Multi-Level-Eng-Gra2

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O CONTENTS lV Unit Page 1, 2 BE and HAVE 2 4 HAVE and HAVE GOT 6 HE LIVES THEY DON'T LIVE DOES SHE LIVE? J Present simple 4 8 HE IS PLAYING Present continuous 5 10 I KNOW SHE IS SITTING Present simple and continuous 6 1,2 HE COOKED Past simple - 1 Past simple - 2 7 14 HE COOKED 8 1,6 SHE'WAS RIADING Past continuous 9 18 I'WENT I WAS GOING Past simple and continuous 10 20 Review Present and past, simple and continuous 11 22 HE HAS FINISHED Present perfect - 1 1,2 Present perfect - 2 24 FOR AN HOUR SINCE 10 AM JUST 1,3 26 I HAVE GONE I'WENT Present perfect and past 1.4 28 I HAD-WORKED Past perfect 15 30 USED TO Repetitive past 76 32 I AM DOING I DO Future - 1 Future - 2 17 34 GOING TO Future - 3 18 36 I'LL DO IT 'WAIT HERE STOP Imperatives 79 38 STAND UP All tenses - 1 -A11 tenses 2 20 40 Review Al1 tenses - 3 21 42 Review 22 44 Review 23 46 CAN COULD MANAGED TO 'WON',T Ability 24 48 WILL sHouLD MAY (SHOULDN',T) Probabiliry 25 50 HAVE TO SHOULD DON'T HAVE TO Obligation - 1 26 52 HAVE TO SHOULD(N',T) CAN('T) DON',T HAVE TO Obligation - 2 BE CAN'T BE Deduction 27 54 MUST COULD MAY 'WOULD YOU LIKE Invitations, requests etc. 28 56 CAN All modal verbs 29 58 Review 30 60 COFFEE IS MADE AT 11 -Passive 1 31 62 THIS CAN BE DONE Passive - 2 32 64 COME IN GET DOWN Phrasal verbs - 1 JJ 66 UP DOWN OUT ON Phrasal verbs - 2 34 68 BREAK DOWN GET OVER Phrasal verbs - 3 Phrasal verbs - 4 35 70 BE OVER PUT OFF 72 LOOK TASTE SOUND SMELL FEEL (LIKE) Linking verbs 36 Passive, phrasal verbs and look, taste etc 37 74 Review 38 76 I'WANT TO GO Verb + to-infinitive 39 78 AFRAID OF FLYING Preposition t ing 40 80 I ENJOY PLAYING SOCCER I LIKE To-infinitive / -rng TO PLAY/PLAYING SOCCER 41, 82 I-WANT YOU TO GO Verb + object + to-infinitive 42 84 HE SAID HE LIKED HER 43 86 SHE TOLD HIM TO GO, SHE ASKED'WHAT Reported speiech - 1 THE TIME'WAS Reported speech - 2 44 Review Verb complementation, reported speech 45 90 AT TO IN FROM TOWARDS Prepositions of place - 1 Prepositions of place - 2 46 92 UNDER ABOVE BET-WEEN BEHIND Prepositions of place - 3 IN FRONT OF 47 AT ON IN

48 96 BY IN ON AT TO DURING 'WHILE Prepositions for travel - 4 49 98 HOW LONG? FOR FROM . . . TO Prepositions of time-__i) 50 100 IN INK Prepositions and nouns - 1 51 1,02 IN PLIBLIC Prepositions and nouns - 2 52 104 A'WARE OF Adjectives and prepositions 53 706, Review All prepositions 54 108 A THE SOME Articles - 1 A SOME ANY Articles - 2 55 110 TREES THE TREES 'WOOD THE WOOD Articles - 3 56 Articles - 4 1,1,2 Articles - 5 57 1,1,4 THE BLIND THE FRINCH BIG ONES 58 1,1,6 THE ALPS LAKE VICTORIA ARGENTINA 59 118 THE and OF WITH NAMES OF INSTITUTIONS, STREETS ETC. Articles - 6 60 720 SINGULAR, PLURAL and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 61 1,22 A LITTLE A FE'W A LOT OF PLENTY OF 62 124 AIL OF MOST OF NONE OF Quantifiers - 1 NOT... MUCH NOT... MANY Quantifiers - 2 63 126 SOMEBODY ANYTHING EVERYWHERE Quantifiers - 3 64 1,28 'S, S' and OF Possession 65 130 MINE MYSELF YOURS YOIIRSELF Reflexive and emphatic 66 732 Review Nouns 67 1,34 OLDER THE MOST INTERESTING Comparison of adjectives - 1 Comparison of adjectives - 2 68 136 AS BIG AS NOT AS BIG AS 69 138 FASTER AND FASTER THE SOONER THE BETTER Comparison of adjectives - 3 70 1,40 Adjectives and adverbs - 1 BIG QUICKIY Adjectives and adverbs -2 71, 1,42 STILL ALREADY YET JUST 72 144 THE WAICH SHE GAVE ME Relative clauses - 1 WA MHIACNH-W/ TEHARAINI G'W/CHAELRLEED/OUTSIDE Relative clauses - 2 73 146 Relative clauses - 3 74 748 75 150 Review Sentences - 1 76 752 QUESTIONS Questions and answers - 1 Questions and answets - 2 77 1,54 YES, I HAVE HE DID SO/NEITHER AM I Questions and answers - 3 Conditionals - 1 78 156 DIDN'T SHE? ARE YOU? Conditiona,ls - 2 Conditionals - 3 79 158 IF YOU GO, I'LL GO Linkers - 1 Linkers - 2 80 160 IF YOU WENT, I WOULD GO Sentences - 2 81 1,62 IFIUNLESS/AS LONG AS AFTER 'WHEN 82 1,64 AND BUT SO BEFORE 83 '166 AS SOON AS WHILE SINCE UNTIL 84 168 PUNCTUATION and CAPITAI LETTERS 85 770 SPELLING 86 172 Review

INTRODUCTION TO THE TEACEIER The Series The Multilevel English Grammar Programrne is published in four books, which correspond approximately to the following levels: Book 1 Elementary In the region of 50 hours of learning Book 2 Inuer Intermeiliate In the region of 150 hours of learning Book 3 Intermediate In the region of 250 hours of learning Book 4 Upper Intermediate In the region of 350 hours of learning (preparation for the First Certificate in English) The books can be used for self-study or in the classroom, and you will not need to follow the order of units; you are free to choose the order which best suits you and your students. The items have been divided into sections on different grammatical areas, and at the end of each section there is a unit (or rwo) of review and further practice. These can be used for revision, and to check if students are now confident in their handling of the items. There is a cassette for each level, which contains the presentation texts and most of the examples from the boxes Use and Form. The Teacher's Book In the Introduction to the Teacher's Book, you will find: 1 A Preface for each book; 2 A General Introduction on learning grarnmar. The Teacher's Book gives you, for each unit: 3 Common errors; 4 Detailed notes on each grarnmatical point. 1 Notes on the presentation; 2 Suggestions for handling the exercises; I-earning Gratrurrar 'When you learn a language, you learn to handle the grammar. If itt your own language - and sometimes a second language if the conditions are ritgohitt.-.Wyohuenleyaornu by \"osmosis\", so to speak. You acquire the language learn a foreign language after the age of puberry piecemeal, most\\ by listening you often learn it more formally (and often in a classroom): you listen, you read, you study the grammar, you learn vocabulary and phrases, and you seek opportunities to use the language. Your students will need to learn the gramrnar of English. This means learning how to use a number of cornmon words - verbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions - which constantly reappear in every sentence, and which bring general meaning to the sentence: about time and place, or obligation, or how often things happen, and many other features. They will learn, we hope, how to use the items, not how to talk about them, and for this reason we keep the use of grammatical terms to a minimum. We also suggest that you invite students to make up examples of their own, from their own experience, in order to bring the language to life for them. In the General Introduction in the Teacher's Book we discuss the teaching and learning of grammar in more detail. 'We hope you will read it. tv

INTRODUCTION TO TITE STUDEN]T Studying Alone If you have a teacher, s/he will guide you in your work, and suggest how you can best use this book. If you have not, here are some ideas for you to think about: 1 You can choose the grarlmar point you want to study. It doesnt much matter which point you study first. However, some units are in small sets (eg (Jnits 6 - 9 on the past tense), and you may want to study them in order. 2 Now lobk at the Ttresentation at the top of the left-hand page of the point you have chosen. You will see examples of the new grarrunar in the text or conversation, and there will often be a picture to help you understand. Read the presentation fvvo or three times, and listen to it on the cassette. 3 There is often an exercise after the presentation, which will help you to understand the point. Do the exercise, and check your answers in the Key if you have the edition with a key. 4 You can look at the f..Ise or Form boxes if you want to; if you understood the presentation and could do the first exercise, you may not need the gramrnar box and can go on with the next exercise. However, the grammar box often expands the information given in the presentation; this extra information will help you with some of the exercrses. 5 The Good English? exercise is an opportuniry for you to identify mistakes. You may want to think about your own language while you are doing this, to see which are the mistakes you often make. 6 Now you can do the exercises on the facing page. They are varied, and are usually easier at the beginning. If you are working alone, we suggest that you check each exercise against the Key before you go on to the next one. 7 If you find you are making a lot of mistakes, look at the gtresentation arrd the Use or Form boxes agarr,. You may be able to see where you are going wrong. General Suggestions 1 Instead of completing the exercises in the book, it is usually better for you to write out the sentences in your notebook. That way you will remember the item better, and the vocabulary that goes with it. 2 Go over the work you did yesterday, and last week. You could do one of the exercises again quickly, just to remind yourself and be sure you can do it. This will help you to remember. 3 Say the sentences out loud; it helps with pronunciation and remembering. You can even record your voice if you want to. 4 Listen to the cassette that accompanies this book. 5 'Work with a friend if you can; you will encourage and support each other. These ideas work for us, but they rlnay not work for you; everyone has to find their own best way of learning and teaching. And rernernber! Grarnriaar is an irnportant part of language, but there are many other elernents too: you need to learn words and phrases, practise the sounds, and above all find opportunities to use the language by talking, listening and reading in it.

