ကြယ်စင်များရဲ့မိခင် (လူထုဒေါ်အမာ)

ju,fpirf sm;7J h rdcif (1915 -1 2008)

u,G fveG fomG ;+yD=zpwf hJ tarvxl ak ':trm7J h 93 EpS fa=rmuf ar;G aeth xrd ;f trwS f *k%=f yK pm uAsmrsm; 2

ju,pf ifrsm;7J h rcd if u,G vf eG of Gm;+y=DzpfwhJ tarvxl ak ':trm7J h 93 ESpfa=rmuf ar;G aeth xrd ;f trwS f *%k =fyKpm uAsmrsm; 2008 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm 29 3

4

rmwud m ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay pmwnf;tzGJ@. trSmpm tcef;(1) tar vlxka':trm. ajym=um;csufESifh a&;om;csufrsm; tar vxl ak ':trm. pum; tEyk nmpmtyk af wuG dk bm&n&f ,G cf suef @J a&;ovJ æ æ vxl ak ':trm aps; (c&;D omG ; aqmi;f yg;) æ æ vxl ak ':trm 91 EpS jfynphf um; æ æ (r;dk rcu vxl ak ':trmtm; ar;jre;f csu)f tcef; (2) tar vlxk a':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uonfh o0%f v$mrsm; Armjynuf eG jfrLepyf gwtD wiG ;f &dS acw+fyKd ivf yk af zmuf idk zf urf sm;ruS ,G vf eG f ol vxl k a':trmtwuG f xwk jfyeaf =unmcsuf æ æ ‘vxl rk cd i’f psmyeyuJG dk &npf ;l I Armjynuf eG jfrLepyf gwrD S rsKd ;quof pf &J abmrf sm;.xwk jfyeaf =unmcsuf æ æ val bmiof pf 'rD udk &pwf pyf gwD (XmecsKy)f . tar vxl ak ':trm u,G f veG jfci;f twuG f 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ æ æ tar vxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG tf epd aP &mujfci;f twuG f jrerf mEidk if vH ;kH qidk &f m ausmi;f om;rsm; 'rD udk &uwf pwf yOf ;D (ausmi;f om;wyrf awm)f . 0r;f en;f a=umi;f o0%vf m$ æ æ vxl ck spof nhf owi;f pmq&m pma&;q&mr}u;D vxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG f omG ;onthf wuG Af rmEidk if vH ;kH qidk &f m ausmi;f om;or*r~ sm;tz@JGcsKyEf idk if jHcm; a&;&maumrf wrD S ay;y@dkonhf 0r;f en;f jci;f o0%vf m$ æ æ jrerf m*h %k xf ;l aqmif pma&;q&m owi;f pmq&mr}u;D tar vxl ak ':t rm (1915 E0dk ibf m 29 - 2008 {+yD 7) u,G vf eG jfci;f twuG f jrerf mo wi;f or*.~ tx;l 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ æ æ 5

‘i&k ijfyi’f &aJ bmrf sm;. tar vxl ak ':trm (1915 - 2008) o@dk æ æ 0r;f en;f jci;f o0%vf m$ æ æ ‘tm[m&pmapmi’f 0idk ;f awmof m;rsm;. 0r;f en;f jci;f o0%vf m$ æ æ ‘vri;f w&m pmayquqf aH &;’EiS hf ‘rm,mpmayr*Z~ i;f ’rS ay;y@dkaom 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ æ æ ‘opmP awmvf eS af &;titf m;p’k rS ay;y@dkaom 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ æ æ *syeEf idk if aH &muf pmaytitf m;prk sm;jzpwf hJ ‘tm[m&pmapmi’f ‘opmP pm aytitf m;p’k ‘tvi;f trd rf *Z~ i;f ’tz@JGom;rsm;u *syeEf idk if aH &muf jrerf m Eidk if oH m; ntD puf dk armiEf rS rsm;o@dk vxl ak ':trmtwuG f 0r;f en;f jci;f txrd ;f trwS f tcr;f tem; zwd pf m æ z'dk re;f +ird ;f &@J 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ æ æ &aJ bmaf rmi0f À&@J 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ æ æ tcef; (3) tar vlxka':trmtwGuf *k%fjyKa&;zGJ@=uaom uAsmrsm; tarbh 0 aivG ri;f æ æ Ae;f armnf Kd E@JG jrijhfrwwf uhJ avmif æ æ wirf ;dk jrwrf cd i.f jrwaf omvr;f æ æ wirf ;dk tarrh ;D widk f r+ird ;f Eidk f æ æ wirf ;dk taruh eaf wmyh e;f æ æ wirf ;dk tarah rwmW urmB tq;kH æ æ armiaf ygupf nf (re;f wuoU vdk )f vxl k a':trm ar;G ae@ trwS wf &uAsm r[mav;csKd ;}u;D æ æ armipf rG ;f &nf vxl rk cd if æ æ armipf rG ;f &nf [od pHP æ æ armipf rG ;f &nf cyG af 'gi;f rcd if tarrmo@dk æ æ armipf rG ;f &nf tarrm u,G vf eG cf sed f æ æ armipf rG ;f &nf u,dk &hf ixf uJ æ æ rmrmat; 88 EpS af jrmuf *g&0 æ æ ta0;a&muwf ynohf m;ajr;rsm; ae@wae@&@J e'd ge;f æ æ aqEG idk f (e,of mve)f 91 jynhf taro@dk æ æ z;dk oH (vxl )k vxl tk ar ouaf wm&f nS f æ æ vxl ok m;cspf 6

'euf @dktoJ omwnhJ æ æ ZeG rf id_ ;f igw@dkacw&f @J =u,wf m&m vxl ak ':trm æ æ xeG ;f jriahf tmif tma0%ud *%k &f iS f tar æ æ atmi[f ed ;f (r&kH mG ) or*t~ aro@dk ueaf wmyh e;f æ æ ceG qf idk ;f t'J gtar vxl ak ':trmaygh æ æ armipf ;dk csed f tarrm b,af wmrh S rao æ æ ZiZf if tarrm xm0&raoyg æ æ &&J iohf uZf JG em;piG xhf m;&whJ to&H iS f æ æ &aJ bmpf ;dk cspf orH %vd yd jfym ye;f vyd jfym æ æ +ird ;f csr;f ol tare@Jwwl thJ ar o@dkr[wk f æ æ z;dk eD vrG ;f xudk vf @dkreS ;f æ æ &eEf idk xf eG ;f (vwG af jrmuef ,af jr u&dk ;D ,m;) taræ o@dk æ æ atmi+fird ;f +ird of uwf red pf æ æ p;dk jrijhfrwf tarrmo@dk *g&0jyKjci;f æ æ ausmaf qG tarac:orH sm; æ æ &aJ bmaf usmaf v; ,Oaf us;rp_ prf suEf mS .rcd if æ æ cspaf tmif jynof @lrcd if æ æ &aJ bmaf tmiEf idk Of ;D jrwrf cd if æ æ &aJ bmaf iG (r=unaf v;) om;trcd si;f ay;pmwapmif æ æ z;dk oH (vxl )k 92 EpS jfynhf ar;G rcd iof @dk ay;pmwapmif æ æ zkd;oH(vlxk) vxl *k sme,Ef iS hf vxl ak ':trm æ æ ZiZf if tarvh rG ;f csi;f æ æ &&J iohf uZf JG rEvW majru vxl tk ar æ æ &+Jird ;f qD æ rv;l whJ ayz;l vm$ æ æ ciaf rmivf iG f (jyn)f {&m0w&D @J or;D aumi;f '@dkacw&f @J rcd if æ æ armivf 0S i;f (jri;f +c)H tcef; (4) tarvlxka':trmtwGuf *k%fjyKa&;zGJ@=uaom pmay aqmif;yg;rsm; tb;dk tbmG ;awG r&adS wmwh hJ widk ;f jynf æ æ armi&f pf O;D acgi;f um;r!w¸ f æ æ vxl ak rmi0f jrrOLP ±yk yf vkH m$ æ æ '*ek wf m&m 7

vxl ak ':trm&@J trhH ce;f avmuwf hJ vi;f ,ek af rmiaf rmif prG ;f aqmicf surf sm; æ æ vxl pk ed 0f i;f rm;om;atmzh f bm;rm; æ æ armiof mE;dk vxl &k @Ja':trm vxl ak ':trm æ æ armipf rG ;f &nf w@dkrmS tar&adS o;w,f æ æ vxl ak ':trm (o@dkr[wk )f csr;f +ird ;f &mpEk pS .f pmayr;D ±LS ;weaf qmif æ æ a'guwf mjrrOLP at;&yd of m,m æ æ vxl ak w;o/H orH %cd wH yEf iS hf armivf rG ;f %D re;f awmi&f yd if dk æ æ *%k ef @Jj'yuf udk nf wD hJ r[mjrpEf pS pf i;f w@dk&@J bwdk ;l aygi;f pn;f jci;f oauwF æ æ 0i;f wixhf eG ;f vxl tk wuG f vxl bk uuf vxl ak ':trm æ æ vaS usmaf Zm a':a':&@J vy_ &f mS ;aeaom TurmB e@J usr æ æ a'guwf mjrrOLP a=uuzJG ,G yhf &kH yd rf sm; æ æ tarw@dk 'wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f z;kd oH (vxl )k ppaf jy;=uwek ;f u æ æ z;dk oH (vxl )k tarwapr> a=umubf ;l æ æ tcef; (5) tar vlxka':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaomt*F vdyf bmom a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh *k%fjyKpmuAsmrsm; (ENGLISH SECTION) The Sails Are Up Again! æ æ Prince Taw Phaya Galae Ode to Ludu Daw Ahmar æ æ Dr. Maung Maung Nyo Dear PTJ æ æ KKChaw Ludu Daw Amar (As a leading dissident writer she fought for democracy in Burma) æ æ The Guardian (Saturday April 12 , 2008) My Mum æ æ Po Than Joung 8

EiS ;f qvD iG jf yipf may pmwn;f tzJG .h trmS (1) tarrm 90 ausmfoufwrf;rkd@ orkdif;a=umif;&Snfygonf? ukdvdkeDacwfu pcJhwJh acwfqkd;acwfusyftrsdK;rsdK; jzwfoef;cJh&ol æ yGJ=unfholtjzpf ai;armaewmr[kwf/ pOfqufrjywf jynfolbufrSm &yf+yD; a&S@wef;u wkdufyGJ0ifvmol æ 'ga=umifhvnf; txktaxmif; ±kdufcsufjyif;jyif;awG vSdrfhcH&onf? (2) ukd,fwkdifu pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mjzpfvkd@ w&m;ukdzuf u avmifukdif+yD; rw&m;wmawGukd xkd;ESufcJhonf? trsdK;om;tarGukd qufcHxdef;odrf;+yD; ukdvkdeDpepfukd ±_wfcs/ e,fcsJ@ukd &J&Jqef@usifcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;acwfwGif u|efawmfwkd@ tarhukd 'Dvkd awG@=u&jyef onf? jynfwGif;azmufjyefwJh tpkd;&tqufqufawG&J@ tvkdus ra&;/ jynf oltwGufom a&;cJh/ ajymcJhol æ ppftpkd;&awG vufxufrSm jynfolawG&J@ pm;0wfaea&;/ 'Drkdua&pD a&;twGuf ae@pOfylyef aomuyGm;aeol æ ppftm%m&Sif oufqkd;&SnfoGm;rSmukd cGifhrjyKEkdifol æ 'ga=umifh acwfqkd;pepfqkd;awGukd ajymif;vJypfzkd@ qufwkduf}udK;yrf; wkdufyGJqifaeol æ wzufrSm rsdK;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&SdolawGeJ@ vli,fausmif;om;awGukd vrf; a=umif;rSefwifay;aeol æ ±kd;&m jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpfrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;umuG,f ay;ae ol æ tjzpf xif&Sm;pGm jyoGm;cJhygonf? 9

(3) wkdif;jynftwGuf vkdtyfaewmawGukd xwfpGrf;or# tar jznfhpGrf; ay;cJhyg+yD? bufaygif;pHk wm0efauscJholtar æ 'Dtar&J@ 93 ESpfajrmuf arG;ae@rSm tarhaus;Zl;awGukd atmufarh owd&jcif;tm;jzifh Tpmpkukd ESif;qDvGifjyifu *k%f,lpGm xkwfa0jzef@csd vkdufygonf? Tpmtkyf xkwfEkdifa&;twGuf ESif;qDvGifjyifu qufoG,fEkdifor# aom pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;/ pmay0goem&Sifrsm;/ pmaya&;zGJ@ae=uolrsm; xH pmrlawmif;ygonf? jyef@usJaeonfh pmrlrsm;ukd pkpnf;=uygonf? pkpnf;&or#xJu a&G; Ekwfaygif;csKyfum oufqkdif&m pmrl&Sifrsm;xH cGifhjyKcsuf awmif;cHcJhonf? vufvSrf;rrDolawGeJ@ qufoG,fvkd@ rjzpfEkdifolawG&J@ pmrlawG t wGufawmh cGifhv$wfay;=uyg&ef ESif;qDvGifjyifu tEl;tnGwf awmif;yef ygonf? pmwnf;tzGJ@ ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay 10

tar vlxka':trm. ajym=um;csufESifh a&;om;csufrsm; 11

12

“taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ? bmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ r [kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh EkdifiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’ w,f? jynfolvlxkeJ htwl a&m_yD;awmh wufºuG&rSmyJ/Ekd;-um;&rSmyJ/ v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/ wcgwnf; z±kdz&Jjzpfatmif tpGrf;ukef olwkd hbufu vkyfawmhwmyJ? ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm” vlxka':trm(1915-2008) 13

