Health and Physical Education with Creative Art_Book 6_2079 Revised Edition

Testes The Testes are the male reproductive gonads. They are oval shaped and whitish in colour. They secrete Testosterone hormone and sperms. Penis Penis is an external male reproductive organ. It is cylindrical in shape and is formed by soft elastic tissues. It is divided into three parts such as root, body and glans. The tip of the Penis (glans) is triangular in shape which is covered by the double folded skin called prepuce or foreskin. The penis surrounds the urethra. The urethra opens at the tip of the glans penis from where sperms and urine are passed outside. Female External Reproductive Organs A. Mons pubis Mons Clitoris Urethral pubis opening The mons pubis is a rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone. During Labia puberty, this area becomes covered with minora hair. Vaginal entrance B. Labia Majora Labia Majora are two folds of skin that extend from the front of the vaginal opening Labia to the back of it. They enclose and protect majora the other external genital organs. Anus C. Labia Minora The labia minora consists of two folds of skin that extend down from the clitoris and around the vaginal opening. They lie just inside the labia majora. D. Clitoris The clitoris is a small sensitive organ. It is located between the labia minora at their upper end. It is a crucial organ for sexual arousal in most women. E. Lesser Vestibular Glands Lesser vestibular glands are also known as skene’s glands. They are located around the lower end of the urethra. A large amount of fluid is secreted from these glands when stimulated. F. Hymen The hymen is a thin membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It is shaped like a half moon. This shape allows menstrual blood to flow throughout the vagina. 51

G. Greater Vestibular Glands Two pea sized vestibular glands are also known as bartholin’s glands. They are important parts of external female reproductive system. They are located besides the vaginal opening. Cleanliness of Reproductive Organs and its Importance Reproductive organs are considered as important parts of our body. Hence, it is necessary to keep proper hygiene of our reproductive organs. If we do not clean our reproductive organs regularly, dirt is collected around the genitals and may cause various kinds of diseases like itching, scabies, ringworm, chlamydia, etc. So, we need to pay attention on the proper care and cleanliness of the reproductive organs. Some important points that need to be considered to make the reproductive organs clean are as follows: Regular bathing is mandatory. Pubic hair should be trimmed time to time. Undergarments must be washed and changed every day. Sharing of undergarments with other persons must be avoided. Genital organs must be cleaned properly before and after sexual act. Genital organs must be washed with clean water after each urination. In case of complication in the reproductive organs, doctors should be consulted. Female should change sanitary pads or clean cloth more frequently during the menstruation period. Activity Conduct a talk programme in your school by inviting a psychologist by making coordination with your teacher and school management team. Word Meaning Abstract thought : thinking which may not be possible in day to day life Infirmity : physical weakness or disorder Isolation : condition of being alone Mound : raised, elevated, heaped Pubic hair : hair growing in the pubic area Sexual orientation : the direction of a person’s sexual interest towards people either of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes 52

RECAP M Adolescence is the transitional period of life since rapid change in physical, social, mental and emotional aspects takes place during this period. M According to WHO, “adolescence is the age between 10 to 19 years”. M During the adolescence period, memory and imagination power as well as thinking and concentration power are developed. M During this stage, some adolescents need to be provided life management education and skills for their responsible and better life. M During the adolescence period, height, weight, body proportion, secondary sex characteristics, and sex organs are developed externally. M At the same time, digestive system, endocrine system, respiratory system, circulatory system, and body tissues are developed internally in this period. M Emotions like anger, fear, jealousy, curiosity, grief, joy, affection etc are developed in adolescence period. M We can observe different social changes in leadership, friendship, feeling of responsibility, group activities, etc in this stage. M Sexuality education is an educational process of developing knowledge, skill, and attitude on human sexuality and reproductive process. M Sexuality education helps to control unhappy marriage, illegitimate birth, sexually transmitted infections, heightened divorce rate, etc. M WHO has defined reproductive health as, “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and process.” M The combination of various organs and tissues, which are associated with the process of reproduction is called reproductive system. M Testis is the male reproductive gonad which contains about 300-400 cone shaped sections called lobules. M In each lobule, there are 2-4 thin coiled up tiny muscular tubes called Seminiferous Tubules in which spermatozoa are produced. M The interstitial cells called Leydig cells are present between the Seminiferous Tubules secrete Testosterone hormone. 53

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. Define adolescence in your own words. 2. What is sexuality education? 3. Why is sexuality education important to us? 4. Give your view about reproductive health. 5. Mention the importance of reproductive health. 6. Explain the structure of testes briefly. 7. Explain briefly about greater vestibular glands. 8. Mention the methods for cleaning the reproductive organs. 9. List down the physical changes seen among the adolescent boys and girls. 10. What kinds of emotional changes can be observed during the adolescence period? Explain. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. It is located between the............................at their upper end. 2. In each lobule, there are two to three............................. 3. With the knowledge............................adolescents can make good ............................about family welfare. 4. ............................period has been considered............................and stress. 5. The change............................occurs a little bit earlier than their ............................counterparts. C. Write short notes: a. Labia Majora b. Reproductive health c. Social changes in adolescents d. Adolescence is the period of storm and stress Activity Write down the physical, emotional and social changes that can be observed among the adolescent boys and girls in a chart paper and Discuss with your friends in the class. 54

Unit 6 Alcohol, Drugs and Smoking Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Give introduction about drug abuse, alcoholism and smoking. @ Explain the consequences of drug abuse, alcoholism and smoking. @ Tell preventive and control measures of drug abuse, alcoholism and smoking. 1. Introduction to Alcohol, Drugs and Smoking Alcohol and Alcoholism An alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains ethanol. The use of alcohol has been a traditional practice in almost all human societies. To become physically and psychologically dependant on alcohol is called alcoholism. In the market, alcoholic beverages are found in different names such as beer, wine, vodka, gin, whiskey, brandy, etc. In the context of Nepal the local alcohol like jad, raksi, chhyang, aaila, nigar and tongba are also commonly available in the market. Although alcohol consumption is injurious to health, it is legally consumed in most of the countries around the world. In Nepal also, alcohol is widely sold in every places throughout the country. It has created a great problem in family relationship and social harmony. Similarly, it also creates physical and mental health problem. Smoking Smoking is the act of inhaling smoke of tobacco. Tobacco smoke is taken in the form of cigarette, cigar, paper, pipe, bidi, surti, chur, hookah, chilim, kankad, etc. They are prepared from the dry leaves of tobacco plants. The tobacco smoke contains harmful gases, tar particles, nicotine, and hundreds of cancer causing substances. Among them, nicotine damages our heart and brain whereas the tar and other substances may harm throat and lungs. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease, bronchitis, lungs cancer, oral cancer, loss of appetite. It also causes abortion to the pregnant woman. We can see people start smoking due to curiosity, peer pressure, imitation, and show off. We should always remember that all forms of smoking are injurious to health. 55

Drug and Drug Addiction According to WHO, “A drug is any substance that when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions.” Misuse of drugs is drug abuse. Similarly, physical and psychological dependency on drugs, which compels him/her for repeated abuse of drugs is considered as drug addiction. Drug abuse and drug addiction both ruin our health. So, we must say no to drugs and encourage others for the same thing. Consequences of Drug Abuse Loss of appetite Vomiting and nausea Increase in pulse rate Loss of memory power Weakens immunity power Sudden fall in body temperature Reduction in motor coordination Reduction in reproductive performance Increase in social disorder and criminal activities Long term drug addiction may also cause death Prevention and Control We must aware the people about the harmful effects of drug addiction. Smuggling of narcotic drugs must be banned. There should be arrangement of recreational programmes to the young people. There should be discussion on the consequences of drug addiction in family. Laws against smuggling of illegal drugs must be implemented strictly. Advising drug addicts to seek treatment from hospitals and counselling rehabilitation centers. Activity Write down the consequences of Alcoholism, Drug abuse and smoking in chart papers and demonstrate those chart papers to the mass in chowk and public places under the guidance and presence of your teachers and guardians. Word Meaning Ethanol : a type of colorless volatile edible alcohol found in beer, liquor and other beverages Motor coordination : neural control over body movement and posture Nicotine : a colorless toxic and addictive substance found in tobacco Ruin : harm, damage, destroy Smuggling : production and business of illegal goods and substances 56

