Health and Physical Education with Creative Art_Book 6_2079 Revised Edition

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 6Grade Authors Ram Kumar Rai Matrika Pd. Lamsal

Published by TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal. Phone: 4672071, 4672073, 5187211 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 E-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com © Copyright: Publisher 2075 BS First Edition : 2075 BS Reprint : 2076 BS Reprint : 2077 BS Readmore welcomes any suggestions regarding the textbook. Layout: Readmore Desktop Illustration: Dev Maharjan Printed in Nepal You can exchange out textbooks from your nearest book distributor if any technical errors are found. Read to help others read! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Readmore Charity Fund. The fund is provided to deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

PREFACE First Edition, 2075 BS This text book (Health and Physical Education) has been written according to the curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Center (CDC), The Government of Nepal and covers all the contents of the syllabus. Every possible efforts have been provided to make the subject matter easy, clear and systematic for the grade VI students. We hope that this book meets the objective set forth by the CDC and fulfills the requirement of the students of Grade 6. There are 15 units altogether in this text book as prescribed by the CDC. This book has been written as far as possible in simple language. We believe that illustration with pictures, figures and diagrams will make the text more readable and adds to its utility. Activities and community works in each lesson will help the students foster their inherent strength. Salient Features of this book: • Every lesson has been supplemented with suitable pictures and illustrations. • Evaluation exercises are presented in various ways such as class room activities, community based activities, project works and exercises including subjective and objective questions, report writing and presentation. • The meaning of difficult words are given at the end of every unit/chapter for the convenience of the students. We wish to express our sincere regards to the Readmore Publishers & Distributors for providing all possible help and support in every step to produce this book. Last but not least, we are highly indebted with the great contribution and support provided by the layout designers Sameer Shakya and Sunil Maharjan for their creative designing without their skillful hands this book would not have been produced in this standard. We also apologize for any error or discrepancy despite the sincere efforts to make this book credible as much as possible. We humbly request all the colleagues, students, subject teachers and well wishers to provide their valuable feedback and suggestions. Authors

Table of Contents HEALTH EDUCATION Page Unit 1 Human Body 5 - 19 Unit 2 Personal Health 20 - 26 Unit 3 Nutrition 27 - 33 Unit 4 Disease 34 - 47 Unit 5 Adolescence, Sexuality and Reproductive Health 48 - 54 Unit 6 Alcohol, Drugs and Smoking 55 - 58 Unit 7 Environmental Health 59 - 67 Unit 8 Safety and First Aid 68 - 76 Unit 9 Family and Community Health 77 - 84 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 85 - 89 90 - 96 Unit 1 Physical Exercise 97- 104 Unit 2 Drill 105 - 108 Unit 3 Physical Training 109 - 120 Unit 4 Yoga 121 - 127 Unit 5 Games Unit 6 Athletics 128 A Set of Model Question

HEALTH EDUCATION Unit Human Body 1 Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Introduce human body. @ Tell the structure and function of human cell and tissue. @ Tell the structure and function and care of eyes. @ Explain the structure and function and care of nose. @ Describe the structure and function and care of ears. @ Tell the structure, function and care of skin. @ Mention the structure, function and care of teeth. @ Tell the structure, function and care of tongue. 1. Introduction to Human Body The muscles, bones, tissues, and cells are important components of a human body. The cell is known as the smallest functional unit of our body. A number of cells with similar function form a tissue. The muscle, bone, nerves, etc are the examples of the tissues. Similarly, a number of tissues form an organ. The heart, kidney, intestine, brain, lungs, spleen, stomach, etc are the examples of organs. The different organs working together as a Human Body single unit to perform systematic function of our body is called a system. There are different systems in our body such as digestive system, circulatory system, excretory system, nervous system, respiratory system, muscular system, skeletal system, reproductive system, glandular system and so on. They perform their own special functions. For example, the 5

nervous system controls over the function of the brain and the nerves. Similarly, the digestive system regulates the digestion, absorption and nourishment function of the body. i. Human Cell Lysosome Golgi The cell is the basic structural apparatus and functional unit of all Rough forms of living organisms. Endoplasmic Mitochondria In other words, cells are Reticulum Nucleolus the basic building blocks of body. They can only be seen Smooth Nucleus with the help of microscope. Endoplasmic Microtubules Uncountable number of cells Reticulum Cytoplasm are found in the human body. Cell (plasma) Ribosome The different parts of a cell membrane are mentioned below: Centrioles Cell membrane: It forms the outer covering of the cell. Cytoplasm: It is a gel like Human Cell substance where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside the cell. Nucleus: It contains the hereditary material (DNA) and directs the activities of the cell. It controls the cavity of the cell and is known as the control center of the cell. The cells produce different chemicals, which are required by the body. They are capable of carrying out all the functions of a living organism such as movement, respiration, digestion, etc. Functions of cell: Transport oxygen and nutrients to the body. Synthesize protein and enzymes in the body. Produce energy in the body. Excrete wastes from the body. Play role in the internal respiration process. Play role in the metabolism process. Activity Prepare a well labelled human cell in a chart paper and discuss in your class; then cling it on the classroom wall. 6

ii. Tissue Epithelial Tissue Mast cell A group of cells that have a similar Elastic shape and function is called tissue. In Melanocyte fibers a human body, there are four basic Plasma types of tissues such as epithelial tissue, cell Collagen connective tissue, muscular tissue and fibers nervous tissue. Different types of tissues can be found in different organs. Adipocytes (fat cells) a. Epithelial Tissue It covers the body surface and forms the Lylmphocyte lining for most internal cavities. The skin is also formed by epithelial tissue. Connective Tissue b. Connective Tissue Epimysium The tissues like adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, Tendon blood, and lymph are considered as Epimysium connective tissue. These tissues link and support other tissues and organs of the Perimysium body. Muscle c. Muscle Tissues fiber (cell) Muscle tissues are made up of long Endomysium cylindrical fibers. They are of three types such as skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Muscle Tissue tissues. Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones. Biceps is the example of Cell nucleus the skeletal muscle tissue. The walls of internal organs contain smooth muscle Dendrites Myelin sheath tissues. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart. Axon d. Nerve Tissue Cell Neural impulse Nerve tissue is composed of specialized body cells, which receive stimuli and conduct impulses to and from all parts of the Axon terminals body. 7 Functions of Tissue: Remove toxins from the body. Nerve Tissue

Transport nutrients, waste products of metabolism, dissolve gases, blood cells, etc. Regulate body fluid electrolytes and temperature. Regulate respiration process in the body. Control digestion process in the body. Secrete enzymes, hormones and mucous in the body. Transmit nerve impulses that control body activities. 2. Introduction, Importance and Care of the Following Organs A. Eyes Eyes are the most important and delicate organs of our body. They are spherical in shape. They are the sense organs situated in the orbital cavities. They are about 2.5 cm in diameter. Eyes send messages to the brain for us to see. The eyes help us to see and know the beauty, shape, size, brightness, height, distance, colours and various other things around us. They include various parts like pupil, cornea, retina, lens, and optic nerve. The eye acts as a camera and takes pictures of objects of the surrounding. Structure of the Eyes i. Sclera The outermost and strong portion of Eyelid the eyeball is called sclera. It is also known as whites of the eyes. The front Pupil part of the sclera is transparent which Sclera is known as cornea. Iris ii. Retina Ciliary body Retina The innermost layer of the eye is called Cornea Choroid retina. It consists of millions of light Iris sensitive cells called photoreceptors Vitreous humor and optic nerves. The retina forms Lens inverted image of the objects that we Ciliary body Optic nerve see around us. The optic nerves carry Sclera those inverted images formed in the retina to the brain. iii. Iris Structure of Eye Iris is a colourful membrane present in front of the lens. It helps to determine the colour of the eyes. The eyes of people can be blue, black, or brown due to the presence of the iris. 8

iv. Pupil The central black part of the eye is called pupil. In other word, we can say that pupil is a small, round black center of the iris. The light enters into our eyes through the pupil. v. Lens Lens is situated behind the pupil. It allows light to enter the eyes through it. It makes the image of objects in front of us on the retina inside the eye. vi. Cornea The cornea is the clear, dome like structure that acts as a window for the eye. It is convex and is involved in refracting or bending light rays to focus them on the retina. vii. Choroid The middle layer below the sclera is choroid. Choroid is rich in blood vessels. It is dark brown in colour. Light enters the eye through the pupil. It is supplied with fine blood capillaries and nerve fibers. viii. Ciliary Body It gives attachment to the suspensor ligament, which is attached to the capsule enclosing the lens. ix. Aqueous Humor The aqueous humor is the liquid between the corneas and the lens. It keeps a constant pressure in the eye. x. Vitreous Humor The vitreous humor is a transparent, jelly- like substance that is located behind the lens. xi. Optic Nerve The optic nerve sends signals from the eyes to the brain. It is joined to the back of the eyeball. The image formed in the retina is carried by the optic nerve. Functions of the Eyes It gives us the sense of sight, allowing us to learn more about the surrounding world. The eye allows us to see and interpret the shapes, colours, and dimensions of objects. We use our eyes in almost every activity. Eyes become active while walking, reading, watching television, playing and so on. 9

