Mosiacque Magazine September Final Edition

Evolution of Wireless Networks and its Impact on Future Internet Design Wireless and mobile devices as of 2006 outnumber wired Business School, University of Pennsylvania. Sanjoy is a computing devices 5 to 1, and this ratio is going to Fellow of IEEE. increase significantly over the years with the ubiquity of wireless devices and sensors all around us. This talk will begin with the characteristics of a variety of wireless networks, ranging from traditional cellular and wifi mesh networks to more futuristic vehicular and cognitive radio networks, and expose their unique requirements on the design of architecture and protocols for the future Internet. Then the focus will shift to the discussion of specific problems in cellular, wifi mesh and bybrid cellular-wifi mesh networks, and to the contributions of the speaker in each of these areas leading to the design of a futuristic architecture for the Internet. The speaker will also talk about two NSF-funded research initiatives: Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) and Future Internet Network Design (FIND), and discuss his specific involvement in these projects. Sanjoy Paul was in WINLAB, Rutgers University, and the Founder of Creative Soft Inc. Prior to founding Creative Soft Inc, Sanjoy spent five years as the Director of Wireless Networking Research at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies. In a previous tenure at Bell Labs as a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff, Sanjoy was the chief architect of Lucent's IPWorX caching and content distribution product line. He has also served as CTO of two different start-up companies in the networking space. Sanjoy has over fifteen years of technology expertise, specifically in the areas of End-to-End Protocol Design and Analysis, Mobile Wireless Networking, Quality of Service, Multicasting, Content Distribution, Media Streaming, Intelligent Caching, and Secure Commerce. Sanjoy served as an editor of IEEE/ACM Transactions by on Networking, General Chair of IEEE/ICST COMSWARE 2007, Technical Program Chair of Dr. Sanjoy Paul IEEE/ICST COMSWARE 2006, Guest Editor of IEEE Managing Director and Country head, Network Special Issue on Multicasting, and as a Technical Program Committee Member of several IEEE and ACM Accenture Technology LAB, International conferences. Sanjoy has authored a book on New Jersey, Multicasting, published widely in International Journals US and refereed Conference Proceedings, authored over 60 US patents (20 granted, 40+ pending), and is the co- recipient of 1997 William R. Bennett award from IEEE Communications Society for the best original paper in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. He holds a Bachelor of Technology degree from IIT Kharagpur, India, an M.S and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Maryland, College Park, and an MBA from the Wharton 91

Design for India's Elastic Cities By 2030, 40% of India's population will live in cities. This is the idea of an Open Generative City: exploring That's the equivalent of 590 million people, up from 350 what it might mean to design services and applications million in 2010. with an emphasis on serendipity, resilience, and a diversity of experience. Moving beyond ideas of the 'map-as-territory', our initial research has seized on case studies and symptomatic details. We have used rich ethnography to frame our design of 'smarter' soft infrastructure for a rapidly- urbanizing India. Clearly, the combination of internal migration and The corner shop selling 'paan' also offers real estate population growth will place a unique stress on India's services. Photo credit: flickr.com/photos/rohitrath, The urban infrastructure. Already, plenty of work has been barber offers bespoke 'stock market' updates during a done on the resilience of physical infrastructure: the normal service. channels of water supply, sanitation, and power. But what of the city's 'soft' infrastructure; the immaterial flows of If one locates the Indian barber and his service network data and social relations? on the city's map, it might look something like this. He is a datum in the city, a node stretching to cover the nooks and As plans for the digital augmentation of our cities gather corners of the world around him. pace, we find ourselves wondering how such schemes might be enacted in an Indian context. Given the complex, chaotic and often illegible nature of its urban landscape, and stepping back from the top-down masterplans of Masdar and New Songdo, what would a 'smart' Mumbai look like? What might it be like to live there? Through the Superflux Lab, we have been attempting to answer this brief with a series of projects that highlight the rich depth of informal services in the Indian city. Ultimately, this will be a tool kit for the networked stealth economy; an environment where service providers operate as urban data nodes, demonstrating entrepreneurial savvy under messy, organic conditions. Similarly, if one mapped all these other 'wallahs and wallihs' - the men and women who offer informal services - moving about the city, creating mobile data nodes, the city's map might look something like this: You see how these various actors emerge as points of influence, rather than specific service providers. This could be a local map of soft services and networks, rich in meaning and value for the people who live there. 92