14

tEyk nmpmtyk af wuG dk bm&n&f ,G cf suef @J a&;ovJ vlxk a':trm arv 27 &uaf e@u tr&y&l awmiaf v;v;kH O;D ynmausmi;f rmS jynof l cspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; pmtkyfxGufwm 25 ESpfjynf@wJh txdrf;trSwfeJ@ aw@GqykH uJG av; vyk =fuw,?f rEaW v;/ ppuf idk ;f / ti;f 0/ wwH m;O;D / pOuhf idk /f &mG axmi/f +rKd @ompwhJ 0e;f usiuf pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&maw/G obief ,/f *wD e,uf val wG awmaf wmpf pkH kH vm=uw,?f ±yk &f iS rf i;f om; uxdk eG ;f a0}u;D vn;f ygw,?f a&eaH jr a':cipf vk J a&muvf mao;? ee;f awmaf &@Sq&mwiohf m; a&e$ e;f wi/f +rKd @r+ird ;f om; +rKd @r u&dk e$ ;f +rKd i/f ped af A'g}u;D &@Jom; O;D aX;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;neG @fwi/f vri;f w&m ujdkrwf rid_ ;f e@J yewf smaX;aX;jri/hf v&l i$ af wmf uokd m\"/k apmi;f rrl ol ed ;f w@dk ntD prf pojzihf vul awmaf wmpf vkH mawmh q=dkuw;D =ue@J aysmpf &m vrG ;f p&m}u;D ygy?J t'J rD mS veG cf hJ whJ 25 EpS uf xuG cf whJ hJ u|erf a&;cwhJ hJ pmtyk [f m cak etcgrsm; a&;pr;f ygqvdk m&if [wdk ek ;f u u|erf aw@GqakH r;jre;f cohJ al wG tm;v;kH e;D yg; aoq;kH uek wf mvwJ a=umi;f / u|erf u,dk wf idk f [wdk ek ;f uavmuf tyiyf e;f rcEH idk af wmwh mvJ wa=umi;f a=umihf 'pD mtyk rf sKd;jzpzf @dk rv,G bf ;l ? i,&f ,G of al wG u,dk vf yk cf siwf mudk tm;aumi;f armi;f oefjzpfwkef; +yD;ajrmufatmif }udK;pm;vkyfaqmif=u/ tcsdefumvqkdwm apmifh aewmrsKd ; r[wk bf ;l v@dk ajym&w,?f 'pD mtyk ef @J ywof u+fy;D uAsmq&m u=dkunf atmifu &oajrmufwJh twÎKy`wWdpmayvkd@ ajymvkd@ u|efru a&;pOftcg wek ;f uawmh twKÎ yw` &dW ,vf @dk a&;wmr[wk wf thJ a=umi;f en;f en;f yg;yg; ajym jycwhJ ,?f trd jfyeaf &muaf wmh 'tD a=umi;f a':a': rEaW v;+rKd @awmcf e;f r (1) rmS wcgu a[majymz;l om;yvJ @dk uae@tcr;f tem;wuwf hJ rwd vDÎ maumvyd f pm=unfh wudk rf LS ;u0dk i;f wiuhf ajymygw,?f [wk vf m;/ w@dk rrwS rf ad wmbh ;l v@dkajymawmh oul ool rd ;f xm;whJ u|erf a[majymcsuuf av;ukd rwd vDÎ muae jyeyf @dkay;vukd yf gw,?f ord ;f xm;azm&f v@dk aus;Z;l wi&f ygw,?f 15

bmvkd@a&;ovJ trsKd ;om;obief @J ywof u+fy;D a':a': pm 4 - 5 tyk f a&;cyhJ gw,?f (1) jynof cl spaf om tEyk nmonrf sm; (2) atmiAf v/ z;dk ped /f ped uf w;kH (3) a&r$ e;f wiaf rmif (4) t+ird hf 'pD mtyk af wxG uJ tuek vf ;kH r[wk af wmirf S wcsKd @uadk wmh zwzf ;l =urmS yg? 'gawG a&;jzpwf hJ apah qmcf suuf pp+fy;D 'bD uuf mvrmS trsKd ;om;obi&f @J tqihf twe;f tirf wef erd uhf svmwmudk aw@G&awmh pwd xf rJ mS t&iuf val wuG dk vrG ;f +y;D u,dk of cd hJ rcD hJ =uncfh hJ jricf &hJ whJ obiyf nmonaf w/G =um;z;l em;0&adS ewhJ obif ynmonaf wG [wdk ek ;f u b,vf dk tvyk vf yk =f uwmuvm;q+dk y;D uae@ obif avmuxuJ adk &m y=JGunyhf &od wjfynof ul akd &m jyeaf jymjycsivf @dk a&;wmyg? ppf+yD; 'DbufacwfrSm trsdK;om;obifawG&J@ tqifhtwef;u awmf awmf}uD;ukd edrfhusysufpD;vmygw,f? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh e,fcsJ@,Ofaus;r_awG&J@ tx;dk tEuS uf dk c&H v@dk u,dk rhf ul dk qyk uf idk rf xm;Eidk bf J wzuuf u,rd ;f u,idk f jzpf wmeJ@twl ajymif;vJaewJh acwftajctaeukdrSD+yD; tawG;tac:opfawGeJ@ wxD iG qf e;f oprf a_ wuG dk u|erf w@dkobiof rm;awG vudk rf vyk Ef idk vf @dk a&@SrrD aemuf ra&muef @J paumpu jzpaf e&wmvJ ygygw,?f t'J vD dk trsKd ;om;obiaf wG jzpwf hJ Zmw/f ±yk af o;/ t+ird /hf qikd ;f awG tqithf we;f erd uhf swmawG aw@G&awmh pwd xf rJ mS tm;rvtdk m;r& jzpaf e+y;D ajymi;f vaJ ewhJ tajctaeopaf wuG dk Eidk if H a&;tod r&adS o;v@dk vudk rf r&D if &ydS gap/ &&dS i;f pJG trsKd ;om;obi&f @J tqithf we;f uadk wmh qyk uf idk vf @dkxm;z@dk aumi;f ygw,vf @dk atmuaf r+h y;D u,dk of rd wD hJ jrerf moh bif udk jyeaf &;jywmygy?J twÎKy`wWdvm; a':a':ph mtyk af wuG dk wcsKd @u jrerf mobif ynm&iS af w&G @J twKÎ yw` adW wG jzpwf ,vf @dkq+dky;D twKÎyw` pdW mayxJ owG of iG ;f =uygw,?f wcsKd@uawmh jrerf m obif oridk ;f yqJ +dky;D oridk ;f pm&i;f xJ owG of iG ;f =uygw,?f oridk ;f e@J twKÎyw` [dW m quEf ,G rf _ &ydS gw,?f 'ga=umihf a&;cwhJ hJ pmtyk af w[G m twKÎ yw` edW ,yf ,xf J 0iof avmuf awmh 0iyf gvrd rhf ,?f E@dkayr,hf a&;pOtf cgwek ;f uawmh twKÎyw` adW &;wm r[wk yf gb;l ? O;D z;dk ped wf @dk/ a,musfm;ri;f or;D O;D atmiAf vw@dk/ O;D ped uf w;kH w@dk/ &mG pm;}u;D ped af A'gw@kd twKÎyw` adW wuG dk tjcm;pma&;q&mawG a&;+y;D om;&ydS gw,?f wtyk rf u wcsKd@y*k Kd~vf 16

awqG &dk if oal &;iga&; EpS tf yk of ;kH tyk f &ydS gw,?f E@dkayr,hf owl @dk a&;xm;wmawuG u|erf a&;wme@J ,wl hJ pmay±a_ xmichf si;f rwyl gb;l ? yGJ=unfh±_axmifh u|erf pmtyk af wuG y=JGun±hf a_ xmiuhf a&;wmyg? u|erf w@dk y=JGunwhf thJ cg aemuwf &uf 'yD uJG dk =unohf cl si;f qrkH &d if yJG pm;+rKH @jyewf wyf gw,?f vjlyuuf bm udk b,vf jdkyuvf udk wf muvm;q+dky;D jyuvf ;kH udk jyeaf jym+y;D &,&f w,?f ri;f om; ri;f or;D qwkd hJ ocD si;f awxG uJ u,dk &f whJ tvudk uf av;e@J ty'dk uf av; q=dkun&hf w,?f Zmw0f icf e;f xuJ u,dk Ef pS of uwf hJ pum;v;kH av;awG jyeaf jym&w,?f yGJ =unchf si;f 'vD dk ypJG m;+rKH@jye&f wm ywD ed @Jyg? u|erf i,if ,uf tvyk of rm;awG =um;xJ }u;D jyi;f vmcwhJ myg? u|erf w@dk rbd b;dk bmG ;awuG aq;/ aq;±;dk a&mi;f 0,=fuoal wrG @dk trd rf mS aq;aygvh yd cf /kH aq;jyi;f vyd cf kH &ydS gw,?f t'J aD wmh aq;vyd of nvf @dkac:whJ tvyk of rm;aw=Gum;xrJ mS aec&hJ wmyg? u|erf owl @dke@Jtwl yJG pm;+rKH@ jyewf mawuG dk tck jyeof w&d +y;D t'J tD vyk of rm;aw&G @J ave@J 'pD mtyk af wuG dk a&;wmyg? b,fvkdpkovJ uae@ jrerf moh biof naf wG trsKd ;om;obif tpOtf vmawuG dk av; av;pm;pm; rxm;bJ jzpuf wwqf e;f vyk pf m;ae=u&yakH wuG dk tm;rvtdk m;r& &wdS mr@dk [wdk ek ;f uawmh qidk ;f ynmq&dk if &mG pm;}u;D ped af A'gw@dku b,vf &dk mS r;SD qn;f yl;chJwm/ tEkynmorm;wa,muf[m aowyefoufwqHk; ynmqnf;yl;jznfh wi;f ae&w,vf @dk ped af A'g}u;D u ,=kHun+f y;D o@l,=kHuncf sutf widk ;f rsupf Ed pS vf ;kH ziG uhf wn;f u rwdS wf thJ csed xf d ynm,wl m/ tvyk vf yk cf sed uf sawmvh n;f tvyk uf dk b,vf adk v;av;pm;pm; vyk of mG ;w,qf wdk mrsKd ;awuG kd wijfyEidk af tmivf @dk owl @dk tvyk vf yk cf whJ ahJ cwuf dk wu,rf cD whJ vhJ al w/G owl @dke@J wzJG uvf yk uf idk of mG ;oal wuG kd vudk vf pH pkH r;f +y;D owl @dkquD ar;jre;f rwS of m;ygw,?f u|erf a&;whJ tEyk nmonaf wG xJu taraxG;ac:wJh raxG;av;&,f/ q&myk}uD;&,f/ atmifAv&,fukdawmh rrvD udk bf ;l ? u|erf rar;G ciuf 'yD nmonaf wuG aoq;kH =uwm? E@dkayr,hf wu,hf ynm}uD;wJhvlawG jzpfavawmh olwkd@&J@ ynm&nfu orm;pOf trSwftom; tjzpfeJ@ ajymprSwfawG obifavmurSm trsm;}uD; usef&pfygw,f? 'ga=umifh t'J aD jymprwS af wG owl @dkwynwhf ye;f awqG uD vudk vf &H mS azG pak qmi;f &ygw,?f usetf Eyk nmonaf wuG awmh ovd udk wf m/ rvD udk wf m/ =unzhf ;l vudk wf m/ wcsKd @u u|r;f u|r;f 0i0f if &wdS mawG ygygw,?f a&r$ e;f wiaf rmiqf &dk if t&i;f EqDS ;kH 17

wa,muyf g? uwdk iaf rmif ri;f om;rjzpcf if q&mawmf O;D auo&qrD mS bek ;f }u;D ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u odygw,f? ol@q&mawmfu u|efrwdk@vJ ukd;uG,f wmukd;? ol@udk rif;orD;}uD; raiG+rdKifqDukd ynmoiftyfawmhvnf; odwmyJ? rai+GrKd i&f @J yOiP ;f u u|erf w@dktrd uf qrG ;f cuH ,dk af wmuf ;dk ? aemuf ol ri;f om; jzpf vmw,?f ausm=fum;vmw,?f aemuf urmB pp}fu;D jzpvf mw,?f oal &m u|erf w@dka&m a&r$ e;f q&mawmf O;D auo& ppwf iG ;f owD i;f o;kH whJ uyidk af wmiif pl ak usmi;f xrJ mS omG ;+y;D cudk ;dk &w,?f w0idk ;f wn;f o;kH EpS af vmuf twal ez;l oayg?h pp+fy;D awmh uwkd iaf rmif jyeuf w,?f xe;f jri&f yxf J raecsibf ;l / u|erf w@kdtem; aecsiwf ,qf vdk @dk u|erf ctJ ukd o@lwudk uf dk }u;D =uyaf qmuaf y;w,?f u|erf w@dke@J ig;trd yf J jcm;w,?f t'J aD vmuf &i;f E;DS ayr,hf ol tepd aP &muvf @dk jrerf mZmwof biaf vmu twuG /f o@lta=umi;f a&;r,qf akd wmh oel @J o±d kH u|r;f ±kH &i;f E;DS ±ekH @J pmtyk wf tyk f rjzpyf gb;l ? oel @Jtwl wzJG utf vyk vf yk =fuwhJ Zmwof Zl mwof m;awG tm;v;kH e;D yg; ac:aw@G&/ ar;&/ jre;f &/ rwS of m;&ygw,?f o@lxri;f csu/f o@lreaf e*smygrusef aw@GqkH &ygw,?f +y;D awmh oal y:vm/ otl vyk vf yk of mG ;whJ acwwf av#muvf ;kH uvdk n;f +cKH+y;D oxd m;z@dk 'rD mS 'vD adk y:vmwhJ ri;f om;qwkd m yyD jDyijfyif jyEidk zf @dk avvh mrwS of m; &ygao;w,?f +y;D awmrh S o@lu,dk af &;u,dk wf mawuG dk o@laqrG sKd ;/ o@ltrd of tl rd of m; awqG D wcg ar;jre;f ,+ly;D wijfy&ygw,?f aumufoif;aumuf tEyk nmonaf wtG a=umi;f 'vD dk &mS azwG ijfywthJ cg jrerf moh bif ynm rmS x;kH p&H wdS thJ widk ;f o;kH pwJG hJ uAsmvumF pmtz;kd weaf v;awG &wdS ,?f Zmwjfzihf vJ Zmwrf mS r@dkv@dk/ ±yk af o;jzivhf J ±yk af o;rmS r@dkv@dk/ t+ird jhfzivhf J t+ird ahf yg?h wrd xf ;dk w/hJ avajywJh/ qkdif;qifhwJh/ ywfwkdufwJh/ cGef;axmufwJh/ awmvm;wJh/ oajyvm; a&vm;w?hJ 'uD AsmvumF awuG o@lae&me@Jol o;kH &Ee_ ;f &ygw,?f cak wmh obif tqifhtwef;awGu edrfhusvkdufvmawmh 'DuAsmvuFmawGvJ aysmufrSef;rod aysmuuf ke+f y?D t'J guav;awG[m raysmufysufxdkubf l;? odr;f qnf;xm;Edik &f if aumi;f w,?f EaS jrmp&mawqG wkd hJ toed @J u|erf a&;whJ pmtyk af wrG mS obiqf ikd &f m 'uD AsmvumF awuG dk ae&m&mS +y;D xnyhf gw,?f 'gav;aw[G m u|erf aw@GqakH r;jre;f xm;whJ obiof n}f u;D aw&G @J ajym pum;awxG uJ aumuof i;f aumuxf m;wmawyG g? +y;D awmh y=JG unahf wG ywD ed @J oqD ckd &hJ whJ ocD si;f av;awuG vkd J &wwof r# jyeaf zmxf wk +fy;D u|erf pmtyk xf rJ mS xnxhf m;ygw,?f 'gav;awvG n;f EaS jrmv@dk raysmuyf su&f atmif ord ;f qn;f ay; 18

