DIY Linux

Remove the driver which fails:$ dpkg -l | grep 'firmware'$ sudo apt-get remove firmware-linux-nonfreeI go to investigate what could happens and found the solution in the Debian Official pages and Wiki.I found 3 candidate options to install BCM4313:b43 - b43legacy Broadcom chipsetsbrcms80211 - Broadcom chipsets (BCM4313, BCM43224, BCM43225)wl - Broadcom chipsets (BCM4311, BCM4312, BCM4313, BCM4321, BCM4322, BCM43224,BCM43225, BCM43227, BCM43228)References:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/WiFiFile: ListofDebianWirelessdevicedrivers.pdfb43 is not going to work because BCM4313 is not listed and seems too old driver.References:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/bcm43xxFile: Broadcom 43xx wireless devices.pdfbrcm80211 is recommended but does not work with my card:References:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/brcm80211File: brcm80211.pdfwl has support for BCM4313 and works following these installation steps:Add non-free repo to sources.list:$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.listUpdate:# apt-get updateInstall packages required:# apt-get install linux-image-$(uname -r|sed 's,[^-]*-[^-]*-,,') linux-headers-$(uname -r|sed 's,[^-]*-[^-]*-,,') broadcom-sta-dkmsUnload conflicting modules:# modprobe -r b44 b43 b43legacy ssb brcmsmac bcmaThe blacklisted modules wiil be stored here /etc/modprobe.d/broadcom-sta-dkms.confLoad the wl module:# modprobe wl# rebootReferences:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/wlFile: wl.pdfNote: The installation alternative that worked with this driver is DKMS. See the guide DKMS \"(DynamicKernel Module Support)\" for more DKMS information. DKMS enables WI-FI support in the core no

need to recompile the kernel by hand (See the guide \"Build the Linux Kernel\"), and recompiles thekernel with the \"wl\" module.To work with modules you could use these commands:References:Guide: Working with Kernel modulesAfter reboot, verify the interface wlan0 is present:$ sudo iwconfigIf the interface appears, go to the system bar to the Gnome Network Manager activate and configureWireless network.List specific PCI hardware:$ lspci -nn -d 14e4:Display kernel messages no errors this time:$ dmesg | grep 80211$ dmesg | grep 802.11$ dmesg | grep wlanOther alternatives to show hardware information:# apt-cache search hardinfoOutput:hardinfo - Displays system informationEnd of Output.# apt-cache search lshwOutput:lshw - information about hardware configurationlshw-gtk - graphical information about hardware configurationEnd of Output.References:Topic: How To Identify A Device PCI. Show hardware information.Web: https://wiki.debian.org/HowToIdentifyADevice/PCI#pci-idFile: How To Identify A Device PCI.pdfNote: Notice that the page of the kernel error was right, the alternative to 14e4:4315 is wl (See tehtable on the web site):14e4:4315 yes BCM4312 b/g LP (r1) wlNote: Before installing a computer, boot a Live Mint or Ubuntu DVD to go to Drivers Manager and seewhat options show up for wireless, since this will help find the proper driver versions for Debian toinstall during the system installation process or after the process finishes.References:Topic: Find more drivers

Web: http://www.linux-drivers.org/File: linux-drivers org web site.pdfFix broken connections:Restart the networking service with systemd:# systemctl restart networking.serviceRestart networking service with sysVinit:/etc/init.d/networking restartVerify the network-manager (Gnome) service status:# systemctl status network-manager.serviceReferences:Topic: Results for package Network ManagerWeb: https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=network-managerFile: Results for package Network Manager.pdfTurn ON and OFF interfaces:# ifdown eth0# ifup wlan0Install a program to up the interface or connection when goes down:$ sudo apt-get install wicd wicd-gtkReferences:Topic: Good to \"replace\" a network manager like in Gnome.Web: https://wiki.debian.org/WiFi/HowToUseFile: WiFiHowToUse.pdf- Set up proxyThis \"proxy\" is an Intranet packet filter or in other words a Web site blocker. It depends on the point ofview. A proxy could have a load balancer that forwards HTTP requests to the servers farm.3 different ways to configure Linux to recognize a proxy server or proxy configuration file:Export Command for Proxy Environment Variables:Use the following commands to configure your proxy for http and ftp traffic on the command line:# export http_proxy=http://: export ftp_proxy=http://:If your proxy requires login/authentication, you can use the format:# export http_proxy=http://username:password@::To have this applied every time you log in, place these lines in your .bashrc in your home (~) directory.

export http_proxy=http://:export ftp_proxy=http://:Network Proxy Settings:For Gnome, go to Settings > Network > Network ProxyIn the setting, you can configure either by your proxy server and port, by the network, or a file via aURL/file location (e.g. http://myproxyserver:port/proxyfile.pac) .These settings work with most other applications (e.g. other browsers like Chrome, OS commands).Applications level:Some applications and commands need to be configured individually. Next are some commonexamples.Firefox:You can manually set up the Firefox proxy in Options menu. Go to Options > Advanced > Settings.Proxy support for Synaptic Package Manager:Start the software and click Settings > Preferences > Network Tab. Click Manual Proxy Configurationand enter your proxy information. If you have to login to the proxy then use the host formatusername:[email protected] up apt-get to use a http-proxy:These are three methods of using apt-get with a http-proxy.Temporary proxy session:This is a temporary method that you can manually use each time you want to use apt-get through ahttp-proxy. This method is useful if you only want to temporarily use a http-proxy.Enter this line in the terminal prior to using apt-get (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress andproxyport):# export http_proxy=http://yourproxyaddress:proxyportIf you normally use sudo to run apt-get you will need to login as root first for this to work unless youalso add some explicit environment settings to /etc/sudoers, e.g:Defaults env_keep = \"http_proxy https_proxy ftp_proxy\"APT configuration file method:This method uses the apt.conf file which is found in your /etc/apt/ directory. This method is useful ifyou only want apt-get (and not other applications) to use a http-proxy permanently.On some installations there will be no apt-conf file set up. This procedure will either edit an existingapt-conf file or create a new apt-conf file.# gksudo gedit /etc/apt/apt.confAdd this line to your /etc/apt/apt.conf file (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress andproxyport):Acquire::http::Proxy \"http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport\";Save the apt.conf file.

BASH rc method:This method adds a two lines to your .bashrc file in your $HOME directory. This method is useful if youwould like apt-get and other applications for instance wget, to use a http-proxy.$ gedit ~/.bashrcAdd these lines to the bottom of your ~/.bashrc file (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress andproxyport):http_proxy=http://yourproxyaddress:proxyportexport http_proxySave the file. Close your terminal window and then open another terminal window or source the~/.bashrc file:$ source ~/.bashrcTest your proxy with sudo apt-get update and whatever networking tool you desire. You can usefirestarter or conky to see active connections.If you make a mistake and go back to edit the file again, you can close the terminal and reopen it oryou can source ~/.bashrc as shown above.$ source ~/.bashrcHow to login a proxy user:If you need to login to the Proxy server this can be achieved in most cases by using the followinglayout in specifying the proxy address in http-proxy. (substitute your details for username, password,yourproxyaddress and proxyport):http_proxy=http://username:password@yourproxyaddress:proxyportReference:Web: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptGet/HowtoFile: AptGet how to.pdf- Bridge the Ethernet networkingInstall the requirements:$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo install bridge-utils$ sudo install uml-utilitiesIf the installation of uml-utilities fails uninstall VMware Worstation:$ sudo vmware-installer -u vmware-workstation 8.0.2.591240$ sudo modprobe tun$ sudo cat /etc/modules$ sudo modinfo tun$ sudo cp -dpR /etc/network/interfaces /etc/network/interfacesBAK$ sudo nano /etc/network/interfacesHere is a copy the file /etc/network/interfaces before the edition, just for reference:

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*# The loopback network interfaceauto loiface lo inet loopbackAnd this is the same file /etc/network/interfaces edited to connect virtual machines through theVirtual Appliance Machine, the host 'ProLiant' in my case, to the outside net-world:# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).# The loopback network interfaceauto loiface lo inet loopback# The primary network interfaceallow-hotplug eth0#iface eth0 inet dhcpiface eth0 inet manual address 192.168.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 gateway 192.168.1.1 # dns-* options are implemented by resolvconf # package, if installed #dns-nameservers 193.168.1.1 #dns-search sytes.net# Next is the creation of the bridge interfaceauto br0iface br0 inet dhcp pre-up /usr/sbin/tunctl -u esteban -t tap0 pre-up ifconfig tap0 up bridge_ports all tap0 post-down ifconfig tap0 post-down tunctl -d tap0Restart the networking service with systemd:$ sudo systemctl restart networking.service