Planners, businesses, entrepreneurs and service providers Profile need to recognise the worth of these 'informal' networks and services. Though not always operating at the peak of efficiency, these networks are a lifeline of human stories and intangible value - site of relational exchange, rather than simple transactions. Photocredit: flickr.com/photos/oneeighteen Founder and Director of Superflux - an Anglo-Indian design practice: based in London, but with roots and As part of this project, we lead workshops on Prospecting contacts in the Gujarati city of Ahmedabad. Born and Near-Future Cities, guiding participants to explore educated in India (NID), with an MA in Interaction alternative urban strategies and prototype designs, Design from the Royal College of Art, Anab founded scenarios and ideas. Superflux in 2009. She has a proven track record in design, strategy and foresight for businesses, think-tanks and The following images are from one such workshop held at research organisations. Singapore's Lien Centre for Social Innovation, as part of the Young Foundation's SIX Programme. Honoured as a TED Fellow, she is the receipient of several awards, including the Award of Excellence ICSID, Innovation Award, Chicago International Documentary Film Festival and the UNESCO Digital Arts Award. Her experience and knowledge of design, futurescaping, emerging markets, new technologies and innovation has led her to be invited as a keynote speaker for conferences worldwide. Some of the conferences she has spoken at include PICNIC, WCIT2010, LIFT, SIGGRAPH, EPIC, Design Engaged and FuturEverything. Currently, we are working with planners, technologists by and entrepreneurs to further explore this nexus of ideas. If you a;re a brand, NGO, or public institution with a stake Anab Jain in the future of open, creative cities, and would be Co-Founder, interested in partnering on this project, we would love to Superflux Lab hear from you. London, 93 UK

Water Losses in Asia With accelerating urbanization in Asia, management of Strategies and Achievements in NRW reduction the entire water cycle in urban context has become a priority consideration. The rapid rate of urbanization in It may be seen that non-revenue water of some of the the region is resulting in many Asian cities facing major utilities in South Asia is as high as 70%. In Indonesia, it challenges of providing their increasing populations with varies from 30-53%, in Philippines from 19-68%, in China adequate and sustainable water services. Many cities are from 3-94% and in Vietnam from 21-44%. However, in water stressed and the available water resources for these Cambodia the water utility in Phnom Penh has been quite cities are dwindling rapidly. Not only are these cities now successful of reducing its non-revenue water to 6% in unable to reconcile the water requirements and the water 2007. Box 1 explains as to how Phnom Penh water supply resources, but also current utilization is often both authority brought an effective control of non-revenue inefficient and ineffective. Water losses are quite high. water. One of the major challenges facing water utilities in the developing countries of Asia is the high level of water Box 1: Effective Control of Non Revenue Water losses (leakage) due to water pipe bursts and leakages, theft of water from the system, or water users not billed In 1993, NRW in the PPWSA was incredibly high at 72%. properly. In many Asian countries it is an issue that By 2007. However, NRW had been reduced to 6%, of deserves close attention. Table 1 below gives a picture of which 2-3% was estimated to be due to unauthorized non-revenue water of Water Utilities in various parts of consumption and commercial losses, and the rest due to the Asian region. physical losses mainly from leakages caused by road, drainage, and cable-laying construction. In 2004, road Table 1: Non-revenue Water of Water Utilities in countries of the Asian region construction caused 75% of leaks, rising to 81% in 2005 and to 83% by 2006. S.No. Country Name of the Utility Status Year of Overall Reference Non-Revenue Commercial losses were addressed by metering all South Asia Dhaka Public consumers and tackling the high incidence of illegal 1. Bangladesh Public 2006 Water connections which had been widespread due to the high 2. India Chittagong Public 2006 (per cent) connection charge of $1,000. Illegal consumption was Public 2006 reduced by running a public awareness campaign, giving 3. Pakistan Sylhet 2005-2006 37 incentives to anyone providing information on illegal 4. Sri Lanka Public connections, heavily penalizing those connected illegally, Bangalore Water Supply and Public 28 and paying special attention to the removal and Sewerage Board, Bangalore, Public punishment of any PPWSA staff found associated with Karnataka State 70 illegal connections. Physical losses were reduced by Public replacing old pipes, creating 41 leakage control zones Municipal Corporation of Jabalpur, Public 45.1 based on district metering areas, and establishing NRW Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh State control teams in 2003. In 2005 0.4% of revenue was spent Public 2005-2006 14.3 on repairing leaks and controlling the 41 zones. Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 2005-2006 35.0 Kolkata, West Bengal State Public 2005-2006 13.6 There were three key factors in the success achieved: 1. the Public role of the PPWSA staff who were incentivized to Municipal Corporation of Greater Public 2005-2006 51.9 become champions in themselves, 2. active public Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Public 2005-2006 30.0 support, and 3. managing the 41 zones to control leakage. State Public Ek Sonn Chan, General Director of the Phnom Penh 2005-2006 14.5 Water Supply Authority Nagpur Municipal Corporation, Nagpur, Maharashtra State 2005-2006 57.4 Hai Phong and MWCI have each reduced their NRW SEAWUN 30 levels to 21.5% and 26%, respectively, from levels beyond Varanasi Jal Sansthan (Water Board), 30 60% in the last 10 years. MWSI on the other hand, has just Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh State Bench - 42 been turned over to new owners and has identified NRW marking reduction as their main focus given the current levels at Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Database 35.92 (Gt. 69%. A NRW reduction strategy is currently being put in Corporation, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Colombo) place with firm financial management commitment to Pradesh State 2005 30.86 (Regions) support the program. Municipal Corporation, Amritsar, 2001 53 Punjab State 2004 47.3 Rawalpindi 2006 2006 48 Karachi 2006 30 2006 36 Lahore 2004 31 2006 68.4 Water Supply 2004 66.39 2006 47.6 Southeast Asia TPJ Private 2005 31.74 5. Indonesia Palyja Private 2005 30 DKI Jakarta Public 2005 19 6. Philippines Banjarmasin Public 36 Malang Public 2005 Yogyakarta Public 2005 94 Maynilad Private 2005 3 2005 72 Manila Water Private 2006 18 2006 10 East Asia Dagupan Water District Public 2006 32 7. PR China Orani Water District Public 2006 35 Magdalena (LGU managed Utility) Public 2006 32 8. Kazakhstan 29 Heze Public 2003 Mekong Region Liaocheng Public 2007 17 9. Cambodia Zibo Public 2004 6 Weifang Public 26.3 Almaty Public 2003 Aqtau Public 44 Karaghandy Public Shchuchinsk Public Taldykorghan Public Phnom Penh Public 10. Vietnam Sihanoukville Water Supply Public Authority SOE-One Hanoi Member Pacific Region Ho Chi Minh Company 2003 39 Hue Ltd. 2003 21 11. Fiji Haiphong - do- 2006 22 National - do- 2002 36.8 12. Samoa - do- Suva 2007 70 Samoa Water Authority Public 2002/ 2003 44 Public 94