wmyg? owif;pmq&m&J@ owif;ay;csuf t'J vD dk aw@GqakH r;jre;f +y;D pak qmi;f +y;D wthJ cg owi;f pmq&mwa,mu&f @J vmbef J b,tf uuG uf adk zm&f if bmygrS jynphf rkH ,?f jcL;a&;&if +cKH ygawmh yrdk aumi;f vm;qwkd hJ toed @J qqD idk &f m ygoiyhf gxudk f wmawuG dk u,dk jfriof avmuf vuwf H t&SnfqHk;eJ@ vufvSrf;rDor#udk &,lw,f? +yD;awmh owif;axmufaumif;w a,mu&f @J owi;f ay;yrkH sKd;e@J ppkH akH pah ph tuuG vf nvf nf a&;om;owi;f ay;ygw,?f owi;f ,pl Otf cgwek ;f uvJ obiof naf w&G @Javudk wwEf idk of avmuf trzd r;f w,?f owl @dk o;kH Ee_ ;f ajymqwdk hJ owl @dkyidk af 0g[m&/ owl @dk be;f pum;awuG vdk J & atmif,l+yD; owif;ay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efrpmtkyfawGpm trsm;a&;wmeJ@ rwwl myg? ta&;tom; 'pD mtyk rf mS jynof cl spaf om tEyk nmonrf sm; pmtyk uf v&JG if usepf m tyk af wrG mS pum;ajymwthJ widk ;f a&;xm;ygw,?f t'J gvJ u|erf ajymcsiwf mawuG dk 'yD pkH eH @Ja&;rS uek pf iaf tmif ajymjyEidk rf ,?f zw&f wohJ vl J 'grS t&omjynhf cpH m;Eidk f r,qf +dky;D a&;wmyg? pma&;w,qf wdk m yg;pyef @Jajymv@dk r=um;ra&muwf qhJ D pm eJ@a&mufatmifvkyfwm/ pum;ukd tuQ&meJ@ zvS,fay;wmukd pma&;w,fvkd@ ac:wmygy?J pm pay:wek ;f u ajymwmudk a&;cs&mu pmpay:wmy?J pmu t&if ay:wm r[wk bf ;l ? pum;u t&iaf y:vmwm? pmu aemurf S ay:vmwm? 'g a=umifh ta&;[m tajymukd ajymwJhtwkdif; a&;wmygyJ? ta&;wrsdK; tajym wrsKd ;v@dk ay:wek ;f u r&cdS yhJ gb;l ? E@dkayr,hf v@lpum;qwdk m ausmuwf ;kH }u;D vdk iwk f wwk af ewohJ abm r&bdS ;l ? pum;rmS tou&f ydS gw,?f v@ltajctaeawG ajymi;f vwJ ;dk wuwf me@Jtr# pum;awvG J ajymi;f vvJ m&w,f? pum;vkH;awG w;kd vm &w,?f pum;w;dk wuaf jymi;f voJ vdk pum;uadk &;wphJ muvJ trvD udk +fy;D w;dk wuf ajymi;f v&J w,?f u|erf w@kdpmrmS wcsed wf cgwek ;f u tajyme@Jta&; wajy;n&D cdS ahJ y r,fh wcsdefusawmh tajymuom ajymif;ajymif;vm+yD; ta&;u wae&mrSm r;kd w;dk rwwf wf &yuf se&f pwf ,?f 'ga=umihf a&;pme@J ajympum; en;f en;f umG [ omG ;w,?f 'gudk a&;pmu ajympum;raD tmiaf jymi;f z@dk r}uKd ;pm;=ubJ ta&;u ta&;wrsKd;/ tajymu tajymwrsKd; &&dS r,vf @dk ynmwwwf csKd@u qadk e=uygw,?f ynmudk vwl pvk uxf rJ mS om qyk xf m;csi&f i/f ynm&dS vuqf yk uf dk rajzcsi&f iaf wmh 19

xm;yg? 'vD dk r[wk bf eJ @J pmqwdk mudk vwl idk ;f a&;Eidk /f zwEf idk af pcsiwf ,?f vwl idk ;f v,G vf ,G f em;vnaf pcsiwf ,qf &dk ijfzihf pum;ajymwwwf ,?f pum;yeD m;=um;&dS w,qf wdk hJ vwl a,muuf t'J pD um;udk tu&Q mpmv;kH e@J zv,S wf wwf ,qf &dk if ovl J pma&;Eidk yf gap/ pmzwEf idk yf gap/ 'grS p;D ymG ;a&;erd uhf svwS hJ u|erf w@kd tvyk f orm; v,of rm;awG pma&;wwf zwwf wvf m=urmS yg? u|erf pmtyk af wuG dk pum;ajymwJhyHkpHeJ@a&;awmh u|efrbmajymcsifwmwkH;? ajymcsifwmukd tdwfoGef zmarmS uf pme@J ajymv@dk&vmw,?f 'tD jyif b,af pweme@J ajymcsiwf mv?J wrd af um uek wf mawG ErS Ed aS jrm wijfycsiwf mvm;/ aEmS i;f val wG aygah ygwh ewf ef tvyk vf yk f ae=uv@dk u±%k ma'goe@J ajymcsiwf mvm;? 'aD &;en;f u u|erf rmS &wdS hJ apwem twidk ;f wwd ud sus a&;jyv@dk &ygw,?f 'ga=umihf pum;ajymwthJ widk ;f a&;xm; wmyg? trsKd ;om;obiqf idk &f m pmtyk f 4-5 tyk uf dk 'vD dk }uKd ;}uKd ;pm;pm; a&;& wthJ wuG f w@kd,Oaf us;r_ rmS 'gawG 'gawG &ydS gw,?f w@dkwawG wwEf idk of avmuf quvf uxf ed ;f ord ;f r,vf @dk oabmayguwf hJ ynmonwf csKd @ ay:xuG vf mygw,?f 'g[m tjrwyf g? E@dkayr,hf jrwof ijhfrwxf udk wf hJ twidk ;f twmtxad wmh rjrwf vmao;ygb;l ? u,dk yf idk &f wdS hJ trsKd;om;,Oaf us;ru_ dk quvf uxf ed ;f ord ;f +y;D ajymi;f vJ vmwhJ tajctae t&y&f yef @JtnD trsKd ;om;[ef rvwG bf J qe;f opf wxD iG rf _ awuG kd jyK=u&rmS u val wcG ,H l usiohf ;kH &r,hf vr;f pOyf gy?J 'ga=umifh a':a':uawmh wkd@,Ofaus;r_tarGawGukd wwfEkdifoavmuf ppk n;f +y;D pmtyk af wtG jzpef @J ri;f w@dkvuuf dk tycf rhJ ,?f ri;f w@dku 'tD a[mi;f udk qyk uf idk /f ta[mi;f xuJ taumi;f u,dk +ly;D v@labmiof ptf wuG f jynof ul dk tusKd; jyKr,hf tEyk nmudk zewf ;D =uayawmvh @dk wudk wf eG ;f &i;f e*d ;kH csKyyf gw,?f ? (tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf; azmfjyxm;ygonf?) vxl ak ':trm pmay*sme,f trSwf (5)/ 1989 12 &uf/ 'DZifbm/ 1975 ck/ n 7 em&DrE Wav;+rdK@awmf cef;r (1) rSm vlxka':trm a[majymcJhwJh pmwrf;? 20

c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg; 111111111111111111111222222222222222222222333333333333333333333444444444444444444444555555555555555555555666666666666666666666777777777777777777777888888888888888888888999999999999999999999000000000000000000000111111111111111111111222222222222222222222333333333333333333333444444444444444444444555555555555555555555666666666666666666666777777777777777777777888888888888888888888999999999999999999999000000000000000000000111111111111111111111222222222222222222222333333333333333333333 vlxk a':trm rEpS uf qe;f uz;D u O;D av;}u;D O;D wiyf eG @J a':a': a':wiwhf @dkudk y*k H b&k m;awG z;l &atmif eAd mŠ euf ;l w@dk vudk yf @dkcwhJ ,?f u|erf w@dk b&k m;z;l tz@JGu tpkpk vlESpfq,fausmfygw,f? 'ga=umifh yk*H anmifOD;e@J yky`m;c&D;twGuf 'Dvl oudk }fu;D pm;z@dk/ aomuzf @dkawuG dk rEaW v;uyJ wwEf idk of avmuf csujfyKwaf =umf avmS f ,ol mG ;&w,?f y*k [H m te,ef ,f t&y&f yuf b&k m;z;l awG tveG vf mwwf wJhae&m jzpfayr,fh ntdyfnae wnf;zkd@ckdzkd@ae&m pm;zkd@ aomufzkd@ ae&mawG vG,fvG,fulul b,frSmrS rpDpOfEkdifao;bl;? 'ga=umifh vlwtkyf}uD;twGuf pm;a&;aomuaf &;udk trd uf xnohf ,dk il iof mG ;&wm[m 0etf av;om;? yk*Hukd a&muf=uvkd@ wnvJtdyfrda&m reufvif;awmh yk*Haps;xJrSm [i;f csupf &mawtG wuG f vcdk siwf hJ om;ig; to;D t&uG tf m;v;Hk 0,vf @dk jcr;f v@dk &w,fvkd@ =um;&yga&m? 'ga=umifh pm;tkd;}uD;vSwhJ u|efrwkd@tzG@Ju trsKd;orD; o;Hk av;a,muf y*k aH ps;udk tajy;vmc=hJuw,?f aps;a&muaf wmh o@+lrK@dO;D a&e@Jol oiahf wm±f Hk ci;f usi;f xm;whJ aps;uiG ;f udk aw@G&ygw,?f a&muwf ,qf &dk iyf J u|erf w@dkvol udk uf om;ig;a&mi;f wthJ we;f udk yxrq;Hk &mS +y;D 0i=fuw,?f ig;awG om; aw[G m u|erf w@dk +rK@d}u;D aps;awvG adk wmh tajrmutf jrm; raw@G&b;l ayg?h E@dkayr,hf a&mi;f or#ujzihf tm;v;Hk vwvf wqf wqf waf wcG sn;f y?J aps;awuG dk ar;=unhf vudk af wmvh J =uuuf cEk pS uf syaf ps;w?hJ 0uuf vJ cEk pS uf syaf ps;w?hJ ig;uvJ av;usy/f ig;usy?f ajcmuuf syuf &pS uf syf u;dk usyaf ps;txd ig;vudk vf @dky?J troJ m;w@dk/ qwd f om;w@dkuvJ 0,cf siphf z,G ?f tom;w;Hk }u;D awG &vJ @dk cvJ @dk? csed af &mi;f r,hf tav;awG 21