Otherwise Restart the networking service with sysvinit:$ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restartRestart the system to run the new module \"tun\", and apply the changes in the file:$ sudo rebootNOTE:If the bridge is working but the system does not quit the vmware card and VirtualBox has not Drag andDrop.Restart again to make the new network configuration work:$ sudo rebootAfter rebooting the system:Notice that the network icon on the system bar disappears 'cause the gnome network manager doesnot support the new configuration. It is possible to stop using the Gnome manager but it is notnecessary.Check the IP configuration:$ sudo ifconfig$ sudo ifconfig eth0Ping the DNS, gateway, bridge and a public address.- Bridge the Wireless networkingGnome Network Manager has not the ability to create a bridge based on the wlan interface, so then Irequire to create a interfaces file based on the topic in this guide: \"- Bridge the Ethernet networking\"References:Topic: How to use a WiFi interface. Go to the section \"Command line\" to see the basic Wireless/etc/networking/interfaces file.Web: https://wiki.debian.org/WiFi/HowToUseFile: WiFiHowToUse.pdfPENDINGBluetoothIn my case, I am using use a USB Bluetooth device to test this computer, so I proceed attach the deviceinto the USB port. The extension Airplane mode is going to appear on the top of the screen, set toOFF.Verify the device information in the kernel:$ lsusbOutput:Bus 004 Device 006: ID 0a12:0001 Cambridge Silicon Radio, Ltd Bluetooth Dongle (HCI mode)

End of output.Verify the Bluetooth packages in the system:$ dpkg -l | grep 'bluetooth'Output:ii blueman 1.99~alpha1-1+deb8u1 amd64 Graphical bluetoothmanager 3.14.0-2 amd64 Introspection data forii gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0 amd64 GNOME Bluetooth toolsGnomeBluetooth 3.14.0-2 amd64 Library to use the BlueZii gnome-bluetooth amd64 GNOME Bluetooth tools -ii libbluetooth3:amd64 5.23-2+b1Linux Bluetooth stackii libgnome-bluetooth13 3.14.0-2support libraryEnd of output.Go to Applications > Search for Settings and click the \"Power\" icon.Look for and toogle ON the Bluetooth option.The Airplane mode is going to disappear on the top of the screen.The options Bluetooth is going to appear in teh Turn ON/OFF menu. Click on Bluetooth, and then onBluetooth Settings.The Bluetooth is going to start searching devices.You will see the message \"Visible as.. and your hostname\" for example: Visible as ProLiant.Turn on the Bluetooth on your Smartphone (iPhones are not going to connect, they are incompatiblewith PC/Android/MS Bluetooths).Set the Smartphone visibility ON.The smartphone name should appear in the Bluetooth window. For example: \"WT13i Not Set Up\"Click on the smartphone row.A new pop up is going to show up. title says \"Confirm Bluetooth PIN\". Remember the number, forexample '234564'. Click OK.This action is going to activate the smartphone. It's going to ask for the number to add the device.Write the number and accept to add the device. The computer, identified by hostname, is going toappear as Not connected.Go back to the Bluetooth window in the computer. The smartphone device will appear asDisconnected.Click on the device row. In the new pop-up, set connection from OFF to ON (if available, in my case Iwill continue by clicking on the option \"Send files...\" the most commonly supported.Proceed to send an image from the computer to the phone, to verify the connection is working. At theend you should see the message \"1 Transfer Complete\".To transfer from the Smartphone to the computer:Send a picture to the computer.

From Nautilus ( program \"Files\"), go to the directory Downloads. wit a moment, you are going to see amessage that says \"Sharing. May be used to receive files over Bluetooth\", and a button that says\"Preferences\".Click on this button Preferences. You are going to see the window \"Sharing\". You ahve to turn ONSharing and then Bluetooth Sharing options.ONly reeive From Trusted Devices, or do not use Bluetooth as possible because you can compromisethe security of the system. You can also keep turned OFF Bluetooth and turn it ON when necessary.Bluetooth applet:You can also Go to the Notifications area at the bottom of the screen. Click on the Bluetooth appleticon.To start the device assistant, select the menu option \"Setup new device...\"Share system directories across the networkI don't use them due to sharing can compromise your system security in many ways, For example, oneof the files uploaded can contain viruses, and users can attack your computers using brute force toslow down your operating systems. It is possible to install an anti-virus to work on shared folders, andset up shares with passwords to restrict access for trusted share clients.In the guide of Virtualbox I install a Microsoft Windows Virtual Machine with a share folder withpassword. This is a good option to set up where the folder share is what you need, but also considerthe FTP server, bare metal Git, cloud storage services, and NAS devices to achieve similar goals.References:(PENDING)Install nautilus-share and Samba:You require Gnome Desktop installedSetup distro release repos:$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt install nautilus-shareReferences:https://packages.debian.org/stretch/nautilus-shareVerify that samba is up and running:Samba is a service, but in Debian 8, Jessie, has conflicts with systemd, so this command is not going towork:$ sudo systemctl restart sambaError output:Failed to restart samba.service: Unit samba.service is maskedEnd of output.Instead use the old style to run the service:

$ sudo /etc/init.d/samba startOutput:[ ok ] Starting nmbd (via systemctl): nmbd.service.[ ok ] Starting smbd (via systemctl): smbd.service.[ ok ] Starting samba-ad-dc (via systemctl): samba-ad-dc.service.End of.References:Web: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=769714Web: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=740942Re-open the program \"Files\" (Nautilus) as root:$ sudo shareCreate a folder for sharing in a home folder like /home/estebanMake right click on the folderDefine sharing optionsShare folderFolder created from nautilus will have root ownership but the access setup according to the sharesetup.Open the share from your Linux box or another Linux in the same network:Option 1:In the Nautilus menu choose the option Connect to Server.In the empty field type smb://localhostYou will see the window Windows shares on localhost, and the network folders \"print$\" and \"share\"created by us.Option 2:From the localhost or a client computer, open Files (Nautilus) and choose the option Browse theNetwork to find the share.Open share from Windows computer in the same \"share\" network:Open Windows, or a Windows VM. Set up the computer Domain, name and workgroup asWORKGROUP, and then open the \"Network places\" and then \"Workgroup\" in the file explorer to findthe Samba share.Sync devices in the CloudSteps to install the Hubic service:First of all, have to create an account on their web site:Web: https://hubic.com/en/When the account is ready log in and then go the section My Account > Developers.Under Developers Click on 'Add an application'.Last Name: Herrera CloudRedirection Domain: http://localhost/Click on Details of the Cloud.

The cloud has been created.To search hubic applications in repos:$ sudo apt-cache search hubicTo install the mono dependencies and other dependencies:$ sudo apt-get install mono-runtime libmono-posix4.0-cil libmono-sqlite4.0-cil libmono-system4.0-cillibmono-system-configuration4.0-cil libmono-system-core4.0-cil libmono-system-data4.0-cil libmono-system-data-datasetextensions4.0-cil libmono-system-runtime-serialization4.0-cil libmono-system-xml4.0-cil libmono-system-xml-linq4.0-cil dbusTo resolve dependencies error during dependencies installation:$ sudo apt-get -f installAn then, rerun the command to install the mono dependencies and other dependencies.To install hubic as filesystem integration in the user space, from the Official Debian repositories(Support for mounting Hubic drive):# apt-get install hubicfuseThis is the GitHub to download the hubic token:Web: https://github.com/TurboGit/hubicfuseDownload the ZIP.Unzip the file:$ unzip hubicfuse-master.zipFind the file hubic_token and copy it to Documents:$ cp -dpR hubic_token /home/esteban/DocumentsAssign execution permissions for the file:$ chmod +x hubic_tokenExecute the file:$ sh hubic_tokenEnter the information requested, in accordance with your application information on the web site:Web: https://hubic.com/en/Log in and then go the section My Account > Developers.Under Developers Click on Herrera Cloud.After that, answer the following questions entering the character in parenthesis:For the scope -what you authorize your app to do-, enter characters as suggested in parenthesis, orjust hit return if you don't need the item authorized.Get account usage (r):Get all published links in one call (r):Get OpenStack credentials, eg. access to your files (r):Send activation email (w):Add new/Get/Delete published link (wrd):Next, copy the message returned. Something like:# Here is what your app needs to connect to hubiC:client_id=api_hubic_C24sTNNNNxxxxx999999TTTTTssssZZZclient_secret=AAAAAAbbbbbbbbb1111111111ccccccccc222222222222DDDDDDDDeeeee33333ffffrefresh_token=gggggYYYYYYLLLLLL8888888ffffffaaaaalllllleee555555555eeeeeeeeeNNNNN444Next, create a new file which is going to include the information copied.$ sudo nano /root/.cloudfuse