Care of Eyes Avoid reading by lying down on the bed. Do not wipe eyes with dirty clothes. Protect your eyes from foreign bodies like dust particles, insect and small stones. Avoid wearing contact lenses while sleeping and swimming. Do not put salt in your eyes. Do not read in dim light and do not keep the books very close to the eyes while reading. Take sufficient amount of Vitamin A containing green vegetables and yellow fruits. Do not rub your eyes when dust particles or other foreign objects enter your eyes. Use clean water, soft and clean piece of cloth to clean the eyes. We should watch television and computer at least 6 feet away from them. Avoid constant looking at the computer screen for a long time. Do not miss to provide children below 5 years with vitamin A on the day it is distributed nationwide. Activity Draw a well labelled internal structure of the eye and show in your class for discussion. B. Nose Nose is an important organ of respiratory system. It is also an important sense organ for smelling. It is necessary for breathing and smelling smells. It is believed that our nose can detect more than 10,000 types of smells. It is located between two eyes and just above the mouth. Our nose is divided into two parts such as external and internal part. Structure of the Nose a. The External Nose It consists of two openings known as nostrils. Nasal bones and cartilage form these nostrils. A thin layer called septum separates these nostrils. The nostrils contain mucus and a large number of tiny hairs on the inner wall. These hairs and mucus filter the dust particles and germs from the inhaled air and stop them from entering into the lungs. b. Internal Nose It consists of a large cavity known as nasal cavity. The upper part of the nasal cavity called roof contains olfactory nerves. When outside smell reaches to the nasal 10

cavity, the olfactory nerves Frontal sinus Olfactory bulb Sphenoidal sinus perceive that smell and send it Nasal bone to the brain. Finally, the brain Nasopharynx detects whether it is a pleasant Cartilage Pharyngeal smell or an unpleasant smell tonsil then we are able to identify the smell. Functions of Nose The nose has many small Nasal cavity hairs inside the nostrils. These hairs remove dirt Lip muscle Tongue particles before the air Teeth enters the lungs. Internal Structure of Nose Nose affects the sound of your voice. The shape of the septum plays an important role in the sound of your voice. Nose is essential to smell. Care of Nose You should blow and wash your nose to keep it clean. Always breathe through the nose. Use a soft and clean handkerchief to wipe your nose. Never sneeze forcefully. You should always keep your nose clean. Do not insert finger, matchstick, and sharp things into the nose. To clear a blocked nose you can use nasal drops with the advice of the doctor. Do not take smell of different flowers from a close distance. While walking in the road, cover your nose with a handkerchief or mask. You can take steam or lukewarm salt solution to clean the nose. C. Ear The ear is a sense organ of hearing in our body. There are two ears on the either side of our head. It is a part of auditory system. It enables us to hear sound coming from different sources. It detects sound as well as helps to balance our body. Each ear has three parts such as external ear, middle ear and internal ear. Structure of the Ear External Ear The part of the ear that we can see from outside is known as external ear. It consists of different sections such as pinna, auditory canal and eardrum. Pinna is the funnel 11

shaped outer part that is made up of thin cartilage and muscles. It is attached to the side of the head. Auditory canal is a muscular tube of around 3 cm length. It begins from the base of the pinna and ends at the eardrum. This canal collects sound from the pinna and sends it to the eardrum. Eardrum is a thin membranous closure of external ear. When the sound waves strike the eardrum it Auditory ossicles vibrates and passes the sound signal to the Malleus Incus middle ear. Stapes Middle Ear It consists of three tiny bones known as ear Stabilizing ligaments Oval ossicles (i.e. malleus, incus, and steps). The External acoustic window vibration of the eardrum is transferred to the meatus Round window Tympanic membrane ossicles. Then that vibration passes to the Auditory internal ear. tube Tympanic cavity (middle ear) Internal Ear Structure of Middle Ear It is the inner-most part of the ear. It receives sound signals from the middle ear and sends them to the hearing area of the brain. When our brain analyzes the sound signals, we can recognize the sound of different sources. It consists of the three parts such as vestibule, semi-circular canal and cochlea. i. Vestibule Semicircular ducts Vestibulococnhelervaer It is the first part of the inner ear. It is a small Anterior cavity that lies just behind the oval and round Lateral windows. Posterior ii. Semi-circular Canal Vestibular duct Three semicircular canals are found in each Cochlear duct ear. These structures contain nerve cells. Brain receives the information about our body Tympanic duct posture from those nerve cells. Bony labyrinth Cochlea Membranous labyrinth Structure of Inner Ear iii. Cochlea Cochlea is a main organ in the inner ear. It is a small coiled up shell-like hollow structure. It contains nerve cells that receives the sound signals and send to the brain for hearing. Functions of Ear It helps to detect, transmit, and transduce sound of the surrounding. 12

It provides balance to our body while moving or remaining static. It adds beauty to our body. Care of Ear We should not use sharp instruments like hairpins, toothpick, compass, needle, etc to remove wax from the ears. We should protect our ears from hard blows. We should avoid loud noise as far as possible. In ear, there should not be any sort of carelessness regarding our ears, if any problem appears. We should not shout near the ears of the other people because this can make people deaf. We should always clean our ears with ear bud. If we feel any pain or itching inside our ear, we should visit doctor immediately. Activity Divide your class into different groups. Draw external, middle and internal structure of the ear in separate A4 size paper; then collage them in a chart paper and show it to your teacher. D. Skin Skin is the soft outermost Epidermis Hair shaft covering of our body. It is the Dermis sense organ through which Oil gland we can feel cold, pressure, Subcutaneous Lymph heat, touch, pain, etc. It tissue vessel protects us from microbes, Nerve regulates body temperature, Hair follicle and provides the sensation. Fatty tissue The skin also contains colour Vein pigment called melanin which Artery protects our skin from the Sweat gland ultra violate rays (UV rays) of the Sun. Structure of Skin Structure of the Skin i. Epidermis Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It is made up of the two layers such as the upper layer of the dead cells and the lower layer of the active cells. There is no blood vessels and nerve endings in the epidermis. 13

ii. Dermis The layer of the skin just below the epidermis is called dermis. It consists of blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands and hair roots. It enables us to feel the sensation of pain, touch, heat, cold, etc. Functions of Skin It helps to regulate our body temperature. Skin protects the underlying structures ( tissues) from injury. It protects the underlying structures from microbial invasion. It contains sensory nerve endings of pain, touch and temperature. Care of Skin Use of sunscreen cream or lotion may provide protection against the harmful rays of Sun. We should stay away from people who are suffering from skin diseases. We should bath everyday to keep skin clean. The clothes should be well- washed or clean. We should wear clean undergarments. We should wash our body regularly with soap and clean water. We should wear clothes according to climate. We should always try to save our body from skin cut. If any form of skin disease appears, we should immediately consult the doctor. Skin should not be exposed to sunlight for a long period. E. Teeth Central Incisor Lateral Incisor Canine PFirresmt olar We use our teeth to bite SPerecmonodlar MFirosltar and chew food. They are embedded inside the mouth. SMeocolanrd TMhoirldar In our lifetime, we have two sets of teeth: deciduous teeth SMeocolanrd MThoirldar and permanent teeth. There are 20 deciduous teeth and 32 SPerecmonodlar MFirosltar permanent teeth. Generally, Canine PFirresmt olar the first tooth appears when Central Incisor Lateral Incisor the baby reaches the age of seven month. Different Types of Teeth A baby posses twenty temporary teeth. They are also 14