udk =unvhf udk af wmvh J jynrhf ,yhf yHk g? 'ga=umihf =uu0f ,wf vhJ ul 0,/f 0u0f ,wf hJ vul 0,/f ig;0,wf vhJ ul 0,/f widk yf irf xm;&b;l ? q;dk qwef @J usrw@dk vol udk uf tm;v;Hk vcl +JGy;D csed =fu w,G =fu 0,=fuw,?f +y;D awmvh J rEaW v;xuf trsm;}u;D aps;aygw,?f w@dk rEaW v;rsm;jzihf 0uqf &dk if u;dk usy/f =uuqf &dk if u;dk usyf wq,?f 'rD mS awmh Zvwk vf J rygb;l ? aygvudk wf mv@dk t*vF yd vf dk ajymwohJ ul ajym/ totH yk f uav;e@J vuuf wk af jymwvhJ ul ajyme@J aysmvf @dkayg?h om; ig;we;f u +y;D awmh [i;f o;D [i;f &uG af &mi;f &m omG ;=ujyef a&m? t'J rD mS vn;f ocmG ;o;D / b;l o;D / c&r;f o;D awG aygvudk wf m? ZeG yf e;f u;Hk awG uvJ wu;Hk rS ig;jym;w?hJ rEaW v;rmS q&dk if q,ihf g;jym;/ jym;EpS qf ,af y;rS &r,hf t wwk uf ;Hk }u;D aw?G u|erf w@dkvol udk uf waps;v;Hk ord ;f 0,af wmrh vm; atmuaf rh &avmufatmif avmbw}uD; av#muf0,f+yD; aysmfaysmf}uD; jyefvm=uw,f? wn;f &mae&ma&muaf wmvh J trd uf 0,cf sucf rhJ wd m rmS ;wthJ a=umi;f / y*k rH mS 'vD dk 0,vf @dk&reS ;f o&d if 'uk cQ +Hy;D csu,f vl mrmS r[wk wf thJ a=umi;f / 'rD mS aygvaJ ygao;/ vwvf J vwaf o;/ oyd af umi;f wthJ a=umi;f awuG dk ajymajym+y;D &,=fuarm=ue@J csuvf udk jf yKwvf udk =f uwm qvl @dk? aemufwae@ a&mufawmhvJ yky`m;rSm pm;zkd@ 0,f&OD;r,fqkd+yD; y*k aH ps;udk rae@uvydk J ajy;=ujyeyf ga&m/? aps;a&muaf wmvh J ig;on/f =uuof m; onf/ 0ufom;onfawGqDu 0,fcsifwmawG qkd;qwfeJ@ 0,f=uwmyJ? 'gayrJh uae@awmh aps;ta=umi;f udk o+dyrD @dk rae@uavmuf r[m;w&m; rvyk =fuawmbh ;l ? cyrf eS rf eS yf J 0i0f ,=f uw,?f toJ v0dk ,af wmh u|erf w@dk 0,af ewahJ ps;qidk af wuG 0,folvkH;vkH; r&SdwmrS r[kwfbJuvm;? aps;qpfaewJh yk*Hol/ aps;ar;aewJh y*k oH al wG &adS ewmr@dk owl @dku u|erf w@dkudk arm=hun+hfy;D +yK;H =uw,?f +y;D awmh u|erf w@dk0i0f ,&f if aemuqf wk af y;w,?f 'gudk u|erf u 0,af e/ csed wf ,G af ewek ;f uawmh u,dk ahf vmbaZme@Ju,dk rf @dk owrd xm;rbd ;l ? aps;xuJ xuG vf mawmrh S ‘w@dkaps; 0,&f if y*k oH al wuG z,af y;=uygw,’f v@dk ow&d vmw,?f 'ga=umihf w@dkz,af y; wm[m y*k oH al w&G @J ,Oaf us;ry_ ?J y*k oH al wuG rEaW v;u b&k m;z;l awyG /J 0,&f mS yg apq+dky;D aemuqf wk af y;wm xiyf g&@Jv@dk atmuaf rwh me@J yxrawmh aus;Z;l wif vkdufao;w,f? Ekd@ayr,fh awmfawmfav;=umawmh rEWav;bk&m;zl;awGrkd@ om;ig;&apcsiwf hJ apwemcsn;f rS u ygavp? owl @dkqrD mS aps;onuf dk aps;0,f wa,muuf aps;ar;aps;qpaf e&if wjcm;wa,muuf 0i+fy;D ar;±;dk qp±f ;dk x;Hk pH r&bdS ;l ? yxrvel @J ta&mi;f t0,wf n+hfy;D r/S 'grrS [wk f rwnahf wmrh S aemuwf a,muuf 0i+fy;D aps;ar;w,?f 0,wf ,qf wdk hJ x;Hk prH sm; &adS vovm;v@dkaw;G rwd ,?f 22

t'J tD aw;G vJ 0ivf myga&m/ ‘,Oaf us;vyS gw,’f qwdk hJ rEaW v;oal w/G wuxf &eG af wG ygwwd af weG @J 0ivf m=uwhJ rEaW v;oal wG y*k aH ps; x0J i+fy;D trsm; owl um 0,af &mi;f aewhJ =um;xJ bvD ;l o&l aJ wvG dk v,k u0f ,of mG ;ov&dk rdS ,hf u,dk thf jzpuf dk aw;G rvd @kd &uS vf udk wf m rajymyge@Jawm?h y*k oH l trsK;d or;D awuG u|erf w@dkudk arm=hunwhf ,/f +y;D awmh +yK;H w,?f +y;D awmh owl @dk 0,cf sivf @dk uidk +fy;D aps;qpaf ewmudk vw$ cf s+y;D z,qf wk af y;w,?f t'J D tao;pwd uf av;awuG ydk g jyejf riaf ,miaf wmh &uS vf @dkudk rq;Hk awmyh gb;l ? owl @dkpwd xf rJ mS awmh b,vf rdk sm; xi=fur,f robd ;l ? u|erf w@dki,if ,uf y=JGunwhf thJ cg vjlyuaf wuG ajymwwf w,?f ‘a[/h ,Oaf us;wahJ e&mrmS awmh ';l jzwf &ibf wef @J vr;f omG ;w,?f igu rEaW v; a&+$rK@dawmof m;tpp/f ee;f awmwf idk f zuaf r;G wmr@dk Audk f a&a$ wG cak wmif &adS o;w,’f v@dk ol tveG ,f Oaf us;wthJ a=umi;f pum;Eidk f ajymwm =um;&z;l ygw,?f rEaW v;u val wuG ya'o&mZf ,Oaf us;ru_ dk tveG f trr$ ;f wiyf gw,?f y*k aH ps;xrJ mS awmh usrw@dka=umihf rEaW v; t&uS uf cJG yhJ g+y?D ruvJG J cEH idk af &mrh vm;? u|erf w@dk +rK@d}u;D awrG mS aps;0,&f w,qf wdk mu uae@ val er&_ @J t}u;D q;Hk b0wudk yf JG wpdwfwa'o r[kwfvm;? aps;qkdwm qefay;&if aq;&w,f qkdwhJ ae&mrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? ^m%f&Sdoavmuf ykdufqH&Sdoavmuf vnfovkd v$mpm;ae=uwhJ ae&myg? 'ga=umihf +rK@dae trd &f iS rf wa,muf epd \"P 0l aps;0,wf hJ upd uP dk omref trd f r_udpPvkd@ oabmxm;&if rSm;ygvdrfhr,f/ tdrf&Sifrwa,muftzkd@ reufvif;vkd@ rsupf Ed pS vf ;Hk ziG vhf udk wf me@J w+yKid ef uf reuf 6 em&/D 7 em&/D 8 em&/D 9 em&rD mS tvyk of mG ;/ ausmi;f omG ;=ur,hf viof m;e@J om;or;D rsm;/ apmapm}u;D romG ;cif pm;omG ;p&me@J ae@ci;f pm;p&mudk tcsed rf uD suaf tmif tjreqf ;Hk csujfyKwf au|;ar;G +y;D xnahf y;vudk &f w,?f t'J wD m0ef +y;D wme@J w+yKid ef uf aps;qjJGci;f udk q+JGy;D te;D q;Hk aps;udk tjreqf ;Hk ajy;vmc&hJ w,?f ciyf eG ;f on[f m wv &pS qf ,Ehf pS uf sypf m; jzpcf sijfzprf ,?f vc 1500 pm; jzpcf sijfzprf ,?f &pS qf ,Ehf pS uf sypf m;q&dk if aps;z;dk tjzpf wusy/f wusyf jym;ig;q,xf uf yrdk o;Hk Eidk yf gb;l ? vc waxmiaf usmpf m;jzp&f if wae@aiwG q,f yw0f e;f usirf mS o;Hk Eidk yf gvrd rhf ,/f 'aD iuG idk +fy;D trd &f iS rf u aps;0,f vmcwhJ ,?f aps;uadk &muaf wmh uae@ bmawG trsm;q;Hk usovqJ wdk mudk =unhf &i;f rae@u bm[i;f pm;cohJ vqJ wdk mudk pO;f pm;&ygw,?f u,dk 0f ,Ef idk wf hJ yudk qf eH @J bmcsupf &m 0,&f rvJ pO;f pm;&w,?f +rK@daps;qwdk m [i;f o;D [i;f &uG jfzpjfzp/f to;D tEjHSzpjfzp/f om;ig;jzpjfzpf aps;xuJ dk rsm;rsm;}u;D a&muvf mrS ypnP ;f vJ aumi;f w,?f aps;vJ aygw,/f 'gah =umihf bmo;D bm&uG f bmig; trsm;}u;D a&muaf eovJ qdk wmudk t&iqf ;Hk rsupf ed @J av#mu=funhf ww&f w,?f 'guvJ oyd f cucf ucf cJ J 23

r&mS &wwbf ;l ? aumi;f w,f aygw,qf &dk ijfzihf val wG 0idk ;f taHk eyg+y?D t'J uD odk m aps;jcif;awmif;qGJ+yD; taomhESifyga&mh? a&muf+yD qkd&if bm0,f=uwmvJ? bmonfrkd@ 'Davmuf 0kdif;&wmvJvkd@ wkd;=unfhyg? vl=um;xJ acsmif;=unfhyg? jri&f w,?f u,dk 0f ,cf siwf hJ ypnP ;f y/J aumi;f w,qf &dk if b,af ps;vvJ @dk aps;onuf dk rar;e@J? oul rajztm;b;l ? t0,of rm; tcsi;f csi;f udk ar;/ aps;vJ oad &m/ aygwm aocsmw,qf &dk ijfzihf 'vD tl yk xf uJ dk w;dk ygawm?h w;dk v@dk ab;uq&J ivf J tomi@HkcyH g? wu,dk vf ;Hk w;dk r&&if vuwf zujfzpjfzpf aps;on&f &dS mudk oiG ;f EiS +hfy;D ig;jzivhf J ig;/ iuS jfzivhf J iuS /f to;D t&uG jfzivhf J to;D t&uG /f u,dk thf wuG f &&mwcuk dk qxJG m;/ OD;xm;yg? ‘'g u|erf ,rl v@dk/ u|erf ay;yg’v@dkvJ yg;pyuf jrnaf eyg? 'grS v&l iS ;f awmh usoiwhf hJ yudk qf uH dk ay;+y;D 'yD pnP ;f udk u,dk &f vudk wf ,?f 'vD dk rvyk Ef idk vf @dk t˜ww q&dk if vxl J w;dk &rmS a=umuvf @dk rw;dk Eidk wf me@J r&vudk bf ;l ? jzKwqf dk uek of mG ;a&m? u,dk uf &csiwf ,/f vcdk siwf ,qf &dk ijfzihf 'yD pHk [H m taocsmq;Hk ygy?J ‘wuwn;f awm/f tvum;ay;wm usaewmy?J aomuuf sK;d en;f ’v@dk r&vudk wf vhJ ul qcJ sif vJ qyJ gap? 'gavmuaf wmh ta&xxl m;yg? r[wk &f if +rK@daps;uvm;/ vuaf E;S &if vGwfw,f? ukd,fh+cHu xGufwm/ ukd,fhtcif;u xGufwmrsKd;uav;awGukd y*k v~ ud vma&mi;f wm/ wqichf H vm+y;D a&mi;f wmrsK;d qadk wmh 'vD dk 0,&f whJ ypHk rH sK;d u trsm;pyk g? t'J aD wmh aps;0,wf m rsupf d &iS &f w,?f vuof uG &f w,?f 'vD dk aps;0,f wwaf erS jzpwf myg? r[wk vf @dk/ trd af xmiuf sp trd af xmiwf m0euf dk crk S p xr;f p/ r;D zadk csmiuf dk crk S p 0ipf trsK;d or;D q&dk iaf wmh aps;0,zf @dk aps;jci;f udk qxGJ uG vf m ayr,hf aps;xaJ &muaf wmh bm 0,&f reS ;f ro/d bmcsu&f reS ;f rovd @dk aps;onaf wuG dk =un&hf i;f aps;we;f udk av#mu&f i;f e@J wa,miaf yay jzpaf evrd rhf ,?f trd ef ;D csi;f trd af xmi&f iS rf aemuuf waumuaf umuvf udk +fy;D ol b;l &uG wf pn;f 0,&f if u,dk f b;l &uG wf pn;f vudk 0f ,/f ol Z;D jzLo;D 10 v;Hk 0,&f if u,dk f Z;D jzLo;D 10 v;Hk vudk 0f ,/f ol troJ m; tpwd of m;0,&f if u,dk f troJ m; tpwd of m; vudk 0f ,&f whJ tjzprf sK;d a&muwf wwf ,?f u,dk [hf i;f u,dk rf pywf w/f u,dk ahf ps; u,dk rf 0,wf wf ao;bJ [mu;dk ? 'Dvkd tdrfaxmifonf a,mifeersKd;ukdawmh aps;onfvlvnfawGu rsupf ed @Jawmif =unzhf @dk rvbdk ;l ? wcsu0f ivhf udk ±f eHk @J vul cJ wrf +dy;D jzpaf evrd rhf ,?f 'ga=umihf tpwd of m;0,af yr,hf EpS qf ,of m;xuf yrdk &ayb;l ? tav;c;dk ,vl udk f vrd rhf ,?f ig;uav; pm;&atmif 0,jfyeaf wmvh J tyyk uf dk taumi;f vyk +fy;D aiguf a&mi;f vudk vf rd rhf ,?f aps;0,uf ig;uidk =fun+hfy;D u,dk bhf mom rovd @dk ‘vwuf vhJ m;’ 24