Add the next information and save changes:[email protected]=MyhubicPASSclient_id=api_hubic_C24sTNNNNxxxxx999999TTTTTssssZZZclient_secret=AAAAAAbbbbbbbbb1111111111ccccccccc222222222222DDDDDDDDeeeee33333ffffrefresh_token=gggggYYYYYYLLLLLL8888888ffffffaaaaalllllleee555555555eeeeeeeeeNNNNN444redirect_uri= http://localhost/verify_ssl=TrueBack-up the file:$ sudo cp -dpR .cloudfuse /home/esteban/Documents/.cloudfuseBAKMount the storage service somewhere, for example /mnt:$ sudo hubicfuse /mnt -o noauto_cache,sync_read,allow_other,umask=0007Go to /mnt:$ cd /mntThe new directory 'default' is going to appear.Every reboot the cloud directory has to be re-mounted. It is not possible to add this mount point tothe file /etc/fstab because mounting precedes networking. To mount the cloud directory when thesystem starts create a systemd service. Remember to setup the drive/file read and write permissionsdepending on your needs. See the systemd guide for details.References:Guide: SystemdTo add the drive to Nautilus (Files):Open nautilusIn the main manu go to BookmarksAdd /mnt/default as Herrera Cloud DriveTest the drive synchronization adding an image and verifying the synchronization on the hubic website.Now, it is time to sync a local directory in the cloud:Download the (beta version) file from:Web: http://mir7.ovh.net/ovh-applications/hubic/hubiC-Linux/2.1.0/Install the package:$ sudo dpkg -i hubiC-Linux-2.1.0.53-linux.debCreate the local directory to sync, for example \"Documents\":$ mkdir ~/MyLocalHubicUse the service:$ hubic login [email protected] ~/MyLocalHubicAdd files to the folder. The service will start to sync the folder rapidly. If you have the hubic cloud drivein /mnt a second copy of the files sync are going to be saved under default/.Note that sync a local directory in the hubiC Cloud is fast meanwhile the support for mounting a Hubicdrive is slow. The service is very useful to sync files in many devices, for example, a desktop computer,a tablet and a smartphone.References:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/es/hubiC

File: Install Hubic Indicator.pdf (Spanish)Test the Hubic Indicator Gnome Shell Extension:Topic: Look for the section: \"Install Hubic Indicator extension:\". You can pause sync and go ahead lateron.References:Guide: Gnome Shell ExtensionsOptimization and Power ManagementACPI battery monitorTo have a ACPI battery monitor, connect the ACPI battery USB to the computer and then add a newACPI screenlet from Screenlet.References:Guide: ScreenletsOptimization and performance, speed up computer, save battery powerPreload:Preload monitors applications that users run, and by analyzing this data, predicts what applicationsusers might run, and fetches those binaries and their dependencies into memory for faster startuptimes.Note that installing preload will not make your system boot faster and that preload is a daemon thatruns with root priviledges.Installation:$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install preloadStartup Applications:There are certain applications which are configured to run when the systemstarts.To remove apps you don't need at startup:Go to Applications menu > Tweak Tool > Startup applicationsSet up accordinglyServices:Go to Applcations menu Services, and then stop the services you don't want to keep running.Bum:

You can also install Boot Up Manager (BUM) to control all start up applications scripts and services:$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install bum$ sudo bumScript stop services and kill programs.sh:Is my script to free system resources in certain ocassions, for example software compilation,screencasting, rendering or playing games.#! /bin/sh# This script stops services and kills applications that are unnecessary# to play games and/or to edit and render videos, to spend all the computer# power in these tasks# systemctl services:#systemctlsystemctl stop cups.servicesystemctl stop exim4.servicesystemctl stop inetd.servicesystemctl stop ModemManager.servicesystemctl stop mongod.servicesystemctl stop ReadyBoo.servicesystemctl stop teamviewerd.servicesystemctl stop timidity.servicesystemctl stop virtualbox.servicesystemctl stop wicd.servicesystemctl stop libvirtd.servicesystemctl stop libvirt-guests.service# Applications:#toppkill conkypkill conky-managerpkill cairo-dock# Pending:# Send logs to terminal and file like:#systemctl status virtualbox.service# Verify the command execution is complete# Create a second script to restart these services to go back# to previous status, automagically, with commands like:

#sytemctl start virtualbox.service#wicdNotes:Create another script to do the contrary: restart programs and services.For more systemd information, visit the guide systemd (LINK)Swappiness:The swappiness parameter manages the ability of the kernel to shift processes out of physical memoryand onto the swap disk. Disks being much slower than RAMs, this can cause slower response times ofsystem and applications if processes are too aggressively moved out of memory.To check current status of Swappiness, use this command:$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappinessDefault value of swappiness is 60. You can change it by editing this file:$ sudo nano /etc/sysctl.confLocate this line (if not found, add it. I found it in /etc/sysctl.d/10-kxstudio-sysctl-rules.conf):vm.swappiness=10Save the file and reboot the system for the changes to take effect.Note: There are many options you can add to this directory files to improve system performance. Formore information see the guide \"Sysctl\".Disable Grub Boot Menu:Whenever the system starts, it will display Grub Boot Menu on your screen. To disable it, enterfollowing command:$ sudo nano /etc/default/grubSearch for GRUB_TIMEOUT and set its value to zero:GRUB_TIMEOUT=0Cache preassure:It is the kernel ability to move amounts of data from the RAm to the SWAP partition. With less than 4GB RAM, a value of 100 means that teh RAM is going to be busy.$ sudo cat /proc/sys/vm/vfs_cache_pressureI don't have the problem because Gnome manages the Swap very good attempting to do not touch itas possible, but if you want to test the difference or use another Desktop like KDE this change shouldhelp.To test the new value:$ sudo sysctl -w vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50And then open a HQ video or somethingTo make the change permanent:

$ sudo cp -dpR /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.confBAK$ sudo nano /etc/sysctl.confAnd then add the line:vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50To verify changes:$ sudo cat /proc/sys/vm/vfs_cache_pressureSystem Startup Optimization:If you are using Multi-core CPU, you can use all its core during system startup. To configure yourcomputer as such, enter following commands:$ sudo gedit /etc/init.d/rcLocate the line CONCURRENCY=none and change it to CONCURRENCY=makefileReduce visual FXs:Reducing or disabling all unnecessary visual effects can improve functionality of your system.I personally dislike compiz, but if you use it, this can be implemented by using Compizconfig SettingsManager.To install it, enter:$ sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-managerTMPFS:When read/write operations are performed on a hard disk, /tmp folder comes into picture. By shiftingthis overload from hard disk to RAM, operations can be speeded up.For this, edit /etc/fstab file:$ sudo nano /etc/fstabInsert following two lines at the end of the file, Save and Reboot:# Move /tmp to RAMtmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,noexec,nosuid 0 0Force Google Chrome to send the program cache to RAM:$ sudo nano /usr/share/applications/googlechrome.desktopAdd text to the line Exec=/usr/bin/googlechromestable %U an option to launch the navigator in otherway:Exec=/usr/bin/googlechromestable %U --disk-cache-dir=\"/tmp/ram/\"Note: We are also freeing space due to the RAM does not preserves files in it. Previously cache storeddata in: ~/.cache/googlechromeWe require to make this change every time after the program is updated.Reduce overheating of the computer with TLP and CPUFreq:

Install cpufreq:$ sudo apt-get install cpufreqd cpufrequtils$ cpufreq-infoVerify temperature:$ sudo apt-get install lm-sensors fancontrol sensord read-edid i2c-tools$ sensorsThe overheated computer is much work slower at loading or opening programs, identify this programwith TLP, a program made to Save battery power on laptops.This package is not in the Debian Jessie repositories so you need to add a line to the file/etc/apt/sources.list to install it.deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian sid main(See the list of mirrors, here: https://packages.debian.org/sid/all/tlp/download)Installation:$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install tlp tlp-rdw smartmontools ethtool linux-tools acpi-call-dkmsI am sorry I cannot finish the installation due to dependencie issues, and decided to wait until the firstprogram version available in Debian GNU/Linux 9, codename Stretch.Thinkpads also need these packages:$ sudo apt-get install tp-smapi-dkms acpi-call-toolsNote: acpi-call-tools does not exist neither in the new sid Debisn source.Usage:$ sudo tlp start$ sudo tlp statAlternatives:Use Gnome Power applicationAttempt to build tlp from source for Debian JessieUse alternatives to TLP, like PowertopTLP VS Powertop VS udev:TLP is more intelligent than powertop. For example, it can have two separate profiles, one when thelaptop is connected with AC, and one when it is running by battery. And by default, when in AC modeit disables lots of battery saving settings to improve performance.Now, you can probably do this with udev too, however it is a pain considering someone already had allthe work to make this works as it should.LMT and TLP conflict with each other. Powertop isn't what I would use for power management asTLP/LMT does a much better job controlling the same settings since it provides different modes forA/C vs Battery. I do use it to monitor power usage of certain applications.Reference:

Web:https://www.reddit.com/r/archlinux/comments/3s2fyt/there_are_so_many_power_management_tools_lmt_tlp/File: There are so many power management tools, LMT, TLP, pm-utils, powertop...pdfTo install Powertop:(Disable the sid repo, added to install tlp)$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install powertopRun the program:$ sudo powertopUse tab to change the tabs.Use video card low profile:Change Video card power profile to 'low' in the Gnome shell extensions panelIncrease fans speed:Increase fan speed or change cooler system improve system performance.References:Web: https://packages.debian.org/sid/main/tlpFile: Debian -- Details of package tlp in sid.pdfWeb: https://packages.debian.org/sid/all/tlp/downloadFile: Debian -- Package Download Selection -- tlp_0.8-1_all.pdfTune Your Hard Disk with hdparm:Hdparm allows you to increase the storage devices spped.References:Web: http://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/Features/Tune-Your-Hard-Disk-with-hdparmFile: Tune Your Hard Disk with hdparm - Linux Magazine.pdfKernel Performance:You can increase and customize the kernel performance, for example, installing a kernel optimized forlow latency like XanMod (almost real time, and there is one RT kernel version)References:Guide: Build the Linux KernelPeripheralsCamera tetheringUse Entangle. DigiKam is unable to control the camera configuration.

