တာတေ (စနေသား)

["1962 ckESpf? rwfvxJrSm ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tcsKyfcH&vdkU q,fhav;ig;&ufbJ &dSOD;r,f? *ED<txdrf;trSwf wm0efcHvlMuD;rsm;tzGJU&JU twGif;a&;rSL; emrnfeJU pmwapmifudk OD;Ek&w,f? 'Dpmudk zwfNunfhwJhtcg OD;Ek[m &moufyefwm0efcHvlMuD;ae&mu EIwfxGufay;ygqkdwmudk OD;EkawGU&w,f? tJ'Dvkd a&;wm[m wjcm;aNumifh r[kwfygbl;? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&udk aNumufwmaNumifh a&;wmygbJ? r[wfwr*ED[m tifrwefowfwd&dSwJh yk*dkvfxl;MuD;jzpfw,f? 'Dyk*dkvfxl;MuDudk trSwfw& tjzpfxlaxmifwJh taqmuftOD;&JU wm0efcHvlMuD;rsm; tzGJUxJrSm 'Dukvm;apmufaNumufawG vlMuD;wufjzpfaewm tifrwef &,fp&maumif;w,fvkdU olU[mol ajymNyD;&,f&if; OD;Ek[m olwkdUvkdcsifwJh EIwfxGufvTmudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;ay;vkdufw,f? ArmEdkifiH[mvGwfvyfa&;&wJh tcsdefupNyD;? ESpfvausmfausmfavmufbJ oufoufomom aevkduf&w,f? tJ'Daemuf vufeufudkif tmPmvkyGJawGaNumifh tawmf'kufca&mufcJh&w,f? tJ'Dvkd 'kufca&mufaewJh twGif;0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;qDu tultnDawG trsm;MuD;awmif;cJh&w,f? 1949 ckESpf tv,favmufwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyf ae&l;qDu vufeuftultnD awmif;cJh&wJh taNumif; a&SUtcef;wcef;rSmwkef;u azmfjycJhNyD;NyD? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u tJ'DvufeuftultnDudkom r&cJhygvQif tifrwefqdk;aewJh jynfaxmifpk&JU tajctae[m trsm;MuD; ydkqkd;oGm;r,f? 'Daoewf tultnDawGudk &wJhtcsdefupNyD; jynfaxmifpk&JU tajctae[m tifrwef tm;&p&maumif;atmif jyefaumif;vmw,f? tJ'Daemuf jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&[m vuf,majrudk avsmfaNu;ray;bJ jynfolydkifvkyfw,f? 'Dv,f,majrawGxJrSm w0ufausmfausmfudk tdENd, wkdif;&if;om; cspfwD;awG ydkifw,f? tJ'gaNumifh v,f,majrudk jynfolydkifvkyfNyD;wmeJU wNydKifeuf 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;qDudk pmwapmif csufcsif;a&;vkdufw,f? tJ'DpmxJrSm cspfwD;awG[m ArmjhynfrSm vlnTef;cl;pm;aewmNumNyD? tJ'gaNumifh tckvdkavsmfaNu;ray;bJ jynfolydkifvkyfvkdufayrJh olwkdUrepfemygbl;? v,f,mawGeJU twkd;MuD;MuD; ,lNyD; aiGacs;wJhvkyfief;u olwkdUtjrwfawG trsm;MuD;xkwf,loGm;NyD;NyD qkdwJhtcsufawGudk pHkpHkvifvifaz:jyxm;w,f? Armtpdk;&qDu avsmfaNu;&atmif awmif;ay;bkdU cspfwD;awG[m tdENd,tpdk;&udk trsm;MuD;wkdufwGef;cJw,f? tdEd, tpdk;&u b,fvkdrS ta&;r,lbl;?","1956 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ vkyfcgeD;rSm ukefaps;EIef;awG odyfwufaew,f? 