BE and HAVE Look at the picture, and study the sentences below. Robert is 30 years old. He's haaing his lunch. He was an accoutttant. He had a shower this morning. Now he is d manager. He's haaing a talk with a client. He isn't cold, but he's hungry. ln this unit we distinguish between BE for states and HAVE for actions. BE is for states. A \"state (Notice: \"^\".) 1 Professions andjobs: 2 States of the body or mind: B OA BE Two of the phrases underlined in these sentences are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Are Susan here? 2 No, she isn't. 3 Oh. 'Where she is? 4 She was here this morning. HAVE Three of the phrases underlined in these sentences are wrong. Tick (/) the correct one, and rewrite the others. 1 Norway has a cold climate in winter. 2 Does George has tea in the morning? 3 When did you had breakfast? 4 'We not have meat every day. 5 -We have bread and jam. HAVE or BE? ln two of these sentences, the wrong verb is used. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1. Can I borrow a sweater? I have cold. 2 She is tr,velve. 3 'We had spaghetti for lunch yesterday. 4 He has L6 years old. 2

' ' \" CountrieC and Cities, Pist arid Preseht '': '-l.',.,,\".-',i @ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of BE. Make sure your sentences are true; use the negative if necessary. 1 India .............. in Africa; it .............. in Asia. 2 St Petersburg the capital ofRussia in the 19th century but now the capital .............. Moscow. the most important city in the world, and London 3 About 2000 years ago, Rome a small town, 4 Iran and Iraq in the Middle East. 5 Brasilia the capital u *::-\":'.\\;;;;;;;j:#*\"\" ofBrazil now Years ago, the capital Rio de Janeiro. citv i,, the but capitar' rhe capitar usA' it the A Party @ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of HAVE. 1 ............,. you ..............a nice evening yesterday? 2 weYes, we did. We .............. some soft drinks, and then 3 .............. you ..............anything to eat? a few dances. 4 Yes, we Ia big meal. I'm glad (\"o0 .............. a meal like that every dayl 5 What you .............. for supper? . 6 We .............. soup first, then we .............. fish. 7 *.............. you .............. any meat?\" \"No, it was a fish meal.\" @ Complete each sentence with the appropriate form of HAVE or BE. 1 Did you 2 Yes, we a good time in Oslo? a good rest. 3 What the weather like? 4 The weather cold, but we 5 .............. you .............. a look at the shops? wewarm, because warm clothes. 6 Yes, and we lunch every day in the main square. It .............. very beautiful. 7 What did you do on the first day? weI .....-........ a shower, and then breakfast in the dining room. It .............. a big room. 8 .............. the meals good? 9 We only 10 And then we breakfast in the hotel, but it .............. good. 11 Who a stroll round the ciry you with? 12 1.............. with a young friend of mine; he .............. 20 years o1d. 13 At 11 o'c1ock we a break because we .............. tired. 14 Wp ........... a cup ofcoffee and a cake in a nice cafeteria. 'Word Order \\fith HAVE ard BE @ Put the words and phrases in brackets in the right order. 1 a (your/this/is) book? b No, (not/itlis) 2 a (have/where/you/ did) lunch? ................ b (iunch/home/had/at/I) 3 a (the Pyrenees/in Spain/are) or in France? b (pardy in Spain/arelthey) and pardy in France. ..................... 4 a (having/time / are/ good,/ yot/ a/ ? - -...... - - - -........... b Yes, (fu n/parti es / have / yoor / I / atla1way$ .............. 3

HAVE and HAVE GOT Look at the picture, and sentences below. > She's got a drg. She's haaing a wallz. He hasn't got a dog. He's hauing a rutl. I I USE A -We use HAVE for actions: eating and drinking, looktng after the body. He's having lunch. She had a shower. (You can see a note and examples in Unit 1.) B 'We use HAVE GOT for \"connections\"; 1 You own something. Examples: I've got a bicycle. He's got a new coat. 2 It's \"a part of you\". Examples: Shet got red hair. I've got a headache. 3 Itt a characteristic. Examples: England has got a damp climate. IJncle Victor has got a bad temper. C But notice: HAVE GOT is very common. But we only use it in the present tense, and only for \"connections\" 'W'e use HAVE for everything: \"actions\" and \"connections\". -We also use HAVE in all tenses. D Here is a table to summarise: Past Present Future Actions had has will have will have Connections had has gotlhas FORM -We form the negative and interrogative like He had a walk. Did he have a walk? He didn't have a walk. Het got a car. Has he got a car? He hasn't got a' caL I)iote on CET: Don't confuse the verb GET and the expression HAVE GOT. GET is an ordinary verb, sometimes used alone, but often as a phrasal verb: I'm getting a new car next week. She got up a7 o'clock. Get on here, and get off at the next stop. HAVE GOT is an expression which is different from GET.

Good English? O Two of these sentences are correct, two are wrong, and two are optional (HAVE or HAVE GOI. Tick (/) the correct sentences, put an \"0\" by sentences where you have an option, and rewrite the corrections. 1 Yesterday I had got lunch withJohn Moore. 2 He had a bicycle, but he lost it. 3 I have ten pounds; do you need any money? 4 I have got a swim on Saturday mornings. 5 I will have a new job next yeaL 6 I have got some time tomorrow afternoon. @ Look at this table, and then complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of HAVE and HAVE GOT in the affirmative, negative and interrogative. Note: Use HAVE GOT if possible (look at the USE box on the previous page). Susan Smith Barry Smith Susan & Barry Smith PAST a motorbike a flat in Hastings 1988 dark brown hair (dyed 1,992) (sold 1989) (moved 1989) 4 grandparents a job rn a factory aba} daughter (2 died 1e89-90) (sacked 1991) PRESENT (NO\\XD job in office flvo cameras a small house in Bitton blonde hair two pairs of running shoes a Renault (car) FUTIIRE (SOON) a degree in Economics a computer two children Exam7tle: In 1988 Susan and Harry ....1'4..... aflatin Hastings, but now they 1 .............. the Smiths .... e cer now? Yes, a Renault. a car in 1988, but he Barry . a motorbike. 2 .............. Susan brown hair now? No, she .............. brown hair now; she blonde hair. 3 The Smiths ..... rvvo children in 1988; they . one. But Susan is expecting a baby, and they .. soon cwo children. 4 .... Barry ...... a computer now? No, but he .'... one soon. 5 Susan a degree now but she '.. a degree soon. 6 Susan four grandparents in 1988, but now she .............. only Their friend Jo asks questions : ... you 7 Jo ... a cafiaera, Susan? Susan No, I ...... a cafiaera, but Barry .......'...... rwo. a motorbike in 1988. 'What happened to it? 8 Jo You .. Barry I sold it. We ..... a car now because we .............. soon children. @ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of HAVE or HAVE GOT. Use HAVE GOT if possible. 1 \"'Would you like ........ ...... a walk this afternoon?\" \"That sounds nice, but I .............. time, I'm afraid.\" 2 The people next door .... four children. They never a rest! 3 \"Perhaps we can ...... tea no'w.\" \"I'm terribly Sorry I ....... ....... arry milk!\" 4 I usually ..... lunch at 1 o'clock, but some days I .. time for lunch. 5 I .............. a shower in the evening, because there usua\\ isn't any hot water.

He lives They don't live Does she live? (present simple) Study the sentences. The Johnson family: where do they liae? Dennis and Victoria liae in Hampton. (Jncle Victor and Auntie Mabel don't liae with them; they liae in Barchester. Fred often aisits his grandparents, but he doesn't liae with them. \"Does Carol liue with her parents?\" \"Yes, sh,e does.\" O Now complete this table with the forms of the verb WORK and the auxiliary verb D0. I/you/we/they he/she/it Afirmatiue We work. She . Interrogatiue ......you..............? ...... he ......? I\\egatiue They He doesn't work. @ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms (affirmative, negative or interrogative) of the verbs in the box. live study g0 work 1 Robert .... .. to school; he ...... in an office. 2 ...... Carol ...... languages? Yes, she does. 3 LJncle Victor and Auntie Mabel ...... in a nice house in Barchester. This unit is about the PRESENT SIMPLE tense. USE .We use the PRESENT SIMPLE: A For things which are always true: Examples: The bank opens at 9 arn. Penguins live in the Antarctic. B For things which we do regularly: Examples: I go to work every day. How often does Carol see Tom? FORM Don't forget these points about the present simple: 1 Remember the final -s with he / she / it: Examples: I work here. He works here. She works here. 2 Remember to use DO and DOES with questions and negatives: 'What do you mean? I don't mean that. Does he speak French? He doesn't speak Danish. Good English? @ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Speak )zou German? 2 She likes Italian food. 3 I not go to school 4 Does she know Carol? 5 She live in Geneva. 6 The), don't play tennis on Mondays.

Anirnals (and the Final -r) A@ Complete each sentence with the appropriate verb from the box, adding -s if nece ssary. 1 A polar bear . ..... 1n very cold water. 2 Kangaroos ..... . rn Australia. 3 The trger rs a big cat; it . ... about 150 kilos. weigh have SWiM 4 A horse ...... grass. drink live eat 5 Baby animals ...... milk. 6 Rabbrts ...... long ears and a short tail. B Now write the opposite of these sentences, The first one has been done for you. 1 A polar bear .hm.? ru,b in very hot water 2 Kangaroos ..... ....... in England. 3 The tiger .... about 10 kilos. 4 ...... a horse ...... water? 5 Baby animals .... meat. 6 Rabbits .... short ears and long tails. The Sky o Which of the following sentences are already complete? Use D0 NOT (don't) or DOES NOT (doesn't) to complete the others. 1 The sun (. .....) rise in the \\ .est. 2 The sun ( ) rises in the east. 3 The planets (. .....) revolve around the sun. 4 The planets (. .....) revolve around the earth. 5 People ( ) live on Mars. 6 A total eclipse of the sun (. .....) hrppen every year. Elections For the President Of \"The Royal Society For the Protection Of Everythirg\" @ Using the informatron about the candidates in the table and words in the box, complete the sentences below. The verbs may be affirmative, interrogative or negative. CANDIDATES Name Job Home Party lnterests membership Max Wood biologist pran0 Julia French novelist Norfolk Liberal piano Charlie Fabian lorry driver Oxford Conservative Luton Conservative football matches do does not belong play do live work g0 1 Max Wood ..... as a biologist. 2 Max Wood and Julia French ...... the piano. 3 ...... Julia French ...... in Oxford? Yes, she 4 Julia and Charlie ... ... to the Conservative parry. 5 \"'What ......you ...... at tlie\"weekend, Charlie?\" \"I .... .. to football matches.\" 6 Julia ...... as a novelist. 7 Julia ...... to football matches at the weekend; she .. .... the piano. 8 \"...... you . ..... to the Liberalparqr, Max?\" \"Yes, I ..... 9 Julia and Charlie ...... to the Liberal party; they are Conservatives. 10 Charlie Fabian ...... the piano. Ll, Max and Julia ...... in Luton.

He is playiag (present continuous) Look at the picture, and study the sentences below. ,(,), o Jur ---:rx-l-\\ ( \"Hello, Sue, \"And what are you doing these what are you doing?\" days?\" \"?tn, deliaering pizzas.\" \"I'tn. utriting my thesis.\" O Now complete each sentence with the present continuous of a verb from the box. 1 Carol ...... (not) ...... Chemistry; she ...... French. =----r 2 \"'What ..... ?\" \"Can't you see? I ..... . a fyre on my car.\" j Change dO 3 \"Do you want to see a film?\" \"No thanks. I . ..... (not) i gO sStUudyy i out tonight.\" Ii __] This unit is about two uses of the present continuous tense. USE A 'We use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS when we are talking about something happening now: Look! That plane's taking ofll You're reading this sentence. B We also use it for something temporary or only happening fo. a short period. Look at the difference befween these fwo sentences: I live here. (Permanenr. It's my home.) I'm living here. (Tbmporary. I'm staying here for a limited time.) I i f.-porary events may not be happening now, but they are happening these days, or this month, i o, in this season etc: (rwo friends in a cafe): 'W.hat are you doing these days? Ii I'm finishing a project for the company. :____ Good English? @ Look at the words underlined in these sentences. Two of them are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correct sentences, and rewrite the others. fiwo of them are the wrong form, and two are the right form but the wrong tense.) 1 I not am studying. 2 The kids are watching TV 3 'Where you going? 4 How much is this sweater costing? 5 It's not raining. 6 Cows are eating grass. not meat.