Entangle provides a graphical interface for \"tethered shooting\", aka taking photographs with a digitalcamera completely controlled from the computer.Using Entangle is as easy as 1,2,3...- Connect camera- Launch Entangle- Shoot photosWith a sufficiently capable digital SLR camera Entangle allows:- Trigger the shutter from the computer- Live preview of scene before shooting- Automatic download and display of photos as they are shot- Control of all camera settings from computerReferences:Web: https://packages.debian.org/jessie/entangleFile: Debian -- Details of package entangle in jessie.pdfTopic: Software usage and picturesWeb: https://entangle-photo.org/screenshots/File: Entangle Screenshots.pdfGame Controllers and JoystickIntallation:Is very easy with Logitech controllers and joysticks.Some brands could require installation and/or compilation of proprietary drivers.See the controller/joystick installation instructions for Linux and Debian or llok for the driver supporton the web and Debian.orgReferences:(PENDING)Test the Game controller and Joystick installing:SupertuxkartFlight Gear simulatorSee guides:Video Card3D Acceleration and VRBasic networking (Too learn of the WI-FI card driver installation)Source code & Debian forks source codeSoftware sources availableBuild the Linux KernelDKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support)Build packages from source

You can also turn your Joystick into a \"mouse\", but you have to uninstall the joystick to be able to doso.(PENDING)PrinterThe basic configuration starts connecting the printer to the USB and that's all. Gnome is going torecognize the printer and open the printer properties to let you print the test page.# dpkg -l | grep 'cups'You can also setup the printer manually.Install cups, the printer server:# apt-get update# apt-get install cupsTo show printer and model:# lsusbStart and stop the service:# /etc/init.d/cupsd startIf you don't want it running all the time:# /etc/init.d/cupsd stopIf you are a power user, you may wish to modify the configuration file “/etc/cups/cupsd.conf”. That filewill let you change certain printer settings, such as whether to enable shared printers and which typeof authentication to use. If you make changes to this file while CUPS is already running, don’t forget torestart the server:# /etc/init.d/cupsd restartFor more information about what you can do with the CUPS configuration file, visit the man page:# man cupsd.confWeb interface:It is easier than modify the configuration file with an editor like nano.Open the browser and enter the address:localhost:631In the “Administration” tab, add printer.The server will ask you for a username and password. You can log in as root, but if you want regularusers to be able to use the printer too, you must add them to the lpadmin group.To see all the groups of my user:$ id

Output:uid=1000(esteban) gid=1000(esteban) groups=1000(esteban),24(cdrom),25(floppy),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),108(netdev),110(lpadmin),113(scanner),117(bluetooth)According to this message I don't need to add the user, but you could need to do so:# adduser esteban lpadminNext, CUPS will attempt to autodetect your printer’s model. If it gets it wrong, you can select thecorrect model from the list of models that appears. If your particular model is not on the list, you canprovide a PostScript Printer Definition (PPD) file. Some manufacturers may make the PPD availableonline for download.Note: Some printers share the same PPD file with another model of the same family and brand. If youcan’t find the PPD for your printer, check with the printer’s manufacturer for the details. You can alsofind a number of printer drivers at OpenPrinting.orgIf you’re using a Hewlett-Packard (HP) printer, the easiest way to get CUPS to recognize it is to installHewlett-Packard’s Linux Imaging and Printing Software (HPLIP). This collection of drivers may beincluded in one of your package repositories as “hplip.” Once you’ve installed it, refresh the “AddPrinter” page in your browser. If all went according to plan, your HP printer should now show up in thelist of supported models.After you’ve successfully added your printer, CUPS will present you with some more configurationoptions. If you have a standard home printer, you’ll probably wish to change the default media size to“Letter.”When you are printing, you can go back to the CUPS administration page and click on the “Jobs” tab toview a list of running and queued print jobs.ScannerThe scanner worked out of the box in Debian Wheezy and Jessie.I re-installed the Cups driver manually instead of the Default Epson driver installed by default this timeby Gnome in Jessie.To open the scanner:# simple-scanIf you have problems with the scanner you can use:# sane-find-scannerExample of Output when something goes wrong: # sane-find-scanner will now attempt to detect your scanner. If the # result is different from what you expected, first make sure your

# scanner is powered up and properly connected to your computer. # No SCSI scanners found. If you expected something different, make sure that # you have loaded a kernel SCSI driver for your SCSI adapter.could not fetch string descriptor: Pipe errorcould not fetch string descriptor: Pipe errorfound USB scanner (vendor=0x04b8, product=0x083a) at libusb:001:007 # Your USB scanner was (probably) detected. It may or may not be supported by # SANE. Try scanimage -L and read the backend's manpage. # Not checking for parallel port scanners. # Most Scanners connected to the parallel port or other proprietary ports # can't be detected by this program.root@ProLiant:/var/cache/apt/archives# scanimage -LNo scanners were identified. If you were expecting something different,check that the scanner is plugged in, turned on and detected by thesane-find-scanner tool (if appropriate). Please read the documentationwhich came with this software (README, FAQ, manpages).Or you can try with scanimage but with a non-working scanner nothing is going to happen.# scanimage -LAre you still running in troubles?, start googling and visit the Debian Wiki.Resources:https://wiki.debian.org/Scannerhttps://wiki.debian.org/SaneOverNetworkSmartphonesTo read the MicroSD simply attach the USB cable to connect the phoneDesktop environments like Gnome should offer you a default program to whatch the pictures or playthe music in the memory, but it depends on the system configuration.In the case iPhones, you can use a player called Amarok in KDE to modify your iTunes library. Also youcan install PLayonLinux and from the menu Multimedia download and install an old version of iTunesand Quick Time for Windows.Video VIMPending

SettingsChange the default login screenChange the option \"Login screen menu\":$ sudo nano /etc/X11/default-display-managerFor Gnome 2 , edit as:/usr/sbin/gdmFor Gnome 3 , edit as:/usr/sbin/gdm3For KDE , edit as below/usr/lib/kde4/bin/kdmFor Xfce, choose lightdm and edit as:/usr/sbin/lightdmor you can install xdm:$ sudo apt-get install xdmReferences:Web: https://packages.debian.org/jessie/xdmFile: Debian -- Details of package xdm in jessie.pdfWeb: https://wiki.debian.org/XfceFile: Xfce - Debian Wiki.pdfGuides:KDELXDEXFCEGnome Shell ExtensionsGnome Desktop Icons, Themes and CursorsOnce the changes have been saved, reboot the computer to make run the new Display Manager andfind your new \"Login screen menu\".You can change more things on the menu, such as the background and colors, but depends on everyDisplay Manager where to put what to show in the system.Change the option 'System Default' in the login screen menu:$ sudo update-alternatives --get-selections$ sudo update-alternatives --config x-session-managerAnd then choose an optionReferences:Web: http://superuser.com/questions/376107/how-change-the-default-desktop-manager-in-debianFile: linux - How change the default desktop manager in debian_ - Super User.pdfSlim:

Is a desktop-independent graphical login manager for X11.Web: https://packages.debian.org/jessie/x11/slimFile: Debian -- Details of package slim in jessie.pdfChange the login background:Web: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/debian-26/changing-the-login-screen-background-in-debian-wheezy-lxde-4175446494/File: Changing The Login Screen Background in Debian Wheezy(LXDE)_.pdfAdd new input sources (keyboard or keyboard configuration (layout)) to the login screen:References:Topic: Look for the section KeyboardGuide:Set Keyboard, Region and LanguageCheck hardware informationCheck hardware information is good to install and work with kernel modules/drivers, and to install,monitor, maintain and help troubleshooting hardware issues, together with commands like $ less/var/log/messages.References:Guides:Find out unfound driversWeb: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-commands-hardware-info/File: 16 commands to check hardware information on Linux.pdfTo display hardware information in graphical mode, use:$ lshw-gtk$ hardinfoHardware in the command line:lscpu:The lscpu command reports information about the cpu and processing units. It does not have anyfurther options or functionality.$ lscpulshw:A general purpose utility, that reports detailed and brief information about multiple differenthardware units such as cpu, memory, disk, usb controllers, network adapters etc. Lshw extracts theinformation from different /proc files.$ lshwhwinfo:

Hwinfo is another general purpose hardware probing utility that can report detailed and briefinformation about multiple different hardware components, and more than what lshw can report.$ hwinfolspci:The lspci command lists out all the pci buses and details about the devices connected to them.The vga adapter, graphics card, network adapter, usb ports, sata controllers, etc all fall under thiscategory.$ lspci$ lspci -v | grep \"VGA\" -A 12lsscsi:Lists out the scsi/sata devices like hard drives and optical drives.$ lsscsilsusb:This command shows the USB controllers and details about devices connected to them. By defaultbrief information is printed. Use the verbose option \"-v\" to print detailed information about each usbport$ lsusbInxi:Inxi is a 10K line mega bash script that fetches hardware details from multiple different sources andcommands on the system, and generates a beautiful looking report that non technical users can readeasily.$ inxi -Fxlsblk:List out information all block devices, which are the hard drive partitions and other storage deviceslike optical drives and flash drives$ lsblkdf:Reports various partitions, their mount points and the used and available space on each.$ df -Hpydf:An improved df version written in python, that displays colored output that looks better than df$ pydffdisk:Fdisk is a utility to modify partitions on hard drives, and can be used to list out the partitioninformation as well.$ fdisk -l

mount:The mount is used to mount/unmount and view mounted file systems.$ mount | column -t$ mount | column -t | grep extfree:Check the amount of used, free and total amount of RAM on system with the free command.$ freedmidecode:The dmidecode command is different from all other commands. It extracts hardware information byreading data from the SMBOIS data structures (also called DMI tables).$ sudo dmidecode -t processor$ sudo dmidecode -t memory$ sudo dmidecode -t bios/proc files:Many of the virtual files in the /proc directory contain information about hardware and configurations.Here are some of them$ cat /proc/cpuinfo$ cat /proc/meminfo$ cat /proc/version$ cat /proc/scsi/scsi$ cat /proc/partitionshdparm:The hdparm command gets information about sata devices like hard disks.$ sudo hdparm -i /dev/sdaCreate a Bootsplash screenPlymouth presents a graphic animation (also known as bootsplash) while the bootprocess is occurring in the background. It is designed to be used with the DirectRendering Manager (DRM) modesetting drivers. For systems that don't haveDRM mode settings drivers, plymouth falls back to text mode it can also use alegacy /dev/fb interface using a variation of these instructions (yet to be added).References:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/plymouthFile: plymouth - Debian Wiki.pdfDecode Man pages

References:Web: http://www.linuxnix.com/understand-man-pages-in-linuxFile: 12 examples to decode man pages in Linux_Unix - The Linux Juggernaut.pdfWeb: http://www.linuxnix.com/search-man-pages/File: How to List all Linux man pages containing _xyz_ - The Linux Juggernaut.pdfFontsFont formats supported:Formats supported according to Debian Wiki are: ttf, otf, bdf, pfb, fnt, woffReferences:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/FontsFile: Fonts - Debian Wiki.pdfList fonts available:Use the program \"Font Viewer\" to see your list of fonts available.Another good place to see the shape of the font is:Open the Tweak tool program, and then go to the sections FontsTo list fonts in a directory:$ ls <fonts-path>Find or place new fonts files:You can find or place new fonts in your personal .fonts/ directory in home/ or in all the shared (systemwide) fonts directories under /usr, for example:/usr/share/fonts/usr/share/wine/wine/fonts/usr/share/vlc/skins2/fonts/usr/local/share/fontsTo paste font files to your local .fonts/ directory use:User: estebanGroup: estebanTo paste font files to /usr/share fonts directories use:User: rootGroup: rootTo paste font files to /usr/local/share/fonts directory use:User: rootGroup: staff

Note: staff group has no users: $ nano /etc/groupInstall MS Windows fonts:If you ahve a licence of MS Windows, you don't need free copies of programs like PPS viewer. Simply,copy the folder C:\Windows\Fonts of your Windows to /usr/local/share/fonts as root.For example, with the fonts copy in /home/esteban/.wine/drive_c/windows/Fonts:$ sudo cp -dpR /home/esteban/.wine/drive_c/windows/Fonts/* /usr/share/fonts/win, or:$ sudo cp -dpR /home/esteban/.wine/drive_c/windows/Fonts/* /home/esteban/.fontsFor example, with the fonts copy in /usr/share/wine/wine/fonts:$ sudo cp -dpR /usr/share/wine/wine/fonts/* /usr/share/fonts/win, or:$ sudo cp -dpR /usr/share/wine/wine/fonts/* /home/esteban/.fontsInstall fonts from Debian repos, set up in sources.list files such as /etc/apt/sources.list:Show isntalled fonts:$ aptitude show \"?installed ?section(fonts)\" | egrep '(Package|State|Version)'Show fonts pending to install:$ aptitude show \"?not(?installed) ?section(fonts)\" | egrep '(Package|State|Version)'List all fonts:$ aptitude show \"?section(fonts)\" | egrep '(Package|State|Version)'Install fonts:$ sudo apt install font-package1 font-package2 ...Common Installation example:$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt install fonts-arabeyes fonts-freefarsi fonts-lyx fonts-sil-gentium fonts-stix fonts-droid fonts-cantarell fonts-liberation ttf-dejavu fonts-oflb-asana-math fonts-mathjax xfonts-intl-arabic xfonts-intl-asian xfonts-intl-chinese xfonts-intl-chinese-big xfonts-intl-european xfonts-intl-japanese xfonts-intl-japanese-big ttf-dejavu ttf-liberation ttf-marvosym ttf-opensymbol ttf-summersby myspell-es ooo-thumbnailerInstall MS Office / MS Windows non-free fonts from package ttf-mscorefonts-installer:$ sudo apt install ttf-mscorefonts-installerMake a program the default optionTo make programs default in the system, use update-alernativesFor example, to default Google Chrome as the Web Broser, use:$ sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser

To list all the software with update-alternatives available:$ update-alternatives --get-selectionsTo list help:$ update-alternatives --helpTo read any selection configuration:$ update-alternatives --display x-www-browserReferences:Guide: 3D Acceleration and VRSet Date, Time and TimezoneTopics:- Calendar- Date and Time- Timezone- Systemd timedatectlIn Gnome the action seems easy, you go to menu Settings and then click on the option Date and Time,but let me tell that there are more powerful command line alternatives to take the control of thisconfiguration. I am not saying Gnome is incomplete or buggy, but that's better to know the commandsto clarify some important details you should know.- CalendarDisplay the calendr in the terminal:$ cal$ ncal- Date and TimeThe Hardware Clock:This is a clock that runs independently of any control program running in the CPU and even whenthe machine is pow-ered off.hwclock sets the kernel timezone to the value indicated by TZ and/or /usr/share/zoneinfo when youset the System Time using the --hctosys option.Display the hardware clock:# hwclockSet up the hardware clock:# hwclock --set --date=\"2011-08-14 16:45:05\"

The System Time:This is the time kept by a clock inside the Linux kernel and driven by a timer interrupt.(On an ISAmachine, the timer interrupt is part of the ISA standard). It has meaning only while Linux is running onthe machine. The System Time is the number of seconds since 00:00:00 January 1, 1970 UTC (or moresuccinctly, the number of seconds since 1969). The System Time is not an inte-ger, though. It hasvirtually infinite precision.The System Time is the time that matters. The Hardware Clock's basic purpose in a Linux system is tokeep time when Linux is not running.You initialize the System Time to the time from the Hardware Clock when Linux starts up, and thennever use the Hardware Clock again.Note that in DOS, for which ISA was designed, the Hardware Clock is the only real time clock.It is important that the System Time not have any discontinuities such as would happen if you usedthe date(1L) program to set it while the system is running. You can, however, do whatever you want tothe Hardware Clock while the system is running, and the next time Linux starts up, it will do so withthe adjusted time from the Hardware Clock.Set the system time date and time:# date --set 1998-11-02# date --set 21:08:00More date examples:Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date:$ date --date='@2147483647'Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ):$ TZ='America/Los_Angeles' dateShow the local time for 9AM next Friday on the west coast of the US:$ date --date='TZ=\"America/Los_Angeles\" 09:00 next Fri'Format date output:$ date +\"%r %n%a %b %d, %Y\"Output:12:05:00 PMThu Oct 11, 2012End of Output.NTP:Sync the time using Internet:$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install ntp- TimezoneFor example, assume that your current timezone is UTC as shown below. You wouldlike to change this to Pacific Time or something.