known as milk teeth, baby teeth, or first teeth. Those temporary teeth start falling one by one from six years of age and new permanent teeth grow in their places. Usually, there is growth of a set of 32 permanent teeth. These teeth are developed when a child is about 6 to 14 years old. Among them, the four teeth known as wisdom teeth grow between the age of 16 to 21 years. Types of Teeth Wisdom Teeth Wisdom teeth usually develop at the age of 16 to 21 years. They are also called the third molars. There are four wisdom teeth altogether. These teeth appear around the age of 18 years. Canine Teeth It is a type of tooth with a single point and a single root. Adults have four canine teeth; two of them are embedded in the top jaw and two are found at the bottom jaw. Incisor Teeth It is a type of tooth with a narrow edge in the front teeth. An incisor has one root. Adult humans have eight incisors, four in the top jaw, and four in the bottom jaw. Molar Teeth Molar is a wide, flat tooth found in the back of the mouth. Molars in the top jaw have three roots but the molars in the lower jaw have two roots. Adults have altogether 12 molars. There are six in the top jaw and six in the bottom jaw. Premolar Teeth It is the type of tooth located between canine and molars. It has one root. It has two points at the top. Adults have eight premolars, four in the top jaw and four at the bottom. Different Types of Teeth by their Number Jaw Location Incisor Canines Premolars Molars Total Grand total 6 16 32 Upper Jaw 4 2 4 6 16 Lower Jaw 4 2 4 Structure of Teeth A tooth has two anatomical parts such as crown and root. The part of the tooth that is usually visible over the gum is called the crown and the part that is attached to the gum is called the root. The root is embedded in the jaw. Enamel The outermost layer of the tooth (crown) is called enamel. Enamel is known as the hardest tissue in our body. It is shiny and milky white in colour. 15

Cementum Crown enamel It is a hard bone like tissue that covers the root dentin root surface of a tooth. It also attaches the pulp surrounding gum tissue to the root of the gum tooth. cementum Dentine bvelososedls Dentine is the second layer of teeth that lies below the enamel or cementum. It is not as hard as enamel. It is slightly yellowish in colour. Pulp nerve Pulp is the chamber inside the tooth. It is filled with blood vessels and nerve fibers. The pulp Structure of Tooth extends from the crown to the tip of the root. Gum Gum is the soft tissue that surrounds the base or neck of the teeth. Functions of Teeth Incisors are used to bite off or cut food. Canine teeth are used to hold and tear food. Molar and premolar teeth are used in grinding and chewing food. Care of Teeth We should brush our teeth at least twice a day after lunch and dinner in a proper way. We should not use our teeth to break hard and strong things. We should not brush our teeth with other’s toothbrush. We should eat food containing Vitamin C regularly. We should go for dental check up at least once in every six months. We should avoid eating sweets, candies, chocolates, as well as very hot and very cold food. Eating carrot, radish, sugarcane, etc may be beneficial to keep our teeth strong. We should wash and gargle our mouth cavity thoroughly after each meal. Bad habits of eating khaini, paan parag, paan, gutkha, etc should be avoided. Activity Invite a dentist in your school through your school administration and request him/her to conduct a demo class about the structure of teeth and proper way of brushing and cleaning teeth. 16

F. Tongue Tongue is the muscular organ that is located inside the mouth. It does not have any bones. It is flexible and it can move freely. The main function of tongue is to taste, help in chewing food, swallowing food and speech. The upper layer of the tongue contains a large number of taste buds. Those taste buds help us to identify the taste like sweet, salty, bitter and sour. Structure of the Tongue The human tongue is divided into two parts: Bitter oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part at the back. The left and right sides are also Lingual Septum separated by a vertical section called lingual septum. The upper surface of the tongue is Sweet Tastebuds called dorsum. There are about 3,000 taste buds on the dorsum of an adult person. Care of tongue Structure of Tongue We must keep our tongue clean. Too hot or too cold food should not be taken. We should clean the tongue with the help of a tongue cleaner. Hot water with salt can also be used to clean our tongue. We should not use our fingers to clean the tongue. In case of any serious problem, the doctor should be consulted on time. Activity Draw the different types of teeth in a chart paper and show it in your class. Word Meaning Cavity : a hollow space within an organ in the body Cell organelle : a structural and functional unit of a cell such as a mitochondrion, ribosome, centrioles, golgi apparatus, etc Chamber : an enclosed space, cavity DNA : an extremely long, double-stranded nucleic acid molecule found in the nucleus of a cell which carries genetic information Enzyme : complex proteins produced by cells that act as a catalyst during biochemical reaction in a living organism Impulse : an electrical signal or information traveling along the axon of a nerve cell Inverted : upside down, opposite Perceive : to recognize Stimuli : something that cause response in a cell, tissue and other structure of an organism 17

RECAP M The muscles, bones, tissues, and cells are important components of a human body. M The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of living organisms. M An organ is formed by a number of tissues. M The different organs working together as a single unit to perform systematic function of our body is called a system. M A group of cells that have a similar shape and function is called tissue. M Eyes are the most important and delicate sense organs of our body that are situated in the orbital cavities. M They include various parts like pupil, cornea, retina, lens, and optic nerve. M Nose is an important respiratory and sense organ located between two eyes and just above the mouth. M It is believed that our nose can detect more than 10,000 types of odors/smells. M The ears are the sense organs of hearing in our body, which enable us to hear sound and help to balance our body. M Middle ear consists of three tiny bones known as ear ossicles (i.e. malleus, incus, and steps). M Brain receives the information about our body posture from the nerve cells of the semicircular canals then it sends commands to the related muscles to keep the body balanced. M Skin is the soft outermost covering of our body through which we can feel cold, pressure, heat, touch, pain, etc. M Tongue is the muscular organ that lies in the mouth cavity which helps to taste, talk, and chew foods. M Bad habits of eating khaini, paan parag, paan, gutkha, etc should be avoided to take care of the teeth and live a healthy life. M We should brush our teeth at least twice a day after lunch and dinner. 18

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What are the sense organs? Name them. 2. What is a cell? Mention any two functions of it. 3. Draw the diagram of a molar tooth. 4. Write the difference between vestibule and cochlea in two points. 5. Write any two ways to take care of our ears. 6. Explain the taste buds of tongue with their functions. 7. What is tissue? Mention any two types of tissue. 8. Mention any two functions of nose. B. Fill in the blanks with correct words. 1. Dermis enables us to feel the sensation of............(sadness, heat, happiness). 2. Incisors are used to....................(tear, grind, cut) food. 3. The colour pigment of our skin is called............................(dopamine, telanin, melanin). 4. Our.......................(eyes, nose, ears) are situated in orbital cavities. 5. ......................(Retina, Sclera, Iris) helps to determine the colour of our eyes. C. Write short notes on: a. Epidermis b. Cementum c. Cochlea d. Care of teeth e. Connective tissue Community Work Visit a health worker in your community and ask his/her opinion about the need, importance and care of eyes, nose, ears and skin. Write a small report and discuss it in your class. 19

Unit Personal Health 2 Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Introduce personal health. @ Tell the ways of care for the hair. @ Explain the ways of care for the face. @ Tell the advantages of regular physical exercise. @ Write down the advantages of recreation. @ Mention the management measures of safe drinking water. @ Explain the need, importance and advantages of clean clothes. @ Tell the need and importance of rest and sleep for healthy living. 1. Introduction to Personal Hygiene Hygiene is the branch of science that deals with the study of healthy way of living. Personal health is a set of practices performed by a person to live a healthy life. It consists of cleanliness and healthy habits. Washing hands with soap and water, brushing teeth twice a day, sleeping on time, having rest adequately, eating meals on time and not eating junk food, etc are the concerns of personal health. In addition, an individual should have access to safe drinking water, fresh air for breathing, taking bath regularly, trimming nails regularly, and regular exercise for his/her good personal health. We must obey the rule of personal health. Some of the basic rules of personal health are as follows: We should take balanced diet. We need to clean our hair regularly. We need to trim our nails timely. We have to brush our teeth twice a day. 20