v@dk ar;&if ig;onrf ed ;f r}u;D u 'rD ed ;f r[m ig; jrivf @dkrS vwrf eS ;f / yyk rf eS ;f rowd hJ tpm;xJuyJvkd@ csufcsif; odvkduf+yD; ol@ig;yg;[uf nKd±kHru 0rf;ykduf}uD; b,f avmuf yaG eae ‘usKywf @dk tyyk f ra&mi;f b;l ? 'gavmuf vwwf ihJ g;udk vw&f @Jvm; v@dk ar;raee@J’ v@dk aigu+fy;D ajymvudk yf gvrd rhf ,?f ig; vwrf vwf rowd w&f mS ao;whJ trd &f iS rf u o@lpum;uydk J ,pHk m;+y;D 0,of mG ;rwd wwf ,?f trd af &muvf @dk ig;udk cwk rf d v;DS rrd S yyk rf eS ;f ovd rd rhf ,/f ig;prd ;f onuf ig;yyk uf dk taumi;f vyk af &mi;f &rvm;v@dk 0,of bl uuf =unahf wmh tjypwf ipf &mayg?h E@dkayr,hf o@lcrsmvJ o@lpm;t;dk udk xed ;f &wahJ e&mrmS tcutf caJ wuG trsm;om;aermS y?J aps;on&f ,f bmv@dk t av;c;dk &ov?J }uKud wf ahJ ps;e@J a&mi;f +y;D tav;uawmh jynjhfynuhf av; ay;yg awmvh @dk u|erf w@dk aps;0,af wuG tjypwf icf siwf ,?f E@dkayr,hf aps;onbf uuf tajzu wy\\d mudk 15 usyef @J 0,cf whJ ,?f 10 usyof m;csi;f vcD sed af wmh csed cf iG vf #m omwmeJ@ tqpfawmif;vkd@ xnfh&wmeJ@ wyd\\m[m jyefcsdefa&mif;awmh 90 usyof m;/ 85 usyof m;yJ xuG af wmwh ,?f aps;usawmvh J oul 10 usyof m;udk 1 usyf 75 jym; a&mi;f csiaf yr,hf wjcm; oel @J uek wf ol rm;u 10 usyof m;udk 1 usyf 50 jym;eJ@ a&mif;aeawmh aps;oufomwJh tJ'DqkdifukdyJ 0,fwJholawGu omG ;wmr@dk oul vJ 1 usyf 50 jym;aps;yJ vudk af &mi;f &w,?f t'J aD wmh 0,&f i;f aps;twidk ;f jyeaf &mi;f &w,?f vcD sed &f v@dk 15 usyof m;/ 10 usyof m; avsmwh m ±;H_ &O;D r,qf &dk if bme@JomG ;pm;rv?J o@ltrd uf om;or;D awuG dk b,of ul vmau|; rv?J u,dk whf uG f tjrwuf ygO;D raS yg?h 'gah =umihf a℞dk csibf eJ @Jx;dk &w,?f tav; rc;dk csibf eJ @J tav;c;dk &w,vf @dk ajymygvrd rhf ,?f t'J ga=umihf aps;onuf vJ t+yKid f tqkdif a&mif;=uwhJ aps;}uD;xrJ Sm ol@xrif;tkd;uav; ajyvnfatmif olwwf oavmuf }uHzef vkyfaqmif&ayr,f? u|efrwkd@ aps;0,fawGuvJ ukd,fhykdufqH uav;e@J b,'f i;f udk 0,Ef idk rf v?J b,[f m taumi;f q;Hk txudk wf eqf ;Hk &rvJ qwdk mudk trsm;}u;D pO;f pm;&ygw,?f u,dk qf yk uf ikd vf mwhJ yudk qf uH av;e@J aps; onaf wuG a&mi;f r,qf wdk hJ a&mi;f aps;e@JuvJ t}urd }furd f tcgcg pwd xf rJ mS wuG f =un&hf ygao;w,?f red ;f rawuG twuG tf csuf }u;D w,/f EaS jrmw,?f jriaf jrmf w,f? tlwkdw,f? bmw,f nmw,f pwhJ pwhJ rdef;rukd ESdrfenf; qeJ nf;awG trsK;d paHk tmif ajymyg? upd P r&ydS gb;l ? trd &f iS rf [m 'gudk wwuf dk ww&f r,?f 'g[m o@lb0 &ywf naf &;yg? u,dk vhf uxf uJ ygvmwhJ aps;z;dk u 3 usywf n;f ? pm;r,hf vul u,dk vf irf ,m;&,/f om;orD 3 a,mu&f ,/f 5 a,muf &adS eawmh 'D 5 a,muf EpS ef ypf m pm;z@dktwuG f om;ig;0,rf ,qf &dk if tpwd of m;e@J ravmuf b;l ? aemuxf yf t0uof m;avmuf 0,Ef idk yf grS nreuf pm;avmurf ,?f 'gvJ Avm 25

tom;csnf; rau|;Ekdifbl;? toD;tESH ta&mtaESmuav;eJ@ csufau|;rS vkHavmufr,f? 'ga=umifh 0ufom; wyd\\m 9 usyfaps;eJ@ tpdwft0uf 0,f&if 50 usyof m;u 4 usyf 50 jym;/ tpwd of m;u 2 usyf 25 jym;/ t0uof m;u wusyf 15 jym;/ tpwd tf 0uqf &dk if 0uof m;z;dk 3 usyf 40 jym; uek wf ,?f ygwmu 3 usyrf @dk ‘0uof m;em; ruyEf idk yf gb;l av’ q+dky;D trd &f iS rf u 0uof m;quD aemuqf wk f &w,?f 0urf S r0,Ef idk &f if =uuqf wdk mawmh a0vma0;a&m? =uuuf 9 usyaf ps;/ 10 usyfaps;? ajcaxmufeJ@/ vnfacsmif;eJ@? acgif;eJ@/ ZvkwfeJ@? ypfp&mawGu trsm;}uD;? +rKd@xJu =uufqkdwm ao+yD;rSvJ ZvkwfxJ tpmawG w0w+yJ}uD; =uuof nuf owG xf m;ao;wm? Zvwk xf uJ xri;f udk =uuof m; vyk +fy;D a&mi;f &atmivf @dkw?hJ 'gah =umihf =uuvf J r0,Ef idk bf ;l ? ig;uav;rsm; aps;aygovm;v@dk ig;we;f rmS av#mu=funvhf udk &f w,?f weaf qmirf ek ;f vr@dk ig;uswma=umihf ig;re_ f ig;zaJG v;awG tpwd of m;udk 75 jym;w?hJ 'gqdk rq;dk b;l ? E@dkayr,hf quD ek rf ,hf ig;awmvh J 0,rf pm;Eidk jfyebf ;l ? t;dk uycf suvf @dk&r,hf ig;usjyef awmh tpwd of m;udk 2 usyuf ratmujfyebf ;l ? ig;tpwd of m; t;dk uy&f ivf J weyf yJ pm;&r,?f 'aD iG o;Hk usyef @J rjzpfao;ygbl;? 'gha=umifh tdrfuvifonfukd om; uav; ig;uav;eJ@ +rKd;+rKd; jrufjruf wcgwav csufau|;csifayr,fh 0rf;bJO a=umfuav;rsKd;/ c&rf;oD; t;dk uyuf av;rsK;d udk csOaf &[i;f uav;e@J iyzd wk af vmuef @JyJ prD EH idk yf gawmwh ,?f c&r;f o;D &,/f csOaf ygi&f uG &f ,/f ig;y&d ,f 0,+fy;D wahJ emuf c&r;f csOof ;D uav;/ i±wk f o;D prd ;f uav;/ =uuof eG ef uD av;uvJ 0,Of ;D r?S yudk qf H 10 jym;q&dk if eeH yH izf ;dk &w,f? 'ga=umifh tdrf&Sifru 5 jym;ukdvJ wGufwGufcsufcsuf okH;&w,f? 10 jym;ukdvJ ukefoifhrS ukefap&w,f? 'DypPnf;u 10 jym; av#mh,l renf;bl;rkd@ qpvf n;f qp&f w,?f +rKd @aps;qwdk mu o@lc&r;f o;D a&mi;f csiwf mu 10v;kH udk jym; 50 jzpaf yr,hf 'gb,af vmuvf J ar;vudk &f if 75jym;v@dk aps;wif qwdk myg? rav#mh b;l vm;ar;&if b,Ef pS vf ;kH ,rl mS v/J 10v;kH pv;kH ,&l if jym; 60 ay;omG ;w?hJ u,dk uf 0,cf siwf mu 3v;kH wn;f ? 10v;kH udk jym; 50 aps;xm;yg? 15jym;z;dk a&mi;f ygv@dk qpfcsifw,f? Ekd@ayr,fh aps;onfrsufESm vSrf;=unfhkvkduf& ygao;w,f? 'Daps; onfu tqpfrS cHyghrvm;qkdwm? wcsdK@u aps;OD;}uD; vmrqpfeJ@vkd@ aiguf v$wfwwfwmuvnf; &Sdao;awmh olwkd@u aps;wifqkdwwfrSef; odayr,fh t&rf;rqpf&Jbl;? rqpf0Hhvkd@ 'Dtwkdif; xGufoGm; jyef&ifvJ wcsdK@aps;onfu ‘r0,bf eJ @J ujri;f v@dk ar;ovm;’v@dk vrS ;f qwJ wyf gao;w,?f 'ga=umihf =unhf uuG =funuhf uG f vyk af e&if qi;f &yJ akH yguwf hJ aps;0,uf sawmh aps;onuf ‘uJ ,l 26

rSmvm; ,l/ awmhwa,mufwnf; a&mif;aewm r[kwfbl;’wJh? csrf;om w,xf iwf hJ aps;0,uf sawmh ‘0,yf g tprf &,/f 10v;kH jym; 60 rrsm;ygb;l ’w?hJ aps;0,fu tqpfaumif;&if jym; 50eJ@ &wmyJ? tqpfnHh&if jym; 60 ay;+yD; 0,fch&J wmy?J ‘+rKd @aps; a,murQ road pe@J’qwdk hJ yckH idk ;f &ydS gw,?f +rKd @aps;rmS uek yf pnP ;f [m uae@ 2 usyaf ps; a&mi;f ayr,hf eujfzecf gawmh ypnP ;f rusv@dkq+dky;D 4 usyf jzpcf sif jzpfaewm? t'J Dawmh rae@u 2usyfyJ ay;&w,f? uae@ 4usyfajym&rvm;vkd@ a,muQrvkyfwJhvlu r,Hk=unfaybl;? ol@ukd tukeftodray;eJ@vkd@ owday; wyhJ ckH idk ;f ayg?h +rKd @qwdk m aps;0,af wuG vn;f aygvudk wf m }uwd }fuwd wf ;dk y?J vqe;f p we*aF EaG e@rsm;q&dk if wu,yf J w;dk rayguaf tmif pnyf gw,?f aps;0,cf sn;f pnf wmr[wk bf ;l ? aps;onuf vn;f aygvudk wf m 'i;f =ur;f ? wjcm; tvyk tf uikd af wG ae&mrusvkd@ &wJh0ifaiGeJ@ravmufvdk@wJh? aps;a&mif;wJh vlawG 'gavmuf ayg vmwmjzpwf ,vf @dk aps;onaf wuG ajym=uw,?f jrLepD y,f trx_ r;f awuG aps;xJ ovm;ae+y;D vr;f ay:rmS csa&mi;f v@dk aiguwf m/ ir;f wm/ zr;f wm/ q;D wm awuG vJ ae@widk ;f ygy?J aps;0,wf ,qf wdk m wu,af wmh ten;f q;kH EpS Ef pS /f o;kH EpS f trd af xmi&f iS rf jzp+fy;D rS 0,wf w/f jcr;f ww/f u,dk uf temrc&H wbhJ 0/ we&f mweuf aJ y;0,vf @dk &wbhJ 0udk a&muwf myg? aps;t0,0f g; r0ao;&if aps;onf taigucf &H wmu c%c%? tav;c;kd c&H wmu ae@widk ;f y?J +rKd@rmS aps;onuf idk wf thJ av; jynwhf ,vf @dk tveG ef n;f ygw,?f ravsmyh gb;l q&dk if wy\\d macgi;f rmS 5usyof m; 10usyof m; avsmwh wwf my?J wcsKd @rsm; 20usyof m;txd avsmwh ,?f owl @dkuawmh yeG ;f v@dk avsmhw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? wu,fuawmh oHav;awG[m aoG;ypfawmifrS 'g avmuf yeG ;f p&m r&ydS gb;l ? tav;avsmwh uhJ pd P aps;}u;D awrG mS jrLepD y,uf csed cf iG f awG cswd +fy;D val pmichf sed af y;ae&w,f [wk vf m;? tjyn&hf a&maygvh @dk ajymp&mygy?J jrLeDpy,fu tav;eJ@ csdefcGifeJ@ tvkyform;wa,mufxm;ay;+yD; rouFmvkd@ csed cf siwf hJ aps;0,f b,of rl qdk csed af y;wahJ e&m &ydS gw,?f 'gayrhJ t'J tD av;orm;&@J tav;uuydk J rjynbhf ;l ? aps; onaf wuG rek @fz;dk yzJ ;dk ay;xm;w,qf wdk hJ torH sKd ;vJ =um;&z;l ygw,?f csed af y;whJ tvyk of rm;u aps;pncf sed f vuzf u&f naf omuf xuG f &atmif rek @fz;dk ay;wvhJ l &wdS ,qf wdk hJ pum;rsKd ;vJ =um;&z;l ygw,?f +rKd @aps;[m vnf ovdk pm;=uwhJ ae&m}u;D ygy?J aps;onuf tav;c;dk / &mZcl ;dk ovdk aps;0,uf vn;f vp&f if vpof vdk Eud_ ,f wl mrsKd;vn;f &wdS my?J 'gah =umihf aps;0,of mG ;&if trd &f iS rf u wwEf idk &f if t0wtf pm;vwvf wuf dk 0wof mG ;&w,?f r[wk vf @dk t0wtf pm; 27

ErG ;f yg;pwk yf ahJ e&if aps;onuf aps;c;dk tpcJG &H wwaf o;w,?f 'vD rdk sm; c&H rvm;q&dk if tpGJcH&wJholu ‘rsufESm=unfhajymaemf? 'Dvkdvkyfr,fh tpm;vm;’vkd@ jyef+yD; a[mu&f w,?f vuqf yk vf uuf idk f rr&d iaf wmh t'J aD vorH sKd ; ypvf udk rf S pyG pf wJG vhJ l u aemufqkwfw,f? vufqkyfvufukdif rdjyefawmhvJ aps;onfawGu 0kdif;+yD; ±udk =fuEuS =fuv@dk ypnP ;f c;kd rwd chJ rsmrmS zwG zf wG af usrwwf &wdS thJ cgvJ &ydS gao;w,?f aps;xrJ mS bmEud_ af jy;v@dkw/hJ bmqaJG jy;v@dkwqhJ +dky;D ±wk ±f wk f ±wk ±f wk f jzpwf maw/G vkduf[ zrf;[ ajy;[ jzpfwmawGuvJ r=umr=um awG@&wwfao;w,f? t'J =Dum;xuJ rS u,dk ,f vl mwhJ yudk qf uH av;e@J pm;aumi;f r,hf pm;p&m csupf &m awG trsKd ;rsKd ;udk =un&hf i;f wwEf idk wf mav;awuG kd ouG of uG vf uvf uf 0,vf udk f &w,f? tdrfeD;csif;qDtyfxm;chJwhJ ukd,fhuav;rikdcif/ orD;i,fukd xdef;&pfygvkd@ rmS c&hJ whJ uav;ti,f rvrJ ucJG if ajcuek of wk jfyezf @dku &adS o;w,?f taraps;u jyevf mawmh rek @f0,cf rhJ ,af emvf @dk acsmxh m;c&hJ whJ uav;i,pf m;z@dk rek @fyoJ m;a&pm uav;uvnf; 0,fvkdufcsifao;? cifyGef;onfeJ@ om;}uD;orD;}uD;rsm;pm;zkd@ csdKcsdKcsOfcsOfuav;uvnf; ygvkdufcsifao;? ygvmwJh ykdufqHuav;uvnf; ravmurf irS @dk &wwof r#uav;e@J yiohf ucf s owk af cswif jyecf &hJ wwyf gw,?f u|erf w@dkrmS 'tD avth usiahf wuG &csiwf idk ;f &aeawmh y*k aH ps;rmS vwf vwfqwfqwfeJ@ aps;aygvSwJh om;ig;toD;t&GufawGukd awG@&wJhtcg u|efr wkd@wawGu avmbw}uD; 0,fcJhjcrf;cJhrdw,f? tvkt,uf 0,f&avhr&Sdao; wahJ ps;rmS tusi}hfu;D ygaewhJ u|erf w@kdwawG avmbwycf yhJ akH wuG adk wmh 'aD e&muyJ }uKH wek ;f }uKH cudk f y*k oH al wuG dk awmi;f ye&f awmrh mS y?J ? (tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?) vxl ak ':trm rEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif; 1969 - 70 28