$ dateOutput:Mon Sep 17 22:59:24 UTC 2010End of output.Method 1 - Change the system timezone using /etc/localtime file as root:On some distributions (for example, CentOS), the timezone is controlled by/etc/localtime file.Delete the current localtime file under /etc/ directory$ cd /etcRemove the file localtime:$ sudo rm localtimeAll US timezones are located under under the /usr/share/zoneinfo/US directory as shownbelow:# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/US/Output:AlaskaArizonaAleutianCentralEasternEast-IndianaHawaiiIndiana-StarkeMichiganMountainPacificSamoaEnd of Output.Note: For other country timezones, browse the /usr/share/zoneinfo directoryLink the Pacific file from the above US directory to the /etc/localtime directory as shownbelow.$ cd /etc$ sudo ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/US/Pacific localtimeNow the timezone on your Linux system is changed to US Pacific time as shown below.$ dateOutput:Mon Sep 17 23:10:14 PDT 2010End of Output.Method 2 - Change the system timezone using /etc/timezone file as root:On some distributions (for example, Ubuntu), the timezone is controlled by

/etc/timezone file.For example, your current timezone might be US Eastern time (New York) as shownbelow.$ cat /etc/timezoneAmerica/New_YorkTo change this to US Pacific time (Los Angeles), modify the /etc/timezone file as shownbelow.$ sudo nano /etc/timezoneAmerica/Los_AngelesAlso, set the timezone from the command line using the TZ variable.# export TZ=America/Los_AngelesMethod 3 - Change the system timezone reconfiguring the timezone package as root:Debian/Ubuntu:$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdataMethod 4 - Change the current user timezone using the command tzdata as current user:$ tzselectOnce the time is set, you can make this change permanent for yourself by appending the line:TZ='America/New_York'; export TZto the file '.profile' in your home directory; then log out and log in again.Another way to make this change permanent is to log as root and:1. Remove the file localtime2. Create the file as a symbolic linkReferences:Section: \"Method 1 - Change the system timezone using /etc/localtime file as root:\"References:Web: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/09/change-timezone-in-linuxFile: 2 methods to change timezone.pdf- Systemd timedatectlWith systemd you can use the timedatectl command to set or view the current date and time andtimezone.References:Guide: SystemdDisplay the current date and time:$ timedatectlChange the current date. Set time = YYYY-MM-DD:

$ sudo timedatectl set-time '2015-12-01'$ sudo timedatectlFor example, set the date ’23rd Nov 2015′ and time to ‘8:10:40 am’, enter:# timedatectl set-time '2015-11-23 08:10:40'# dateSet the time zone:To see list all available time zones, enter:$ timedatectl list-timezones$ timedatectl list-timezones | more$ timedatectl list-timezones | grep -i asia$ timedatectl list-timezones | grep America/NewTo set the time zone to ‘Asia/Kolkata’, enter:# timedatectl set-timezone 'Asia/Kolkata'Verify it:# timedatectlOutput:Local time: Mon 2015-11-23 08:17:04 ISTUniversal time: Mon 2015-11-23 02:47:04 UTCRTC time: Mon 2015-11-23 13:16:09Time zone: Asia/Kolkata (IST, +0530)NTP enabled: noNTP synchronized: noRTC in local TZ: noDST active: n/aEnd of Output.Synchronize the system clock with a remote server using NTP:# timedatectl set-ntp yesVerify it:$ timedatectlRefereces:Topic: Debian Wiki: DateTimeWeb: https://wiki.debian.org/DateTimeFile: DateTime - Debian Wiki.pdfTopic: Linux Set Date and Time From a Command PromptWeb: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-set-date-time-from-linux-command-prompt/File: Linux Set Date and Time From a Command Prompt.pdfTopic: Playing more with date.Web: https://www.linux.com/learn/how-change-linux-date-and-time-simple-commandsFile: How to Change the Linux Date and Time_ Simple Commands _ Linux.pdf

Set Keyboard, Local options, Region and Languagehttp://askubuntu.com/questions/289190/how-to-change-system-languagehttp://usuariodebian.blogspot.com/Topics:- Gnome- Terminal- GnomeSetup Keyboard and local options:In Gnome, go to menu Settings > KeyboardKeyboard Layout (Keys), Region and Language:Add new keyboard layout:In Gnome, go to menu Settings > Region and Language.Here add or change the keyboard layout, language and region in the section Input Sources.New languages are going to appear to switch in the Language Gnome Shell Extension.Every user preserves his/her personal configuration.Add new keyboard layout for the login screen:In Gnome, go to menu Settings > Region and Language, and then click the button \"Login Screen\"Here add or change the keyboard layout, language and region in the section Input Sources.Type the Administrator (root) password to save changes globally for all the users.New languages are going to appear in the login screen.Review the keyboard layout:Log in. Next, click on the Language Gnome Shell extension, and then click on Keyboard Layout.References:Guide:Change the default login screenReferences:Topic: Look for the section \"Install the Language extension:\"Guide: Gnome Shell Extensions- Terminal

This could be useful for other Desktop Environments without GUIs with the configuration optionsmentioned for Gnome.Add new Languages, and/or change the default Language (Include locales values):You have to be root user:$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure localesTo move in the terminal interface use the Arrows keys and TAB key or SHIFT+TAB keys, and to highlightvalues to select use the space key. You can select more than one value. To Accept use Enter key.Note: For all the options the first two letters mean the Language, the two letters after the underscoremean the Region or Country, and the lat value is the collation for example:en_US.UTF-8 = English from the United States, collation UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format).To review the configuration, use:$ localeOutput:LANG=C.UTF-8LANGUAGE=LC_CTYPE=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_NUMERIC=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_TIME=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_COLLATE=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_MONETARY=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_MESSAGES=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_PAPER=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_NAME=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_ADDRESS=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_TELEPHONE=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_MEASUREMENT=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_IDENTIFICATION=\"C.UTF-8\"LC_ALL=End of Output.Change the Keyboard Layout:Method 1: Reconfigure keyboard settings:$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configurationReferences:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/XorgFile: Xorg - Debian Wiki.pdfMethod 2: Reconfigure the server xorg:$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorgYou are going to be prompted to configure 4 sections:Video Card

KeyboardMouseMonitorChange the console keymap:Install the console packages:$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install console-setup console-common$ sudo apt-get install console-dataFirst time the configuration will ask you to take an action, but next times do run:$ dpkg-reconfigure console-dataIN thre next screen \" Policy for handling keymaps:\", select the option:'Select keymap from full list'$ locale$ dpkg-reconfigure console-setup$ localeSystemdI am going to use a USB flash drive as RAM in order to explain how to use systemd instead of sysVinit.Plug it in.Use the graphcal tool to see the Pendrive, and format it as ext3 or 4.You also can use:#fdisk -lOutput:Disk /dev/sdc: 1.9 GiB, 2003795968 bytes, 3913664 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes# lsusb# df -h# mountThe Pendrive device os /dev/sdcYou can mount using nautilus or Drive tool to skip commandsNow the Pendrive device is /dev/sdc1Unmount the device:# umount /dev/sdc1Type:# mkswap /dev/sdc1

(or whatever your device path is. To use all the space available, otherwise you can create a swap filewith:dd if=/dev/zero of=/media/YOURSTICK/swap bs=4096 count=131072. This creates a 512 MB file (512 *1024^2 / 4096 = 131072))Output:Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1955804 KiBno label, UUID=af83b920-2e90-43e0-9954-b93db0834fc5Then type:# swapon -p 32767 /dev/sdc1(the 32767 makes it a higher priority and will thus be used before the hard drive swap drive)To make sure everything went well, type:# cat /proc/swapsOutput: Type Size Used PriorityFilename/dev/dm-2 partition 1835004 287144 -1/dev/sdc1 partition 1955804 0 0If you need to take the stick out, type:# swapoff /dev/sdc1It’s obviously not as fast as physical RAM, but it’s a cheap and quick way to get a performance boost.Create a script to run the steps at system boot as a ReadyBoost drive in Wondows,and another to stop the steps at poweroff (Runlevel).This is a typical sysVinit service script:#! /bin/sh# /etc/init.d/blah## Some things that run alwaystouch /var/lock/blah# Carry out specific functions when asked to by the systemcase \"$1\" in start) echo \"Starting script blah \" echo \"Could do more here\" ;; stop) echo \"Stopping script blah\" echo \"Could do more here\" ;; *)

echo \"Usage: /etc/init.d/blah {start|stop}\" exit 1 ;;esacexit 0For example:ReadyBoost-start.sh:#!/bin/bash# Using a USB flash drive as RAMswapon -p 32767 /dev/sdc1exit 1ReadyBoost-stop.sh:#!/bin/bash# Using a USB flash drive as RAMswapoff /dev/sdc1exit 1To set the service file permissions:# chmod 755 /etc/init.d/blahTo make the file executable:# chmod +x 755 /etc/init.d/blahToo add the file to the system start:# cd /etc/init.d# update-rc.d blah defaultssystemd - description and features.pdfHowever, I am going to create a new service with systemd:Reference: https://wiki.debian.org/systemd/PackagingFile: systemd packaging.pdfReference: https://wiki.debian.org/systemdFile: systemd - system and service manager.pdfFile: (SERVICE SECURITY) systemd-nluug-2014.pdfFile: 5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd.webmWeb: https://wiki.debian.org/systemd/Packaging