RECAP M An alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains ethanol. M The use of alcohol has been a traditional practice in almost all human societies. M To become physically and psychologically dependant on alcohol is called alcoholism. M In the market, alcoholic beverages are found in different names such as beer, wine, vodka, gin, whiskey, brandy, etc. M In Nepal, the local alcohol like jad, raksi, chhyang, aaila, nigar and tongba are also commonly available in the market. M Although alcohol consumption is injurious to health, it is legally consumed in most of the countries around the world. M In Nepal also, alcohol is widely sold in every places throughout the country. M Smoking is the act of inhaling smoke of tobacco. Tobacco smoke is taken in the form of cigarette, cigar, paper, pipe, bidi, surti, chur, hookah, chilim, kankad, etc. M They are prepared from the dry leaves of tobacco plants. M The tobacco smoke contains harmful gases, tar particles, nicotine, and hundreds of cancer causing substances. M Nicotine damages our heart and brain whereas the tar and other substances may harm throat and lungs. M We can see people start smoking due to curiosity, peer pressure, imitation, and showoff. M According to WHO, “A drug is any substance that when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions.” M When properly used, drugs relieve pain and suffering, cure disease and maintain good health if abused, they can severely damage health and well-being. M All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicines. For example, the articles such as plastic glue, paint thinners and removers, brown sugar, dendrite, heroin, cocaine, etc are drug but they cannot be considered as medicine. M The production, storage, distribution, selling and consumption of narcotic drugs are illegal. M We know that, misuse of drugs by taking in amount, frequency and manner without the prescription of the doctor or health personnel is drug abuse. M Physical and psychological dependency on drugs, which compels him/her for repeated abuse of drugs is considered as drug addiction. 57

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What are the consequences of alcoholism? 2. What are the possible causes of smoking? 3. List down the consequences of smoking. 4. What are the consequences of drug abuse? 5. How do people start alcohol consumption? Give some reasons. 6. What is alcoholism? Name some alcoholic substances. 7. How can you define drugs? Write the names of some drugs. 8. What is smoking? Mention different forms of smoking substances. B. Match the following: B A Alcohol Addiction Tobacco Heroin Therapeutic drugs Antibiotics Narcotic drug Tar Abuse of drugs Gin Dependency C. Write short notes: a. Drug addiction b. Drug abuse c. Alcoholism in Nepal d. Causes of drug abuse e. Smoking tendency in our society Community Work Organize an awareness campaign against alcoholism, smoking and drug abuse in your community with the participation or involvement of the local people. 58

Unit Environmental Health 7 Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Introduce environmental health. @ Tell need and importance of water. @ Explain the various sources of water and causes of water pollution. @ Explain the sources of solid wastes. @ Point out the harmful effects caused by solid wastes. @ Mention the management measures of solid wastes. @ Explain the need and importance of latrine. 1. Introduction to Environmental Health Environmental health is an important aspect of human life. We know that the health of an individual is determined by surrounding environment. The environmental health includes the activities like conservation, management and proper utilization of environmental resources. 59

According to WHO; “Environmental Health is the field of science that studies how the environment influences human health and disease. ‘Environment,’ in this context, means things in the natural environment like air, water and soil, and also all the physical, chemical, biological and social features of our surroundings”. The ultimate goal of environmental health is to control possible negative impact and maintain healthy environment for healthy and productive life. In this regard, environmental health is an essential component for a healthy life. Environmental health should focus its concerns in the following areas: ^ Proper housing ^ Personal hygiene ^ Provision of safe drinking water ^ Protection from insects and rodents ^ Safe distribution of milk and other food materials ^ Proper disposal of waste materials, sewage and human excreta, etc 2. Water Water is essential for all living beings. Water is a compound made up of one part oxygen and two parts hydrogen (oHf2wOa).teWr eevsehroyudldaydrfoinrkaahteleaaltshty2l/i3vinlitge.rs We use water for various purposes such as drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, cleaning, irrigation, cooling, electrification, etc. Drinking water must be clean and safe. Need and Utilization of Water Water is important for the survival of the living beings It is important to generate hydroelectricity It is important to run industries It is important for irrigation It is also useful for transportation It is essential for household chores like washing, cleaning, bathing, cooking, etc It is also important for recreational purposes for example boating, rafting, surfing, swimming, etc It is important to regulate blood circulation, body temperature, digestion and excretion process in our body 60

A. Sources of water i. Rain Water It is one of the major sources of water especially in the water shortage areas. Rainwater can become a major source of water in the highly populated urban areas. Water can be used for various purposes like washing, bathing, cleaning, etc. ii. Surface Water The water that is available on the surface of the Earth is called surface water. Rivers, ponds, lakes, streams, wetland are the examples of surface water. There are more than 6,000 rivers and rivulets altogether in Nepal. Therefore, Nepal is also called as one of the rich countries in surface water resources. The rivers like Sapta Koshi, Sapta Gandaki, Karnali, Mahakali, Bagmati and Kankaimai are the big rivers of our country. iii. Ground Water The freshwater that is available under the surface of the Earth is called ground water. This type of water is recharged through rainfall. We can obtain ground water with the help of well, tube well, deep boring, etc. B. Causes of Water Pollution Improper management of sewer system Natural causes like flood, landslide, heavy rain, etc Acid rain is also a major cause of water pollution Washing clothes, cleaning utensils and swimming in the water sources Direct disposal of solid and liquid waste materials into the water sources Improper use of chemical fertilizers pesticides and insecticides in farming Improper water storage system, corrosion of water pipes, leakage in water pipes If the well is left uncovered after use Use of contaminated and dirty utensils and pots to store and collect drinking water Mixing of discharge from the hotels, hospitals, laboratories and industries into the water sources without proper treatment 61

Consequences of Contaminated Water The use of contaminated water may cause various types of waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea, worm infestation, dysentery, etc. Similarly, chemically polluted water in the agricultural field may damage the crops in the field. Therefore, we have to use safe water for drinking, irrigation and other activities. If the water is not safe for use; we can clean it by boiling, filtration, SODIS and chemichalization process (i.e. adding bleaching powder, chlorine, etc). Activity Observe the sanitation condition of the source of water resources nearby your school and write a report on measures which are applicable to keep water safe and clean. 3. Solid Waste The waste, which contains low proportion of liquid is called solid waste. It includes industrial wastes, agriculture residue waste, commercial wastes, etc. The solid wastes are of two types such as organic solid wastes and inorganic solid wastes. i. Organic Solid Waste The biodegradable wastes like agricultural residues, weeds, rotten fruits, vegetable residue, leftover food and dung are known as organic solid wastes. They can be used for making compost manure. ii. Inorganic Solid Waste Organic Solid Waste Inorganic solid wastes are the nondegradable solid wastes. Turnout plastics, pieces of metals, broken glasses, disposed film reels, discarded wrapping papers, are the examples of inorganic solid wastes. This kind of wastes can be recycled, reused and refused. a. Sources of Solid Waste Inorganic Solid Waste i. Waste from Kitchen Kitchen is one of the major sources of solid wastes. We prepare food in the kitchen. Various kinds of wastes are produced from the 62