Here is the plan for Operation Drugs. Study the plan, and then do the exercises. OPERATION DRUGS: DETAILED PIAN lVlonday lst April: 2.30 pm - 2.50 pm Agent Assignment Dress (wear) Equipment (carry) 1 Follow suspect on foot Dark glasses Revolver, radio 2 Search flat Uniform Revolver, radio in Fish Street No uniform Radio 3 Watch airport Wait in customs hal! 4 Watch airport No uniform Radio Sit in car outside @ First, complete these sentences with verbs from the plan in the affirmative or negative. What are they wearing? 1 Agent 1 .............. dark glasses. 2 Agent 2 .............. a uniform. 3 Agents 3 and 4 .............. uniforms. What are they doing? 4 Agent 1 .............. the suspect on foot. 5 Agent 2 .............. the flat in Fish Street. 6 Agents 3 and 4 .............. the airport. Agent 3 .............. in the customs hall and agent 4 in the car outside. What are they carrying? 7 Agents L and 2 .............. revolvers. 8 Agents 3 and 4 .............. revolvers. 9 All the agents radios. @ Now you have to complete these conversations on the radio. t Control Calling Agent 1, calling Agent 1. What you .............. 2 Agent 1 I the suspect on focit. He is walking to the taxi stand. Now he .............. a taxi. I think he .............. to the arrport. 3 Control Calling Agent 2.Whrt you .............. ? 4 Agent 2 I .............. the flat in Fish Street. 5 Control Calling Agents 3 and 4. Are you at the airport? 6 Agent j I .............. in the customs hall, and Agent 4 .............. in the car outside. @ Victoria is away for two days, but she likes to phone home to find out what everyone is doing. Complete these sentences with suitable verbs. 1 \"Flello, Robert, is that you? What you all .............. ?\" 2 \"I .............. a book, and Carol the prano 3 Dad is in the kitchen. He .............. the supper.\" 4 \"And what's Fred up to?\" \"I think he .............. TV:' 5 \"'Where's'Winston?\" \"He his supper.\" 6 \"And what the cat ?\" \"Sally? She .............. on the sofa.\" 7 \".............. you all .............. a good time?\" \"Yes, we're fine, dont worry about us.\"

I know She is sitting (present sirnple and continuous) Look at the picture, and study the sentences. Jessica Blake writes nouels, and sometimes she paints pictures. \"What are you painting now?\" \"This. Do you lihe it?\" \"I don't hnow. What is it?\" \"It's a tiger. It's sitting in a tree.\" O Now complete each sentence with a verb from the box in the right tense. 1 Fred, why ... ... you ...... at the front door? come stand 2 I .. .... for my friend Tim. walk wait 3 .... he usually ...... to see you on Thursdays? 4 Yes, but he always ...... past the house on his way to the Youth Club. ln this unit we compare the present simple and the present continuous tenses. USE A Both tenses are based on present t1me. The present continuozs (she is taking) is limited. It is in the present time, and rnay go a little way into the past and the future. The present simple (she takes) is not limited. It goes into the past and future, perhaps for ever. Now PAST NO\\v FUTURE [---ir*-l I reading this. I Short Period I am staying wit my brother. Indefinite ? <- - - 'We live in London. - - -> ? B -We use some verbs in the present simple tense only: I want some ice cream. I know that! You cannot say: X I arnknowing that. rY He is wanting this. Here are seven of these \"stative\" verbs: know like understand see mean want hear Good English? @ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 \"'Where is Robert?\" \"FIe watches TV\" 2 Are you wanting some more potatoes? 3 The bus leaves at7.30 am every day. 4 Are you working at ICI these daYs? 5 I am walking to the ofEce every day. 10 6 \"Does Peter like the film?\" \"Yes, he does.\"

Jobs: What They Are Doing and'W'hat They Do @ You have to write out these ten sentences, using a phrase from the box to complete each one. The nurs e a is taking A the new offices. B tomatoes every year. b takes C burglar alarms quite often. D about 10 X-rays a day. The secretary a ls rypmg E the new air condiitioning unit. F letters and reports every day. b fypes G potatoes this year. Our architects a are plannirg .. H an X-ray at the moment. b plan . I the letter for Jules & Co. The electrician a is installing ...... J all our building projects. b installs Local farmers a are growlng .... b grow The Sweet Tooth Cornpany Has Problems @ You have to complete the following sentences, using the three verbs given at the end of each sentence. .. biscuits and small cakes of all kinds. At the ..... a new factory in Manchester. (build, expand, 1 \"Sweet Tooth\" is a biscuit company. It .... moment the company . ....., and they . make) 2 Normally the company . ..... more biscuits than cakes, but this year the opposite seems to be true. The sale of these cakes . ... (+ 15%), but the sale of biscuits..... . (-10%). (drop, increase, se11) 3 Most employees ..... . some extra work every week, and half the staff ...... on Saturday mornings. At present the union ...... for a 20% increase in wages throughout the company. (ask, work, do) 4 The Board of Directors are worried about this. The company ...... a small profit at the present time, but they feel that the unions ..... . for more than the company can pay. Of course, the union ...... to get the best possible wages that it can for its members. (ask, make, want) A Telephone Conversation @ Complete this conversation with the verbs from the box in present simple or continuous. They may be affirmative, interrogative or negative. Some verbs (e.g. cook) are used several times. cook know come want mean play do like take go Jane Malden 4328. Peter Hello. Jane, this is Peter. Is John in? Jane Hello, Peter. No, he isn't here at the moment. He .. football. In fact, he always ...... football on Saturday afternoons. Peter And what ..... (yor) ... ar the moment, Jane? Jane Me? I ..... supper for tonight. Peter .....you always ...... the supper? Jane No, John ..... supper quite often, but I ..... today because some friends Peter 'aWndhIat ...... it to be good! ......you ......? Jane It's from an Italian recipe book. I .............. Italian food, but I .... (not) Italian! ...... you ...... what \"friggere\" ..............? Peter Yes, I ......, because I'm taking Italian classes. Jane Really? How often ...... you ..... to class? 7t

He cooked (past sirnple - 1) First look at the table and then the sentences below it. Who did the housework last week? Clean the Cook the Wash the Iron the shirts Monilay house lunch dishes Carol Robert Victoria Fred Robert Dennis Fred Tuesilay Carol Victoria Dennis Weilnesilay Victoria Fred Carol Thursilay Robert Robert Friday On Monday Did Robert iron the shirts? No, he didn't iron the shirts, but he cleaned the house. Did 'Who cooked the lunch? Victoria Fred wash the dishes? Yes, he did. did. o Now you have to complete these sentences in the same way, using information about the family from the table: On Tuesday On Wednesday the shirts, but she the the 2 ..... Carol ...... the shirts? No, she house. 3 'Who...... Victorra ... ... the lunch? Yes, she 4 ...... the dishes? Denms On Thursday ..... the lunch? No, he the lunch; he the dishes? Yes, he 5 Robert shirts. 6 Fred On Friday Robert ..... the house? Yes, he... 7 'Who ..... the lunch? Carol ... , and he the dishes! 8 W'e form the PAST TENSE like this: Put Put Regular *ed clean cleaned work worked Irregular several different ways, e.g: boy bought see saw go went (See next page and next unit.) Interrogative and negative Did he work? He did not work. Did he go? He didn't go. Main verbs He worked. He went. Rember that auxfiary arrrd modal verbs don't use DO or DID: He was rcady. Was he ready? FIe wasn't ready. She can go. Can I go? You cant go. 12

Good English? @ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and two are wrong. Tick(/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Did she went to the shops or did she stay at home? 2 He worked for the company for five years. 3 They didn't like the film very much. 4 What you watched on TV last night? Irregular Verbs @ You have to complete each blank in the table below with one of the irregular verbs in this box. Do the easy ones first! :I caught shut lost won hit built i lent shone brought found sent cut bring cut lend ...... shine build find.............. lose catch shut hit send ...... wln A Patty @ You have to complete each blank with the past tense of a verb from the box. 1 Carol I lose *ll pluy .. three games of tennis with Robert last Saturday. She the first one, but she ............. the second and third games. She was very pleased! - -gr; - tinO - bring send cut 2 Fred .... a pocket knife in the street, but it was very sharp and he his finger with it. 3 Victoria a friend home and ............. her a cup of tea. But there wasn't any milk, so she some. shyt...... Fred to buy build hil 4 Dennis worked all day. He ........ ..... t new garage for the car. But he had an accident, because h.,............ his finger with the hamrner. 5 Auntie Mabel went to her room and ............. the door. A Rock Concert @ Robert went to a rock concert Iast night, and Carol asked him about it. Here are Robert's answers. You have to write Carol's questions. ' Example: What time ........./i4.&.M......... ? It started at 8 o'clock. 1 .....-...? 'We sat near the front. 2 'WWhheore ... with? I went with Sue. 3 ......? Yes, Sue enjoyed it very much. 4 What time .................? It finished et L0.30. @ Wally also intended to go to the concert, but evefihing went wrong. You have to put in the correct form of these verbs. 1 W\"lly (not, see) Robert, because he.............. (not, get) to Robert's house in good time. 2 He .............. (not, arrive) at Robertt house on time because he .............. (not, be) ready. 3 He .............. (not, could) find the hall because he (not, know) where it was. 4 He .............. (not, could) get in because he .............. (not, have) a ticket! t3

He cooked (past sirnple - 2) The Story Of a Holiday O Carol is asking her friend Mary about her holiday. The verbs are all past tense, but they may be affirmative, interrogative or negative: you .............. a good holiday in Spain, Mary? AC HAVE M Yes, we did. C Tell me about it. M -Well, we ..... the night ferry to Santander. CATCH The voyage .............. very nice, because the weather was bad. BE BM Anyway, I .............. a sleeping pill, TAKE and I for a couple of hours. SLEEP SLEEP IJnfortunately John , which was a piry BE because he ... . very tired. CC How much the holiday .............. ? COST COST M Well, it .............. us anything, PAY SPEND because John's father for everything, but we . a lot of moneY on the triP. DC you .............. any trouble with passPort control? HAVE LOSE M Yes!John .... his passport for 10 minutes, FIND but he it again finalIy, so it was OK. STAY E C 'Where you .............. ? MAKE TELL M John's father ..... reservations for us in an HAVE old hotel in San Sebastian; they .............. us it was 100 years old. It was very nice, but they bathrooms in the rooms! C And what .............. you .............. ? DO GO M On the first day we .............. to the market. SPEND C you .............. a lot of money there? SPEND/HAVE BIJY M No, we much money, because we .... much money!John a seashell necklace for me. GC you .............. to the beach? GO M IYes, every day. GET sunburned! MEET SPEAK C you .............. any nice people? M I .............. to a lot of people; theyre very friend1y. More lrregular Verbs @ You have to complete each space in the table below with one of the irregular verbs in the box. Do the easy ones first! LI rose flew broke threw fheidll bit sang grew fraTnglI rode i i I bite fly hide rrse break forget fall grow ride srng rrng throw 14

Mixed Bug @ Here are nine sentences. ln each blank you have to use the past tense of one of the irregular verbs presented on the facing page. lf you can, cover the facing page and do the exercise without looking! 1 The bird . ..... into the air and .... . a song. 2 He came to the front door and .. ... the bel1. 3 She dropped the glass on the floor, and it ... offl 4 Fred got on his bicycle and ...... to school. Unfortunately, he ... 5 Ow! That dog .... me! 6 Fred picked up the ball and ...... it to Robert. 7 The sun ...... at 6.35 arn yesterday. 8 Fred's jacket is too small for him now; he ... ... 5 cm last year. 9 Carol ...... five pounds in her room, but then she .. ... where she put it, and now she can't find it! Matching @ Write ten sentences by matching items from the three columns, and using the past tense of the verb. The fat lady DRIVE 100 metres in 10 seconds The exam candidate RUN he could j,r-p across the stream The driver KNOW a huge amount of food The small boy EAT his taxi all day yesterday The runner THINK the answer to question number 2 The dentist CARRY the helicopter over the ciry The police TAKE OUT psychology from 1985 to 1992 The teacher my tooth last Thesday The porters CATCH the thieves two days ago FLY the luggage to the bus The pilot TEACH Past Or Present? @ Here are eight sentences. Five of them are in the past and three are in the present. Put in the correct forms of the verbs given. 1 I ...... (learn) French these days; what have you been doing? 2 -LWInchleaVt ict.o...r.. ..... (teach) Maths at the local FE college when he was young. 3 (you, wear) for the parry tomorrow night? 4 I .............. (sell) my old car; do you want to buy it? 5 He spoke slowly, but I . (not, understand) him. 6 He said \"tomorrow\", but he ... ... (mean) \"never\"! 7 I .............. (learn) French when I was young. 8 She . ..... (sell) her flat and went to live inJapan. A Last Check On the Past Tense @ Complete the missing parts of these sentences in the past tense (affirmative, interrogative, negative). She ..... ..... the answer. KNOW She. .n't. theanswer. she ...... the answer? Yes, she ... 15

