number of patients in a day 2. You may have travelled different places by using the means of transportation. If not, you may talk to seniors who are familiar with transportation system of Nepal. On the basis of your experience or your talk, prepare an informative description including the following information: a. How was the weather when you were travelling? b. Which means of transportation had you used? c. What problems did you face? d. What suggestions do you want to give to concerned authority to improve it? 44 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

4Lesson TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, SKILL AND TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR CREATIVE USE People from ancient time have been developing specific knowledge, skill and technology according to their necessities at certain place and time to make their life easier and comfortable. They are called traditional knowledge, skill and technology. They are also known as indigenous or local technology. These traditional knowledge, skill and technology pass from generation to generation which have been developed as a trend of life to make their living comfortable and simple. We can see such technologies being used in different sectors even today. Use of Madani and Theki for extracting butter from curd Use of Theki or cream of milk, Janto for grinding cereals, Dhiki for crushing cereals, Kol for producing oil or sugarcane juice, Panee Ghatta for grinding cereals, Halo for ploughing field, Dhiki pump for drawing water, Aaran for manufacturing sickles and spades, Pottery for making earthen items, Tuin for crossing rivers, Sanduk for keeping important items, etc are some examples of traditional knowledge, skill and technology being practiced in different parts of our country. Such traditional technologies have been gradually Ploughing field modernized with the change in time. Screw has been modified into gear, traditional plough into tractor, Panee Ghatta into electric turbines, etc. Use of an improved oven (Sudhariyako Chulo) in place of Guintha is also an example of modernization of traditional technology. Importance of the Use of Traditional Knowledge, Skill and Technology It explores the knowledge, skill and technology that are on the stage of extinction. It helps in the preservation and promotion of traditional knowledge, skill and technology. It is environment friendly and more durable. It is useful to save energy and labour. 45 Development and Infrastructures of Development

It keeps on the traditional identity. It makes us proud of our ancestral deeds. This is based on the local means, resources and skills, and also less expensive. Measures to preserve Traditional Knowledge, Skill and Technology New generation should be taught about the advantages and uniqueness of traditional knowledge, skill and technology. The state should implement effective programs and policies to preserve such things. They should be modified into modern form retaining their originality. Those who are involved in the exploration and preservation of such knowledge, skill and technology should be supported and encouraged. KEY TERMS Extinction : the process or fact of disappearing completely from use Indigenous : originating in and naturally living, growing, or occurring in a region or country Sickle : a tool for cutting grass Spade : a digging tool Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Explore the local technologies being used in your locality and discuss in the class. 2. Discuss with your teacher and friends about the configuration and working system of local technologies used in your locality. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Give introduction to traditional technology in short. 2. What is Guintha? Why is it used? 3. Write the use of Halo and Sanduk. 46 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Short answer questions: 1. Mention the importance of traditional knowledge, skill and technology in any four points. 2. Name any two indigenous technologies of Nepal and describe about their uses. 3. How can the traditional technologies be used in their improved forms? Give examples. 4. Write short introduction to Aaran and Jaanto technology. 5. What should be done to preserve the traditional knowledge, skill and technology? Write any four measures. 6. Identify the following indigenous technologies of Nepal and write their uses. Community Work Visit one of your neighbouring communities along with a camera, find out the existing traditional knowledge, skill and technology in the community and take photographs too. Prepare a report of your findings and discuss in the class on your report. Development and Infrastructures of Development 47

UNIT OUR TRADITION, SOCIAL VALUES 3 AND NORMS Learning achievements Introduce our traditional arts, Discuss religious tolerance and secularism, and behave accordingly, Identify our national figures and luminaries, and Express the concept of empathy, cooperation and peace culture, and perform accordingly. 48 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