File: systemd - description and features.pdfDescription:systemd is a replacement for sysvinit. It isdependency-based and able to read the LSBinit script headers in addition to parsingrcN.d links as hints.Debian Resources:It also provides process supervision usingcgroups and the ability to not only dependon other init script being started, but alsoavailability of a given mount point or dbusservice.Installing the systemd package will notswitch your init system unless you boot withinit=/bin/systemd or install systemd-sysv inaddition.To create the service:# cd /usr/lib/systemdCreate the file /usr/lib/systemd/scripts/ReadyBoo:# mkdir scripts# touch scripts/ReadyBoo# chmod 755 scripts/ scripts/ReadyBoo# chmod +x scripts/ReadyBooCreate the file /usr/lib/systemd/system/ReadyBoo.service:# mkdir system# touch system/ReadyBoo.service# chmod 755 system/ system/ReadyBoo.serviceFile /usr/lib/systemd/system/ReadyBoo.service:[Unit]Description=ReadyBoo - USB flash device used as RAM[Service]Type=oneshotExecStart=/sbin/swapon -p 32767 /dev/sdc1ExecStop=/sbin/swapoff /dev/sdc1RemainAfterExit=yes[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target

2nd version to set a switch (For example the ATI Radeon Video card profile):[Unit]Description=ReadyBoo - USB flash device used as RAM[Service]Type=oneshotExecStart=/bin/sh -c \"echo OFF > /whatever/vga_pwr_gadget/switch\"ExecStop=/bin/sh -c \"echo ON > /whatever/vga_pwr_gadget/switch\"RemainAfterExit=yes[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target3rd version to run shell script files:[Unit]Description=ReadyBoo - USB flash device used as RAM[Service]Type=oneshotExecStart=/bin/sh /usr/lib/systemd/scripts/ReadyBoo startExecStop=/bin/sh /usr/lib/systemd/scripts/ReadyBoo stopRemainAfterExit=yes[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.targetWantedBy means runlevels, for example multi-user.target, graphical.target, etc.File /usr/lib/systemd/scripts/ReadyBoo:!#/bin/shstart() { exec /sbin/swapon -p 32767 /dev/sdc1}stop() { exec /sbin/swapoff /dev/sdc1}case $1 in

start|stop) \"$1\" ;;esacTo test starting and stoppping the service use:# systemctl start ReadyBoo.service# systemctl stop ReadyBoo.serviceOr the new systemd without the \".\" nor \"service\":# systemctl start ReadyBoo# systemctl stop ReadyBoo# cat /proc/swapsOnce you have the files in place and configured you can enable the service: to# systemctl enable ReadyBoo.serviceOutput:Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ReadyBoo.service/usr/lib/systemd/system/ReadyBoo.service.It should then start automatically after a system reboot.Don't boot from the USB flash. Setup your system BIOS accordingly.To see if the service runs:# systemctlAnd look for the service in the list by the service name.To verify the service status:# systemctl status ReadyBoo.serviceCheck the scripts are working as expected:Open a 3D game and do enter:# cat /proc/swapsFilename Type Size Used Priority/dev/dm-2 partition 1835004 0 -1 8972 32767/dev/sdc1 partition 1955804To disabled the service:# systemctl disable ReadyBoo.serviceThe action removes the symlinks.I DIDN'T DO THIS STEP, IT'S NOT NECESSARY:Since I’ll be leaving this in the back of my desktop, first I got the UUID of the drive by typing:# ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/And then I added the following line to my /etc/fstab to have it automount as swap:UUID=af83b920-2e90-43e0-9954-b93db0834fc5 none swap sw,pri=32767 0 0# nano /etc/fstab

References:Web: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/47695/how-to-write-startup-script-for-systemdFile: How to write a startup script for systemd.pdfFile: debconf13-making-your-package-work-with-systemd.pdf (For package developers).Topic: Devuan project: Debian GNU/Linux no systemd.Web: https://devuan.org/Topic: DebateinitsystemopenrcWeb: https://wiki.debian.org/Debate/initsystem/openrcWineẂine is an implemetation of the Windows API to make run Windows programs in Linux and open websites using an embedded Internet Explorer web browser, for example.Installation:Set up repositories main contrib and non-free:$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.listSearch the program and related packages:$ sudo apt-cache search wine | lessYou will see many results. In a 64bit system we will install 32 and 64 versions (See commandsavailable).Winetricks:Winetricks is a helper script to download and install various redistributable runtime libraries neededto runsome programs in Wine. These may include replacements for components of Wine using closedsourcelibraries.I will install wine instead of the (current) development version (wine-development), because it isstable and the development version is incompatible with winetricks. However, it is possible to re-builda patched wine-development to use it with winetricks.References:Web: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=713058File: number 713058 - winetricks_ _wineserver not found_ with wine-unstable on amd64 - Debian Bugreport logs.pdfInstall wine and winetricks:$ sudo apt-get install wine winetricksReferences:Web: https://wiki.debian.org/WineFile: Wine - Debian Wiki.pdf

Wine commands you should test and use:$ wine cmd$ wine uninstaller$ wine control$ winecfg$ winefile$ wine PRESS TAB for moreInstall Windows Fonts in Wine:If you have a licence of MS Windows, simply, copy the folder C:\Windows\Fonts of your Windows toyour Wine directories /home/esteban/.wine/drive_c/windows/Fonts, and if you like to/usr/share/wine/wine/fonts/:$ sudo cp -dpR /usr/share/fonts/win/* /home/esteban/.wine/drive_c/windows/Fonts$ sudo cp -dpR /home/esteban/.fonts/* /home/esteban/.wine/drive_c/windows/Fonts$ sudo cp -dpR /usr/share/fonts/win/* /usr/share/wine/wine/fonts$ sudo cp -dpR /home/esteban/.fonts/* /usr/share/wine/wine/fontsFor more information on system Fonts, see the guide Fonts.References:Guide:FontsInstall and run applications with wine:$ wine installer.exeThen go to the installation path and execute the application:$ /home/esteban/.wine/drive_c/Program\ Files/AAP-EXE-PATH/App.exeThe app icon will show up in the system applications (Press SUPER key, and then type to search theapplication)Usages:- Run Windows applications no Linux version- Update Mainboard firmware with wine DOS- Activate DirectX and Play MS Windows games- Unlock encrypted storage drivers that use Windows software. Note: Mind is not working. Also, I can'tunlock with hdparm commands. More information here.References:Web: https://community.wd.com/t/linux-users-stay-away-from-wd/26840File: Linux Users Stay Away from WD - WD Software & Mobile Apps _ WD Software - WDCommunity.pdfWeb: https://forum.winehq.org/viewtopic.php?t=12694File: WineHQ Forums - View topic - Unlocking Windows-LOCKED HDD.pdfI can use alternative programs to encrypt external storage drives, for example: VeraCrypt (LINK)References:

Web: http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/five-apps/protect-your-data-with-these-five-linux-encryption-tools/File: Protect your data with these five Linux encryption tools - TechRepublic.pdfWeb: https://veracrypt.codeplex.com/File: VeraCrypt - Home.pdf- Use embedded Internet Explorer web browserRight click on any GIF image and in the contextual choose the option \"Open with\" > and then choose\"Wine Internet Eplorer\" or use:$ wine iexplore.exeNote: This is an older Browser no longer supported by many web sites like YouTube. Microsoft ischanging IE by Edge and there not Edge emulation available at the moment (hopefully).More Windows stuff you can add to your Wine to make Windows apps work:Net Framework:Net Framework 3.5 (is accumulative, and include 2.0, 3.0, 3.0 SP1).Net Framework 4.5 (for the latest, also, is accumulative of the 4.0).CMD (System symbol).DirectX:DirectX9Xact Engine (the normal) with its DirectX Play, DirectX Sound and etc’s.DirectX 10 specific libraries.Microsoft Visual C++:2003.2005.2007.2010.2012.2013.Xbox controller support.MSXML 3,4 SP3 y 6.0 SP1.Codecs:FFD show y Xvid.Indeo Codecs.MPEG Layer-3.QDvd y Quartz de DirectX 9.XNA Framework 4.0.Microsoft:GDI+ (versions 2004 y 2011).amstream.dll.DirectShow Filtrer.Windows HTTP Services.Setup API.