kitchen. The wastes like peels and useless parts of vegetables, leftover food, peels of the fruits, straw, wrappers, plastics, broken glass, etc. ii. Waste from Room Various kinds of wastes are collected from the rooms. The by- products like torn out and old clothes, already used up copies, books, pens, bottles, tin cans, worn out shoes, etc. Similarly, the waste products like old broken furniture, damaged computer parts, etc are also produced from the rooms. iii. Waste from Outside the House Solid wastes are also produced from outside the house. The wastes like stone pieces, pebbles, broken bricks, cattle dung, mud, rusted metals, polythene, tin cans, wrappers, etc can be collected from the surrounding of our houses. iv. Waste from School School is also considered as a major source Household Waste of solid wastes. The wastes like old books and copies, wrappers, scrapes of papers, old sharpeners, old books and copies, leftover food by the students, old used up pens, etc are collected from the schools. v. Waste from Hospital and Health Centers Hospital and health centers are known as the source of highly infectious wastes. The wastes such as syringes, needles, scalpels, gloves, cotton swabs and bandages, Hospital Waste damaged equipment, etc are produced from these places. These wastes need to be disposed safely. vi. Waste from Market The wastes that are generated from the shops, vegetable market, hotels and haatbazar are known as the market wastes. These wastes like packaging materials, plastics, cardboard, waste paper, cans, Market Waste 63

bottles, polythene, rotten fruits and vegetables are the examples of market wastes. vii. Waste from Industry The wastes generated from the industries are called the industrial wastes. The waste products like damaged machinery parts, cans, bottles, rubber, broken glass, Industrial Waste broken furniture, packaging paper, plastics, etc are produced from the industries. b. Harmful Effect of Waste Lack of proper management always creates negative impact on environment and human health. It ultimately results into various kinds of health hazards to human life. They are mentioned below: It causes pollution in the surrounding water, air, and land. It produces foul smell due to the decay of biodegradable wastes. Open dumping of wastes spoils the beauty of the surrounding places. It attracts the vectors like flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats, mice, etc. It may spread various kinds of communicable diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice, cholera, etc. c. Solid Waste Management Measures Waste should be managed at the place from where it generates. More wastes are produced in the city areas because of dense population than rural areas. Proper management of waste is essential to save the environment. Solid wastes can be managed in the following ways: i. We can manage highly infective solid wastes by burning in the incinerator. ii. We can prepare compost manure from the organic or biodegradable wastes. iii. We can manage solid wastes by reducing the quantity of wastes. iv. We can manage solid wastes by dumping into the sanitary landfill site. v. We can manage wastes like radioactive waste by burying into the deep pit. vi. We can reuse the waste articles like horlicks bottles, buckets, bottles, etc. vii. We can recycle the waste articles like used papers, torn polythene bags, broken metal pots and utensils, etc. 4. Latrine The place made for the purpose of defecation and urination is called latrine. Improper disposal of human excreta has many ill effects in our life. Proper use of 64

latrine plays a significant role in keeping the environment healthy. It helps us to keep away from various kinds of faecal borne diseases. Some of the needs and importance of latrine are mentioned below: ^ It helps people to live healthy life ^ It protects from environmental pollution ^ It prevents the breeding of flies and foul smell ^ Latrine helps to keep the surrounding environment clean ^ It prevents from spread of germs and faecal borne diseases Proper Use of Latrine We can see different types of latrines in our community. However; whatever the type of the latrine, it must be clean, safe and hygienic. Some of the points about the proper use of latrine are mentioned below: We should make sure about the supply of water before going to the latrine. Flush the pan properly after defecation or urination. We must wash our hands with soap and clean water after every use of the latrine. We should clean the pan with the help of pan brush and toilet cleaner regularly. If there is no flush system in the latrine, we should cover the opening/ pan with a piece of wooden slab. Activity Discuss about the correct way of washing hands with soap and clean water after using the toilet in your class with the help of your teacher. Word Meaning Corrosion : damage or destruction of the outer structure especially metal objects Disposal : dumping or throwing away Incinerator : enclosed chamber or container to burn rubbish Infestation : attack by pathogens or germs into the body Pesticides : chemicals for killing pests or insects Sewer system : the canals that carry away sewage or liquid wastes 65

RECAP M According to WHO ‘environmental health refers to those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by the factors in the environment’. M The ultimate goal of environmental health is to control possible negative impact and maintain healthy environment for healthy and productive life. M Environmental health and quality life are inseparable aspects. M Water is essential for all living beings which is made up of one part oxygen and two parts hydrogen (H2O). M Of this, only (1%) of the world’s total water is available to us as fresh water. M We should drink at least 2/3 liters of water every day for a healthy living. M We use water for various purposes such as drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, cleaning, irrigation, cooling, electrification, etc. M We can get water from various sources like river, pond, lake, spring, well, rain, etc. We should make proper utilization of the water resources. M To harvest the rainwater the roof of the house should be properly designed and there should be provision of large capacity underground reservoir to collect the water. M The waste, which contains low proportion of liquid is called solid waste. M According to the survey report of IUCN Nepal, more than 1,000 metric tons of solid waste is generated daily from the urban areas of our country. M The biodegradable wastes like agricultural residues, weeds, rotten fruits, vegetable residue, leftover food, and dung are known as organic solid wastes. M These biodegradable wastes can be used for making compost manure. M Turnout plastics, pieces of metals, broken glasses, disposed film reels, discarded wrapping papers, are the examples of inorganic solid wastes. M The place especially made for the purpose of defecation and urination is called latrine. M Proper use of latrine plays a significant role in keeping the environment healthy. It helps us to keep away from various kinds of faecal borne diseases. 66

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is environmental health? 2. Mention the area or scope of environmental health. 3. Write down the need and importance of water in our life. 4. Mention the various sources of water. 5. List down the causes of water pollution. 6. What is solid waste? Mention any two sources of solid waste. 7. What are the harmful effects wastes on human health? 8. Mention the management measures of solid wastes. 9. What is latrine? Mention any two importance of latrine. 10. Mention any two ways of proper use of latrine. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The ultimate goal of environmental health is to............................impact and maintain healthy environment for............................life. 2. ............................the type of the latrine, it must be clean, ............................. 3. Sensitive wastes like............................can be............................by burying into the deep pit. 4. To............................the rainwater the............................should be properly designed. 5. Improper management............................results into various........................... to human life. C. Write short notes: a. Wastes from Hospital and Health Centers b. Rain water harvesting c. Surface water d. organic solid waste e. Kitchen wastes Community Work Collect the data about the different types of latrine of your community and show it in a pie chart in your class. 67

Unit Safety and First Aid 8 Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Introduce safety education. @ Tell the importance of safety education. @ Explain about First Aid and its importance. @ Tell the safety measures and First Aid of wound, bleeding, nose bleeding, drowning and rabid dog bite. 1. Introduction to Safety Education Safety education is an educational process, which teaches about the rules and measures to keep us safe from the danger of incidence of accidents. It educates people about safety rules and measures to follow at school, on the road and so on. Accidents may occur due to the lack of knowledge on safety rules. It may also take place due to the failure of machines, unfavorable weather, and negligence. Importance of Safety Education Safety education provides us knowledge about how to keep ourselves safe. It helps to reduce the rate of incidence of accidents. It helps people to live a safe and productive life. People can be saved from disabilities, injuries and even premature death. Safety Measures at Home M Keep the kitchen appliances in proper order M Keep electric wire safe and repair the bare wire timely 68