91 EpS jf ynhf pum;11111111111111111111111111111112222222222222222222222222222222333333333333333333333333333333344444444444444444444444444444445555555555555555555555555555555666666666666666666666666666666677777777777777777777777777777778888888888888888888888888888888999999999999999999999999999999900000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222222222222222233333333333333333333333333333334444444444444444444444444444444555555555555555555555555555555566666666666666666666666666666667777777777777777777777777777777888888888888888888888888888888899999999999999999999999999999990000000000000000000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111122222222222222222222222222222223333333333333333333333333333333444444444444444444444444444444455555555555555555555555555555556666666666666666666666666666666777777777777777777777777777777788888888888888888888888888888889999999999999999999999999999999000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111112222222222222222222222222222222111111111111111111111111111111122222222222222222222222222222223333333333333333333333333333333 vxl ak ':trm Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@wGif touf 91 jynfhrnfjzpfaom pma&;q&m owif; pmq&mr}uD; vlxk a':trm. arG;ae@trSwfw&pum; &&SdEkdif&ef rkd;rc 0kdif;awmf om; xdefvif;u w,fvDzkef;jzifh qufoG,fcJhygonf? Ekd0ifbm 17 &ufae@wGif &&SdcJhaom qufoG,far;jref;csufrS vlxka':trm. trSwfw&pum;rsm;tm; azmfjyygonf? • tarharG;ae@eD;vmvkd@ tarharG;ae@ trSwfw&pum; vkdcsif vkd@yg tar? vli,fawGyJjzpfjzpf vlvwfykdif;awGyJ jzpfjzpf taruae =o0g'pum;wckck ajymwmyJjzpfjzpf/ tarh&J@ trSwfw&m ajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&m bmyJjzpfjzpf ajym apcsifvkd@ygtar? • taruav æ touf}uD;u &Snfvkdufwm? wkd@Armouf r[wk bf ;l / 91 EpS qf wdk m? t*vF yd vf qdk &kd if E0dk ibf m 29 &uaf e@rmS jynfhawmhrSmaemf? tJ'Dawmh raoao;bl;aygh? 91 ESpfjynfwJh tarwkd@b0rSmav æ tarwdk@ 'DrSmae&wm tifrwef usOf; usKwwf ,?f bmrS rvy_ Ef idk bf ;l ? bmrvS n;f rajymEidk bf ;l ? ri;f w@dk tjyiuf dk a&muaf ewhJ om;awoG r;D awuG ajymEidk qf Edk idk f vy_ &f mS ; Eidk ?f t'J aD wmh tarw@kduvdk n;f ow&d w,qf adk wmh tarw@dku 0rf;omw,f? 'gayrhJ tarrmS csiwf ,af emf wc?k w@dkArmawuG av æ oyd +fy;D awmh pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf raeEkdifbl;uG? uGJw,f +ywJ ,af em?f t'J gawG wwEf idk of r# a&mS i=fuygu,G af em?f 29

bmrSrvkyfEkdifwJh wkdif;oljynfom;awGukd,fpm; ig@om;wkd@u wwEf idk of avmuf tjyiuf vyk af y;=uyg? om;w@dkudk tarw@dku tukefvHk;odw,f? od+yD;awmh rif;wkd@ukd aus;Zl;wifaew,f? a=omf æ ig@om;av;awG ig@or;D av;awG vy_ Ef idk vf @dk vy_ af e=u wm/ w@dkuodk w&d &mS w,qf +dky;D awmah v? t'J aD wmh arwmW apw em tjynfhxm;+yD;awmh Armtcsif;csif; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnD !wG !f wG f cspcf spcf icf ief @J ae=uu,G af em?f vyk Ef idk wf muawmh 'gy?J tarw@dk b0uawmh rvy_ Ef idk bf ;l om;&@J? owl @dkuvn;f owl @dk tiftm;u rawmifhwif;awmh bmrS vGwfvyfcGifh ray;Ekdifbl; tarwkd@ukd? • tarqdkvkd@&Sd&if acwfawG trsm;}uD;vnf; rDcJhw,f tar &,f? acwfawGxJrSm 'Dacwfu om;wkd@awG@&wm awmf awmfav; qkd;aew,fayg@ tar&,f? taru acwf awGtrsm;}uD; rDvmwJh tcgusawmh 'Dacwf&J@ tae txm; u b,fvkdyHkpHrsdK;jzpfaevJvkd@ tar b,fvkdjrifvJ tar? • 'Dacwftaetxmm;u om;&,f æ tar t*FvdyfacwfrSm aec&hJ w,af em?f t*vF yd af cwf aecwhJ ek ;f u t*vF yd af wuG aer0if tifyg,m}uD;&J@ ocif? olwkd@u tus,f}uD;tkyfcsKyf=uwm? t'J aD wmh owl @dkrmS cidk +frrJ _ trsm;}u;D &wdS ,?f &adS wmoh wl @dku tar w@dkudk 'rD udk a&pD ajcmuqf ,of m; cek pqf ,of m; avmuaf wmh ay;xm;wmayg@? t'J gudk w@dkArmawuG tcbk majymw,f rwS f wek ;f æ “t*vF yd uf |ejfzp&f wm awmaf o;w,”f w?hJ b,'f vD [kd wk yf g@rwek ;f ? owl @dku owl @dkwwEf idk of avmuf vrd mR oavmuf w@dkudk csKyxf m;wmyuJ ?G tck w@dk rvyk Ef idk wf muvn;f olwdk@rSm bmrSrcdkif+rJvkd@/ bmrSraocsmvkd@ wkd@tay: zdwmuG? taru tJ'DvkdyJ jrifw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'gukd wkd@u wwfEkdifo avmuf wi;f c+H y;D w@dktcsi;f csi;f nnD !D wG !f wG f &odS xuf jri‡ hf ay;&rmS y?J 30

rSmcsifwmu t'J gyoJ m;? tjyifbufrSmae=uwhJ om;awGorD; awuG trsm;}u;D vwG vf ywf ,af v? vwG vf yaf yr,fh w@dkArm vrl sKd ;&@J x;kH paH ygoh m;? oyd +fy;D awmh =um=um}u;D vuwf EJG idk wf m r[wk bf ;l ? uwJG ,+fywJ ,f 'g æ x;kH p?H t'J aD wmh taru t'J D tutJG +yuJ dk a&mS iEf idk of avmuf a&mS i+fy;D awmh widk ;f jyntf wuG f vrl sKd ;twuG /f w@dkArmawG (jrerf maw)G tm;v;kH twuG f ri;f w@dk wwEf idk of avmuf nnD !D wG !f wG f pn;f pn;f v;kH v;kH cspcf spcf icf ief @J vyk pf &m&wdS m vyk af y;=uygv@dk ajymcsiwf my?J • [kwfuhyJ gtar æ tarvnf; 'Dxufykd+yD; usef;rmygapvkd@ qk awmi;f ygw,f tar? • at; æ 0r;f omygw,?f • tar wjcm; ajymcsiwf m&&dS ivf n;f ajymygO;D tar? • tar use;f rmaeoa&@G vy_ &f mS ;Eidk af o;oa&@Gawmh tarvn;f ri;f w@kud vdk n;f qak wmi;f r,af em?f tarw@dkuvdk n;f ig@om;w@dku tm±jkHyKay;=uygv@dkaem?f ? tuGJtjyJukd a&SmifEkdifoavmuf a&SmifjyD;awmh wkdif;jynftwGuf vlrsdK;twGuf/ wkd hArmawG (jref rmawG) tm;vHk;twGuf rif;wkdh wwfEkdif oavmuf nDnD !Gwf!Gwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; cspfcspf cifcifeJh vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;-uygvkd h ajymcsifwmyJ? 31

32

tarvlxka':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uonfh 0rf;enf;o0%fv$mrsm; 33

A[pdk n;f ±;kH a&;aumrf wD Armjynuf eG jfrLepyf gwD CENTRAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE, COMMUNIST PARTY OF BURMA ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&Sd acwfòyifvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;rS uG,fvGefol vlxka':trmtwGuf xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf &upf JG 7/ 4/ 2008 1? wdkif;jynfudkcspfoltm;vHk; 0rf;enf;=u&rnfh owif;w&yf ,ae@yif =um;odvdkuf=u&onf? “a':trmuG,fvGef+yD” qdkaomowif; jzpfonf? a':trmonf - e,cf s@Jqe@fusiaf &;acwf oywd af rmS uaf usmi;f otl jzpf xi&f mS ;cohJ l - xujf ruaf om uavmi&f iS wf O;D - jynfwGif;ppfumvwav#mufvHk; q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;aemufrS urmB +hird ;f csr;f a&;/ jynwf iG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;twuG f pukd vf ukd rf wwf wf prG ;f prG ;f wrH aqmi&f uG of l - b,af cwf b,tf csed rf mS jzpaf p jynof @la0'emukd a0r#cpH m;ol - touf 90 ausmaf omvf n;f tem;r,l u¾aygi;f prkH S wikd ;f jyntf usKd ; &&dS m&adS =umi;f vyk uf ikd af y;aeol jzpof n?f 2? u|Eyfk wf @kd owxd m;rod nrf mS - wikd ;f jynuf kd cspof tl m;v;kH u a':trmukd csp=fuon?f - wikd ;f jyn.f ,Oaf us;r/_ \"avxh ;kH p/H ±;kd &mtartG EpS rf sm;ukd wezf ;kd xm;=u otl m;v;kH u o@lukd jrwEf ;kd =uon?f - bmomra&;G / vrl sKd ;ra&;G / vwl e;f pm;ra&;G / toutf &,G rf a&;G 34

jynof tl m;v;kH u cspcf i=fu - av;pm;=ujci;f ukd c&H on?f - pmayynm&iS rf sm;/ owi;f pmq&m/ uAsmorm; pmorm;rsm;e@J pmaycspf cijfrwEf ;kd oal wuG o@lukd ae&may;=uon?f o@lpmawzG w+fy;D vrd mR ,Of aus;vm=uon?f o@lukd O;D xyd wf i=f uon?f 3? pmayorm;rsm;u o@luakd y;xm;aom*%k xf ;l *%k yf 'k af wG rsm;ygon?f - teEaW us;Z;l &iS /f r[mrmwm/ vxl .k tmom0wD - urmB wiG f peH rel mðyavmuaf tmif yjkHyiaf &;avmuaf tmif }u;D jrwof l - jynof cl spaf om tEyk nmonf - jrerf mpmayavmu&@J\"0l =H u,f - &&J aJ wmutf ar[k azmjf y=uon?f - wcsKd @u yivf ,}fu;D EiS hf cikd ;f Ei_d ;f cohJ n?f 'yD ivf ,jfyi}fu;D rmS arwmW / opmP / orm\"d taw;G tac:/ vyk pf rG ;f &nf ponrf sm; p&e,uf m t&naf ysm0f if aeru_ kd &n!f eï ;f vykd &kH ygon?f - wcsdK@u tajymus,fwJh ‘aumif;uif’vdk@ wifpm;=uonf? jrifhjrwfr_/ wnwf rhH /_ +ird ;f csr;f ru_ kd ajymv=kdu[e&f odS n?f ool nf ru,G vf eG rf uD yif TuohJ @kdyal Zmjfci;f c&H ol jzpof n?f yal Zmxf ukd f oul kd yal Zmf ae=uwmjzpIf u|Eyfk wf @kd r'k wd mymG ;r=duygon?f 4? oEl iS yhf wof u+fy;D csKyvf ukd vf #if - u,G vf eG of mG ;=u+yjDzpwf hJ oel @Jacwòfyif val wuG vn;f wezf ;kd xm; av;pm; oGm;=uonf? - ou&f xdS i&f mS ; rsuaf rmS uaf cwvf tl rsm;uvn;f o@lvyk af qmicf surf sm;ukd auseyf tm;&=uon?f - tvm;wl aEmS i;f val weG @J ar;G zmG ;vm=uO;D rnhf jrerf mEikd if oH El ikd if oH m;rsm; uvn;f rarrh aysmuof iohf tl jzpf jyevf naf zmxf wk f *%k ðfyae=uygvrd hf rnf? av;pm;tyaf om vxl rk cd i}fu;D +ird ;f csr;f pmG tem;,yl gavm?h ? 35