We have to sleep at least six to eight hours a day. Do regular exercise in the morning. Drink at least 2/3 liter of water every day. Take bath regularly with soap and clean water. We need to wash our hands with soap and clean water before and after meal, and each time we go to bathroom. 2. Care of Body Our health is determined by various factors like food habits, sanitation, proper rest and sleep, regular exercise, personal life style, etc. Hence, we need to follow different measures to keep our body healthy. Some of the measures to provide care to our body are mentioned below: A. Care of Hair Hair is the natural ornament of a person. It is important because it serves as a protective layer for the skin. It helps our head and scalp from extreme heat and light of the Sun. It traps dust and other particles so that they do not enter the body. Unnecessary use of harmful chemicals and dyes are harmful to hair. Dirty hair provides space for lice to breed. Lice bite on head may invite a disease called Typhus. Healthy hair gives good personality. We should not share articles like comb, hair band, clips, caps, hats, etc with others. Ways to Care for Hair ^ We should take bath regularly. ^ We should cut and trim hair regularly. ^ We should dry hair using a soft towel. ^ We should use natural oil before combing the hair. ^ We should comb our hair regularly with clean comb. ^ Hair should not be left wet for long period after bathing. ^ Oil should be applied to hair before combing and after bathing. ^ We should consume balanced diet to keep our hair healthy and strong. ^ We should use quality shampoo and conditioner according to the nature of hair. B. Care of Face Face is an important part of our body. Our face consists of different organs like eyes, nose, ears and mouth. Usually, face is not covered by any cloth. Dust and dirt easily 21

encounter our facial skin. So, we should wash our face daily with clean water and soap. It removes the dirt particles from our facial skin. Face becomes dirty due to sweating also. We must wipe our face with clean and soft towel after washing it. Ways for Care of Face ^ We should wash our face daily with soap and water. ^ We should wash our face after playing games. ^ We can use sun screen cream and other required medicines to protect facial skin. ^ We should wipe our face with clean and soft towel after washing with clean water. ^ We should drink plenty of safe and clean drinking water. ^ We should take proper rest and sleep. ^ We should take balance diet. C. Use of Safe Drinking Water Water is an important element for our body. We know that our body needs safe drinking water for our good health. Our body constitutes about (60- 70%) of water. Water is essential for digestion of food and blood circulation and also to flush toxins from our body. It also helps in balancing body temperature, carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells and excretion of the waste products from the body. We need to drink 2/3 liters of water in a day. Water can be purified by boiling, filtration, and chlorination. Management of Safe Drinking Water: ^ We should store water in clean pots. ^ We should filter drinking water properly. ^ We should boil water at least for 5-10 minutes. ^ We should always drink pure, clean, and safe drinking water. ^ We can also apply SODIS technology to purify drinking water. D. Rest and Sleep Rest is important for our body. We need adequate rest because the tired organs and systems regain strength with it. Rest will make our mind refresh. We need rest after work and play. Our body gets complete rest from sleep. Adequate rest and sleep is necessary to get rid of fatigue, tiredness, and stress. We get tired after a 22

full days work at the end of the day. However, we feel fresh in the next morning again. This is all because we get sufficient rest from a good night sleep. Generally, 6- 8 hours sleep in a day is sufficient for an adult but children need more sleep than adults since their body work and grow faster than that of the adults. If we do not sleep adequately, we cannot think and concentrate properly. The resting room as well as bedroom should be well ventilated and free from noise pollution. We should follow the principle: ‘Early to bed and early to rise makes a person healthy, and wise’ for healthy and productive life. E. Regular Physical Exercise Physical exercise is also equally essential to our body. It keeps our body fit, fine, healthy and wealthy. It makes our muscles healthier and stronger. It helps to strengthen immune system and prevent the diseases like diabetes, obesity, depression, heart disease, hypertension, insomnia, etc. Moreover, it promotes the condition of mental health and self-esteem. Physical exercise will help to take out toxic substances from our body through sweat. We can do physical exercise by playing games, sports, morning walk, jogging, and other physical activities. So, we must do normal physical exercise regularly. 45 minutes to 1 hour walk and 30-45 minutes physical exercise is good for health. Some of the advantages are as follows: ^ Helps to keep us fit and fine. ^ Helps to promote mental health. ^ Helps to control body weight. ^ Helps to acquire quality of life. ^ Helps to strengthen immune system. ^ Helps to make our muscles healthier and stronger. F. Recreation Rafting Recreation and entertainment are essential components of healthy living. Recreation is a range of activities done in the leisure time that gives us relaxation. It provides refreshment to our body and mind. The 23

activities like playing games, trekking, swimming, gliding, rafting, listening to music, reading books, watching movie, gardening, fishing, etc can be taken as the means of recreation. These recreational activities make our life cheerful and give pleasure to us. Some Advantages of Recreation ^ Promotes physical and mental health. ^ Provides fun and entertainment. ^ Widens the horizon of friendship. ^ Boost up positive energy and attitude. ^ Helps in the process of socialization. ^ Helps to control hypertension, stress and other complications. G. Use of Clean Clothes Clothe is a primary need of human life. They are made from cotton, wool, polyester, animal skin, fur, feather, nylon, etc. Clean clothes help our body to remain healthy. We wear clothes to keep our body safe from dust and external environment. Clothes also reveal our personality and social status. Neat, tidy, and comfortable clothes according to the changing season make us comfortable and healthy. We should wear clean clothes for healthy living. Points to be considered while wearing clothes ^ We should not wear tight clothes. ^ We should wash our clothes regularly. ^ We should not wear synthetic clothes. ^ We should not share our clothes with others. ^ Clothes should be worn according to the weather. ^ Clothes that are wet by sweat should be changed. ^ We should wear neat, clean and comfortable clothes. Activity Conduct cleaning campaign around your school with the help of your teachers, guardians and other community stakeholders. Word Meaning Chlorination : disinfection of water by the addition of small amounts of chlorine Hair dyes : coloring materials of the hair Scalp : the skin covering upper part of the human head Traps : catches, holds Typhus : a disease transmitted by lice and characterized by high fever and skin rash 24

RECAP M Hygiene is the branch of science that deals with the study of healthy way of living. M Personal hygiene is a set of practices performed by a person to live a healthy life. M Washing hands with soap and water, brushing teeth twice a day, avoiding junk food, taking bath regularly, and regular exercise, etc are the scope of personal hygiene. M Our health is affected by various factors like food habits, sanitation, proper rest and sleep, regular exercise, personal life style, food hygiene, mental activities, etc. M Hair is important to us because it serves as a protective layer for the skin, helps our head from extreme heat and light of the Sun. M Unnecessary use of harmful chemicals and dyes harm our hair. Dirty hair provides space for lice to breed. Lice bite on head may invite a disease called Typhus. M Face is an important part of our body. Our face consists of different organs like eyes, nose, ears and mouth. M We should wash our face daily with clean water and soap and wipe with clean and soft towel after washing it. M Water is essential for digestion of food, blood circulation, balancing body temperature, carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells and excretion of the waste products from the body. M We need to drink 2/3 liters of water in a day. Water can be purified by boiling, filtration, and chlorination. M Adequate rest and sleep is necessary to get rid of fatigue, tiredness, and stress. Generally, 6- 8 hours sleep in a day is sufficient for an adult but children need more sleep than adults need since their body work and grow faster than that of the adults. M Physical exercise is essential to keep our body fit and healthy. M These recreational activities make our life cheerful and help in the promotion of mental and physical health and wellbeing. 25

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is hygiene? 2. How can you care for your hair? 3. Do you take bath regularly? Why? 4. Why is personal hygiene important to us? 5. Mention any two ways to care for your face. 6. Write any two advantages of physical exercise. 7. What is recreation? Point out its two importance. 8. Why is clean and safe drinking water essential for us? 9. Write down the need and importance of rest and sleep. 10. Write any two methods of keeping the clothes clean. B. Match the following: B A Typhus Comfortable clothes Changing season Rafting SODIS Need more sleep Recreation Water purification Children Lice Adult C. Write short notes on: a. Physical exercise b. Safe drinking water c. Personal hygiene d. Management of safe drinking water Community Work Visit any two heads of the household of your locality and ask them how do they maintain personal hygiene of their children. Prepare a small report with the help of your teacher and discuss in your class. 26