'DvkdwufaewmaNumifh a&G;aumufyGJrSm zqyv&JU tiftm;[m trsm;MuD;avsmhoGm;Edkifw,f? ukefawGudk trsm;MuD;oGif;EkdifrS ukefaps;EIef;usr,fqdkwmudk zqyv acgif;aqmifawGodyg&JU? 'gayrJh oGif;p&m EkdifiHjcm;aiGr&dSbl;? 'gaNumifh OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;wOD;ESpfOD;udk face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;qDvTwfNyD; aiGacs;vkduf&ao;w,f? OD;Eku tultnDawmif;wJhtcg face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;m jiif;w,fr&dSygbl;? olwwfEdkiforQ ulnDcJhygw,f? 1952 ckESpftwGif; tdEd,uydkUvdkufwJh owif;w&yf[m Arm owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmw,f? tJ'Dowif;t& Armjynfu em*awG[m tdEd,jynfxJ0ifNyD; tdEd,em* (90)ausmf&JU acgif;udkawGudk jzwf,loGm;Nuw,f? tJ'Dowif;udk zwfNyD;NyD;csif; 'Dacgif;jzwfwJhudwfp[m tdEd,-ArmcspfNunfa&;udkrsm; xdckdufvmtHk;rvm; awG;rdwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m tawmfpdk;&drfoGm;w,f? aemufwvNumvkdU tdEd,tpdk;& qDuvnf; bmrSrNum;&? tdENd,ygvDrefxJrSmvnf; b,folurS ruefUuGuf tdEd, owif;pmawGuvnf; b,fvkdrS rqlwJhtcg usawmhrS OD;Ekpdwfat;oGm;w,f? oufqdkif&m wm0efcHawGqDu OD;Ek pHkprf;NunfhwJhtcg 'Dvkdod&w,f? Armjynfbufu awmifwef;awGrSm em*vlpkawG trsKd;trsKd;&dSw,f tJ'DvlpkawGxJrSm aqmfavmfqkdwJhvlpk[m odyfqkd;w,f? 'kwd, urmppfMuD;twGif;u olwkdU[mvufeufrsKd;pHkudk&xm;w,f? tJ'gaNumifh em*awmifwef;udk tkyfcsKyf&wJh tmPmydkifawG[m olwkdUudk xdef;vkdUr&bl;? 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'Daqmfavmfem*awGudk tcsdefrSD ESdrfESif;rypfEkdif&if olwkdU[m tdEd,xJudk rNumcP 0if0ifNyD;? acgif;awGjzwfaetHk;rSmbJvkdUawG;rdwJhtwGuf 'Daqmfavmfjyoemudk jynfwGif;Nidrf0yfydjym;a&; jyoemtjzpfeJU omru tdENd,- ArmcspfNunfa&;udk waeUaomtcg xdckdufvmEdkifwJh jyoemtjzpfeJU 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekjrifvmw,f? tJ'gaNumifh tajctaeudk udk,fwkdifpHkprf;csifwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m em*awmifwef;udkwufoGm;w,f? tJ'DrSm em*acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUtcg wjcm;udwfpawGudk ar;jref;NyD;wJhaemuf bmvdkcsifNuovJvkdU OD;Ekuar;w,f? aqmfavmfem*awG odyfESdyfpufaew,f? olwkdUudk ESdrfay;ygvdkU em*acgif;aqmifawGu