M Keep medicines in safe place M The sharp instruments like knife, scissors, sickles, spades, shavels, etc should be handled and kept safely M Stairs, balcony, windows and terraces should be well protected with iron bars M Stairs, toilet floor and kitchen floor should not be left wet and slippery M Inflammable objects should be kept safely away from the kitchen M Railing or handrail should be kept on the stairs M Never use slippery sandal in the bathroom M Do not make ditches in the courtyard Safety Measures on the Road M Cross the road at zebra crossing and where there is no such facility, cross the road carefully watching right and left M Do not take out hands, head and any part of the body out of the window from the vehicles M Do not drive vehicles under the influence of alcohol and drugs M Use overhead bridge and sub-way to cross the road if they are available M Do not play in the road M Follow the traffic rules while driving M Do not show stunt on the road M Get up and get down carefully in a queue M Always walk on the footpath M Wear seat belt or helmet while driving M Do not disturb driver’s attention Safety Measures at School M Keep the materials at safe place M Repair the desk, benches and other furniture in time M Keep the electric wire and devices in proper condition M The condition of window and door should be safe and proper M Be careful while getting up and down the stairs M Hand rail or steel bar should be set on the staircase M There should be facility of fire extinguisher M Dustbins should be placed at different places M There should be adequate light facility in the classroom M Laboratory equipment and devices should be properly labelled and kept safely 69

2. Introduction to First Aid First Aid is the assistance provided to the casualty at the time of emergency. In other words, it is an assistance provided by the First Aider to a victim or ill patient before the arrival of a doctor or medical treatment. We should not forget that First Aid is not a medical treatment. First Aid can be defined as an immediate care provided to the casualty or ill person during the incidence of accident before the arrival of medical treatment. Therefore, the responsibility of a First Aider ends as soon as medical treatment is available. If we get the training of first aid, we can prevent the casualty from the premature death. Importance of First Aid It helps to save the life of casualty It helps to develop confidence in the victim It can save the condition of casualty from worsening First Aid can reduce the physical and mental stress of the patient It helps to inform the doctors about the previous condition of the patient Activity Conduct a speech competition on need and importance of First Aid in your class under the supervision of your teacher. i. Wound Wound is an injury in which the skin, tissues, or organs are damaged by some external forces. The wound may vary from the simple peeling off skin to deep cut with heavy bleeding. There is chance of getting wound while playing games, working with sharp objects and heat by external forces. Preventive measures and first aid to get rid of wound are explained below: Preventive Measures ^ Avoid playing near the fire. ^ Handle the broken glass with care. ^ Shut the windows and doors carefully. ^ Always take precaution while playing, working and doing any activities. 70

^ The playground should be free from ditches, pebbles, and sharp objects. ^ Supervise and clean the playground thoroughly before the game starts. ^ The sharp instruments like knife, scissors, sickles, spades, shavels, etc should be handled and kept safely. First Aid ^ Remove clothes if it has covered the wounded part of the body. ^ Clean the wound with antiseptic solution like savlon, dettol, tincture iodine, etc. ^ If there is bleeding from the wound, apply direct pressure at the bleeding area with clean cloth, gauge, handkerchief, etc until the bleeding stops. ^ Clotted blood should not be removed from the wound. ^ If there are foreign objects like splinters, nails, broken glasses in the wound they should be removed with care. ^ Wound should be closed off if the skin is broken widely. ^ Take the victim to the nearby clinic or hospital if necessary. ii. Bleeding Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body due to the rupture of the blood vessels. It occurs due to the breaking down of blood vessels. There are various reasons of bleeding including injuries and wounds due to accidents. There are two types of bleeding known as internal bleeding and external bleeding. We can assist to stop normal external bleeding. In the case of internal bleeding, we need to seek medical help for its management. First Aid ^ Apply steady, direct pressure on the wound and elevate the area above the heart level for around 15 minutes. ^ Press the bleeding area with clean cloth, sterile gauge, or handkerchief. ^ Elevate the bleeding area slightly above the level of the heart. ^ In the case of limbs, use big handkerchief, scarf, shawl or tourniquet to stop bleeding. ^ Add more gauges, clean hankies or clean cloth on top of one after another and keep on pressing until the bleeding stops. iii. Nose Bleeding Epistaxis is the bleeding from nose. Nose bleeding may occur due to rupture of blood capillaries available at the internal lining of the nose. It occurs more often 71

in winter and when the air is dry. Common causes of nosebleeds are dry air, colds, allergies, aspirin, high altitudes, high blood pressure, and injury from bumping, blowing, or prickling of the nose. Preventive Measures ^ Saline nasal spray can be used to increase moisture within the nose. ^ Apply ointment to the inside of the nose at bedtime. ^ Avoid forceful nose blowing, and vigorous rubbing. ^ Avoid over-use of cold and allergy medications that may cause drying of your nose. First Aid ^ Use your thumb and index finger to pinch your nostrils shut for five to 10 minutes. ^ Sit upright leaning forward slightly and breathe through your mouth. ^ Release your nostrils after 10 minutes and check if the bleeding has stopped. ^ Carry the victim to the health center if bleeding does not stop. iv. Puncture wound by the Sharp Objects A puncture wound is an injury caused by a sharp, pointed object that penetrates the skin. Sharp objects, such as nails, knives, glass, scissors, pins, wood splinters, sharp stones, teeth, and needles can cause puncture wounds. Puncture wound can be dangerous because it is difficult to tell how deep the wound is. Preventive Measures ^ Handle the broken glass with care. ^ Always take precaution while working and doing any activities. ^ Make sure that the playground is free from pebbles, nails, and splinters. ^ Supervise and clean the playground thoroughly before the game starts. ^ The sharp instruments like knife, scissors, sickles, spades, and shavels should be handled safely. First Aid ^ Make sure whether the object that caused the wound is still in the wound or not. ^ Remove the object such as splinter from the wound with care. ^ Stop bleeding by applying pressure around the wound. 72

^ Elevate the limbs above the heart level to prevent further blood loss. ^ Seek urgent medical attention if required. v. Rabid Dog Bite Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Rabies is caused by rhabdovirus. This disease is transmitted through the bite of rabid animals. If a rabid animal bites a cow, goat, dog, or cat, including human being, injections should be started as soon as possible in order to prevent them from getting rabies. Its incubation period ranges from 1 to 3 months in humans. Death usually occurs around 2 to 10 days after the manifestation of first symptom. Signs and Symptoms ^ Fever and tingling at the bitten site ^ Inability to move parts of the body ^ Fear of water (Hydrophobia) ^ Difficulty to swallow water ^ Anxiety and insomnia ^ Abnormal behaviour ^ Loss of consciousness Preventive Measures ^ Vaccinating dogs and cats against rabies ^ Keeping pets under close supervision ^ Not handling wild animals or strays First Aid ^ Wash the wound thoroughly with a lot of soap and water ^ If possible apply tincture of iodine or betadine ^ Get anti-rabies injections immediately after the rabid bite. ^ Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes. ^ Apply ethanol or a similar antiseptic to prevent secondary infection. ^ Tetanus vaccine should be taken immediately to prevent tetanus whether the bite was rabid or not. 73

vi. Drowning The condition of being unable to breath due to submersion in water is called drowning. In this situation, the water is filled in the mouth and nostrils prevent oxygen to reach the lungs. It occurs usually in the swimming pool, pond, river etc. Drowning may cause untimely death if immediately rescue and First Aid is not available. Preventive Measures ^ If you are beginner to swim, find someone to teach you. ^ Avoid swimming or boating in high running water. ^ Wear a life jacket when you are boating, or rafting. ^ When boating, do not overload the boat and wear a life jacket. First Aid ^ Victim should be taken out by the trained swimmer. ^ Victim should be rescued with the help of rope, long stick, or rubber tube. ^ Remove foreign objects if any from the mouth and nose. ^ Press on his/her back around the waistline and move upward towards the back of the chest to remove water from the lungs. ^ Give artificial respiration if breathing has been stopped. ^ Give heart massage if heartbeat has been stopped. ^ Carry the victim to nearby hospital or health centre as soon as possible. Activity Prepare a short drama about the rabid dog bite prevention, First Aid and treatment process and show it in your school under the guidance and supervision of your teacher and First Aider. Word Meaning Fire extinguisher : a device or container filled with chemical to put fire off Premature death : death in very early age Rupture : breaking down of regular structure of body part Sterile gauge : cotton gauge free from bacteria and other germs Stunt : dangerous and skillful demonstration to attract others 74