Unit Nutrition 3 Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Introduce food and tell its importance. @ Introduce carbohydrate and tell its functions. @ Explain about fat and its functions. @ Write down the sources of protein and its functions. @ Write down the different types of vitamins and their sources. @ Mention the different types of minerals and their functions. @ Explain the need of balanced diet in our life. @ Explain the classification of food as energy giving, bodybuilding and protecting food. 1. Introduction to Food and its Importance Introduction to Food Food is the substance that is essential to keep us alive and healthy. Rice, pulses, vegetables, dairy products, honey, meat, egg, bread etc are the examples of our daily food. We eat food for the growth and development of our body. Food contains different kinds of nutritients essential to our body. We can obtain different kinds of nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins from the food. 27

Our body needs energy for all kinds of activities such as playing, reading, writing, eating, digestion and even for sleeping. Importance of Food Food is important for our survival and sound health. We may suffer from various kinds of nutrient deficiency diseases due to the lack of adequate food. Good food keeps our body healthy, fit and fine. Some of the importance of food is mentioned below: Food is important to keep us alive. It supplies energy to our body. It is important to make us healthy. It helps the cells and tissues to work properly. It is important for the growth and maintenance of our body. 2. Classification and Functions of Food According to the nature and function, the food that we eat can be classified into different groups. They are explained below: a. Carbohydrate Rich Food Carbohydrate is the main source of energy to our body. Rice, wheat, maize, barley, honey, potato, sweet potato, yam, sugarcane, etc are the major sources of carbohydrates. One gram of carbohydrate supplies 4.1 calorie of energy. Functions of Carbohydrate ^ It supplies energy to our body. ^ It removes poisonous substances from the liver. b. Protein Rich Food Proteins are considered as very essential components of food. They are essential for the growth of our body and repairing the worn out tissues. Fish, meat, egg, milk, beans, pulses and green leafy vegetables are considered as the sources of proteins. One gram of protein supplies 4.1 calorie of energy. 28

Functions of Protein ^ It helps to prevent disease. ^ It helps in the growth of children. ^ Protein supplies energy to our body. ^ It helps in repair and maintenance of body tissue. ^ It helps in the production of enzymes and hormones. c. Fats Rich Food Fats are the main components of our food. Fats also supply energy to the body. They supply more energy than other nutrients. One gram of fat produces 9.3 calorie of energy. Fish oil, butter, cheese, ghee, adipose tissue, peanut, soybean, coconut oil, olive oil, sunflower and mustard oil are some sources of fats. Functions of Fat ^ It provides energy to the body. ^ It helps in absorption of vitamins. ^ It provides insulation to our body against cold. ^ It provides support to vital organs like heart, kidney, intestine, etc. d. Vitamins Rich Food Vitamins are the essential nutrients needed by our body. Vitamins protect us from different diseases such as rickets, night blindness, beriberi, scurvy, etc. They also regulate the functioning of the digestive system. They are classified into two groups based on their solubility such as: Fat-soluble vitamins: The vitamins, which dissolve in fats, are called fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin ‘A’, ‘D’, ‘E’, and ‘K’ are fat-soluble vitamins. Sources of fat-soluble vitamins: Yellow fruits, broccoli, spinach, turnip carrots, pumpkin, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, wheat bran, apricots, liver, milk, butter, cheese, whole eggs, organ meats, etc are the major source of fat soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins: The vitamins, which dissolve in water are called water- soluble vitamins. Vitamin ‘B’ complex (B1, B2, B4, B6, B12) and ‘C’ are the water- soluble vitamins. 29

Sources of water-soluble vitamins: Broccoli, cauliflower, lemon, cabbage, pineapples, strawberries, citrus fruits, soybeans, peas, liver, kidney, legumes, nuts, poultry, fish, turnip, spinach, tomato, etc are considered as the major sources of water-soluble vitamins. Function of Vitamin ^ Protect our body from diseases. ^ Make skin, hair, and tissues healthy. ^ Make bones and teeth healthy. ^ Help in metabolic process in the body. ^ Required for the maintenance of vision. ^ Help in absorption of calcium and phosphorus. e. Minerals Rich Food Minerals are inorganic micronutrients. We need them in small amounts to help our body function properly. Minerals protect us from the diseases like goiter, cretinism, rickets, osteoporosis, etc. Calcium, magnesium iron, copper, fluoride, iodine, zinc, sulphur, chloride, sodium, and potassium are some examples of minerals that are required by our body. They are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, eggs, grains, etc. Functions of Minerals ^ Minerals control and balance water in the body. ^ It helps in the maintenance of bones and teeth. ^ They play important role for the function of vital organs like heart, kidney, nervous tissue, etc. Introduction to Balanced Diet The right quantity of food containing all essential nutrients in required proportion is called a balanced diet. A balanced diet contains 50-60 percent carbohydrate, 15-20 percent fat, 10-15 percent protein along with sufficient amount of vitamins, minerals and water. It is essential for our healthy life. On the basis of function, the food that we eat daily are classified into three groups such as energy giving food, body building food and body protecting food. To have a balanced diet, we have to include at least one or two types of food from each group. 30

i. Energy Giving Food The foods that supply energy to our body are called energy giving food. Foods rich in carbohydrate and fats come under this group of food. Rice, corn, millet, barley, potato, sweet potato, sugarcane, coconut, almond, mustard oil, soybean oil, animal fats, etc are the sources of energy yielding food. ii. Body Building Food Food rich in proteins are called bodybuilding foods. Milk, meat, fish, eggs, pulses, dry fruits, grams and peanuts, are the sources of bodybuilding food. iii. Body Protecting Food Food rich in vitamins and minerals are termed as protective food. Milk, meat, eggs, liver, green leafy vegetables and fruits are the sources of this kind of food. Activity Prepare a table of the varieties of food that you eat at your home and compare it with your class mates. Time Cereals Pulses Vegetables Fruits Meat & Dairy Produces Morning Breakfast Day Lunch Evening Dinner Word Meaning Digestion : a physiological process by which food nutrients can be absorbed by the body Inorganic : Not composed of organic matter Nutrients : the chemical compounds obtained from food like carbohydrate, fat, protein, etc Repairing : restoring in former condition 31

RECAP M We eat food for the growth and development of our body. Food contains different kinds of nutritients essential to our body. M The chemical nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins are obtained from the food during the digestion process. M Our body needs energy for all kinds of activities such as playing, reading, writing, eating, digestion and even for sleeping. M Rice, wheat, maize, barley, honey, potato, sweet potato, yam, sugarcane, etc are the major sources of carbohydrates. One gram of carbohydrate supplies 4.1 calorie of energy. M Fish, meat, egg, milk, beans, pulses and green leafy vegetables are the sources of proteins. One gram of protein supplies 4.1 calorie of energy. M One gram of fat produces 9.3 calorie of energy. Fish oil, butter, cheese, ghee, adipose tissue, peanut, soybean, coconut oil, olive oil are some sources of fats. M There are thirteen types of vitamins essential for human beings which protect us from rickets, night blindness, beriberi, scurvy, etc. M Minerals are inorganic micronutrient; there are sixteen types of minerals, which are essential to our body. M The minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, iodine, zinc, chloride, sodium, and potassium protect us from the diseases like goiter, cretinism, rickets, etc. M Minerals are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, eggs, grains, etc. M The right quantity of food containing all essential nutrients in required proportion is called a balanced diet, which contains 50-60 percent carbohydrate, 15-20 percent fat, 10-15 percent protein along with sufficient amount of vitamins, minerals and water. M The vitamins, which dissolve in fats, are called fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin ‘A’, ‘D’, ‘E’, and ‘K’ are known as fat-soluble vitamins. M The vitamins, which dissolve in water are called water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin ‘B’ complex (B1, B2, B4, B6, B12) and ‘C’ are the water-soluble vitamins. M Fat soluble vitamins are found in yellow fruits, broccoli, spinach, turnip carrots, pumpkin, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, wheat bran, apricots, liver, milk, butter, cheese, and whole eggs, organ meats, etc. 32