wnDwnGwfwnf; awmif;qkdNuw,f? &efukefudkjyefa&mufwJhtcg aqmfavmfawGudk ESrfESif;bdkUtwGuf OD;Ek[m vufeufudkifwyfawGudk&Sm&w,f? jynfrrSmvnf; Nidrf0yfydjym;a&; tajctae[m","pdwfrcs&ao;wJhtwGuf wyfawGudk b,fae&murS EIwfvkdUrjzpfbl;? tJ'Dawmh rwwfEkdifbl;? &efukefN KrdUudk apmifhbdkUtwGuf csxm;wJh jynfaxmifpk ppf&JxyfxJu? wyfcGJwcGJudk xkwf,lNyD; em*awmifwef;udk ydkUvkdufw,f? em*awG[m olwkdU&JU e,fajrudk tifrwef uRrf;usifw,f? wkduf&nfckduf&nfvnf;&dSw,f? owfwdvnf; aumif;w,f? tJ'gaNumifh ppf&Jwyf[m olwkdUe,fajrxJudk a&mufwmeJU wNydKifeuf aqmfavmfem*awG[m NcHKckdNyD; wkdufNuwmbJ yxr wkdufyGJrSm ppf&Jbufu wa,mufusoGm;NyD; aemufqkwfay;&w,f? aemufwMudrfjyefwufwJhtcg usqHk;oGm;wJh ppf&Jwyfom;rSm udk,fom&dSw,f? acgif;r&dSawmhbl;? em*awGjzwf,loGm;NuNyD? olwkdUudk awmxJrSm vdkufwkdufae&if b,fenf;eJUrS rEdkifEkdifbl;qdkwmodwJhtwGuf ppf&JawG[m aqmfavmfawG&JU &GmudkoGm;NyD; cyfvSrf;vSrf;u (3)vufrpdefajymif;eJU &GmxJudk ypfoGif;&w,f? pdefajymif;AHk;wvHk;us&kHeJU vlawGvJ trsm;MuD;aow,f? olwkdU&JUwJawGvnf; ysufw,f? olwkdUarG;xm;wJh 0ufawGeJUEGm;awGvJ taotaysmufrsm;w,f? pdefajymif;&JU AHk;oHuvJ odyfus,fw,fqkdamwh aqmfavmf&Gmol&Gmom;awG[m tifrwefaNumufvmNyD; awmxJrSm ykef;atmif;aeNuwJh aqmfavmfawGudk vufeufcsbkdU 0dkif;wkdufwGef;Nuw,f? aqmifavmfawGvufeufcswJhtcg olwkdU[mom;pOfajr;quf toufxufqHk; tpdk;& trdefUudk emcHyghr,fvdkU ausnm&w,f? tJ'Daemuf usm;pG,f? aoewfusnfqH? 'g;ajrmif tp&dSwJh vufeufawG pdrfxm;wJh a&awGudk oHyHk;awGxJu cyfaomuf&w,f? tJ'Dvkd ausnmNyD; tJ'Da&udk aomufNyD;&if em*awG[m tpkd;&udk opfpmrazguf&Jawmhbl;? 'Dopfpma&wkdufyGJudk usif;yNyD;wJhtcg aqmfavmfawG ESdyfpufwmudk cHxm;&wJh em*vlrsKd;pkawG[m aqmfavmf&GmawGxJudk0ifNyD; pdefajymif;AHk;oHaNumifh aoaeNuwJh aqmfavmfawG&JU acgif;awGukd jzwf,lNuw,f? tJ'Daemuf olwkdU&GmawGrSm ylaZmfyoyGJawGusif;yNyD; aqmfavmfawGowfwmudk cHcJh&wJholwkdUaoG;csif;om;csif;awG udk,fpm; aqmfavmfawGtay:rSm olwkdU[m *vJhpm;acsNyD;ygNyDvkdU tJ'D em*&Gmom;awGu ausnm&w,f? 1953 ckESpf rwfvukefavmufrSm em*awmifwef;udk tvnfvmbdkU OD;Ek[m face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk zdwfvdkufw,f? face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;&JU tMuHay;csuft& OD;Ek[m rPdylNrKdUawmf? tifzm;udkt&ifoGm;w,f? tJ'DurS face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l; orD; rpfpftif'&m*EDeJUtwl tdEd, em(awmifwef;awGqDudk tvnfoGm;Nuw,f? 