Update API.References:Topic: PlayOnLinux:Web: https://www.playonlinux.com/en/SoundSoundAudio card installation:I remember I had to change an old card on Debian Etch, and required to find a driver to install thegeneric driver AC'97 Sound or something like that, and it worked! Most of cards are supported andinstalled during the system installation.References:Topic: Install a Professional sound system in Debian. I also recommend you to take a look at the distroAVLinux.Guide: KXStudioTopic: Deal with drivers installationGuides: Basic Networking, WebcamTopic: Tasks related to software installationGuides:Build the Linux KernelDKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support)Build packages from sourceTopic: Software installation sources and options availableGuides:Software sources availableDebian binariesDebian source codeSource code & Debian forks source codeTest the soudcard:I setup a USB sound card when installed system and tested it with an analog headset and recorded myvoice with grecord and play the file.ogg with Rhythmbox.Audio mixers:GUI:$ gnome-control-centerAnd look for the icon SoundText based mode:$ alsamixer

ALSA is an acronym of Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version k3.16.0-4-amd64.References:Topic: How it works: Linux audio explainedWeb: http://tuxradar.com/content/how-it-works-linux-audio-explainedFile: How it works_ Linux audio explained _ TuxRadar Linux.pdfWeb: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_ArchitectureFile: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdfAudio Application types:DAWs, Audio Editors/Players/ToolsSynths/Samplers, Drumboxes, LoopersEffectsNotation/Score, Tabulature, LyricsMIDI/OSC SoftwareDJ tools, CD/MP3 toolsAccompaniment/KaraokeMixersAlgorithmic CompositionSound SynthesisVideo Software (edit/capture)Lesson/Training/Metronomes/TunersDevelopment ToolsMiscellaneousGet sound applications:Many of these apps reside in the Official Debian reposReferences:Topic: Linuxaudio.orgWeb: http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/apps/startGuides: KXStudio, Record Sound Recorder, Manage traditional software repositories, Audacity.Topic: Installing USB soundcard in Virtual MachinesGuide: KVMSSDs/HDS/CDsLogical Volume Management (LVM)Some notes about wmdiskmon and the LVMs:I believe RAID and LVMs are not only for Servers with HDs in RAIDs like SANs. In some cases a serversrun without LVMs, for example my Virtualization server runs KVM (Linux native) and I create VMs onthe LVM, and VMs could be installed without LVM.

To run to check just partitions:# df -h# mount# nano /etc/fstabIE:# df -h Size Used Avail Use% Mounted onFilesystemrootfs 145G 18G 120G 13% /udev 10M 0 10M 0% /devtmpfs 88M 716K 87M 1% /run/dev/mapper/ProLiant-root 145G 18G 120G 13% /tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/locktmpfs 175M 72K 175M 1% /run/shm/dev/sda1 228M 19M 198M 9% /bootNew tool to check LVM: 0# pvsOutput:PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree/dev/dm-0 ProLiant lvm2 a-- 148.80gMore options to LVM:This is relatively easy. Use lvdisplay to show logical volumes, vgdisplay to show volume groups(including free space available) and pvdisplay to show physical volumes.You should get all the data you need from those three commands, albeit with some work to figure outwhat all the various bits of data mean.# vgs# lvspvs, vgs and lvs are convenient easy-to-read alternatives to pvdisplay, vgdisplay and lvdisplay if youonly need a summary.The \"maps\" option is what you are after. This works at the lv level as well as pv.So if you want to see what room an LV is taking up on a volume, do:# lvdisplay -m <volumegroupname>If you want to see the usage of PVs, do:#pvdisplay -mReference:Web: http://serverfault.com/questions/262541/how-to-display-used-devices-free-space-when-using-lvmFile: LVM stats commands.pdf.

Mount and repair CD-DVD ROM ISO or HDs-SSDsMount ISO image is very easy in Gnome. make right click on the ISO image and then choose the optionmount. A new virtual drive containing the image files will appear in the file manager Nautilus.To mount external drives and pendrives as root, open the terminal, login as root with the command'su' and then run:# nautilusReference:Web: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-to-mount-iso-image-under-linux.htmlFile: Mount CDROM ISO.pdfMount manually:To mount ISOs:1) Login as the root user (administrator), or switch to it using the following command:$ su -2) Create the mount point directory, i.e.:# mkdir -p /mnt/disk3) Mount the iso file, IE: disk1.iso:# mount -o loop disk1.iso /mnt/disk4) List files stored inside an ISO image:$ cd /mnt/disk$ ls -lUmount manually:Identify the devices:Open the application Disks, or use something like:$ df -h$ mount | grep \"/dev\"$ sudo fdisk -l$ sudo nano /etc/fstabDebusy the device going out of their dirs with \"$ cd ..\" and run the next command:# umount /dev/<DEVICE>To force umounting:# umount -f /dev/<DEVICE>Fource mount after read or I/O error:This usually happends after you couldn't/fogot umount.# mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdb1 /mnt/myhddrive -o forceAt this point it is a good idea to backup the data, before work on teh issue.

To mount NTFS HDs/SSDs:Linux uses VFS (Virtual File System) to be able to mount many filesystems, like NTFS, FAT, XFS, etc. Youcan add more support for other filesystems in the Kernel and install tools to format and manage them,for example, mkfs. See the availability:$ sudo mkfs. (And press TAB key)Need to setup repos main, contrib and non-free to install NTFS package ntfs-3g:$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g# mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdb1 /mnt/myhddriveTo fix a corrupt NTFS partition from Linux:$ sudo ntfsfix /dev/<name>$ sudo rebootVerify that the device is working.To fix NTFS from Windows (Preferable):Check Disk then performs an analysis of the disk and returns a status message regarding any problemsit encounters.Unless you specify further options, Check Disk won’t repair problems, however.To findand repair errors on drive C, use this command:cmd> chkdsk /f C:The complete syntax to Check Disk is as follows:CHKDSK [volume[[path]filename]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]The options and switches for Check Disk are used as follows:volume Sets the volume to work withpath/filename Specifies files to check for fragmentation (FAT16 and FAT32 only)/F Fixes errors on the disk/V Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk (FAT16 and FAT32); displays cleanupmessages if any (NTFS)/R Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information (implies /F)/X Forces the volume to dismount first if necessary (implies /F)/I Performs a minimum check of index entries (NTFS only)/C Skips checking of cycles within the folder structure (NTFS only)/L:size Sets the log file size (NTFS only)/B Re-evaluates bad clusters on the volume (NTFS only; implies /R)References:Web: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ee872425.aspxFile: Run Check Disk from a Command Line to Check for and fix Disk Errors.pdfNote:There is another issue with the NTFS external drives. Their unlock software only runs in Windows.VirutalBox USB is not working and I don't want to use KVM, so I am not encrypting content anymorebut password and secret files with VeraCrypt, software. See VeraCrypt guide for details.Linux partitions and storage devices - Force fsck on the Next Reboot or Boot Sequence:

References:Topic: /forcefsck and 'shutdown -rF' (old style for SysVinit)Web: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-force-fsck-on-the-next-reboot-or-boot-sequence/File: Linux Force fsck on the Next Reboot or Boot Sequence.pdfDisable/enable fsck with systemd:You need to edit /etc/fstab. There is 1 at the end set to 1 to check you can toggle of by replacing the 1by a 0.References:Web: https://ask.fedoraproject.org/en/question/45969/disabling-auto-dsck-systemd-service/File: Disabling auto-dsck systemd service - Ask Fedora_ Community Knowledge Base and SupportForum.pdfTopic: Issues with the mentioned disable/enable methodWeb: http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=123199File: Debian User Forums • View topic - fsck on boot debian jessie.pdfCheck and repair a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system:Primarily, you can use fsck, with the device name, etc:$ man fsckYou can also use e2fsck:Need to setup repos main, contrib and non-free to install NTFS package ntfs-3g:$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install e2fsck-static$ e2fsck /dev/<DEVICE>Another tool to restore deleted or broken partitions is Test Disk:Need to setup repos main, contrib and non-free to install NTFS package ntfs-3g:$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install testdisk$ testdiskPress 'q' to exit the application.References:Web: http://www.taringa.net/post/linux/12296990/Test-Disk-y-recupera-tus-particiones-borradas-o-rotas.htmlFile: Test Disk, y recupera tus particiones borradas o rotas - Taringa.pdfRepair defective sectors:(PENDING)