A[dk pn;f ±;kH a&;aumrf wD Armjynf ueG jfrLepyf gwD CENTRAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE, COMMUNIST PARTY OF BURMA ‘vlxkrdcif’psmyeyGJukd &nfpl;I ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS rsdK;qufopf&Jabmfrsm;. xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf (1§ 2008) 9 - 4 -2008 ,ae@onf vxl rk cd i.f ±yk uf vmyuf dk jymcs+y;D {&m0wjDrpwf iG f a&ar#mrnhf ae@jzpof n?f jrprf i;f {&monf o@lor;D }u;D udk ax;G yudk }fuKdqIdk o@lc&;D ol quyf gvrd rhf n?f vxl rk cd i.f ±yk ef mrtf ptk a0;onf trad jrrS aysmuuf ,G of mG ;cyhJ g+y?D o@dk aomf o.l pdw\"f mwfonuf m; urBmajrrS aysmufu,G rf omG ;/ {&m0wuD vnf; taysmutf ysucf rH nf r[wk [f k v;kH 0yi,f =kHunof n?f ,if;pdwf\"mwfum; ‘zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rSefor# tnHhrcH wGef;vSefwkdufckduf oGm;rnf’ qakd om pwd \"f mwf jzpof n?f ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS rsdK;qufopfrsm;onf ,if;pdwf\"mwfukd tarG qucf uH m rw&m;ri;f rol wjfzwaf eonhf pptf yk pf .k zEd ydS cf sKycf s,rf r_ eS of r#udk tnhH rcH weG ;f veS f wudk yf 0JG iof mG ;rn[f k oEÏdM mejfyKygon?f vxl rk cd i.f pwd \"f mwf xm0& t\"eG @f&nS yf gap? Auy rsdK;qufopfrsm;ukd,fpm; &Jabmfpkd;cspf 9 - 4 -2008 36

tarvlxk a':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;o0%fv$m tarvlxka':trm tvGefjrifawG@vdkaom 'Drdkua&pDacwfopfw&yfudk jriaf w@G romG ;&ao;cirf mS tcvk ukd ,G vf eG of mG ;jci;f twuG f u|eaf wmwf @dk v@labmif op'f rD ukd &uwf pyf gwwD p&f yvf ;Hk u rod m;pEk iS xhf ywf xl yrf # EaS jrmwo 0r;f en;f a=uuGJ&ygw,f? tar vxl ak ':trm[mæ 1936 cEk pS f 'wk ,d ausmi;f om;oywd uf kd O;D aqmicf whJ hJ ausmi;f obl 0rS p+y;D 2008 cEk pS f {+yvD (7)&uaf e@ q;Hk yg;u,G vf eG of mG ;csed tf xd pueU @frvyf vxl k buuf &ywf ncf /hJ vxl Ek iS thf wl cpH m;c/hJ vxl Ek iS thf wl wukd yf 0JG icf ohJ l jzpyf gw,?f vxl ok wi;f pmwukd uf kd tyk pf ;kd otl m%myikd rf sm;u Oya'rphJ mG 'ikd ;f erukd cf +JGy;D zsufqD;wmudk cHcJh&pOfrSmjzpfap/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ zdpD;ESdyfpufr_rsm;a=umifh rod m;p0k irf sm;EiS hf aou&JG iS uf /JG ucJG =hJ u&whJ u=H urmR rsm;EiS hf }uKH qcHk &hJ wthJ cgrsm; rmS jzpaf p/ ppaf =uma&; pce;f rsm;EiS hf tusO;f axmirf sm;twiG ;f u,kd wf ikd jfzwof e;f c&hJ pOrf sm;rmS jzpaf p vxl ak ':trm[m p;kd pO;f r# wek vf y_ jfci;f r&/dS ten;f i,rf # awaG 0,rd ;f ,ikd of mG ;jci;f r&bdS J vxl tk ay: xm0& opmP cikd =funcf ohJ l jzpyf gw,?f ,ae@wikd ;f jynrf mS }uKHaw@G&iqf ikd af e&whJ jy\\emt&y&f yuf kd q;dk onxf uf q;dk romG ;apa&; twuG f orl em u,kd rf emaw@GqaHk q;G aE;G tajz&mS &ef pptf p;kd &ukd t}urd }furd f t}ujHyKwukd wf eG ;f awmi;f qckd ohJ vl n;f jzpyf gw,?f tar vxl ak ':trm&ŒJ b0wouwf m[m trsK;d om;vwG vf yaf &;/ 'rD kd ua&paD &;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ pmayEiS fh trsKd ;om;,Oaf us;r_ azmxf wk f xed ;f ord ;f um 37

u,G af &; paomwukd yf rJG sm;EiS hf tw+dy;D aom b0wouwf m jzpyf gw,?f vxl Ek iS hf twl vxl tk wuG wf ukd yf 0JG icf ahJ om b0wouwf mjzpyf gw,?f pptf m%m&iS pf epf tuek tf pif zsuof rd ;f a&;/ v@ltciG thf a&;EiS 'hf rD ukd a&pD tjynthf 0&&adS &; wukd yf pJG O}fu;D twiG ;f rmS tarvxl ak ':trm&ŒJ orikd ;f [m xm0 pOf O'ge;f wiG af eygvrd rhf ,?f u|efawmfwkd@vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwDtaejzifh tarvlxk a': trm&ŒJ wikd ;f jynEf iS vfh xl tk wuG f rm;rm;rwrf wf prG ;f aqmicf rhJ r_ eS of r#ukd av;av; euef uf wezf ;dk xm; *%k jfyK armuf eG ;f witf yyf gw,?f A[dkaumfrwD vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD 2008 ckESpf/ {+yDv (8)&uf 38

tarvlxka':trm uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufjcif;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) . 0rf;enf;a=umif;o0%fv$m e,cf s@Jqe@fusiaf &;/ vwG vf yaf &;/ jynwf iG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ trsKd ;om;a&;w@dk twuG f a&@Swe;f rS prG ;f prG ;f wrH aqmi&f uG cf ohJ /l jynof vl xl bk urf S tpOxf m0& &ywf ncf ohJ /l tmZmenof &l aJ umi;f wO;D jzpaf om tarvxl ak ':trmum; 2008 cEk pS f {+yD 7 &uaf e@wiG f u,G vf eG tf epd aP &mucf ahJ y+y?D TtwuG af =umivhf n;f rrd wd @dk jrerf mEidk if vH ;kH qidk &f m ausmi;f om;rsm; 'rD dk u&uwf pwf yOf ;D (ausmi;f om;wyrf awm)f u tarvxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG f tepd P a&muf omG ;jci;f twuG f rod m;p0k irf sm;EiS hf xywf xl yrf # EaS jrm 0r;f en;f a=uu&JG ygon?f ausmi;f om;b0rpS wiIf aemuqf ;kH xuG of utf xd b0wav#muvf ;kH Y rrd wd @dkjynof vl xl }ku;D w&yvf ;kH twuG of mru vol m;widk ;f twuG f pmaytEyk nm/ Eidk if aH &;/ vrl a_ &;/ ,Oaf us;r/_ e,yf ,tf o;D o;D wiG f peH rel mxm;avmuf onhf tar. vyk af qmicf surf sm;EiS hf tar.ow/dW apwem/ Z/JG 0&D ,d EiS hf peG @fvw$ f tepef mcrH w_ @dkrmS pum;v;kH tm;jzihf azmjfyIr&Eidk af vmuaf tmif }u;D us,jfrirhf m; voS nrf mS taruh kd cspaf om av;pm;aom wezf ;dk xm;aomowl idk ;f u tpOxf m0& *%k jfyKrwS wf r;f wixf m;+y;D jzpyf gon?f 39

x@dka=umivhf n;f ta0;a&muof m;or;D rsm;jzpaf om jrerf mEikd if vH ;kH qidk &f m ausmi;f om;rsm; 'rD udk &uwf pwf yOf ;D (ausmi;f om;wyrf awm)f rS tar. OwZk ±yk uf vmytf m; O;D cudk Ef w_ qf uvf suf T *g&0jyK 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ tm; ay;y@dk vkduf&ygonf? tarvxl ak ':trmtm; xm0& av;pm;wezf ;dk xm;vsuf A[kdaumfrwD jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) &upf ?JG ? 2008 cEk pS f {+yvD (8) &uf 40

vlxkcspfonfh owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mr}uD; vlxk a': trm uG,fvGefoGm;onfhtwGuf ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;o r*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf- EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m aumfrwDrS ay;ydk@onfh 0rf;enf;jcif; o0%fv$m jynof wl &yvf ;kH u cspcf iwf ezf ;dk xm;onhf jynof @lburf S b0w ouwf mv;kH rm;rm;rwrf w&f ywf naf y;cohJ nhf vxl &k @Jtar a':trmon(f 07/ 04/ 2008) eHeufykdif; 8;37 rdepfwGif rEWav;+rdK@aq;±kH}uD;wGif qHk;yg; uG,fvGef omG ;a=umi;f =um;o&d onthf wuG f rrd wd @dk ArmEidk if vH ;kH qidk &f m ausmi;f om; or*~ rsm;tz@JGcsKyf (Eidk if jH cm;a&;&m aumrf w)D taeEiS hf tveG }f u;D rm;onhf q;kH ±;H_ r}_ u;D tjzpf rdom;pkESifh xyfwl/ Armjynf ausmif;om;jynfol wpf&yfvHk;ESifhxyfwl 0r;f en;f a=uu&JG ygon?f tarvlxka':trmonf wuUokdvfausmif;olb0wGif 1936 'wk ,d ausmi;f om;oywd rf S pwiIf Armjyn.f ausmi;f om;vy_ ±f mS ;r_ oridk ;f wiG f wufºupGm yg0if v_yf&Sm;cJholwpfOD;jzpf+yD; e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om; vGwf ajrmuaf &;umv/ 'rD udk a&pED iS hf +ird ;f csr;f a&;wudk yf uJG mv/ 1962 cEk pS f Avdk af e0i;f ppwf yf rw&m; tm%mord ;f cohJ nhf umvrS pwiIf jynof ul dk rw&m; nO‡ ;f ye;f EydS pf uaf eaom e0w etz pptf yk pf ±k adS eonhf ,ae@umvxwd ikd f touf 90 41

ausmf t±G,ftkdpmvmayr,fhvnf; ae@pOfESifhtr# =um;odae&onfh jynfol vlxk. ae@pOfb0'kuQ taxGaxGtusyftwnf;rsm;. a&S@rSaeI 'Drkdua&pD ta&;/vtl ciG thf a&;w@dk&&adS &;twuG f u,G vf eG of ntf xd &ywf nwf udk yf 0GJ if oGm;onfh yk*dK~ vfx;l yif jzpyf gon?f tarvxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG of mG ;onhf ,ae@umvonf u|Eyfk wf @dk widk ;f jyn.f 'rD dk ua&paD &;twuG f tveG wf &m ta&;}u;D aeonhf tcsKd;tau@G wpcf ok @dk O;D wnaf eonhf tcsed jfzpof nthf wuG f wwidk ;f wjynvf ;kH twuG f ,ul sK;H r& jzp&f ygon?f o@dkaomf vxl tk arrmonf v@louwf r;f wav#muf oridk ;f . wm0euf dk tvGef ausyGefcJhonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfwkd@ Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf (EkdifiHjcm; a&;&m aumrf w)D taejzihf 0r;f en;f pmG EiS hf O;D nw¸ uf eaf wm&h i;f tarvxl ak ':trm. vuqf iuhf r;f oridk ;f taruG dk quvf uf o,af qmiyf grn[f k uwjdyKtyyf g on?f vxl .k rcd if ausmi;f om;x.k tbmG ; aumi;f &mo*k wd vm;ygap? EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf &ufpGJ - 2008ckESpf/ rwfv (9)&uf 42

jrerf m*h %k xf ;l aqmipf ma&;q&m owi;f pmq&mr}u;D tar vxl ak ':trm (1915 E0kd ibf m 29 - 2008 {+yD 7) u,G vf eG jfci;f twuG f ‘jrerf mowi;f or*’~ . tx;l 0r;f en;f o0%vf m$ jrerf m*h %k xf ;l aqmif pma&;q&m owi;f pmq&mr}u;D tar vxl k a': trm (93 EpS )f onf {+yvD 7 &u/f wevmF ae@ eeH uf 8 em&D 37 red pwf iG f rEœ av; +rKd @ jynof @laq;±}Hku;D / EvS ;Hk a&m*g tx;l uak qmiYf u,G vf eG of mG ;a=umi;f =um;od &onthf wuG f tar vxl ak ':trm. use&f pof l rod m;p0k irf sm;EiS hf xywf xl yrf # EaS jrmwo 0r;f en;f a=uujJGci;f jzp&f ygon/f / tarvxl ak ':trmonf trsKd ;om;a&; *%k &f nvf u%Q mukd jri‡ whf if azmf aqmi&f mwiG f rsuaf rmS uf jrerf mpmayavmuY +yKdibf uuf i;f aom a&@Saqmivf r;f jy pmqakd wmf jzpyf gon/f / tarrmonf o}lu;D jyi;f c&hJ m a&ajravmuyw0f e;f usi/f oul sivf ncf &hJ m vrl b_ 0 yw0f e;f usi/f o±l ek ;f uejfzwof e;f c&hJ m orikd ;f acwf yw0f e;f usif ponwf @kdEiS hf qupf yvf su&f adS om Eikd if oH l Eikd if oH m;w@kd. aw@G}uKH cpH m;&onhf \"r\"R Ïd mejfzp&f yrf sm;ukd acwaf =u;rwHk iG f owi;f pmynmjzivhf n;f aumi;f / pmayjzihf vn;f aumi;f / ±;kd om;jzLpipf mG rwS wf r;f wiaf v&h ydS gon?f Eikd if EH iS hf vxl .k em;rsuf apoh z,G jfzpaf om owi;f pmynm&iS /f pmayynm&iS f yyD D tarrmonf o@lacwf o@lumv. acw+fyKd iof rikd ;f ukd owi;f jzivhf n;f aumi;f / pmayjzihf vn;f aumi;f / wn=funaf jzmirhf wpf mG rwS wf r;f wiEf ikd cf ohJ nhf &mS ;yg;x;l c|eaf om pmqakd wmjfzpf ygonf// jynfolvlxk. vlom;qefaom arwWm apwem/ jynfolvlxk. pH,l avmuaf om Zmwrd me/f jynof vl xl .k tw,k zl ,G f ZJG owdW tm;rme/f jynof l vxl .k jrwEf ;kd z,G f ,Oaf us;r_ x;Hk \"avh tp&odS nwf @kdukd *E0Î iaf jrmuf wikd ;f jyKjynjfyK 43