She was reading (past continuous) Look at the picture, the sentences below. Carol u)as reading a rnagazine when the phone rang. Dennis and Fred u)ere watching TY. O Now complete these sentences with a verb from the box in the past continuous (see Unit 85 if you are not sure about the spelling). 1 V'Wict-oinriast.o...n............... supper in the kitchen. leave cook 2 the cat round the garden. swim chase 3 LIncle Victor and Auntie Mabel .. the house. 4 Ophelia quietly round and round in circles. USE A W'e use the PAST CONTINUOUS (she was coming) to say that something was going on at a particular time in the past. It does not say whether the action was finished or not: I was having supper at 7 o'clock. Carol was living with her parents at that time. See LInit 85 for spelling. B We often use the PAST CONTINUOUS with the past simple, when the second action interrupts the first. The first action may or may not contlnue: I was walking down the High Street when the accident happened. (You probably never finished the walk!) I was having a shower when he arrived. (One action interrupted the other, but you probably finished!) C Some verbs are almost never used in the continuous tenses. Here are seven of them: mean like want hear know understand Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and four are wrong. Tick(/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others (two of them are the wrong form, two are the wrong tense). 1 We were iust leaving. 2 I sat in the kitchen when the explosion occurred. 3 Was she practising the piano when you arrived? 4 They not were doing anything wrong. 5 I wasn't understanding what you said 6 You were waiting for us? t6

Victoria At School Yesterday, Victoria was in her school, where she teaches English and History. This was her timetable. Teach English (1st form) Teach History (3rd form) 9 10 10 1,1, Break (coffee) (5th form) 1,1 1,1.30 11.30 12.30 Teach Eng Lit 1,2.30 2.00 Lunch 2.00 4.00 Supervise games @ Now you have to complete the following sentences, in the same way as the example. Example: At 9.30 Victoria 1 2 At 11.15 she 3 At 12 o'clock she 4 5 Verbs and Prepositions, and the Past Continuous @ Here are eight sentences to complete. You have to choose the right verb from the box, and put it in the past continuous. get off get on Iook up listen to 1 'When I arrived, John ...... a progranlme on the radio. 2 As the passengers ..... the bus at the bus stop, it suddenly started to move. 3 Fred ...... his bicycle to go to school when he saw'W.illiam. 4 'While you ... ... that word in a dictionzr!,I wrote a whole letter! climb in wait for lie down put on 5 'W.here were you at 1 o'clock? I ... ... you outside the cinema. 6 Victoria ..\".. on the sofa when Dennis arrived home. 7 Fred ...... his shoes when his mother shouted: \"Flurry up, Fred!\" 8 Sally ...... the window when Winston saw her and started to bark. Mixed Bag: Past Simple and Past Continuous @ Choose the right verb and the right tense for each of these sentences. 1 Robert .... .. in the street when he ... he sawJimmy sitting in a taxi! STAND THINK 2 At six o'clock I ..... just.. .. the office when it.... to rain. BEGIN LEAVE 3 Carol ...... in the park when a man ... her handbag. TAKE SIT 4 Carol had a new teacher yesterday. He ...... a pair of blue jeans with holes in them, but she ...... a lot! LEARN WEAR 5 He ..... her a question, but she ...... not ..... what he meant. ASK KNO\\M 6 The man ...... he ...... not ...... Russian. SAY UNDERSTAND 7 I .............. home yesterday when a man .. me d500 for my car! OFFER DRIVE 8 He wasn't very careful with his money; he . half of it, and ...... the other half to the poor. GIVE SPEND 'Wa frAieTnCd HhomBeRlIaNstGnight, when the family 9 Robert . television in the living room. t7

I went I was going (past sirnple and continuous) Study the text, and look at the picture below. Jessica Blah,e wrote two nouels last year. This year she was writing her third nouel when she brohe her wrist. Now she can't write at all. --'1 d@ o Now 1com'Wple.hteatthes.e....s.e(nytoeun,cdeos), using the correct past tense. (ring)? when the phone 2 It .... .. (rain) when we .... .. (go) out. 3 The thief ...... (climb) through the window when the dog ...... (hear) him. 4 Fred ...... (watch) the television when Robert .... (come) home. rUTSoErl A Both tenses are based on past time. The past simple is complete. It started in the past and finished in the past. It may be a single event, or many. The past continuotts ts incomplete.It started in the past, and was interrupted, or wasnt finished. PAST SIMPLE I I *.rt home. I PAST CONTINUOUS I was leaving the house/when the phone rang. B -We use some verbs in simple tenses only (see also Unit 5): I didn't understand that. He liked her. He wanted some ice cream. You cannot say: X He was liking her. I He was wanting ice cream. @ ln these sentences, five of the verbs underlined are correct and four are wrong or strange. Tick (/) the correct ones, and say what is wrong with (or strange about) the others. 1 A new secretary came in but I wasn't knowing her. 2 Fred was climbing a tree when he fell. 3 'W.hen she arrived I listened to a concert on the radio. 4 I was liking your friend very much. 5 I drove to Scotland when I had the accident.

Choose the Right Alternatives @ You have to complete these sentences, by choosing the best alternative. a shark bit him. a shark was biting him. tyre burst. g lunch. 4 Robert opened the door and Fred{ walked in' t was walking in. 5 -we wwweearnettcwinhateotcdhthineg\"wijo-toh\"d^esp^aa^nr-ad^dse;a.ww..h,s-eo^nm-esobmove'sbowdhyofi{rtewsdweaaremshsiownt.ima lmakine'g in the lake' 6 'we we 7 The sun shone ) the children went to the church' 8 'TwhheilesuMn awraislysnhwinairsgryi p'insog the letter, {I tlt was,making several mistakes' sne maoe several mistakes. g They were having breakfast when the postmrr, {t *'-' coming' came. A Chapter Of Accidents @ Now you have to look at this table, and then complete the sentences about each person or group of people. Name Activity AccidenVevent Brian Smith go home see/accident The Browns drive to Manchester car/break down Barry Short break/eg mountaineering Delia Harris practise karate twisVankle Donna and Mike Wall cook lndian food the cooker/explode Tim Black walk in park fall down/hole Tina Turnbull geycramp SWIM Example: B?,fu.$r:;lt w gbc hr*.4,1%.k rqy,lk.as/pra- 1 The Browns 2 Barry Short 3 Delia Harris 4 Donna and Mike Wall 5 Tim Black 6 Tina Turnbull A Little History @ Each of these sentences is about a historical event, with two verbs. You have to (a) decide which is the right verb for each blank, and (b) choose the form of the verb. 1 The native Americans .............. already ... in America when Columbus ..... in 1.492. LIVE ARRIVE 2 Cortes .... to Mexico rn 1.51.2 and .............. the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. DEFEAT SAIL ......J Isaac Newton discovered graviry when he under a tree and an apple .... on his head. SIT FALL 4 Kirrg'William II of England .. .... animals in the forest when an arrow HIT HUNT GO BEGIN .. in the eye. KILL WALK 5 Lenin ...... to Russia rn 191,7 and the revolution .............. 6 Gandhi ... in the street when a fanatic .... him. T9

Review: present and past, sirnple and continuous These exercises give opportunities to practise these four tenses: simplePresent I come (he comes) Present conttnuous I am coming (he is coming) Past simple She came Past continuous She was coming (you were coming) Past Tenses Of Irregular Verbs O First you have to complete al! these sentences with he past tense of the right verb. , bite forget bring 1 He ... his dog with him to my house, but he ...... to give the dog anything to eat, and it him! send win build 2 He ..... d100,000 in the lottery and he - -ft airs...... a new house, and d10,000 to his mother. -- , bieati- r;ta_-- I The nightingale ... to the top of the tree and ...... a beautiful song. But the branch ..... and the bird ... to the ground. lend throw find lose Carol ..... a copy of the book they all wanted in a drawer, and she ...... it to her friend, but her friend ... the book or ... 1t away. Ctimn hide catch 5 The policeman ..... behind a tree and . ..... the thief as he ...... out of the window. Robert, Dennis and Fred @ Complete these blanks with the right form of the verb given in brackets. A Dennis Dennis usually ..... (go) to the supermarket on'Wednesdays, but he .............. (not, go) yesterday because he .... .. (have) a lot of things to do. He .............. (g\") today. Look, there he is! He ;,;;,;.t JI1',5liJ': :::::-il:::}l[,i:i'j.ii;;;;;;i1\",:r,:'xl,#:b;;; (carrv) a Robert ...... (write) the answers and This morning Robert ...... (find) r*o faxes on his desk, so he .... (send) them to Spain. He .............. usually .. (not, do) that work, but several of the staff . ..... (b.) away today. And his boss always ..... (say) the same thing: \"If you (want) something to be done, do it yourself!\" Fred On Saturday mornings, Fred .... (not, have) school. Last Saturday the sun ..... . (shine) brightly, so he ..... k.0 on his bicycle and . ..... (ride) to his friendt house. He .. (ring) the bell, but they ...... (not, answer) the door. He .. .... (hear) the sound of music which ...... (come) from the back garden so he ...... (go) round and .. ... (find) his friend in the garden. \"'Why .... (yor, not, open) the door when I ..... (ring) the bell?\" he asked. \"I ...... (listen) to the radio and I ... (not, hear) you,\" his friend answered. 20

Robert (walk) home from the office one day when he .............. (t..) an old friend called Steve. Steve (stand) at a bus stop. \"Hello, Steve!\" said Robert. \"-W'hat .............. (yor, do) these days?\" \"Robert! What a surprise! I .......... . (*ork) at'Wilson's for the time being. How about you?\" \"We11, I .............. (start) working at Dixon's about 5 years ago, and now I (feel) hrppy there. I ......... .... (*o.k) in the accounts department.\" Hello, come in. -W'hat's your name, please? 'SWtevhe aJotnes. (yor, do) at present? Well, I .............. (work) at'Wilsonb, but I .............. (look) for a permanent job. I .............. (see) your advertisement, and here I am! Good. 'W.hat school ...... (yoo, go) to? 'IW...h...a...t..... (go) to Buxton Comprehensive. ... (you,study) there? I .............. (study) Maths and Science. (yor, get) good results in your \"A\" levels? Yes, I (geQ two \"A\" levels, with a good grade in Maths. And what .............. (yoo, do) after you .............. (leave) school? Well, e yeat ago I (come) to live in London, and (stay) with an old friend in his flat. I ..... (sleep) on the floor for a month, but then I .............. (bry) a small bed and we .... b\"0 it in the spare room. I .............. (not, stay) there now because about six months ago I ...... (move) into a larger flat with a group of two other friends. Thatb where I .............. Gtry) now. We .............. (share) the rent between the three of us every month. We ... ... (have) a room each. And why ... (you, apply) for this job? Well, I .............. (want) a job where I can have the mornings free. I .............. (prefer) working in the afternoons. This job is from 1 tiIl 8 pm, isn't it? lestaurant Fill inr the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given. Excuse me, I believe you ...... (look) for a waiter. Yes, that's right, ... (yor, want) a job? Yes, I (want) a job as a waiter. Yes, I (yor,speak) French? (speak) French. Right. Here is our menu; it's all in French (you,understand) it? Yes, I (understand) most of it, but I (not, know) what \"poisson\" .............. (mean). That's the French for fish! L..... (think) you knew French! We1l, I .............. (know) a little. I ..... (study) it at school. You (not, learn) much at school did you! Why ..... (yoo, not, go) to the fish and chip shop down the road and ask them for a job?