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is food? Mention its importance. 2. Mention the sources of fat. 3. Explain briefly about body building food. 4. Mention the types of vitamins. 5. Write down the sources of energy giving food. 6. Why is carbohydrates necessary for our body? 7. Explain minerals as important components of food. 8. Why is protein considered as an important component of food? 9. What is balanced diet? B. Choose the best answer from the following options: 1. Papaya is the source of: a. carbohydrates b. Vitamin ‘C’ c. Vitamin ‘A’ d. Iodine 2. Goiter is caused by the deficiency of: a. Iron b. Calcium c. Protein d. Iodine 3. Vitamin is........................ b. Body protecting food a. Energy giving food d. Sources of food c. Body building food 4. One gram of fat supplies...............................of energy to our body. a. 3.1 calorie b. 4.1 calorie c. 5.1 calorie d. 9.1 calorie 5. ....................types of vitamins are required by our body for healthy living. a. 16 b. 13 c. 18 d. 14 C. Write short notes on: a. Water-soluble vitamins b. Balanced diet c. Sources of carbohydrates d. Body protecting food 33

Unit Disease 4 Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Introduce and differentiate between communicable and non-communicable disease. @ Tell the mode of transmission, signs and symptoms and preventive measures of diarrhoea. @ Illustrate the mode of transmission, symptoms and preventive measures of dysentery. @ Explain the mode of transmission, symptoms and preventive measures of common cold. @ Tell the mode of transmission, symptoms and preventive measures of conjunctivitis. @ Tell the mode of transmission, signs and symptoms and preventive measures of rabies. @ Point out the mode of transmission, symptoms and preventive measures of scabies. @ Tell the mode of transmission, symptoms and preventive measures of HIV and AIDS. 1. Introduction and Types of Disease Introduction to Disease The term disease is derived from two words ‘dis’ and ‘ease’. It means lack of ease or comfort. We do not feel ease or comfort when we get diseased. Therefore, we can say that disease is a negative condition of the body. According to the oxford English dictionary, “Disease is a condition of the body or some organs of the body in which its functions are disturbed.” Types of Disease A. Communicable Disease The disease that transmits from an infected person to another person is called communicable disease. The communicable disease transmits through various mediums. Contaminated water, food, soil, insects, blood, air, etc are the different medium through which the germs of the disease are transmitted from the infected person to another person. Cholera, typhoid, common cold, tuberculosis, hepatitis, swine flu, bird flu, rabies, measles, mumps, jaundice, syphilis, etc are the examples of communicable diseases. 34

B. Non- communicable Disease Disease that is not transmitted from one person to another person is called a non- communicable disease. Hypertension, heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, asthma, osteoporosis, etc are the examples of non- communicable diseases. Difference between communicable and non-communicable disease Communicable diseases Non-communicable diseases The disease that transmits from an The disease, which does not transmit infected person to another person is from one person to another person is called communicable disease. called non-communicable disease. The diseases like diarrhea, hepatitis, The diseases like Asthma, hypertension, typhoid, and pneumonia are the cancer, stone, and diabetes are the examples of communicable diseases. examples of non-communicable diseases. 2. Some Communicable Diseases A. Diarrhea Passage of loose watery stool for more than three times a day is called diarrhea. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Dehydration may occur due to loss of water from the body during diarrhea. This problem can be managed by giving oral rehydration solution (ORS) like Jeebanjal, Navajiban, etc. The germs such as Gartner Bacillus, Giardia and E.Coli cause diarrhea. Mode of Transmission ^ Food contaminated by housefly ^ Contaminated hands or fingers ^ Contamination of drinking water with sewage ^ Consumption of unboiled milk and milk products ^ Eating raw food like radish, carrot, salads without cleaning properly Signs and Symptoms ^ Abdominal pain and passage of watery stool for more than three times a day ^ Dehydration occurs due to frequent passage of watery stool ^ Patient feels physically weak, having sunken eyes and hollow cheeks ^ Gradual decrease in body temperature ^ Less urination than usual 35

Preventive Measures ^ Eating well cooked food ^ Always use clean water ^ Development of hygienic habits ^ Food should be protected from flies ^ Fruits should be washed with clean water ^ Proper disposal of faeces in the latrine ^ Avoid eating food sold by the street vendors ^ Hand should be washed with soap and water before each meal and after toilet B. Round Worm Roundworm lives usually in the small intestine. It is cylindrical in shape and pink in colour. An adult roundworm is around 10-30 cm long. Dirty habit of an individual is the main cause of this disease. An adult female roundworm can lay more than 1 lakh eggs in a day. Mode of Transmission ^ Feacal-oral route ^ Consuming contaminated water with sewage ^ Eating radish, carrot, salads without cleaning properly ^ Eating raw vegetables grown by using human excreta as fertilizer ^ Consuming vegetables and other food materials contaminated with worm eggs Signs and Symptoms ^Constipation ^ Abdominal pain ^ Nausea and vomiting ^ Loss of appetite ^ General weakness ^ Disturbance in digestive system ^ Loss of body weight due to malnutrition ^ Presence of worm in stool and vomit sometimes Preventive Measures ^ Eat well-cooked food ^ Protect food from flies ^ Spread knowledge about personal hygiene ^ Develop the habit of disposing faeces in toilet ^ Wash hands before eating and after toilet with soap and water ^ The foods that are eaten raw should be washed and cleaned properly 36

C. Scabies Scabies is a highly infectious skin disease. It is caused by a kind of parasite called itchmite. Symptoms are seen after 2-6 weeks of infestation. Mode of Transmission ^ By sleeping and playing together ^ Direct skin to skin contact with an infected person ^ Through shared bedding with an infected person ^ Sharing of towels, bed sheet and other personal belongings Signs and Symptoms ^ Intense itching occurs at the infected site and it gets severe at night. ^ Scratch marks, blisters filled with pus or sores are appeared on the irritated sites. ^ Skin between fingers, elbows, armpits, waistline, thighs, genitals, abdomen, etc are mostly affected by this disease. Prevention and Control Measures ^ Never share clothes with others ^ Do not share towel with others ^ Do not share bed with the infected person ^ Clothes need to be washed and ironed before use ^ Use medicine according to the doctor’s prescription if you are infected ^ The infected person should be isolated until complete cure ^ Disinfect the clothes, towel and bed sheet used by the infected person D. Conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis is a highly contagious disease. It is caused by the infection in the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin clear mucus membrane that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the eyelid. The bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis causes this disease. However, conjunctivitis also may be caused by virus. Children who do not maintain personal hygiene and play in dust and dirt are frequently infected by this disease. 37

Mode of Transmission ^ Sharing goggles with others ^ Sharing handkerchief with others ^ Sharing clothes with the infected person ^ Shaking hands with the infected person ^ Playing in dust and dirt ^ Poor personal hygiene ^ Sharing of personal belongings like pen, pencil, comb with others Signs and Symptoms ^ Blurred vision ^ Reduced tolerance to light ^ Increased amount of tears ^ Green or white discharge from the eyes ^ Itching and burning sensation in eyes ^ Redness in the white part of the eyes Preventive Measures ^ Never rub your eyes ^ Isolate the infected person ^ Never use other’s spectacles ^ Protect your eyes from dirt and dust ^ Use sunglasses while staying in sunshine ^ Flush your eyes regularly with clean water ^ Consult the doctor if you have conjunctivitis ^ Do not share hanky, towel and other personal belongings E. Common Cold Common cold is a highly communicable disease. It is caused by Rhinovirus (filterable virus). Cold allergy is also one of the causes of common cold. It is rapidly transmitted from one person to another. It is transmitted directly through air while sneezing as well as through droplets by exchange of personal belongings with the infected person 38