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'Dvkdb0rsKd; a&mufrSmawmh ppfjzpfcsifolawG aMumufMuvdrfhr,f xifw,f? rm&S,fZl;aumh uaum b,fvkdxifovJ}} ]]uRefawmfuawmh OD;Ekvkdrxifbl;}} ]]bmjzpfvkdUvJ}} ]]'Dur\u00c7mrSm ppfyGJawG pjzpfMuwkef;u 'g;awG\/ vSHawGudk oHk;NyD; jzpfcJhMuw,f? tJ'Daemuf av;eJUjrm;awGudk oHk;vmMuw,f? tJ'Daemuf AHk;MuJav,mOfysHeJU AHk;awGudk oHk;vmMuw,f? vufeufawG[m wacwfxufwacwf ydkNyD;aMumufp&m aumif;vmw,f? 'gayrJh vlawGuawmh raMumufMubl;? 'DvufeufawGudk oHk;NyD; ppfjzpfMuwmbJ? tPkjrLAHk;awG[m t&ifvufeufawGeJU pm&if ydkNyD;aMumufp&maumif;vmw,fqkdwmudk b,folrS rjiif;Ekdifbl;? 'gayrJh ppfjzpfcsifwJh vlawGMuawmh raMumufbl;? 'DvufeufawGudkoHk;NyD; ppfjzpfMutHk;rSmbJ? tJ'gaMumifh ppfjzpfvm&if toifhjzpfaeatmif uRefawmfwkdUawmh uRefawmfwkdUwyfawGudk tPkjrLvufeuf tpGrf;ukef wyfay;xm;wmbJ\/}} ]]pwmvif[m cifAsm;udk rMudKufzl;vkdU Mum;zl;w,f? [kwfovm;}} ]][kwfw,f}}","]]ol rMudKufwJhvlawGqkd&if pwmvif[m axmifcscsifcs? rcs&if qkdufab;&D;,m;udkykdU? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; owfypfw,fvkdUMum;bl;w,f? cifAsm;udkawmh pwmvif[m bmjzpfvkdU 'DvkdrESdyfpufovJ}} ]]uRefawmfh ppfwyfudkaMumufvdkY pwmvif[m 'DvkdrvkyfwmbJ}} 1960-twGif; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJMuD; NyD;cgp tcsdefavmufrSm u&l;&Suf[m tdE\u00b4d,udktvnfvm&if; Armjynfudk a&mufvmao;w,f? OD;EkeJYawGUwJhtcg uvuw\u00e5m;rSm 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;eJU olawGUp&m&dSao;w,f? OD;EkvJ uvuw\u00e5m;udk vmygvkdU u&l;&SufuzdwfwmeJU aemufqHk;awGU&wmbJ? 1962 ckESpfxJrSm OD;[m tmPmtodrf;cH&NyD; tcsKyfcef;xJrSm av;ESpfcGJausmfausmf aecJh&w,f\/ 1964 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvxJudk a&mufvmwJhtcg olUvkdyJ tcsKyfcef;xJudk a&mufaewJh 0efMuD;a[mif; wcsKdUajymjyvkdU u&l;&Suf[m 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u jyKwfusoGm;w,fvkdU OD;Ekod&w,f\/ OD;Ek[m u&l;&Sufudp\u00f6udk aoaocsmcsmavhvmNyD;wJhtcg u&l;&Suf[m 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u tjzKwfcH&wmr[kwfbl;? olU[mol EIwfxGufoGm;wm jzpf&r,fvkdU wxpfcsqHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? OD;Eku 'DvkdqHk;jzwfwm[m bmtaMumif;awGaMumifhvJ? 