RECAP M Safety education is an educational process, which teaches about the rules, means, and measures to keep us safe from the danger of incidence of accidents. M It educates people about safety rules and measures to follow at school, on the road and in daily life. M Accidents may occur due to the lack of knowledge on safety and due to failure of machines, unfavourable weather, and negligence. M First Aid can be defined as an immediate care provided to the casualty or ill person during the incidence of accident before the arrival of medical treatment. M The responsibility of a First Aider ends as soon as medical treatment is available. M Wound is an injury in which the skin, tissues, or organs are damaged by some external forces. M There is chance of getting wound while playing games, working with sharp objects and heat by external forces. M Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body due to the rupture of the blood vessels. M There are two types of bleeding known as internal bleeding and external bleeding. M In the case of internal bleeding, we need to seek medical help for its management. M Common causes of nosebleeds are dry air, colds, allergies, aspirin, high altitudes, high blood pressure, and injury from bumping, blowing, or picking of the nose. M Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. M Rabies is caused by rhabdovirus. M Rabies is transmitted through the bite of rabid animals. Its incubation period ranges from 1 to 3 months in humans. M Death usually occurs around 2 to 10 days after first symptom. M The condition of being unable to breath due to submersion in water is called drowning. M In this situation, the water is filled in the mouth and nostrils that prevent oxygen to reach the lungs and the victim may die. M Drowning may cause premature death if immediate rescue and First Aid is not available. M A puncture wound is a forceful injury caused by a sharp, pointed object that penetrates the skin. M Sharp objects, such as nails, knives, glass, scissors, pins, wood splinters, sharp stones, teeth, and needles can cause puncture wounds. 75

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. Write the meaning of safety education. 2. What are the importance of safety education? 3. What is First Aid? 4. Mention the importance of First Aid. 5. What is wound? 6. Mention the preventive measures of wound. 7. Explain the First Aid of wound. 8. Explain the First Aid of bleeding. 9. What is drowning? 10. Explain the First Aid to rabid dog bite. B. Choose the correct answer. 1. Rabies is caused by the............................(Lossavirus/Lissavirus/rhabdovirus). 2. ............................spray can be used to increase moisture in the nose (Dettol/ Savlon/Saline nasal). 3. In the case of internal bleeding, we need to seek............................for its management (medical help/tourniquet/stethoscope). 4. ............................should not be removed from the wound (Sterile gauge/ Clotted blood/Bandage). 5. Avoid swimming or boating in............................(high running water/dirty water/shallow water). C. Write short notes: a. Symptoms of rabid dog b. Prevention from drowning c. First Aid to nose bleeding d. Epistaxis Community Work Conduct a First Aid training program in your locality with the help of a First Aider. 76

Unit Family and Community Health 9 Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Introduce family health. @ Give introduction of community health. @ Tell the importance of community health. @ Explain the community health problems and their mitigating measures. @ Explain the superstition and ignorance and their adverse impact on community health. @ Explain about effects, prevention and control measures of drugs and smoking. 1. Introduction to Family Health Family is the basic unit of community. Family is the group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, and adoption living together sharing the same kitchen. Family health is a state of health condition of family members, which enables them to enjoy optimum physical, mental, social, and spiritual well being. Family health is part of community health. If the members of each family are healthy then the whole community becomes healthy. Diet, clothing, food hygiene, personal hygiene, entertainment, rest, education, culture, family relation, immunization, knowledge of safety education and First Aid along with good income sources directly and indirectly affect family health. 2. Introduction to Community Health Community is a group of people having common characteristics, common goal, and common interest as well as living with the sense of we feeling. 77

Community health is the art and science of promoting health, preventing and curing diseases by means of joint effort of individual, community and the government. According to Winslow, “Community health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through the organized community efforts.” The factors affecting the health of community are mentioned below: ^ Balanced diet ^ Safe drinking water ^ Safe environment ^ Education ^ Housing facilities ^ Safe drinking water ^ Safe disposal of wastes ^ Adequate health facilities Importance of Community Health Community health plays an important role to promote the health condition of the people residing in a community. Community health helps to address public health issues like prevention of STI’s, maternal and child health, mental health, nutrition, prevention and control of communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases, etc. The importance of community health is summarized in the following points: It motivates people for the management of balanced diet. It plays an important role for the decentralization of health services. Community health teaches people safe, healthy, and productive life. It plays important role for the eradication of superstition from the society. It helps in the production of healthy manpower for the society and nation. It may play role for the supply of safe and clean drinking water to the public. Community health encourages people to keep the environment neat and clean. It helps to prevent people from the incidence of accidents through safety education. It helps to reduce infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate and fertility rate. It helps to provide treatment to the drug addicted persons in the rehab center. It educates community people to control communicable and non-communicable diseases. 78

3. Community Health Problems and Control Measures Nepal is the country recognized with low life expectancy, high infant mortality rate, high prevalence rate of communicable diseases, high maternal mortality rate and so on. Many people are uneducated and most of the parts of the country have become remote from the capital city Kathmandu. Poor infrastructure, lack of health facility, ignorance, superstition, and difficult topographical structure are other factors leading to various forms of health problems in Nepal. Every year many people are losing their life even from minor diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, common cold, cholera, pneumonia, etc. The major community health problems of Nepal are as follows: ^ Malnutrition, ^ Superstition and Ignorance, ^ Smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse, etc. A. Smoking Tobacco is substance made from the dry leaves of tobacco plant. The tobacco plant contains poisonous chemical called nicotine. The smoking includes vaporized chemicals, harmful gases, particles of tar, nicotine and hundreds of cancer causing substances. Tobacco smoking directly affects the lungs, heart, and brain. It increases the risk of asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD, lungs cancer, miscarriage, etc. Causes of Smoking The smokers give different answers if they are asked the reason of smoking. People start smoking due to multiple physiological and social factors. However, the main causes for smoking are listed below: ^ Some persons imitate from seniors. ^ Children start smoking due to curiosity. ^ Youngsters begin to smoke as a fashion. ^ Some people start smoking for a status symbol. ^ Some persons start smoking due to the pressure from friend circle. ^ Some persons start smoking under the impression of advertisements. ^ Some start due to the influence of smokers in the society and working places. Immediate Effects ^ Coughing ^ Bad breathing ^ Giddiness and nausea ^ Heart beat becomes faster 79