He has finished (present perfect - 1) Robert, Carol and Fred are going to a campsite in France for three days. They are leauing tomorcou) mornirug; haae they finished their preparations? Look at this table and the three sentences below. Collect tickets Robert Carol Fred Pack rucksack Change money ,/ ,/ x x 'Wash socks / Carol has collected the tickets. Has Carol changed her money? Fred hasn't packed his rucksack. o Using the table, complete the following sentences with the right form of the appropriate verb. 1 Robert ..... his rucksack. 3 ...... (Carol) her socks? USE -We use the PRESENT PERFECT tense to join the past and the present. It does this in r'tvo ways. I A The action started in the past and continues to the present. I have lived here for 10 years. B The acti'on was in the past, but it has an EFFECT in the present: Past time Present time I've made coffee. fX/ould you like some?) i -We don't use present perfect with yesterday /last week etc. *li FbRM l 'We use have or has * verb*ed or an irregular form. -- I He has finished. Have you found it? She hasn't forgotten. , i Irregular Past Participles @ You have to complete each blank with a past participle in the box. r taken broken grown brought cut rung won --t , flown bought lent drunk done hidden written forgotten seen caught sent found found , brtten eaten ridden given bite bit eat ate ride rode find found rmg rang break broke fly flew see saw bring brought forget forgot send sent bry bought glve gave take took grow grew take took catch caught hide hid lend lent wln won cut cut do did wrlte wrote drink drank 22

Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. (Two are wrong form, and one is wrong use.) 1 He has gave me the first letter. 2 Have you seen the new fi1m? 3 I have seen her three days ago. 4 He didn't has done that. 5 They have flown across the Atlantic three times. It Has Happened @ You have to read the sentence(s), then write a suitable sentence using the verb given. Example: Fred was using a knife. Now his finger is bleeding. (cut) . .H:bt\"1.h.A*.'to.', 1 Carol is looking for her bag. (lose) . 2 Fred has just got a new bike. (not, ride) 3 Victoria didn't want to cook. But there is some supper. (bring home, pizza) 4 lJncle Victor picked up the vase. Now it's on the floor. (break) 5 Robert is running the 100 yards race. He is at the end of the race! (win) 6 Dennis is getting a new car. (not, see) 'We Have Our Reasons @ Now you have to answer these questions. Use the present perfect of one of the verbs in the box, and any other words you need. I Oo fly lend ring see grow bite l Example: Can you lend me d5? No, I can't; . . !'.rq(al'ye+ . . d10 already! 1 Do you want to see this film? No, I don't; 2 Can you ring the bell again? Why? . . nvice already. 3 Why don't you like that dog? Because . . . three times already. 4 Didn't you recognise Fred? No! 5 \"Why don't you want to fly to Greece for your holiday?\" . . me twice already! \"I'm an airline pilot\" 6 inches in the last year! 6 Fred, why aren't you doing your homework? Because . to Athens 50 times this year.\" ....already! Mixed Bug @ You have to complete each blank with the right verb in the present perfect. 1. .. .... the baby .... his milk? Yes, but he .... .. (not) his food. EAT DRINK 2 Fred ..... my book somewhere. Oh, here it is. L..... it. HIDE FIND 3 It's my birthday; .....you ...... ? No, of course I havent, and I ...... you a present. Ooh! 'What is it? BUY FORGET 4 'W.here's Fred? He can't come; he .... .. a terrible cold. I'm sorry to hear that. . ..... you .... him some aspirin? Yes I have. He .. .... four today already! I think that's enough. TAKE GIVE CATCH 5 Carol ...... a long letter to Susan, but she ...... (not) it, because she has.WnltRgoITt aEstamp. SEND

For an hour Since 10 ann Just (present perfect - 2) Look at these pictures, and study the sentences. He has sat there sinee Monday. He has just started He has sat there for fiue days. his fast. O Now complete these sentences with SINCE, FOR, JUST or HOW LONG. 1 \"John is late.\" \"No he isn't; he's .............. arrived.\" 2 I've been here.............. half an hour. 3 'Well, I've been here ..... 2 o'clock! 4 And ...... have you been here, Carol? A We have been here since April. He was here since 3 p-. IWe cannol say: X She is here since 3 pm. B 'We use FOR to indicate the perioil of time. APRIL MAY JUNE (now) for three months 'We have been here for three months. We have been here for wvo days. Not: X since rwo days 'We can use FOR with several different tenses. 'We can also say: I stayed there for e week. I am staying there for a week. I will stay there for a week. C 'We use JUST to mean \"a few moments ago It's 5.27 pm and the plane has just taken off. Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. ....... 1 I have lived in Paris since three months. ....-.. 2 I have lived in Paris since August. ....... 3 She has been a senior partner ftaJ34g4ry. ....... 4 She hx been a senior partner for six months. ....... 5 How time have you lived here? 24

Frorn Past To Present @ Complete these sentences with FOR or SINCE. 1 'We have sat here ... . more than an hour. 2 Peter has worked at Dixon's .. six months now. 3 Sal1y has lived in her new house ..... March. 4 \"I haven't seen her .... Monday.\" 5 John has been in his new flat ...... three weeks. 6 TheJohnsons have lived in their house ...... 1962. 7 They will stay here . .. at least a month. 8 I haven't had a meal ...... noon. 9 The builders have been in the house ...... last Thursday. 10 It was a short concert; they played ... less than an hour. Do You Know the Answer? @ Complete each sentence with FOR or SINCE, and one of the phrases from the box. Only one phrase is correct for each sentence. Tip: read all the sentences before doing them. A 1 .....The Second 'World 'War lasted i 1789 about 500 years 6 years 1945 i 2 The United Nations has existed .. i 3 Europeans have lived in Amerrca ..... 4 France has been a republic , years 1860lrFA<A? I i about 50 l_716t_ about 20!_! vears _i B 1 The USA has been independent .... 2 Christianiry has existed 3 Italy has been a single country 4 There hasn't been a major European war ...... The Johnson Family @ Complete each sentence with FOR or SINCE and a phrase from the box. 1 Robert has been working for'Wilson's ... ii SO years tea-time 2 Fred has been trying to do his homework 9o'clock 3years , r,. -________ __-_ ___,__-l 3 \"'W'e've been waiting for you .... this morning. 'Where have you been?\" 4 \"My grandparents have lived in the same house ............... :' New News @ You have to respond to these statements in the same way as the example, using JUST. Example: Carol is going to be late. No, she ..k, i4r44..\"yi!,4' .. (arrive) 1 'We've missed the first 20 minutes of the film. No, we're OK, it .... (start) 2 Are you ready to go home? Yes, I ....... (finish my work) 3 The ba\\ was born last night! Yes, I ...... (hear the news) 4 Did you know about this yesterday? No, they ...... (tell me) 5 They must leave soon, or they'lI be late. It's all right, they ....... ....... (leave) 25

I have gone I went (present perfect and past) O Put a tick (/) in the right column for each of the verbs in the conversation below (two have been done for you). 1n joining PAST 1n & PRESENT 1 Where do you live now? PAST PRESENT 2 I arn living in London. 3 Didn't you live in Madrid for a long time? ./ ,/ 4 No. I lived in Barcelona when I was a boy. 5 How long have you lived in London? 6 Five years. But ['ve been back to Barcelona 7 several times. I went there last weekend, actually. 8 Yes, I've rnade two trips to Barcelona myself this year. 9 Did you enjoy the trips? 10 Yes, but I prefer London. USE A -We use the PAST TENSE (I went, she walked) to describe activities which starteil anil finisheil i in the past. We often use expressions like these with the past tense: yesterday half an hour ago last week ten years ago last year B -We use the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (I have done it, they've left) to describe activities which join the past to the present. 1 Activities which continue from the past to the present: Robert has worked as accountant for five years. (and he still does) 2 Activities which have finished, but have an EFFECT in the present: I have seen that movie. (=and I don't want to go again) Have you ever met John? (-thr[ I introduce you now?) -We often use expressions like this with the present pe until now already tt(oday since I t o far this week up to now Good English? @ Look at the verbs underlined in each of these sentences. Three of them are the wrong tense. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I live here for six years. 2 -We met John last night. 3 Have )rou seen that progralrune on TV last night? 4 Have you seen Peter latelY? 5 I wrote three letters so far this evemng. 6 She hasn't spoken to Tom since April. 26

Five Pairs @ ln each of these pairs, one verb is in the past tense and one is in the present perfect. First mark each sentence P (past) or PP (present perfect). Then write in the verbs in the right tense. La John and Sue are going to Mallorca for their holiday. They ...... (never/be) there before. 1b Last year they ..... . (go) to Lisbon. 2a My mother's father died before I was born. I ..... (never, meet) him. 2b My fathert father lives in Scotland. I ...... (see) him rwice so far this year. 3a 'Whe...n... (yor, do) your homework? Yes, here it is. ...... (yor, do) it? Last night. 3b 4a Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin, but he ... ... (live) in London or Paris for most of his life. .. (live) there all her life. 4b Queen Elizabeth II lives in Buckingham Palace. She .... 5a There was an elephant here yesterday; ...... (yor, see) it? 5b I .............. (never, see) an elephant in my whole life. The Johnson Farnily @ Complete these sentences about what the Johnson didfiave done. Use the information given in ital ics. Victoria sings in a choir. She started in 1985. t She .. . many years. 2 Dennis used to playfootballfor an amateur team. He .. .. from 1975 - 1985. 3 The Johnson family liue in Hampton. They since 1980. 4 Fred was born in their present house. He........ .......... life. 5 Fred goes to secondary school now. Before that, he . to primary school for four years. 6 Carol studies in art school. She . there for rwo years. 7 Robert is an accountant. He ........ his final exams f\"vo years ago. A Conversation @ Put the verbs given in the conversation between Sue and Carol in the right tenses. S Hello, Carol, I .............. (not, see) you for ages! C Thatt right. We last ... G..) each other at school rwo years ago. S Are you at college now? C Yes, I am. I . (start) in 1.994. S Oh, so you .............: (be) there for two years, then. And how's Robert? C Fine. He .............. fust, start) a new job with an accountancy firm. S Oh. And where (he, be) before that? C He .............. (*o.k) in a bank for a yeer, but he ..... (not, like) it. S How long (he, be) with his present firm? C He .. .... (*o.k) there for six months now. S How (he, get) the job? C He .. .... (answer) an ad in the newspaper. 27

I had worked (past perfect) Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below. (Haaing breakfast in the Zoo . . .) tNhen the clown woke up, the monkeY They couldn't find the lion had already eaten his breakfast. tamer because the lion had eaten him. e Now complete these sentences with the past perfect of a verb from the box. 1 Robert couldn't find his pen because Fred ............-. it. eat do 2 Dennis opened the fridge, but Carol .. the ice-cream. drink take Ja Victoria ...... the cleaning before Dennis got home. the milk. 4 The jug was empty because uncle Victor ...'.. already .... USE -J A 'We use the PAST PERFECT when one action comes before another in the past: \"beJore-past\" past She had already left . . . .when I woke up- She had cut her hair short. I was surprised- B With BEFORE and AFTER, we can rtse the past perfect, but we don't have to use it: He left before I arrived. I arrived after he left. He had left before I arrived. I arrived after he had left. I FOR}I We form the past perfect with HAD * past participle: Affirmative: He had eaten his suPPer. Negative: He had not eaten his supper. Interrogative: Had he eaten his supper? We often use the past perfect with NEVER, JUST and ALREADY I didn't see him because he had just left. She was nervous because she had never flown before. 28

Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the verbs underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct one'sl, and rewrite the others (one is an impossible sentence). 'W.hen I returned he had finish the job. 2 'W.hen I telephoned they had alreadlz gone home. 3 I didn't had seen her until that day. 4 He left 10 minutes before I had arrived. 5 He had just finished packing when the porter arrived. The Family I{ave Different Schedules @ Complete these sentences with the right form of the verb (they are all past perfect). 1 Robert got up at 6.30 am. His mother ..... . (already, make) coffee. 2 Fred got up at7.30 am. Robert .. 3 Fred left at 8.30 am. Carol (already, leave) for the office. .. (not, get) up. 4 Robert came home at 7 prrr. Fred ..... (already, come) back from school. 5 Dennis arrived at7 .30 pm. Victoria and Robert ...... (make) the supper. 6 Carol got home at 10 pm because she was working in a cafeteria. The others .............. (already, have) therr supper. Mixed B\"g @ Complete these sentences like the example, using JUST, NEVER or ALREADY. Example: Susan offered to iron my shirts, but I M./rl/,,,/./r/.h41*4 them. Robert was late for work yesterday. That surprised everyone. He ... before. I missed the train by about 30 seconds. lt .... ...... (leave). 3 She asked me to have lunch with her at 2 o'clock, but I I always have lunch early. 4 She got into the driving seat nervously. She .. t car before. Two Secretaries: One Lazy and One F{ard-working @ You have to put in the right tense of the verb (past or past perfect). 1 'W.hen Rose ... (g.0 to the office at 9 o'clock, Susan had already started work. 2 Rose typed fwo letters before 10 o'clock; Susan 3 They both had coffee at eleven, but when Rose (already, rype) ten. (return) et 1,130, Susan had already gone back to her desk. 4 Susan finished her morning's work at L prn. By that time Rose (go) to lunch. 5 ..... (come) back from lunch already done half an 'When Rose at2.15, Susan had hour's work. .... (already, leave). 6 'when Susan finished work ar 5.30, Rose The Mad Professor Goes To oxford ro Give a Lecture @ You have to complete the second half of the sentence, putting the two verbs in the right tense (past or past perfect). 1 The mad professor got to the station, but he (forget) to bring any money so he (go) back home. .. (not, catch) the right train because it 2 He ran back to the station; he (already, leave). 3 He eventually arrived in Oxford, but the meeting (already, start), so he (sit) down and listened. 4 It was his turn to speak, but he ...... (not, have) his notes with him because he .. (leave) them on the train. 29

I-Jsed to (repetitive past) Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below. When he was at college, Now he driues a car. (and he's bald!) Does h,e ride a bicycle? Dennis used to ride a bicycle. Not now, but he used to. He used not to driue a car. (and he wasn't bald!) O Now complete these sentences in the past (with USED T0) or the present. l 'W.hen Carol was Fredt age, she ... .-- (climb) trees. 2 She .... .. (not, climb) trees now. 3 Fred and Robert sometimes .. .. (pl\"y) football. USE USED TO is past tense only. There is no present tense. -We use USED TO for continuous activities in the past- Example: I used to play football when I was a boy. He used to cry a lot when he was a babY. She used to wear a hat, but now she never does. .A/ole: we cannot use USED TO in the present. 'We normally use the present simple tense e.g. This baby cries a lot. Negatiue; I never used to go to the theatre. I used not to go to the theatre. (more formal) I didn't used to go to the theatre. (less formal, but very comrnon) Interrogatiue: Did you used to go to the cinema? (Iess formal, but very comrnon) Answer. Do you play football much? Not now but I used to. @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I use to get uP at seven o'clock. 2 They used to come and see me quite often. 3 I not used to like her, but I do now. 4 I was used to have supper with Fred, but now I don't. 5 \"Are you a good tennis PlaYer?\" \"I used to be.\" 30

Tell the Truth, Dad! Fred\\ father, Dennis, wants Fred to study more. @ Complete these sentences with forms of USED T0. Dennis Come on Fred, you've got to study more. Fred ...... study a lot when you were young? Dennis Certainlyl ...... I study every everung. Victoria Ahem!! (cough) Fred Go on, I bet you . ..... (not) ...... study EVERY evening, Dad! Dennis 'Wel1 I ..... . (not ) . study every evening, but I ...... study two or three evenings a week, and you don't even do that! Fred Mum, ...... my dad . ..... three evenings a week? Victoria Er, I'm not sure you . ..... study so much, Dennis? Dennis Well, I ..... . study one evening a week. ...... at all! Victoria Dennis, tell Fred the truth. You ...... (not) Forty Years Ago Things 'Were Different In England @ Read the example. Then write the second sentence in the same way (Forty years ago . . .). Example: Today meat costs d5 a kilo tu: .... m Pf,,1,/ *. :d l?t : (\\5-\"0ro/ ) 1 Everyone goes to New York by plane these days. (shiP) 2 Now people take their cars everywhere. 3 ;;;; ;i.,;i;,;; ;;;pi. ;il ;\";il; ;;;,10\"\"') ;;#;il4 .;; ;;,il.\",J r\";,h;t; i;i;r, i\"#1: ffil:t PeoPIe) . (only a few people) 5 There are thousands of cars on the streets of London today. (verY rew) 6 *.;; ;\";.;;;;; j;;;,h.;;;r; 7 p.;;i; ;\";;;;;;;; ;; (most women' not) 'n; (people, not) Titnes Change @ Now you have to complete these sentences with USED T0 and the verb in brackets, or the present tense. \"When I was a young girli' said Auntie Mabel, \"things were dffirent. But times change,\" ...... (go) to 1 \"In those days boys and girls ...... (go) to different schools, but today they school together.\" 2 \"In those days most girls ...... (not, go) to universiry but today many girls ...... (go).\" 3 \"In those days girls ...... (not, drive) cars, but today girls and boys both ...... (drive) CATS.,, ...... (study) the piano, but today they . .. (g\") to discos with 4 \"In those days most girls their friends.\" 5 \"In those days girls ...... (stay) at home, but today they . .... (d\")just what they like.\" 6 \"In those days girls ...... (wear) hats and gloves when they went out, but today young girls often ...... (wear) blue jeans.\" 7 \"In those days girls ...... (not, wear) trousers, but today many girls . .... (wear) trousers.\" B \"In those days girls ...... (not, work), but today they . .... O.) career women.\" 37

I arn doing I do (future - 1) Look at the picture, and study the sentences be low. fd better go. I'm flying to Hamburg tonight. The plane leaaes at 7.45. e Now complete each sentence with the present stmple or present conttnuous of a verb from the box. 1 I ...... at the end of the week. leave start open g0 2 The new term . in SePtember. 3 The Rembrandt exhibition .............. on February 17th. 4 She . to New York for her holidaYs. USE ,il;;;il;r,,;--lA 'We use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS (I'm flying) when we talk a I made: 'What are you doing on WednesdaY? I'm seeing Helen; we're having suPper together. B W'e use the PRESENT SIMPLE when we talk about fixed arrangements for the present and future, such as airline timetables, bus and train schedules, cinema and theatre times etc: The progranune starts at7.35. The bus for Manchester leaves in ten minutes. C You can sometimes use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS for timetables etc. when you are speaking of a particular case: My bus is leaving in 10 minutes. , I i V\"\" cannot use the present simple for your own plans: i X 'What do you do next week? X I have supper with Helen. L Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are \"normal\" and three are \"strange\". Tick (/) the normal ones, and say why the others are strange. 1 The train leaves in five minutes. 2 'W.hat do you do tomorrow?. 3 The London train is arriving in Glasgow at 6-43 arn- 4 They're driving to Spain for their holidays' 5 W. gq to a disco tomorrow night with Sue andJames. 32

Robert's Plans For the Veek Robert always knows what he is doing the next day. @ Look at Robert's diary, and then complete each sentence, with the verb in the present continuous tense. 1 On Monday, Robert FEBRUARY 2 On Tuesday he 3 On Wednesday he 1Mon See director 9.30 am 4 On Thursday he 2Tue Concert 5 On Friday he 3Wed Supper-Sam&Mary 6 On Saturday he 4Thu Cinema Carol 7.30 7 On Sunday he Fri 5 Study for exam 6Sat Disco Jane (time)? 7Sun Church parents 11 am Schedules, Timetables. . . @ Now you have to complete each sentence with the right verb from the box, in the present simple tense. ' have open start arrive begin close stop leave finish 1 The coach for Edinburgh ...... London at 8.30 pm and . ..... in Edinburgh at 6.45 am. 2 The concert .. .... at7.30 prn and .............. at 10.15. 3 Next term we ... ... maths first thing in the morning. 4 We ..... working at 1 pm for lunch. After lunch we ..... . classes again at 2.00 pm. 5 I think the library ..... . at 10 am today and .... .. at 6 pm. Simple Or Continuous? @ Now complete each sentence with the best form of the verb (the present simple or present continuous). Some alternatives are possible. -'WWhhatattime 1 ... the first performance .............. ? (begin) 2 (plan) you ...... for next weekend? 3 Mrry and George ..... . to Corfu for a fortnightt holiday soon. (go) 4 \"Classes ...... at 8.30 am, so don't be late.\" (start) 5 \"'W'i11you be in on Monday?\" \"No, I ...... at home next week.\" (work) The Ghost Of Hamlet's Father Robert is an amateur actor, and next week he is acting in Hanl.et. @ Read this dialogue between Sarah and Robert, and put in the best form of the verb (present simple or prSese.nWt chonatitnuous).. you (do) next week? R I ..... . (act) rn Hamlel every night next week. S 'What fun! 'What part ...... you .... (play)? R The ghost. I'm Hamlets father. ...... (start)? S 'What time .... . the play R At 7.30. S your parents ..... (come) to see you? R Yes, they ...... (come) on Thursday. S And what time ...... the play .. .... (finish)? R At 11. S Oh dear, thatt late. The last bus ..... (leave) at 11 o'clock. R The play ... (close) on Friday. Carol . (come) on Friday. - S Good! Expect me on Friday! I .............. (g\") shopping with Carol on Friday afternoon. R ......you ...... (not, work) on Friday? S No, school .............. (finish) at lunchtime on Friday. I'm free from 1 o'cIock, and Carol can take me home afterwards. 33

Going to (futarc - 2) Look at the picture, and study the sentences below. 5 That car's going to crash \\ in a minute. -/ s/ I'm going to call the police. O Complete these sentences with GOING T0, affirmative, interrogative or negative. 1 'What ..... do tomorrow? It's Saturday. 2 I'm feeling tired, so I . ..... do any work! 3 I ..... . visit a friend of mine in the country. 4 'We11, it .... . be a nice day. The weather man said so. USE I A 'We use GOING TO when we are talking about our desires or intentions. It's similar to VANT TO, or INTEND TO. I'm going to see that film on Friday. (want to, intend to) I'm going to call the police. \"'What are you going to do tonight?\" \"I'frr going to stay in and watch a film.\" B 'We also use GOING TO when we can see that something is going to happen, because there is evidence of it in the present: Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. That cart going to crash in a minute! Pete Sampras is playing brilliantly as usual; he's going to win this match. C -We can also use GOING TO with GO: It's late; I'm going to go home. Good English? @ Look at GQING TO in these sentences; two of them are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 She's going to play tennis tomorrow. 2 I don't going to wait for you; it's late. 3 Are you going to go to the concert? 4 -W.hat you going to do next week? 34 5 'Where you are going to park the car?