'DtaMumif;awGudk wckpDajymjyyghr,f\/ (1) u&l;&SufudkjzKwfzkdUrvG,fbl;? u&l;&Suf[m ow\u00e5dodyf&dSw,f? olYow\u00e5daMumifh ol[matmufqHk;wef;u aeNyD; txGyftxdyfudk a&mufvmw,fvkdY qdk&if rrSm;Edkifbl;? ol[mb,fvkd ow\u00c5d&dScJhw,fqdkwJh o\\\"uawGxJu xif&Sm;wJh o\\\"uwcsKdUudk 'Dae&mrSm azmfjycsifw,f? 1953 ckESpfxJrSm bm;&D;,m;vkd tifrwef aMumufp&maumif;wJh vlwa,mufudk u&l;&Suf acgif;aqmifNyD; jzKwfcscJhw,f? 1957 ckESpfxJrSm y&DpD'D,efu olUudkjzKwfcswJhtcg olaMumufNyD; xGufray;bl;? A[dkaumfrwDudkac:NyD; olUudkjzKwfcswJh y&DpD'D,ef tzGJU0ifawGudk oljzKwfcsypfvkdufw,f? y&DpD'D,ef&JU qHk;jzwfcsufudk tckvdkcHwkduf&Jwm qdkAD,uf,leD,H&JU ordkif;wckvHk;rSm u&l;&SufwOD;wnf;yJ &dSao;w,f? pwmvifvdk tmPm&Sifawmif rm&S,fZl;aumhudk ta&;r,l&Jbl;? u&l;&Suf[m rm&S,fZl;aumhudk umuG,fa&;0efMuD; &mxl;ua&m y&DpD'D,ef tzGJUuyg jzKwfypfvkdufw,f? (2) u&l;&Sufudk jzKwfcswJhvlawGudk ur\u00c7mu0kdif;NyD; pGyfpGJcJhMuwJh rDudk,ef[m u&l;&Suf&JU t&if;qHk; oli,fcsif;bJ? rmvifaumheJY bm;&D;,m;[m pwmvif vufoyfarG;xm;wJh wynfhawGjzpfovkd b&ufZnuf\/ udkpDcsif\/","aygha*:eDqdkwJh vloHk;a,mufuvnf; u&l;&Suf vufoyfarG;xm;wJh wynfhawGjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh q&maombmaom ra&Smifygbl;\/ tmPmqkd&if vkMurSmyJvkdU wzufuajymcsif&if ajymEdkifw,f? tJ'Dvkdajymr,fqkd&if OD;Ek[m b&ufZnuf\/ udkpDcsif\/ aygha*:eDwkdUudk wcgrSrawGUbl;wJhtwGuf rumuG,fEdkifbl;? rDudk,efudkawmh OD;Ek[m tjyif;txef umuG,fvdrfhr,f? OD;Ek&JUpdwfxJrSm rDudk,ef[m wjcm;[mawGudk vkyfcsifvkyfr,f u&l;&SufudkjzKwfcswJh tvkyfudkawmh b,fenf;eJUrS rvkyfbl;vkdU OD;Eku wxpfcs,HkMunfaew,f? vlawGxJrSm oli,fcsif;t&if;awGtay: op\u00f6mazmufwJhvlqdk;awG&dSovkd oli,fcsif; t&if;awGtay: b,fawmhrSop\u00f6razmufwJh vlaumif;awGvnf;&dSw,f? rDudk,ef[m tJ'Dvlaumif;awGxJrSm wa,muftygt0ifjzpfw,fvkdU OD;Ek[m rrdSwfroHk ,HkMunfaew,f? (3) u&l;&Suf[m wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJhzufrSm awmfcsifrSawmfr,f? ygwDudkpnf;&kH;wJhae&mrSmawmh ESpfa,mufr&dSatmif awmfw,f? pwmvif[m ygwD&JUyxrtwGif;a&;rSL; vkdUomqkdw,f? ygwD&JUacgif;aqmifMuD;i,fawGeJU b,fawmhrS awGUavhr&dSbl;? nzufqdk&if wnvHk;t&ufaomufNyD; aeYzufrSm waeYvHk; tdyfaeoljzpfw,f? u&l;&Sufu 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? ygwDxJrSm ta&;yg t&ma&mufwJh acgif;aqmifawGeJUtukefawGUw,f? aqG;aEG;w,f? 