Long-term Effects ^ Nicotine is stored in the body ^ Blood pressure increases ^ Women may become sterile ^ Wounds may appear in mouth ^ Miscarriage and stillbirth may happen ^ High possibility of heart attack and Non-Smoker’s Lungs Smoker’s Lungs lungs-cancer ^ Teeth, skin and fingers become pale due to the nicotine Preventive Measures ^ Guardians should develop healthy habits ^ Avoid the company with friends who smoke ^ Advertisement of smoking should be restricted ^ Declaring public places as smoke prohibited areas ^ Awareness campaign about the effects of smoking ^ Smoking should be taught in school education programme ^ Youngsters should be encouraged for recreational activities B. Drug Abuse Hemp Plant Opium Plant A drug is a substance, which may have medicinal or intoxicating performance when taken into a human body. According to WHO, “A drug is any substance that when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions.” Drug abuse is the misuse of drugs. It is the consumption of drugs without the prescription of the doctor or the authorized health personnel. The abuse of drugs repeatedly may cause drug addiction. The physical and psychological dependency over the drugs is called drug addiction. Drug abuse and addiction creates serious complications on health as well as 80

social problems in the family, society and the nation. Hence, it is considered as a major community health problem. Reasons for Drug Abuse ^ Drift towards western culture, sense of pseudo freedom and urbanization ^ Personality problem also makes a person more prone to drug addiction ^ In Nepal, some people use drugs to worship and please Lord Shiva ^ The addicted friends may influence their friends into this habit ^ Drugs are taken to forget discomfort and frustrations of life ^ Imitating elders and celebrities who are addicts ^ The smugglers may trap the persons for this act Effects of Drug Abuse ^ Nausea and vomiting ^ Memory power becomes weak ^ Reduction in reproductive performance ^ Increase in heart beat and blood pressure ^ Social reputation of an individual gets degraded ^ Loss of appetite and the body becomes exhausted ^ Immunity power weakens, which leads to ill health ^ There is disharmony between thinking and activities ^ Drug addiction leads to social disorder and criminal activities ^ Change in facial appearance and looking intoxicated all the time ^ Injecting drug with an unsterilized syringe may cause Sexually Transmitted Infections Prevention and Control Measures ^ Encouraging the child to believe in himself/ herself. ^ Laws against smuggling of illegal drugs must be implemented strictly. ^ People must be made aware about the harmful effects of drug addiction through community participation. ^ There must be effective control mechanism against smuggling of narcotic drugs in the community. ^ There should be management of sports and other recreational programmes so that in leisure time, youngsters will involve themselves in such activities. 81

^ There should be discussion on the adverse effects of drug addiction among family members and neighbours. ^ Drug abuse and addiction should be taught in school education. ^ Advising addicts to seek treatment from hospitals and counselling from rehabilitation centers. C. Superstition and Ignorance A large population of Nepali people is still deprived of education. Overall literacy rates of Nepal is only (67%) according to the population census 2011 AD. In this situation, the illiterate people are ignorant about the need and importance of sanitation, hygiene, balanced diet, immunization and other many more health issues. They do not have clear concept about the preventive, curative, and rehabilitative aspects of health. They may not identify the factors affecting health due to ignorance and lack of education. Similarly, conservative beliefs are deep rooted in the Nepalese society. Despite their education, most of the people still believe in faith healers instead of medical doctors and health personnel. They so far believe that sickness is caused by super natural power or due to the curse of god and evil spirit. In this condition, a large number of people are losing their lives by easily curable common diseases too. The ultimate solution to solve this problem is to make the people believe in rationality and remove misconception regarding health. It is possible through quality education and health awareness campaign in the communities. Moreover, it is necessary to give education about sanitation, personal hygiene and other healthy habits for healthy life. Word Meaning Decentralization : the spread of power away from the center to local branches Eradication : complete elimination or removal Intoxicating : impairing the physical and mental state of a person by means of alcohol or a drugs Nicotine : a colorless highly toxic liquid substance found in tobacco Prohibited : not permitted, forbidden Prolonging : making longer duration Pseudo freedom : unnecessarily expected freedom 82

RECAP M Family is the basic unit of community which is formed by the group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, and adoption living together sharing the same kitchen. M Family health is a state of health condition of family members, which enables them to enjoy optimum physical, mental, social, and spiritual well being. M Diet, clothing, food hygiene, personal hygiene, entertainment, rest, education, culture, immunization, etc are directly and indirectly affect family health. M Community is a group of people having common characteristics, common goal, and common interest as well as living with the sense of we feeling. M According to Winslow, “Community health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through the organized community efforts.” M Poor infrastructure, lack of health facility, ignorance, superstition, and difficult topographical structure are some factors leading to various forms of health problems in Nepal. M Every year many people are losing their life even from minor diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, common cold, cholera, pneumonia, etc in our country. M Tobacco is substance made from the dry leaves of tobacco plant. M The tobacco plant contains poisonous chemical called nicotine. M The smoking of cigarettes includes vaporized chemicals, harmful gases, particles of tar, nicotine and hundreds of cancer causing substances. M Tobacco smoking directly affects the lungs, heart, and brain. M According to WHO, “A drug is any substance that when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions.” M When properly used, therapeutic drugs relieve pain and suffering, cure disease and maintain good health. If abused, they can severely damage health and well- being. M Drug abuse is the misuse of drugs. It is the consumption of drugs without the prescription of the doctor or the authorized health personnel. M The physical and psychological dependency over the drugs is called drug addiction. M Drug abuse creates serious complications on health as well as social problems in the family, society and the nation. Hence, it is considered as a major community health problem. M Overall literacy rates of Nepal is only (67%) according to the population census 2011 AD. 83

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a family? 2. What is family health? 3. What is community? 4. Mention the importance of community health. 5. List any two community health problems. 6. What is a drug? 7. Mention any two reasons of drug abuse. 8. How do people start smoking? Mention any two reasons. 9. Mention any two long-term effects of smoking. 10. Mention any two prevention and control measures of drug abuse. 11. Explain the adverse impact of superstition and ignorance in community health. B. Write True or False to the following statements. 1. Family is formed by the group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, etc. 2. Drug abuse is the result of drug addiction. 3. Tobacco is made from the dry leaves of hemp plant. 4. Teeth, skin and fingers become pale due to nicotine. 5. Therapeutic drugs relieve pain, cure disease, and maintain good health if used properly. C. Write short notes: a. Short-term effects of Smoking b. Community health c. Drug addiction d. Superstition Community Work Conduct an awareness campaign in your community against smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse with the help of your guardians, community police, social activists and local leaders of that locality. 84

PHYSICAL EDUCATION Learning Achievement After the completion of this part, the students will be able to: @ Do physical exercise. @ Do various activities of drills. @ Do physical training serially. @ Give introduction of Yoga and tell its importance. @ Demonstrate the basic skills of various games. @ Practice in the events of athletics. Unit Physical Exercise 1 Physical Education Physical education is an educational course related to the physique of human body. It teaches the ways of keeping our body and mind active, healthy and strong through different physical activities. It aims to prepare a physically, mentally, socially and emotionally fit citizen through the physical activities. Physical Exercise Physical exercise is any bodily activity that trains our body to be physically fit, strong, healthy and active. Regular physical exercise makes the different parts of our body active. It helps for the growth and development of our body. It should be done carefully and with a happy and peaceful mind. It is not necessary that the physical exercise needs an open and wide ground; it can be done even at home. Different physical exercises can be done at a spot. We should be careful that sometimes the physical exercise may harm if it is done when we are not feeling well. 85