1Lesson OUR TRADITIONAL ARTS Art and culture are the precious assets of the country. We feel proud of our traditional art and culture as they reflect our customs, traditions and history. They represent the overall life style, environment and situation of the contemporary society. Our traditional arts are related to religious and cultural practices. They are based on the religious beliefs, gods, goddesses, culture, etc. We have a long history of art and culture. The authoritative history of Nepalese art is believed to have started from Lichchhavi rule or quite before it. Nepalese artisans have been designing the images of gods and goddesses using their excellent skill on paper, wall, cloths, stone, metal, clay, wood, etc according to the descriptions mentioned on religious scriptures. Nepalese art has been divided into three categories: Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Painting (Chitrakala) Painting is an art of expressing object or idea in the form of picture. One can express any idea, feeling, imagination, knowledge, etc through the art of painting. Pictorial expression is considered more excellent since it is said that a picture can speak thousands of words. Nepalese paintings are mainly based on religion. Our traditional paintings also reflect our culture, lifestyle, norms, values and beliefs. The sorcery has taken an important place in the Nepali paintings. It shows that the Nepalese traditional paintings were not for the open expression of the artisans but were to achieve religious objectives. Many excellent sculptures made during the Lichchhavi period are still available whereas the paintings made then are not available at present. But it is still believed that the painting as an art developed even during then because the evidence of the artisans making the paintings before they start making idols was found. Paintings may have less durability than the sculptures and were destroyed since they were generally made on paper, clothes, wall, palm leaf, etc. Nepalese paintings are divided into three types: Book painting, Scroll painting and Wall painting. a. Book Painting (GRANTHACHITRA) Book Painting (GRANTHACHITRA) The paintings found in different book are called book painting. Book painting is the oldest painting among the Nepalese paintings. According to the various sources of history, there used to be an act of writing and Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 49

copying sacred scripts in the Bouddha monasteries during ancient period. ‘Astasahasrika Pragyaparamita’ and ‘Pancharaksha’ are the most copied scripts. Tadpatra (palm leaf), bhojpatra (bark of a tree), Tamrapatra (copper plate), etc were used for writing the scripts on. The books used to contain artistic designs and paintings either on the middle or at the edge and writings on the both sides. The book painting made in the 10th century called ‘Astasahasrika Pragyaparamita’ is considered to be the oldest among the Nepalese book paintings. This book painting consists the paintings of gods and goddesses like Panchabuddha, Chatustara, Pragyaparamita, Bajrasatwa, etc. ‘Niswastantra’ of 11th century, ‘Vishnu Dharmagrantha’ of 12th century, ‘Pancharaksha Grantha’ of 13th century, etc are the important book paintings among the traditional book paintings of Nepal. ‘Pancharaksha Grantha’ is in the Bhaktapur Painting Museum. It is written on the Tadpatra and contains the paintings of ‘Panchabuddha’ and ‘Panchatara’. The traditional book paintings used to be 12-18 inches long and 3-4 inches wide. b. Scroll Painting (PAUBHACHITRA) Scroll paintings are drawn on cloth. The paintings made on cloth have a distinct place in the Nepalese paintings. Scroll painting is called Paubhachitra or Patachitra in Kathmandu valley and Thanka in the Northern region of Nepal. It is further classified into Pata and Mandala. In Pata painting, the picture of main god is made at centre with other deities surrounding it. In Mandala painting, a symbol of an object like Swastika and other is made at centre and other deities are made around it. The size of scroll painting is bigger than book painting. A Pata scroll painting is full of various artistic designs containing natural scenes and things like flowers, vines, rivers, hills, clouds, trees, animals, etc. There is a trend of making scroll painting in the Mahayan Mandala community of Buddhism while performing some kind of religious performances. Similarly, in the Newar community of Kathmandu valley, there is a tradition of performing Bhim Rathaarohan, when somebody attains 77 years and on the occasion of the Bhim Rathaarohan, there is a tradition of making scroll painting containing the portrait of family members performing Bhim Rathaarohan below the picture of deities. On such paintings, a scene of pulling chariot by male in a queue and female in other queue can be seen. 50 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9