Mode of Transmission ^ Direct contact with infected person ^ Droplet transmission during sneezing and cough ^ Through contaminated towel, hanky and utensils ^ Sharing of personal belongings with the infected person Signs and Symptoms ^ The voice is changed ^ Little fever is also observed ^ Coughing and sneezing ^ Weakness and loss of weight ^ Running nose and watery eyes ^ Pain is felt at back, limbs and head ^ Irritation of the nose and sore throat ^ Congestion and dryness of the nose and throat ^ Difficulty in breathing because of the swollen sinuses Preventive Measures ^ Adequate sleep ^ Protect yourself from cold ^ Use of personal handkerchief ^ Maintain good personal hygiene ^ Balance your time for work and rest ^ Wear clothes according to season ^ Consumption of Vitamin C containing food ^ Do not come in contact with the infected person ^ Be careful while working in the dusty environment F. Rabies Rabies is an acute viral disease that affects the central nervous system. This disease is transmitted through the saliva from the bite of the rabid animals like mad dog, monkey jackal, bat, fox, etc. This disease is caused by Rhabdo virus. It is a fatal disease. Death from respiratory failure usually occurs within 7 days after the manifestation of symptoms. Therefore, if a rabid animal bites a person he/ she should be carried to the nearby hospital immediately for anti rabies vaccine. 39

Mode of Transmission ^ Rabid dog bites ^ Scratches made by rabid animals ^ Lick on abraded skin by the infected animal Signs and Symptoms ^ Pain and numbness at the bitten area ^ Throat pain and mild fever ^ Difficulty in respiration and painful swallowing ^ Excessive salivation ^ Hydrophobia (fear of water) ^ Restlessness and confusion Preventive Measures ^ Avoid pet dogs from going outside ^ Aware people about the transmission of rabies ^ Control of mad dogs and other animals ^ Provide anti rabies vaccine to the pet animals regularly ^ Report the presence of mad animals to the VDC or municipality immediately ^ Rehabilitation of street dogs ^ Timely identification of rabid dog and other rabid animals (red eyes, salivation and drooping tail) ^ Clean the bitten site immediately with soap and water and carry the victim to the hospital for anti rabies vaccination G. Dysentery Dysentery is the highly communicable disease of large intestine. It causes intestinal inflammation, fever, dehydration and a feeling of incomplete defecation. Dysentery can be classified under two types such as amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery. i. Amoebic Dysentery Amoebic dysentery is an intestinal disease caused by an amoeba called Entameba Histolytica. If timely treatment is not done, it may also cause infection in liver. The incubation period of this disease is 30 to 90 days. Signs and Symptoms ^ Stomach ache ^ Physical weakness ^ Muscle cramps ^ Dehydration may occur ^ Passage of mucus mixed stool for 6/7 times in a day 40

^ Foul odour of stool ^ Inflammation of the liver ii. Bacillary Dysentery Bacillary dysentery is an intestinal disease caused by the bacteria called Shigella Shiga or Flexeneri. The incubation period of this disease ranges between 2 to 7 days. Symptoms ^ Onset of sudden fever and body ache ^ Abdominal pain ^ Dehydration occurs ^ Weakness and anaemia may occur ^ Discharge of blood and mucus mixed loose stool around 10-12 times in a day Mode of Transmission ^ Drinking contaminated water ^ Feacal-oral route in the case of open defecation ^ Eating salads and fruits without cleaning properly ^ Food stuffs contaminated with houseflies and insects ^ Eating raw vegetables grown by using human excreta as fertilizer Preventive Measures ^ Health education ^ Provision of safe drinking water ^ Food must be protected from flies ^ Proper disposal for human excreta ^ Wash hands before and after meal and after toilet use ^ Attention should be given for personal hygiene and environmental sanitation H. Jaundice Jaundice is a condition of the yellow discoloration of the eyes, mucus membrane, urine and the skin due to excessive amount of bilirubin in blood. When the liver is diseased and bile duct is blocked then the excessive bilirubin is accumulated in the bloodstream. There are various causes of jaundice such as: e Biological causes: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, etc. e Mechanical causes: Stone in the bile duct, gall stone, tumor in the liver, alcoholism, etc. 41

Mode of Transmission ^ Feacal-oral route ^ Food adulteration ^ Contaminated food and water ^ Excessive intake of medicine ^ Infection in the liver by bacteria and virus ^ Drug addiction ^ Transfusion of unscreened blood Signs and Symptoms ^ Yellowish eyes, nails, and skin ^ Abdominal pain and itchy skin ^ Weight loss and weakness ^ Nausea and vomiting ^ Fever and Fatigue ^ Loss of appetite ^ Dark urine Preventive Measures ^ Avoid junk food ^ Avoid open defecation ^ Isolate infected person ^ Always drink safe water ^ Give attention on sanitation ^ Maintain personal and food hygiene ^ Avoid alcohol ^ Transfusion of screened blood ^ Do not consume spicy, oily and stale food I. Typhoid Typhoid is a highly communicable intestinal disease. The bacterium called Salmonella Typhi causes this disease. This bacterium is found in polluted water, contaminated milk, icecream and other food products. Typhoid may cause ulcer in the small intestine. If timely treatment is not available it may cause hole in the intestine and the patient may die. 42

Mode of Transmission ^ Faecal-oral route ^ Consumption of stale and contaminated food ^ Contaminated hands and utensils ^ Food contaminated by vectors like flies ^ Poor food hygiene ^ Ingestion of contaminated milk and water Signs and Symptoms ^ High fever with chill especially in the evening ^ Headache and cough ^ Poor appetite ^ Severe weakness ^ Loose motion ^ Pain at the right side of the abdomen ^ Small blisters appear at the abdomen ^ There will be perforation in the intestine if not treated in time Preventive Measures ^ Never eat stale or rotten food ^ Avoid open defecation ^ Maintain proper hygiene and sanitation ^ Avoid drinking untreated or contaminated water ^ Proper disposal of faeces and urine of the patient ^ Provision of anti- typhoid vaccine to the suspected persons J. HIV and AIDS HIV and AIDS are two different stages of the same disease. HIV stands for Human Immuno Deficiency Virus. This disease is caused by a virus called Retrovirus. The Retrovirus destroys white blood cells which are responsible for the maintenance of immunity power of the body. AIDS stands for Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is dreadful last stage where the infected person has been attacked by various opportunistic diseases. It is believed that initially HIV/ AIDS was transmitted to humans from African green monkeys. There is no medicine to cure AIDS till date however many antiretroviral drugs are available to prolong the life of the AIDS patients. The HIV/ AIDS was for the first time discovered in United States of America in 1981 AD. AIDS was first time seen in Nepal among four persons in 1988 AD. An HIV-infected person is considered to have AIDS when more than (80%) of the White Blood Cells are destroyed by the Retrovirus. HIV and AIDS go through the following stages: 43

a. Window Period The window period refers to the time period it takes for the HIV blood test to give positive result after the invasion by HIV. During this period, the blood test produces HIV negative result but the infected person may transmit the disease to other persons. Usually, the window period lasts for three months but it varies from person to person. For instance, to some persons this period lasts for 3 weeks only and to some persons, this period lasts for 12 months also. b. HIV Positive Stage (Healthy Carrier Stage) In this period, if the infected person goes through the blood test it gives HIV positive result. This stage may last for as short as 5 years to as long as more than 17 years without showing any symptoms. Hence, this stage is also known a healthy carrier stage. At the end of the HIV stage, the infected person can start Anti Retro Viral Drugs to delay AIDS stage. c. AIDS Stage Generally, an HIV infected person enters into the AIDS stage after 7 - 10 years of infection by the virus. If the HIV infected person starts the Anti Retro Viral Drugs just before the AIDS stage he/she can live a normal life for many years. HIV/AIDS LADDER S HIV- Infection T W(3i-n1d2omwoPnetrhios)d A G HIV Positive E (SHomeaelmthoyntChsatrorimearnSytyaegaers) S AIDS (Attack by diseases) multiple opportunistic Different stages of HIV & AIDS Mode of Transmission ^ Sharing of infected needles ^ Transfusion of infected blood or organs ^ Unsafe sexual contact with HIV infected person ^ From infected mother to child through placenta or breastfeeding Early AIDS Stage Signs and Symptoms ^ Common cold for long period ^ Fever for long period ^ Gradual loss of body weight ^ Loose motion of stool for long period 44