Physical exercise can be done at any time. The physical exercise done in the morning is better because it provides energy and keeps the body active throughout the day. Physical exercise is also done to warm the body before playing the games. Importance of Physical Exercise e It helps in the growth and development of organs. e It develops a handsome/beautiful personality. e It increases the resistance power. e It provides satisfaction and happiness in life. e It develops social equality. e It makes us disciplined and mentally sharp. e It keeps the internal and external condition strong and also develops a holy spirit. “Physical fitness is not only one of the most important keys to a healthy body; it is the basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity.” -John F. Kennedy Some simple and useful physical exercises John F. Kennedy Jogging/Exercise of Hands and Legs An activity of running at a moderate pace, often over long distance is called jogging. It can be done even at a point without covering any distance. Procedures 1. Wear a light cloth and stand straight. 2. Move hands and legs gently like running at the standing place. 3. Make the body loose and look straight while jumping. 4. Count each jumping like 1, 2, up to 16. 5. Repeat this exercise again from 17 to 32 counts more actively. 6. Slow down the speed and let the body cool down. Exercise of Arms This exercise is easy to perform in stand at ease position. It can be performed single or in group. 86

Procedures 1. Stand at ease by extending legs about 2 ft. distance. 2. Raise the left hand and bring it above the head. 3. Hold the left hand with right hand at the elbow and bend it lightly towards the right from 1 to 15 counts. 4. Return to the initial position in 16th count. 5. Raise the right hand and bring it above the head. 6. Hold the right hand with left at the elbow and bend it lightly towards the left from 17th count. 7. Return to the initial position 32nd count. 8. Remember to keep the head straight while bending the elbow towards left or right. Exercise of Waist This exercise is helpful to get relief from waist pain. It helps to make backbone flexible. We can perform it in stand at ease position. Procedures 1. Stand straight keeping the legs at about 2 ft. distance. 2. Hold the left hand at wrist with right hand after bringing it above the head and bend it towards the right from 1 to 15 counts. 3. Keep the legs straight while bending the body. 4. Come to the first position in 16th count. 5. Again hold the right hand at wrist with left hand by bringing it above the head and bend it towards the right from 17th count. 6. Return to the initial position in 32nd count. Exercise of Chest and Back This exercise helps to get relief from back pain. It should be performed in the command and supervision of teacher or instructor. 87

Procedures 1. Lie down on the soft and clean surface facing downwards. 2. Place both the palms on your back facing upwards and crossing each other. 3. Raise the head above taking long breath in. 4. Hold on the breathing for 15 counts and keep on raising the head. 5. Lie down the head in 16th count and breathe out. 6. Repeat the same at least 10 times. Exercise by Pressing on the Partner’s Shoulder Although this exercise is useful for shoulder and waist, it may sometimes cause an injury in the spinal. So, the over pressure on partner’s shoulder should be avoided. Procedures 1. Stand straight at a distance of about 2 ft facing each other with partner. 2. Bow down keeping the hands on each other’s shoulder. 3. Keep the knee straight and back bone stretching while bowing down. 4. Continue the exercise for 30 seconds for once. 5. Come to the initial position and stand at ease. Word Meaning Partner : co-worker Resistance : the ability not to be affected by something Supervision : a critical watching and directing 88

RECAP M Physical education is an educational course related to the shape and size of human body. M Physical exercise is any physical activity that trains our body to be physically fit, strong, healthy and active. M Physical exercise is important to maintain our body physically, mentally, socially and emotionally healthy. M Physical exercise keeps the internal and external condition strong and also develops a holy spirit. M The physical exercise done in the morning provides energy and keeps the body active throughout the day. M We need warm up exercise before playing games to warm our body and prepare for the play. M We can do the exercise for our arms by holding at elbow and pulling leftward and rightward. M The exercise of waist is done by holding at wrist and bending body towards the right and left. M Regular exercise benefits for the maintenance of good health. M The advantage of the exercise of chest and back is that it helps to get relief from back pain. M The games like volleyball, basketball, cricket, etc require the exercise of arms. M The games like Kabaddi, High jump, Long jump, etc require the exercise of waist. EXERCISE Answer the following questions in brief. 1. What is physical education? 2. Write the meaning of physical exercise. 3. Why is physical exercise important? 4. Why and when do we need the warm up exercise? 5. How can we do the exercise for our arms? 6. How is the exercise of waist done? 7. What are the benefits of regular exercise? 8. What is the advantage of exercise of chest and back? 9. Which game requires the exercise of arms? 10. Which game requires the exercise of waist? 89

Unit Drill 2 Introduction Drill is a physical activity performed in groups. It is generally considered as an activity related to military training that involves the constant repetition of a set pattern of movements or tasks. Nowadays, it is taken as an inseparable activity of the civil life. Objective of Drill The main objective of drill is to develop skill and ability to perform a group work in a disciplined manner. Importance of Drill Drill develops a habit of performing work in group with good coordination. It brings uniformity in the group activity. It reduces fatigue and increases appetite. It helps to keep the body active and balanced. Drill is performed according to the order and direction of the commander. As it is performed in group, it is enjoyable. Steps of Drill There are three steps in drill which should be followed in sequence. They are: 1. Instruction: In this step, the commander gives an instruction to the participants to be ready for the action. 2. Command: In this step, the commander gives an order to perform the action immediately. 3. Action: In this step, the participants perform actions according to the instructions and order of the commander. Basic Commands of Drill There are various instructions and commands in drill. Some of the basic commands are discussed below: 1. Cover up 2. Stand at ease 90

3. Attention 4. Right turn 5. Left turn 6. About turn 7. Mark time 8. Halt 9. Forward march 10. Eyes right 11. Eyes front 1. Cover up Cover up is the drill, generally to be done at the beginning of the drill performance but it can be done to arrange the places and straighten the column or row. The well arrangement of the column and row of the participants makes the drill more attractive. Procedures and position of the body for this should be as follows: a. Number of participants should be equally distributed in all columns and rows. b. Straighten the columns and arrange according to the height of participants. c. Keep the body erect and straight, raise the hands up to the shoulder height, and stretched hands fingers forward. d. Keep the neck and eye sight straight frontward parallel to the ground surface looking at the back of the head of the friend standing in front. e. Keep the chest out, stomach in and mouth closed. 2. Stand at ease The participants need to come at ease position to feel comfortable from exertion. When, the commander commands for the stand at ease, the participants have to lift their left leg for about 15-20 cm up and place at about 28-30 cm leftward. Besides this, the participants should perform this action in the following physical position: a. When the commander commands for the stand at ease, the participants should carry their hands back and knock down the left leg little away simultaneously. 91

b. The body weight should be balanced on the both legs. c. Bring the arms behind the back, stretch to their full extent and place the back of the right hand on the palm of the left, with thumbs crossed right over left. d. The body position should be erect and straight while in the stand ease position. e. The arms should be placed tightly touching the body. 3. Attention Generally, every action of the drill starts with attention position. The participants should perform the action in the following physical position: a. Stand in straight position balancing weight of the body equally on both legs. b. Keep your feet together joining heels and toe away in V-shape at an angle of 30° from each other. c. Stretch your chest and legs. Straighten both the hands downwards from the shoulder touching the body with loose fists. d. Keep the neck and eye sight straight frontward parallel to the ground surface. e. Keep the chest out, stomach in and mouth closed. 4. Right Turn The activity of turning body and leg to rightward and coming to attention position is called right turn. It starts from the attention position. The participants should perform it in the following physical position: a. According to the command, the participants turn 90° to the right by pivoting on the right heel and 4 3 2 1 left toe and raising the left heel and right toe simultaneously. b. Both knees are kept braced during the turn, arms at the sides and body erect. c. On the completion of the movement, the weight of the body is placed on the right foot and the left leg is braced with the heel off the ground. d. The participants bend the left knee lifting the leg about 15 cm, straighten it and smartly place the left foot beside the right to assume the position of attention. 5. Left Turn It also starts from the attention position. The participants turn their body and leg to the leftward and come to the attention position in this command. The left turn 92