The Road To Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions @ Sue is very busy, and her boss, Jane Rainier, is impatient. Fill in Sue's replies to her questions, using GOING TO etc. 1 Have you typed the report yet? No, ............................ (now). 2 Have you done the accounting? Not, yet, L........................... (this aft ernoon). 3 Have you bought the coffee and the biscuits? No, I ............................ (in my lunch hour). 4 Have you posted those letters yet? No, I ............................ (after work). @ Jane has some more questions. Complete them. 1 When file all these papers? Er, late this afternoon. 2 When tidy up your desk? Er. I'lJ ry artd do iL romorrow morning. 3 When pay the telephone bill? Er, tomorrow afternoon, ifl can. 4 And when stop sayng \"er\"? Er, oops, sorry. Ten Situations: What Is Q6ing To Happen? O lmagine you are in these ten situations. What do you say? 1 You have a ten ninute walk to ger home, and it is beginning to rain. What do you say to yourselfr \"I ............................ I\" (-e0 2 You and Jim are hurrying to a 10 o'clock meeting. It is 9.55; the journey is about 15 minutes. What do you say? \"We ............................ !\" (late) 3 You are in a plane. You look out ofthe window and see a mountain straight ahead. What do you say? *We ............................ I\" (crash into) 4 You see a dog running towards your ftiend, barking and snarling. 'W'hat do you say? \"That dog !\" (bite) 5 Your boss rudely tells you to sweep up the mess on the floor. What do you say? \"I ............................ (not) ............. !\" 6 Gweep it up) You are travelling with your friend in his car, which is very old. It starts to make noisbs. What do you say? car !\"\"This &reak down) 7 Your favourite football team is t'wo goals ahead, and there is only five minutes left. \\Vhat do you say? \"I thinl< they !\" (win) 8 You watch your friend slowly packing her bag and talking. You notice that it's late. )\"::i::::.1:i1 ,,, (missyourplane) 9 You are driving, and see a child at the side ofthe road. The child starts to move. \\Vhat do you say? \"That child !\" (cross) 10 You are at the beginrring ofa concert. The pianist looks at the audience. Your ftiend is talking. What do you say? !\" (start playing) \"Shhh! He 35

I'll do it (future - 3) Look at the picture and study the sentences below. /') J-...',/ 4S Wae E\\rr, \"oTDhoins'tbwagorirsy,toIotllhecaaunyXftoirt me. yolt,.\" for o Complete these sentences in the same way. I must do the washing up. I .............. (do) it for you. 2 I think it .............. (rain) tomorrow. Ja I've got to take Janet to school , and I haven't got tlme- Don't worry I .............. (take) her for you. Ladies and gentlemen, the concert .............. O.gin) in five minutes.\" A w;,;. vi;;;;-*. .fib;;. pr.,r* ,\" J;=*;.,. ;-.;.;lr,s, It's cold, and I haven't got a warm sweater. Don't worry. I'11 lend you one. (Not: I I lend you one.) Shall I switch the light on? (see C below) (Not: I Do I switch the light on?) This is an offer now to do something in thefuturc.In some other languages, people use the present tense for this. B 'We use VILL for the future when we are sure something will happen, or we are predicting that it will happen: We will start the new millenium in the year 2000. Jane will go to universiry when she is 18. This is similar to present simple, which is especia\\ used for schedules and timetables (see Unit 16). It is different from GOING TO or present continuous, which express intentions or plans (see Units 1.6 and 1.7). C SHALL and'WILL Today, we don't often use SHALL for the future described above in B. 'We use SHALL for offers in the first person singular, when they are expressed as questions: Shall I help you? Shall I open the window? What shall we do this evening? In affirmative sentences, we mostly use the contraction 'll, or will. 36

The Perfect Secretary @ Janet is a good secretary. She wants to do everything her boss needs. Her boss, Anula, asks her to do these jobs. Fill in Janet's replies. Example: Can you rype this report, Janet? Yes, Anut^, ...!!4.W.4.t*t!,.. (now) 1 I'd like you to write to Professor Smith. Yes, I ....... (this afternoon) 2 We have to buy some coffee and biscuits. I ........ (my lunch hour) 3 Can you post these letters for me? Yes, I ..... (after work). 4 Can you do the accounts? Yes, I .... (tomorrow) 5 'We need to send this parcel to France. I ..... ... (o, Friday) Offers and Promises @ Now you have to complete these offers and promises with the verb given, and SHALL or 'LL (WILL). 1 I can't open the window; itt stuck. . you? (helP) 2 I can't read this; I haven't got my glasses. I ...... ... 1t to you. (read) 3 Robert, I can't reach my book; it's on that shelf. . it for you. (g.0 OK, Fred, I ... 4 I have to give this package to your wife. I ..... ....... rt to her if you like. (give) Predictions A: the 'Vorld @ Now complete these sentences using expressi )ns from the box and WILL or WON'T, as in the example. Example: .....1..4p*.7.il,;th14,... the President of my country ...t4b1.(..... come to see me; in fact 1, .. .1.'*.*t*g.. he .-.+tlo*|L... ,o^, to see me! iiL___Il_tdh_o=inn_'tk_t.h.l'_milnskure I 2 .... people ...... travel to Mars next year. i 3 .. people ...... travel to Mars in 10 years. i 4 5 ..... people .............. travel to Mars one day. ..... the third world war . ..... start tomorrow. ..... the third world war . ..... start in the next century. Ptedictions B: You and Your Farnily @ Now you. Using the same expressions, complete these sentences about yourself, using expressions from the box above and WILL or WON'T, as in the example. Example: ..|.'.ctrky.t k.w*'L.. get married in the next six months. 1 .. do well in my next examrnatlon. 2 ... play in the Olympic Games. ... learn to speak English one day. 3 .. be a famous ballet dancer in 10 years. 4 get a, better job next year. 5 6 ... get married one day. 7 ... be a politician one day. 37

Stand up 'Wait here Stop (irnperatives) Look at these pictures, and study the phrases. Stop! Don't cry, First, switch dear. the computer on,then... o Now se sentences with the appropriate verb in the box. listen (not) worry t ... ... at those beautiful picturesl wait look 2 ......; the dog doesn't bite! 3 ......, cafi you hear that noise? 4 ..... a minute; I'11 go with you. Let's Let Me Look at the pictures and study the phrases. \"It's su,nny! Let's go for a walk.\" \"Let me carry that.\" \"Don't let's go out; it's cold.\" @ Complete these sentences with LET'S or LET ME. 1 Do you want to go out? No, ...... stay at home. 2 Go to bed, John. Oh, ...... stay up for half an hour, Mum! 3 ...... go to Canada next ye^r; we need a long holiday. 4 ...... help you with that. No, it's all right, I can do it. USE A Orders from authoriry: These are the orders you must obey, from the police or the pilot of an airplane etc: Do not smoke during take ofr Stop at major road ahead B Helpful suggestions or emergencies: These are from your friends or well-wishers, who are giving you an order for your benefit Have a nice evening! Look out! Be careful! Enjoy yourself'! C Instructions on bottles and in manuals etc: Shake the bottle Now turn to page 33 D Suggestions for the individual or the group: Let's go! Let me open the door for you. FORM Irlegatiue Don't work too hard. (more for speaking) Do not work too hard. (more for writing) ContractionLet's : Let us

Authority, Helping, Or Instructions? Here are nine examples of imperatives. Read them. 1 Cut along this line. 6 'Wear a warm coat, dear! 2 A11 stand for the President. 7 Sit down and keep quiet. 3 Help yourself to a biscuit. 8 Enjoy yourselves! 4 Stop and report to the oflice. 9 Read this manual carefully 5 Mix the flour and the butter. before you start. @ Now write the number of each sentence in the appropriate column. One is done for you. ABC Authoriry Helping Instructions @ Complete each sentence in these three sets with a verb from the box, and DON'T if necessary. One set is like A above, one like B and one like C. Which is which? Set L ..... yourself, itt very hot! look be burn 1, ... careful! hold touch fall 2 3 that wire; it's live! (electric current) 4 into that hole! 5 out! There's a mad bul1 in the field! 6 on tight; we're going down! Set 2 the instructions in the booklet carefully. put wipe read these wires before switching off the electriciry. touch mix answer 1, ... 2 3 three questions from part one. 4 the disc into the computer, then press \"return\". 5 the computer with water; use a cleaning fluid. 6 the flour and the water, then add the butter. Set 3 enter stop walk keep fasten write 1 For official use only. below this line. 2 Danger! ...:..... out. 3 .! Police check point. 4 . on the grass. 5 ...... your seat belts. 6 Operation in progress! . ...... this room. Suggestions .t), :.i. !1\",6 lt:, ,tz q ,. o.. ,. '\".,'\":t.o,'-A.l;,: @ Complete these sentences with LET'S, LET ME, or DON'T. 1 ... ... go out for the day; I don't rvant to stay in. 2 OK, but ...... finish this letter first. 3 No, . ..... finish it; you can do it tonight. 4 All right, but . ..... drive to the coast. I feel like a swim. 5 -We11, you can swim if you want to, but .... ask me to swim; the watert too cold. 6 ...... swim if you don't want to. Now, ...... see, have we got everything? 7 Yes, I think so. But ...... forget to bring a bottle of water. 39

Review: all tenses - 1 ln Units 20-22, we practise all the tenses you have studied in the first 19 units. Present simple and continuous; He walks He is walking perfect:Past simple and continuous; He walked He was walking Present and past I have done I had done Future: She is leaving She will leave lmperatle: She is going to leave StoP! Note; ln some of these sentences, alternative answers may be possible. Notice how the meaning changes with a different tense. Mixed Bag - 1 e You have to put the verb given in the correct tense. 1 I was washing my hands when the telephone . ..... (ring). 2 ......you ...... (se11) yourhouse? Yes, I am, if I can get a goodprice forit. 3 John ...... (study) medicine at present. 4 I ..... . (watch) a film on TV when she arrived. 5 I feel hot and tired; I ..... (have) a bath. 6 Look at-Winston! He ...... (chase) the poor catl 7 They ...... all ...... (have) lunch when I arrived. 8 You are late; I thought you .. .. (lose) your way! 9 you . .... (see) me at the theatre last night? I was sitting at the front. 10 ......you ...... (like) spaghetti? Yes, I love it. 11 Victoria ...... (g\") to the post office once a week. 12 My aunt was walking along the street when I ..... . (meet) her. 1,3 We usually .. (spend) our holidays in France. 14 When we got home, he ... ... already ...... (leave). 15 'Wheret Fred? He .. .... (have) a shower. 16 ...... you often ...... (plry) football when you were at school? 17 We . ..... (visit) my cousin in Amerlca next year. 18 She .. .... (plry) tennis when she twisted her ankle. 19 The boys ...... (start) studying French next term. 20 Carol ...... (drive) home when her car broke down. 21. Every time he speaks, he ... .. (t\"y) something silly. 22 When the doctor arrived, the patient ...... already ..... (die). 23 Why ..... you ..... (wear) that warm coat? It's not cold today. 24 He suddenly realised that he ..... (forget) his wallet. 25 ...... (not, go) in there. It's not safe! Used To Or Doesn't? @ You have to complete these sentences with USED T0, DOESN'T or DON'T. 1 Dennis ...... ride a bicycle, but he ...... ride now; he's too fat! 2 \"...... you like dancing?\" \"I . ..... , but now I 3 'W.hen Robert was young he ... ...... like it. I find it boring.\" chase the cat, but he ...... chase it now. 4 I ...... believe everything he said, but now I ..... 5 Victoria ...... play the violin very well, but now she ...... have time. 40

Staternents, Questions and Negatives @ You have to complete these sets of sentences, by writing in the two which are blank in the same tense as the one given. Example: a She went shop (Affirmative) b She ... on Tuesday. (Negative) c on Wednesday? (Interrogative) 1. a mushrooms. cau,inower? : 'nlo:::T:T:iil:lr 2a \"Snow-White\". b \"Gone with the'W-ind\". c Has she seen 'Jurassic Park\"? 3 e He goes to the disco on Saturday nights. on Monday morning. b on Friday nights? c ... Present Perfect Or Present? @ Complete these sentences with a suitable form of a verb from the box. 1 I ...........;.. for this company since 1,991. I live pla--y-__l 2 'Where'sJohn? He ... i . football on TV watch work i I 3 -We .... in this house for three years. 4 The children ... ... Monopoly in their room at present. 5 . John now....... to a customer? Yes, he's on the phone heaf Wait 6 .. you ever .... such nonsense in your whole life? I 7 Sam and Mary fi\"rlly ...... their dream house. tatt< buy i 8 Hurry up, Sam. ..... for you! Mixed Bag - 2 @ Now complete these dialogues with the right tense of a suitable verb. There may be some alternatives. 1. \". ... a minute, I'm not ready yet.\" 2 .... you ..... Robert to come to our parry tomorrow? Yes, I ..... to him yesterday. 3 IO.h..,..h..o..w....n. itcoe!a'Wcon.cheartt tonight. ...... they.............. ? A Beethoven symphony, and a concerto by Mozart. .... you ...... to come? 4 ..... on that seat; the paint's wet! 5 you . ..... the new film at the Odeon? No, I haven't. I ..... . to see it tomorrow. Thank you, I'd like that. 6 Carol is now 20 yearc old, and she .............. her degree soon. 7 She ... ... an interview tomorrow for a job as an assistant in an estate agency. 8 She .. not ..... interviews! 9 She is not sure what they . ..... her at the interview, and tomorrow she .. .... with her father. ...... to get married later. 10 If she gets the job, Carol .............. for a few years, but she 41