^ Skin rashes and nail infection ^ General feeling of tiredness ^ Presence of groin at the armpit ^ Upper respiratory tract infection Late AIDS Stage Signs and Symptoms ^ Continuous fever for more than one month ^ Continuous diarrhoea for more than one month ^ Loss of weight for more than ten percent of the body weight ^ Attack by opportunistic diseases of various kinds like Tuberculosis, Syphilis, persistent diarrhoea or skin cancer ^ The patient may die within 6 months to 2 years Preventive Measures ^ Proper use of condom ^ Use sterilized or disposable syringe ^ Public awareness about sexual health ^ Blood should not be used without screening ^ Do not involve in the unsafe sexual activities Activity You might have seen the persons infected by diarrhoea and dysentery in your locality. What suggestions can you give to their family members to prevent those patients from the danger of dehydration? Prepare a list and present it in your class. Word Meaning Contaminated : made impure by the germs Faeces : waste matter or stool discharged from the intestines through the anus Fatal disease : diseases capable of causing death Incubation period : the period between the initial infection and the appearance of symptoms of a disease Inflammation : painful swelling with disturbed function Invasion : the spread of pathogenic microorganisms in the body Manifestation : demonstration, indication Mucus membrane : cell membrane which lubricates the membranes and protects against infection 45

RECAP M According to the oxford English dictionary, “Disease is a condition of the body or some organs of the body in which its functions are disturbed.” M The disease that transmits from an infected person to another person is called communicable disease. M Contaminated air, water, food, soil, insects, blood, etc are the different medium through which the germs of the disease are transmitted from the infected person to another person. M Disease that is not transmitted from one person to another person is called a non-communicable disease. M Hypertension, heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, asthma, osteoporosis, etc are the examples of non- communicable diseases. M The passage of loose watery stool for more than three times a day is called diarrhea. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water. M Dysentery is the infectious disease of large intestine, which causes intestinal inflammation, dehydration, and a feeling of incomplete defecation. M Amoebic dysentery is an intestinal disease caused by an amoeba called Entameba Histolytica. M If timely treatment is not done, the amoebic dysentery may also cause infection in liver. M Bacillary dysentery is an intestinal disease and also known as Shigellosis which is caused by the bacteria called Shigella Shiga or Flexeneri. M Jaundice is a condition of the discolouration of the eyes, mucus membrane, urine, yellowing of the skin and mucus membrane due to excessive amount of bilirubin in blood. M Typhoid is a highly infectious intestinal disease caused by the bacterium called Salmonella Typhi. M An HIV-infected person is considered to have AIDS when the Retro virus destroys more than (80%) of the white blood cells. 46

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is disease? Give some examples of diseases. 2. Explain about HIV and AIDS? 3. Write down the causes and preventive measures of jaundice. 4. Illustrate the causative agent and symptoms of Typhoid. 5. How can we prevent the transmission of HIV infection? 6. What is Rabies? How can you prevent yourself from this disease? 7. What is Scabies? How does it spread? 8. Mention the mode of transmission of Roundworm infestation. 9. What will you do if you suffer from conjunctivitis? 10. Write the difference between communicable and non-communicable disease with examples. B. Write True or False to the following statements. i. AIDS is the second stage of HIV infection. ii. Alcoholic hepatitis is a biological cause of jaundice. iii. Rhabdo virus causes rabies. iv. The roundworm larvae enter into the blood stream then travel to liver, lungs, trachea, oesophagus again back to the small intestine. v. In the case of Typhoid, mites make tiny holes on to the skin and produce severe itching sensation. C. Write short notes: a. Bacillary dysentery b. Common cold c. Conjunctivitis d. Scabies D. Match the following: B A E. Coli African green monkeys Amoebic dysentery Jaundice Conjunctivitis Chlamydia trachomatis Billirubin Diarrhoea HIV/ AIDS Protozoa Retro 47

5Unit Adolescence, Sexuality and Reproductive Health Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: @ Tell about adolescence and physical, social and emotional changes during the adolescence period. @ Introduce sexuality education and mention its importance. @ Explain the concept of reproductive health and its importance. @ Tell about the external male and female reproductive organs and their functions. @ Explain about the cleanliness methods of the reproductive organs and their importance. 1. Introduction to Adolescence Adolescence is the most crucial stage of human life. In this period, adolescents are moving from childhood to adulthood mentally, physically, emotionally and socially. This period is called a transitional period of life since rapid change in physical, social, mental and emotional aspects takes place during this period. So, this period of life is also called as the period of storm and stress. According to WHO, “adolescence is the stage of life between childhood and adulthood which falls in the age from 10 to 19 years”. Changes During Adolescence It is obvious that adolescence period is the transitional period of human life. During this period, physical, psychological, and social changes are taking place. Some changes occur rapidly whereas some changes take place gradually. After all, these changes are very crucial for a complete human life. The changes in different aspects during this period are mentioned below: a. Physical Changes During the adolescence period, external and internal physical changes take place. For instance, height, weight, body proportion, secondary sexual characteristics, and sex organs are developed externally. The change in girls occurs a little bit earlier than their male counterparts. They are mentioned in the following points: 48

Physical Changes in Adolescent Boys Physical Changes in Adolescent Girls ^ Growth in height and weight ^ Growth in height and weight ^ Production of sperm begins ^ Enlargement of breasts ^ Onset of wet dream ^ Ovulation cycle begins ^ Growth of pubic hair ^ Onset of menstruation ^ Enlargement of sex organs ^ Growth of pubic hair ^ Growth of armpit hair ^ Enlargement of sex organs ^ Widening of chest ^ Growth of armpit hair ^ Hoarseness of voice ^ Widening of hip b. Mental Changes In addition to physical changes, mental change also takes place in the adolescence period. In this period. Memory and imagination power as well as thinking and concentration power are developed. Analytical skills gradually developed among the adolescents. At the same time, they begin to sink in abstract thoughts and develop concern with own image. During this stage, some adolescents develop negativism in their behaviour. c. Emotional Change Emotions like anger, fear, jealousy, curiosity, grief, joy, affection etc are developed in adolescence period. So, this period has been considered as a period of “storm and stress”. In this stage, they love to laugh, cry, sit in isolation, read love story books, see movies and so on. They are little bit aggressive in nature. d. Social Change We can observe different social changes in the period of adolescence. They are involved in different activities like games, sports, competitions, cleanliness campaign, parties, fairs and celebrations. In this period, they remain most of the time with peers. Achievements in social activities bring personal satisfaction in the adolescents. 2. Sexuality Education Sexuality education is an educational process of developing knowledge, skill, and attitude on human sexuality and reproductive process. It deals with various aspects of human sexuality (i.e. reproduction, sexually transmitted infection, sex identification, attraction to opposite sex, third gender, sexual orientation and behaviour, etc). It gives proper guidance for the management of sexual desires and urges. It also explains about the development process of sexual organs. It is also essential for the control of unhappy marriage, Sexually Transmitted Infections, etc. After all, sexuality education helps us to live a healthy, civilized and productive life. Hence, adolescents should get sexuality education on time so that they can know about sexuality. 49

Importance of Sexuality Education Sexuality education helps to clarify misconception regarding physical, biological, mental, and social changes of adolescents. It provides correct information about human sexuality and helps to promote sexual hygiene. It helps to protect adolescents from the infection of Sexually Transmitted Infections. It helps adolescents to demonstrate responsible sexual behaviour at home, school, and community. It encourages adolescents to consult experts to get service on sexual health. 3. Concept and Importance of Reproductive Health WHO has defined reproductive health as, “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and process.” Therefore, we can say that reproductive health is an educational process of developing capacity of adolescents to have responsible, satisfying, and safer sexual life. With the knowledge of reproductive health, they can make right decision about marriage, parenthood, reproduction, infant care, and planning of family. Anatomy of Male Reproductive System The combination of various organs which are associated with the process of reproduction is called reproductive system (i.e. in male: Testes, Vas Deferens, Prostate Gland, Seminal Vesicles, Penis, etc).The reproductive system controls the development of structural and functional differences between males and females and it influences human behaviour. Seminal vesicle Ureter Ejaculatory duct Urinary bladder Vas deferens Prostate gland Epididymis Urethra Testis Penis Scrotum Foreskin 50