action is performed in the following physical position: a. According to the command, the participants turn 90° to the left by pivoting on the left heel and right toe and raising the right heel and left toe simultaneously. b. Both knees are kept braced during the 1 2 3 4 turn, arms at the sides and body erect. c. On the completion of the movement, the weight of the body is placed on the left foot and the right leg is braced with the heel off the ground. d. The participants bend the right knee lifting the leg about 15 cm, straighten it and smartly place the right foot beside the left to assume the position of attention. 6. About Turn When the commander commands for the about turn, the participants should perform it as in Right Turn from attention position. In this action, the physical position should be as follows: a. According to the command, the 4 3 2 1 participants turn 180° to the right by pivoting on the right heel and left toe and raising the left heel and right toe simultaneously. b. All other actions are similar to Right Turn. c. The participants have to turn completely to their opposite direction in this action. 7. Mark Time In this command, the participants march on the same place moving their legs but without stepping forward. They should not move in any direction. a. It starts from the attention position. b. When the commander commands for the Mark Time, the participants should immediately lift and stump left leg followed by right. c. The thigh should be lifted about 6 inches up parallel to the ground. d. The participants should start marching first by lifting left leg in 1 count and then right in 2 counts. 93

e. During the March time, the body should be in attention position. f. It is better to down the toe part of the foot while lifting the leg. g. The Mark time goes on for some time until the commander commands to come to Halt or Forward March. 8. Halt This command is used to stop marching. The commander commands for Halt when the right leg is lifted. a. The participants stump the right leg saying ‘Check’. b. Then, they have to stump left and right legs in 1 and 2 count respectively and come to attention position. 9. Forward March This command is generally given while the participants are in Mark Time position. a. When the commander commands for Forward March, the participants immediately should start step forward with the left leg. b. The participants should maintain the balance and coordination of their hands’ swing and legs’ step while marching forward. (i.e. left leg-right hand and right leg-left hand) c. While marching forward, the arms of the participants should swing to the shoulder level. d. It can be done in 1…2…1, 1…2…1 counts also. e. When the commander commands for the Halt, the participants should stop marching in ‘Team Halt….. Check…. 1….2 on right leg’. 10. Eyes Right This command is given while demonstrating the parade to show the respect or greeting to the guest and audience. It is done in the action of Forward March. Generally, the team goes forward leaving the guests to its right. When the team leader or commander reaches in front of the guest, he/she gives the command of ‘Eyes Right’. The physical position of the commander and the participants should be as below in this situation. a. The participants and the commanders should turn their head to the right keeping their chin parallel to the shoulder and step forward. It is continued till the command of Eyes Front is given. 94

b. At once, when the command for Eyes Right is given, the flag kept straight should be shifted towards right and held horizontally parallel to the surface at chest level. Then, the eyes should be turned right parallel to the flag. c. The left arm should be attached to the body and kept stable. d. The other participants should march forward turning their eyes towards right. e. On the eyes right position, the participants march forward keeping their backbone and neck straight. 11. Eyes Front Eyes Front command is given when the participants of the drill are in Eyes Right position. It is generally given by the team leader after crossing the area of the guests’ stage. a. In the command of Eyes Front, the flag holder straightens up the lent down flag. b. Other participants should straighten their neck and step forward in Forward March position. Word Meaning Appetite : natural desire for food Exertion : physical or mental effort Fatigue : extreme tiredness Inseparable : unable to be separated Simultaneously : at the same time 95

RECAP M The physical activity performed repeatedly according to the command of the group leader or commander as per the drum’s beat or count is called drill. M The objective of drill is to develop skill and ability to perform a group work in a disciplined manner. M Drill is important because it brings uniformity in the group activity, reduces fatigue, increases appetite and helps to keep the body active and balanced. M The steps of drill are: Instruction, Command and Action. M The basic commands of drill are: Cover up, Stand at ease, Attention, Right turn, Left turn, About turn, Mark time, Halt, Forward march, Eyes right, Eyes front. M Drill is demonstrated while presenting the scout or students in the inauguration ceremony of sports. M Mostly legs and arms are exercised by drill. EXERCISE Answer the following question in brief. 1. Define drill. 2. What is the objective of drill? 3. Write the importance of drill. 4. What are the steps of drill? 5. List the basic commands of drill. 6. When is drill demonstrated? 7. Which part of body is exercised by drill? 96

Unit Physical Training 3 Introduction Physical Training is also called P. T. in short form. The literal meaning of physical training refers to the exercise of all parts of body. All the activities that help in keeping the body healthy and fit are called physical training. Physical training was considered as the drill of Army and Police in the past. It has been developed as a part of common life and a regular activity of schools nowadays. Physical Training is considered the most important activity for physical fitness and healthy life. It can be done in single, double or in group as per the necessity and condition of the person. There are various forms and techniques of physical trainings. Some of the forms of physical training are discussed below: P. T. No. 1: Physical Training for Stretching Body The participants should stand in attention position and perform the following actions in counts: 1. Raise your hands to the shoulder height and stretch it. 2. Raise and stretch your hands above the head from the front. 3. Side your hands and make them straight. 4. Bring your hands down from the side and come to attention position. Repeat the actions and stop at count 8. P. T. No. 2: Physical Training for Hands and Legs The participants should stand straight with crossed hands in the front of the waist and perform the following actions in counts: 97

1. Bend both your knees and stretch your crossed hands toward sides. 2. Bring both the hands down and stand straight with crossed hands in the front. Repeat the actions and stop at count 16. P. T. No. 3: Physical Training for Arms The participants should stand straight with crossed hands in the front of the waist and perform the following actions in counts: 1. Raise your hands without bending from the sides and cross above the forehead. 2. Down the hands and cross in the front. 3. Open the hands and stretch toward the sides at shoulder’s level. 4. Lower the hands and cross them in the front. Repeat the actions and stop at count 16. P. T. No. 4: Physical Training for Chest The participants should stand straight with crossed hands in the front of the waist and perform the following actions in counts: 1. Extend the legs about 20 cm apart and extend hands to the sides. 2. Bring the hands down from the front and make them crossed in the front of the waist. 98

3. Raise the hands up, extend them sideways, extend the chest and tilt the head backward. 4. Bring both the hands in front of the waist making them crossed. Repeat the actions and stop at count 16. P. T. No. 5: Physical Training for Waist The participants should stand extending the legs about 20 cm apart. They should keep their hands down sideways and perform the following actions in counts: 1. Raise the right hand sideways and bend it leftward. 2. Come back to the initial position. 3. Raise the left hand sideways and bend it rightward. 4. Come back to the initial position. Repeat the actions and stop at count 16. P. T. No. 6: Physical Training for Back The participants should stand extending their legs about 20 cm apart. They should keep their hands down sideways and perform the following actions in counts: 1., 2. & 3. Bend the trunk forward and try to touch the ground with fingers. 4. Come back to the initial position. 5., 6. & 7. Bend the trunk backward keeping both hands on the waist. 8. Come back to the initial position. 99

Repeat the actions and stop at count 16. P. T. No. 7: Physical Training for Chest and Waist The participants should stand with hands down sideways and legs about 20 cm apart. Then, they have to perform the following action in counts: 1. Rotate the trunk leftward keeping right hand in the front of waist and left hand on the back. 2. Rotate the trunk rightward keeping left hand in the front of waist and right hand on the back. 3. Repeat no. 1 4. Repeat no. 2 5. Swing both the hands leftward. 6. Swing both the hands rightward. 7. Swing both the hands leftward. 8. Stand at initial position. Repeat actions and stop at count 16. P. T. No. 8: Physical Training for Shoulder and Neck The participants should stand at attention position and perform the following actions in counts: 100