pmtyk pf mwr;f / oak woeusr;f tapmiaf pmi/f aqmi;f yg; pmreG f y'k af & ajrmuf jrm;pmG jzihf a&;om; rwS wf r;f wiuf m rsKd ;quof pwf @kdtwuG f wezf ;kd rjzwEf ikd af om pmay,Oaf us;r_ tartG EpS rf sm; tjzpf csexf m;&paf yon?f tarrmonf 1936 cEk pS f touf 21 EpS f t&,G f 0Zd m… we;f ausmi;f otl jzpf &euf ek f wuoU vkd wf iG f ynmoif=um;aepOfu 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfwGif oydwfarSmufausmif;ol wO;D tjzpf a&@Swe;f rS wuºfupmG yg0icf ohJ n?f touf 30 t&,G rf S pwiIf vxl k owif;pm. t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lum vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;bufrS tjrJ &ywf nvf suf owi;f pmacgi;f }u;D rsm;/ a0zepf mrsm; a&;cohJ n?f ta&;}u;D onhf tcgwdkif;vnf; jynfolESifh waoG;wom;wnf;&Sda=umif; tpOft+rJ &yfwnfjy ocohJ nhf pmay ynm&iS vf n;f jzpof n/f / x@kda=umiyhf if wEikd if vH ;Hk &dS pma&;q&mrsm;/ owi;f pmq&mrsm;/ uAsmq&mrsm;/ ye;f csqD &mrsm;/ umweG ;f q&mrsm;/ obif y nm&Sifrsm;/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;/ pme,fZif;avmuom;rsm;/ pmay0goem&Sifrsm;/ pmzwyf &od wrf sm;onf EpS pf Orf ysuf usi;f yav&h adS om tarrm. ar;G ae@yoJG @kd rysurf uuG f wuaf &mu=f ujci;f tm;jzihf tarrmtm; 0e;f &H *%k jf yKc=hJ uon?f tar vxl ak ':trmonf tm%m&iS wf @kd.rsuEf mS ukd axmuxf m;avh r&/dS jynof l vxl k rsuEf mS uokd m tjrJ axmuxf m;ojzihf tarrmh yw0f e;f usi&f dS rwd af qrG sm; jynof rl sm;u tarrmth m; vxl bk uuf tjr&J ywf naf om peH rel m,pl &m jrerf mh *%k xf ;l aqmif pma&;q&m/ owi;f pmq&m/ jynof @lpmqtkd jzpf vucf H owrf wS f =ujci;f jzpof n/f / jrerf m*h %k xf ;l aqmipf ma&;q&m owi;f pmq&mr}u;D tar vxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG f omG ;jci;f onf ,ae@ jrerf mpmayavmu. ‘a±a$ wmi}fu;D ’ +yKd usonhf yrm tpm;x;kd r&Eikd af om uuG vf y}fu;D wck use&f pof uohJ @kd jzp&f ayon?f tarrmh rod m;ptk wuG f tpm;x;kd r&aom q;Hk ±;_H r}_u;D jzpof uohJ @kd/ jrerf mh pmay avmuEiS hf wikd ;f jyntf wuG vf n;f tpm;x;kd r&Eikd of nhf q;kH ±;_H r}_u;D jzpyf gon?f odk@aomf tar vlxka':trm. wdkif;usdK;jynfusdK; aqmifchJonfh }uD;jrwfaom *k%fowif; tpOftvmonfvnf;aumif;/ tarcsefxm;&pfaom pmay,Of aus;r_ tartG EpS rf sm;onvf n;f aumi;f / tem*wf jrerf moh rikd ;f armuf eG ;f wukd wf iG f wezf ;kd rjzwEf ikd of nhf &wemrsm;tjzpf xm0pOf xeG ;f vi;f aevrd rhf n[f k ‘jrerf m owi;f or*’~ u rrwdS rf oek f ,=Hkunyf gon/f / rsufarSmuf jrefrmpmayavmuY +ydKifbufuif;aom a&S@aqmifvrf;jy pmay okcrdefjzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmpmay/ tEkynm/ ,Ofaus;r_/ xkH;\"avh tp&Sdaom trsdK;om;a&; *k%ftifvuQ%mrsm; raysmufrysufatmif xdef; 44

ord ;f ay;±rHk u/ w;kd wuyf mG ;pn;f ap&evf n;f ZJG v@Hkv 0&d ,d }u;D pmG aqmi&f uG cf ohJ nhf tarrm. }u;D jrwaf om apwem arwmW w&m;w@kduvkd n;f ‘jrerf mowi;f or*’~ tz@JGom;rsm;u tpOyf if atmuaf roh w&d ae=urnf jzpyf gon/f / tarrm vvkd m; awmiwhf cahJ om qEjNzpof nhf ‘jrerf mEikd if wH iG f owi;f pm vwG vf ycf iG hf ay:xeG ;f a&;’ udkvnf; ‘jrefrmowif;or*~’tzGJ@om;rsm;taejzifh udk,fpGrf;^m%fpGrf;&Sdor# }uKd ;pm;tm;xwk of mG ;rnf jzpyf gon?f jrerf m*h %k xf ;l aqmipf mqkd tar vxl ak ':trm aumi;f &mo*k wd bbHk 0 okd h a&mu&f ydS gap// jrerf m*h %k xf ;l aqmipf mqkd tar vxl ak ':trm. wikd ;f usKd ; jynuf sKd ;aqmif *%k of wi;f t\"eG @f&nS yf gap? jrefrmowif;or*~ tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ 45

(1)? (vxl Ok ;D v)S . Ze;D / Armjynuf eG jfrLepyf gwD ajyma&;qcdk iG &hf odS l &aJ bmzf ;dk oaH csmi;f . rcd i/f jynof cl spaf om vxl pk mqadk wmf tarvxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG of mG ;a=umi;f o&d onthf wuG f rrd wd @dk i&k ijfyif &aJ bmrf sm;rS rod m;pEk iS hf xywf l 0r;f en;f a=uu&JG yg a=umi;f use&f paf om rod m;pk aqrG sKd ;rsm;tm; oad ptyyf gon?f (2)? ar;G zmG ;jci;f rS aoq;kH ontf xd uvdk edk eD ,cf s@Jawmvf eS af &;/ zuqf pqf e@fusiaf &;/ jynwf iG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ pptf m%m&iS pf epf wudk zf suaf &;w@dkwiG f tzEd ydS cf jHynof vl xl k EiS hf treS wf &m;burf S &&J iphf mG O;D aqmi&f ywf ncf ohJ nhf rsKd;csppf mqadk wm}fu;D tarvl xak ':trm u,G vf eG jfci;f onf widk ;f jynEf iS hf jynof vl xl tk wuG f tveG ef pef mq;kH ±;H_ r_ w&yf jzpof n?f (3)? trsLd ;bmom/ omoem t\"eG @f&nS wf nwf ahH &;EiS hf ,Oaf us;rt_ artG EpS rf sm; rwrd af umap&ef apmiahf &mS uof nhf o&l aJ umi;f wO;D usq;kH jci;f vn;f jzpof n?f (4)? widk ;f jynEf iS hf jynof vl xl tk wuG f pptf m%m&iS pf ep/f pptf yk pf /k pptf p;dk &tm; &ywf ncf sucf idk rf mpmG wudk yf 0JG iaf eaom u|e;f jyeof &l aJ umi;f wO;D vn;f jzp/f Arm jynuf eG jfrLepyf gw.D ajyma&;qcdk iG &hf odS l acgi;f aqmiwf O;D tm; ar;G zmG ;ay;cohJ nhf rcd if tmZmenwf O;D usq;kH jci;f vn;f jzpof n?f 46

(5)? jynof @lpmayynm&iS f trsm;tjym;EiS hf widk ;f cspjfyncf sppf wd &f adS om vil ,rf sm; pmG udk oabmw&m;a&;&mt&/ vyk [f etf & vr;f !e¸ f ar;G jrLjyKpk ysKd ;axmiaf y;chJ aom wm0eof d rsKd ;csp&f aJ bmwf O;D usq;kH jci;f vn;f jzpof n?f (6)? jrerf mh pmayynm&iS }fu;D q;±kH ;H_ jci;f vn;f jzpof n?f (7)? taronf aoq;kH jci;f r[wk f &iS jfyexf ajrmurf nhf oal wmpf if jzpof n?f 0nd mOf onf jrerf mjynof vl xl .k xuG &f yvf r;f tm; !e¸ jfyay;aevrd rhf n?f vxl .k &ixf J wiG f xm0& ued ;f atmi;f aernhf =u,pf iwf pi;f jzpaf ern[f k tºui;f rhJ ,=kHunf onf? tav;ejDyKyg. æ æ tar aumi;f uibf YkH at;csr;f pmG pjHre;f Eidk yf gap? ik&ifjyif&Jabmfrsm; 47

“0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fv$m (okd@) uEWm&ESif;qDjzL tarokd@ uefawmhyef;” ESvHk;vSol. tvkyfonf avmuukd tvSqifjcif;jzifh vlom;. t \"yd m` ,uf dk yrdk adk v;euaf paoma=umihf u,dk uhf ,dk wf idk vf n;f tvqS i+fy;D om; jzpaf e ayon?f pmaywiG f trsm;tusKd ;twuG f apwem E;d_ ay;aom tx;l ojzihf ab; 'uk }Qu;D us a&muaf eol trsm;jynof wl @dkudk 'uk aQ b;rS vwG af jrmuaf tmif apwem E;d_ ay;aom pmrsm;udk a&;jyEidk of wl @dkum; yIdk yif armuf eG ;f awmuaf jymif }u;D us,f =uvrd rhf n?f +ird ;f csr;f at;jraom pmayv0e;f }u;D wql u,G af ysmucf +hJy?D jynof ul cdk spaf om jynof ul csp&f aom pmayv0e;f }u;D wql u,G af ysmuf c+hJ y?D taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; EkdifiHukd cspfonf? }uD;awmhvnf; EkdifiHukd cspfonf? i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf? }uD;awmhvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf? i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf? }uD;awmhvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf? trsm;jynof tl usKd ;/ widk ;f jyntf usKd ;/ omoemtusKd ;twuG f vwG vf yf a&; }uKd ;yr;f ru_ mvrsm;roS nf rsuaf rmS uaf cwxf wd idk f xr;f &uG of mG ;onhf EvS ;kH vSpmqkd&Sif tarh*k%faus;Zl;twGuf usaemfwkd@ zGJ@qkdEkdifaom pmpkonf r[m 48

or'k &N m a&jyiuf s,xf rJ S wpuwf aygurf # jyEidk of nof m jzpvf rd rhf n?f aEmS i;f acwf rsKd ;quof prf sm;twuG f tarah pwem/ tarah rwmW rsm;jzihf jyKpak &;om;omG ;aom pmayrsm;onf xkxkxnfxnf usef&pfcJhayonf? ±kyfcE<mtm;jzifh tarao q;kH c+hJy;D onwhf idk f tarph m/ tareh mrn/f aEmS i;f vwl @dktay: xm;&adS om tarah rwmW w&m;w@dkonf b,af omtcgrS aysmuuf ,G yf supf ;D Eidk af wmrh nf r[wk af cs? Arm pmay/ raysmufuG,frysufokOf;oa&G@ ESvHk;tdrfpOfquf udef;atmif; aeawmh rnfomwnf;? tarph ma&;ouf wav#muvf ;kH wiG f tqyd tf awmujfzpaf ponhf pm[Il pkd;pOf;r#r&SdcJh? tarhuavmifzsm;rS xGufay:vmavor# pmwkdif;onf trsdK; om;a&;ukd b,af wmrh S vurf vw$ cf ?hJ trsKd ;om;,Oaf us;r_ taqmutf tukH dk tzuzf uuf xed ;f ord ;f umu,G f wnaf qmuof mG ;aom uavmi&f iS f tar æ? tzEd ydS cf H tErdS cf H vql i;f &aJ usmrrJG sm;burf S rm;rm;rwrf wf &ycf ohJ tl aræ? rw&m;rr_ eS of r#udk cg;cg;o;D o;D weG ;f veS cf ohJ l tar æ? ay;qyjfci;f wcwk n;f twuG f tou&f iS f &ywf ncf =hJuwhJ arwmW &iS f rod m;p&k @J yuhJ idk f &iS tf ar æ? avmu\"wH &m;aygi;f pekH @J &i;f E;SD u|r;f 0icf ohJ tl ar æ? tw,k pl &m *%k of ed af ygi;f e@J wiwhf ,xf rkH rG ;f xm;wthJ ar æ? om;w@dkqak wmi;f ygonf uEmW &EiS ;f qjDzL tarciAf sm; æ? tar&h ZJ /JG tar&h @Jow/dW tar&h @Joud mQ / tar&h @J orm\"wd &m;rsm; wpeG ;f wpyif jzpyf gap/ om;w@dk&@J EvS ;kH trd af o;G a=umtwiG ;f jzwof e;f p;D qi;f ygapom;? ovD pi=fu,af om arwmW apwem u±%k mw&m;rsm; jyn0hf aom tar vxl ak ':trmtm; tm[m&pmapmif 0idk ;f awmof m;rsm;rS ±adk ojrwEf ;dk vupf rkH ;kd I &Sdckd;uefawmhygonf? tm[m&pmapmif0kdif;awmfom;rsm; 49

vrif;w&m pmayqufqHa&;ESifh rm,mpmayr*~Zif;rS ay;ykd@aom 0rf;enf;o0%fv$m ESajrmwojcif;ESifh 0rf;enf;a=uuGJjcif;? tarrmu,G vf eG jf ci;f [m awmvf eS jf ynof al wtG wuG /f wwidk ;f jynvf ;Hk twuG /f jynof wl &yvf ;Hk twuG f t}u;D rm;q;Hk aom q;Hk ±;H_ r}_u;D jzpwf ,vf @dk cHpm;&ygw,f? tarvkd cspfcif ±kdaoav;pm;wJh vlxkacgif;aqmif}uD;twGuf EaS jrmworv_ n;f jzpof v0dk r;f en;f a=uurGJ v_ n;f jzpaf =umi;f ? tar wzzG G oeG of icf whJ thJ widk ;f om;w@dk vudk ef musi}hf uH tm; xwk of mG ;rmS jzpaf =umi;f ? vrif;w&m pmay qufqHa&;ESifh rm,mpmay r*~Zif;? {+yD (7) / 2008? wefcl;vqef; (2) &uf/ 1369? 50