Review: all tenses - 2 In Units 20-22, we practise all the tenses you have studied in the first nineteen units. Present simple and conttnuousi He walks He is walking perfect:Past simple and conttnuousi He walked He was walking Present and past I have done I had done Future: She is leaving She will leave lmperative: She is going to leave StoP! The Johnson Farnily O Read this information about the Johnson family, and select the correct alternative from the three grven. The Johnsons { are liuing /haue liued /liued} rn Hampton for many years now. Dennis {worked/has worked/used to work} in a bank, but he {has worked/is working/work} rn the Citizens' Advice Bureau. He {starts/is starting/has started} at 8 am and lfinish/finishes/finished} at 2 pn. H. { doesn't work/isn't work/hasn'f) every day, because the job is for three days a week. Dennis and Victo na are married. They {got /get /haue got} married 30 years ago, and they { haue got /haue had/has gor) three children. Robert is the eldest son. He {work/is work/works} as an accountant. He {goes/go/is going} to the office every day at9 arnand {stayed/stays/is staying} there for 8 hours. He very often {stays/stay/is staying} in at noon and { eat/has eaten/eats} lunch at his desk. Carol, their daughter, is at universiry. She {was/has been/i.s} there for two years, and she {finish/will finish/is fnish\\ university next year. Fred is their youngest child. Yesterday, he {played/was playing/were playing} football with some friends when they { broke/broked/were breaking} a window in the neighbour's house. Mr Smith, their neighbour, {come/was coming/came} out of the house and {shout/shouted/had shouted} at them. IJnfortunately, they {haue broken/broke/were breaking} windows before, and they {were/are/was} wel7 known in the neighbourhood. Today is Monday, and Fred is at school. He {didn't do/isn't doing/doesn't do} very well in his maths exam last month, so for the last three weeks his teacher {giues/has giuen/would giue} him extra tuition on Mondays after school at 4 pm. The time is now 2.15 prn, and Fred {has /is haue /is hauing} a history class. They ljust finisherl /had just finish/haue justfinished\\ lunch. They always {haue/was hauing/had} lunch at the same time, from 1 pm to 2 p^.Fred {sits /is sit/is sitting} at his desk in the back row; he {k feeling/feel/felt} sleepy because it is a warm day and he {is hauing/has/haue} a full tummyl The teacher often {makes/make/is making} Fred move to the front row, because she {is knowing/knows/know\\ that he is inattentive. How-ever, when the class {start/starts/started} at 2 pm, she {forgot/forget/kforyotten} to move him, and now she doesn't want to. She {think/k thinking/thinks} it will be disruptive if she imoues/moued/is mouing\\ him now. 42

\" Student\" I{itch-hiker @ ln this exercise you have to do two things: (1) decide on a suitable verb for each blank, and (2) decide what tense the verb should be. A At 9 o'clock last Monday morning, I ...... my car along the road to Swindon when I ..... . a young man standing at the side of the road. He .. .... a raincoat and .... a black briefcase. He was wet because it . ..... hard, so I .. .... the car and :;wr,...' :n:--o;I . ?,,r. .. .... his wet coat and .. ... it in the back \"I ... ... to go to Swindon.\" \"...... you . ..... a lift?\" \"Yes please!\" The young man ...... the door. He .. seat. Then he . ..... in the car. B I soon ...... that the young man ...... a strange accent. He .. .... not English like a native speaker. I was curious. \"-W'here ......you from?\" I ..... . him. \"We11, I ..... in France but now I .............. in England.\" \"...... you .. .... friends in Swindon?\" The young man .... not ..... lmmediately. Then he said: \"Yes. I am at the universiry there.\" \"Oh, really?\" I ....... \"-W-hat ......you ...... ?\" The young man ...... not ..... lmmediately. Then he said: \"Last year I ...... Mathematics, but next year I ..... something different.\" C I ..... . in Swindon for many years, and I ... that there isn't a universiry in Swindon. Flowever, I .. .... (not) say anything to the young man. His clothes were strange too. Students usually ...... jeans and a tee shirt, and . ..... rucksacks, but this young man ...... a suit and tie and ...... a briefcase! D At that moment I ..... . the sound of a police car behind me, and . the flashing red light in my rnirror. I ..... . the car at the side of the road. The young man, who . very nervous, ... ... out of the car and ..... to walk quickly away. The policeman .... : \"Hey, ...... ! 'We .... .. to talk to you!\" But the young man . ..... away up the street and one of the policeman ..... after him. E The other policeman ... ... and ..... to me. .... the car and \"How ...... you ..... that young man, sir?\" .... a large shop last \"I ...... never .... him in my whole life!\" \"-What ...... he ...... in your car, then?\" \"-W'ell, he ... ... in the rain at the side of the road, and I him a lift.\" \"-W'e11, that was very kind of you, sir, but we think this man night. He .... .. the money in that bag, we think.\" F At that moment, the young policeman .... .. back, with the young man in handcuft3. \"This is the one, sergeant.\" The sergeant ..... . the black briefcase from the young man and .. .... it. Inside there .... a great pile of banknotes. Thousands of pounds! \"-W'ell!\" said the sergeant, \".............. at all this money!\" \".............. you ...... to buy hamburgers for all your student friends, then?\" \"No, I ..... to buy a birthday cake for my auntie.\" \" .............. that to the judge!\"

Review: all tenses - 3 As a final review of verbs and tenses, here are two stories, one about John Smith, the novelist, and one about Angela, the university student. You have to complete all the blanks with the right forms of the verbs given. You will find that some of the verbs are interrogative or negative. You will also find that there are some possible alternatives, which sometimes change the meaning slighty. John Srnith, the Novelist O These facts about a novelist's life are divided into five sections. Before each one there is a box with the verbs you will need, one for each blank. frp: look at the whole paragraph before you decide. become spend work leave study g0 A John Srnith, the author of this book, is 55 years old. He ...... his childhood in India in the ... ... back 1950's but he India when he was 13 years old, and he ..... never since then. From 1958 to 1.962 he .............. law at the lJniversiry of London, but after graduating he ...... not ...... a lawYer. Instead, he .............. on a passenger ship for some years as a cabin steward. wonder come start think notice allow B On the ship there was a strange couple: the wife was a young Egyptian woman and the old husband ...... from Central America. One day he .... that they had a big bag in their cabin which they . ..... not ..... anyone to touch. \"How strange!\" John. \"I ..... what's inside!\" And he . to use his imagination. A novelist had been born. publish live describe have marry SCII C In several recent novels he .............. that experience. All Smith's novels have been very successful. rwo million copies since this company first ...... it His first novel, \"The Tower\", eight years ago. Ten years ago, John Smith met and Ma{orieJones, and since that time they ...... in a farmhouse on the Sussex coast. They .... rwo children, Roger andJane. play win write work SWM teach D John is a consistent writer; he ... at least 2,000 words every morning, and then he and Marjorie ..... tennis or .. in the sea in suruner. For the last three years, John Srnith .. also English Literature at the Universiry of Essex, and he now ...... on a new novel. His novels already .............. fvvo international prizes. spend enjoy put say allow want E John not .............. talking about the future.\"I think we will do better if we the future to look after itself]\" he always . However, it is no secret that he .............. to 44 write a play. Next year he .. six months trying to write his first play.If he is successful, he it on at a London theatre.

Angela Has Finished LIniversity: Vhat Happens Next? @ Here is the story of a young woman who is starting her life. Complete each space appropriately with a verb from the box. wait want apply know get live A Angela Parkinson is now 22 years old. She has just finished her first degree in Archeology and is not sure what to do next. At the moment she .. .... with her parents in West Hampstead, but she .. .... to stay there. She ..... for ajob in Peru, and. ..... for the answer now. She . not ...... if she .. ... the job or not, but she's hoping for the best. Three years ago Angela .... .. secondary school and . ... to Oxford Llniversiry, where she .. .... three years. It ...... her parents much money, because she .............. a scholarship. So now here she is, at the age of 22: what ...... she ...... next? be work decide want find look C Two months ago she .. .... to get a job. It ...... easy, but she ...... in the paper every day, and after a month she .. .... her first job. At the moment she .... as a porter in the Hampstead Royal Free Hospital in London, but that is only temporary; she really ...... to go to Peru. write study finish leave g0 recerve D Yesterday Angela saw an advertisement in her local papers for temporary workers on an archeological site near her home. She .. . a letter of application in the evening. This .. just morning she .. .. out when someone called her for an interview. She ... the house at once and went to see them. Here is part of her interview: \"Good morning, Angela. .... you ...... your studies at university?\" \"Yes, I .............. my results last week.\" \"'W'hat ...... you ...... ?\" \"Archeology.\" The interuiew continued . . . \"-W'hat plans do you have for the future?\" \"Well, I .............. to go to Peru later on, to work on a site there.\" \"I see. How long ...... you with us if I ..... you a job?\" \"'W'e11, at least three months. Work on the site in Peru ...... in March next year.\" \"Right. Right. We . .... the job forthree months. I thinkyou...... the work. You can report to the site tomorro'w.\" tell give matter go begin wear findl F Angela left the office and . .... home to tell her mother. She ...... her in the kitchen, preparing lunch. \"Mum, they . ..... me a job for three months.\" \"Thatt wonderful, dear; when ..... you .... ?\" \"\"TFoIomworerxocwit.inTg!h'eWyhat ...... me to go to the site.\" .... :.. ?\" you \"Oh, clothes .. not .... ! I can wear anything.\" 45

Can Could Managed to (ability) Look at the picture, and study the text. Edmund Hilary and 29 May 1953: which mountain? Sherpa Tensing could t'-Y-t *'j climb uery well. In 1953, t,(----'uv-'-Y-f(-' ( to 7-r r! they tnanaged to get 1- -*-?,-^--\\- 'u'' I he top, and from --\\ ) --- (t-' here they could see hundreds of miles. o Now complete the sentences in the same way, with COULD or MANAGED T0. 1 Uncle Victor ...... play billiards very well when he was younger. 2 However, last night Robert ...... beat him. 3 Carol went to a concert. She sat at the back, but she ...... hear very w'e11. A COULD/MANAGED TO (Past tense) These words mean two different things: 1 An abiliry with no reference to doing: 'W.hen I was young, I could run very fast. (a general abiliry; there is no mention of a particular occasion) 2 An achievement on a specific occasron: I was not a good swimmer, but I managed to swim to the riverbank. (a specific achievement on a particular occasion) SEE, HEAR, FEEL, TASTE (\"petception\" uerbs) These verbs take COULD in both meanings. General abiliry: 'When I was young, I could hear better. Specific occasion: I could see very well at the theatre last night. C coul-D NoT (COULDN',T) In the negative, we do not make the above distinction: 'When I was young I couldn't run very fast. FIe was not a good swirnmer, and he couldn't swim to the riverbank. Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct, one is wrong and one is \"strange\". Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 He worked hard and he could pass the exam. 2 Last year the company managed to sell more radios than ever before. 3 He managed to swim well when he was a young man. 4 He could speak three languages, but he never used them. 46