'Dacgif;aqmifawGrSm taMumif;MuD;i,f&dS&if vufydkufMunfhraebl;? txl;ulw,f? pwmvifudkawGUwJhtcg blvf*ifeifwkdU aAmf&kd&kdavmhwkdU qkdwJhacgif;aqmifawGawmif zdwfzdwfwkefatmif aMumuf&w,f? u&l;&Sufu 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? ukvor*\u00bexJrSm olUzdeyfcRwfNyD;pm;yGJcHkudk acgufwJhtxd &rf;um;EdkifwJh vlpm;rsKd;jzpfayw,f? &yf&Sif;tvkyform;awGeJY awGUawGU\/ v,form;awGeJYawGUawGU\/ vrf;ay:uvlwa,mufeJY awGUawGU tifrwefazmfazmfa&Ga&G qufqHEkdifw,f? oluvnf; t&Tef;awGajymw,f? olUudk jyefajym&ifvnf; ol&,faew,f? Armjynfvmwkef;u &yf&Sif;oH&kH;u vlawGtm;vHk; olUudkavqdyfrSm qif;MudKaeMuw,f? tJ'DvlawGxJrSm atmufqHk;tvkyform;awGtxd ygw,f? tJ'DvlawG[m u&l;&SufeJUawGUwJhtcg tMumMuD; uGJuGmaeMuwJh aqGrsKd;awGjyefawGUMuovkd wOD;eJUwOD; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufqHaeMuwmudk avqdyfrSm&dSwJh ArmawGtm;vHk; awGUMu&wmbJ? OD;EkwdkU armfpudkrSm&dSwkef; &yf&Sif; &kyf&Sifum;wum;udk MunfhcJh&w,f? tJ'Dum;xJrSm pwmvif[m O,sOfwckxJ","aq;wHMuD;udkufNyD; vrf;avQmufvmwmudk awGUwmeJU wNydKifeuf tvkyform;wa,muf[m vefUNyD;xGufajy;w,f? pwmvif&JUwynfhawGu 'Dvl&JUaemufudkvdkufNyD; pwmvifudk aMumufp&mr&dSygbl;vkdU wrifoufouf 0g'jzefUay;&w,fqkdwm tifrwef xif&Sm;aew,f? (4) u&l;&Suf[m tckajymovkd pnf;&kH;a&;eJUqufqHa&; tifrwefaumif;wJhtwGuf A[dkaumfrwDwzGJUvHk;[m olUtdyfxJrSmxnfhxm;ovdk jzpfaew,f? A[dkaumfrwDxJrSm wu,fomwkduf&&if rDukd,ef\/ b&ufZnuf\/ ukdpDcsif\/ aygha*:eDwkdU vGifhoGm;r,f? u&l;&SufvGifhoGm;rSm r[kwfbl;? u&l;&SuftwGuf 'DvlawGudk wkduf&wm[m bm;&D;,m;\/ blvf*ifeif\/ rdkvkdawmh\/ Zl;aumh wkdUudkjzKwfcs&wmavmuf rcufygbl;? (20)Mudrfajrmuf uGefjrLepf uGef*&ufnDvmcHrSm pwmvifudk &Iwfcs&wmavmuf (Destalinization) armfqdkvD,efqkdwJh jywdkufxJu pwmvif&JU aq;pdrfxm;wJh tavmif;udk xkwfNyD; rxifr&Sm; tjcm;ae&mwckrSm oGm;jrKyfypf&wmavmuf rcufygbl;? (5) blvf*ifeif\/ rdkvdkawmh\/ rmvifaumh\/ um*ifEdkApfwkdU y&DpD'D,efu jyKwfoGm;wJhtcg b,fa&mufoGm;MuvJ\/ rm&S,fZl;aumhawmf tifrwef rxifr&Sm;ae&w,f? u&l;&Sufuawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? tyef;ajzcsifwJhtcg armpudkeJU rdkifESpfq,favmufa0;wJh pwmvif tyef;ajzavh&dSwJh &dyfomrSm tyef;ajzw,f? armfpudkudkjyefvmwJhtcg tdrfaumif;wckrSm ae&w,f? armfawmfum;&w,f? armif;wJhvl&w,f? olUvHk;NcHKa&;udkapmifhavQmufzdkU oufawmfapmifh&w,f? 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