Realizing the need for reducing non-revenue water, Cities in Asia also need to build capacity and undertake the organizations like WHO have been regularly monitoring following volumes of non-revenue water. Table 2 gives estimates of worldwide NRW volumes and Table 3 provides estimated (1) Establish a standardized water balance & calculate value of non-revenue water and its components. water loss performance indicators; Table 2: Estimates of Worldwide NRW volumes (billions of cubic metres/ year) (2) Reduce commercial and physical losses; (3) Produce an NRW Assessment and Management Supplied System Estimates of NRW population, Input Action Plan; and I/capita/ NRW Ratio (%) Volume, billion m3/ year (4) Acquaint with the available NRW techniques and millions day as share of (2002) system input Physical Commercial Physical Commercial Total equipment. 300 losses losses losses losses NRW (%) Hai Phong and MWCI have each reduced their NRW Developed 744.8 80 20 9.8 2.4 12.2 levels to 21.5% and 26%, respectively, from levels beyond countries 15 60% in the last 10 years. MWSI on the other hand, has just Eurasia (CIS) 178.0 been turned over to new owners and has identified NRW Developing 837.2 500 30 70 30 6.8 2.9 9.7 reduction as their main focus given the current levels at Countries 250 35 60 40 16.1 10.6 26.7 69%. A NRW reduction strategy is currently being put in place with firm financial management commitment to Total 32.7 15.9 48.6 support the program. Source: World Health Organisation Reducing Water Losses: UN-HABITAT Efforts towards Water Conservation Table 3: Estimated value of NRW and its components UN-HABITAT in association with Rand Water of South Supplied Estimated value (US$ billions/ year) Africa produced a Manual on Water Demand population, management, which has the following objectives. System Input Cost of physical Lost revenue due to Total cost of millions I/capita/day losses  To introduce a standard terminology for component (2002) commercial losses NRW based leakage management and to encourage water utilities to calculate components of Non-Revenue Developed countries 0.30 1.00 2.9 2.4 5.3 Water and Water Losses using the standard annual Eurasia (CIS) 0.30 0.50 2.0 1.5 3.5 water balance; Developing 0.20 0.25 3.2 2.6 5.8 Countries  To highlight the importance of adopting standard Total 8.1 6.5 14.6 terminology and a standard approach to the complex issue of leakage in a water distribution system; Organisations like Southeast Asian Water Utilities Network (SEAWUN) have been under taking  To highlight and explain certain key issues which water benchmarking surveys from time to time. The chart below utilities should be addressing even in situations where presents results of SEAWUN benchmarking survey for the available financial resources are insufficient to 2003. implement normally accepted international practices; and The role of water conservation and demand management measures for reduction of water loss and water utilization  To identify and explain various issues and items of in all spheres of the water sector is, therefore, becoming equipment that can be of specific use to the local increasingly important. In Malaysia e.g. the entire water situations in different regions. supply distribution system comprises more than 91,247 km of water pipes of which 45,746 km or 50% are Water Demand management is one of the key thrust area Asbestos Cement Pipes. These pipes have been under the Water for Asian Cities Programmes. In India extensively laid and have been in service for more than 30 UN-HABITAT has been working in the four cities of years. The government under the 9th and 10th Malaysia Madhya Pradesh, India viz. Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, and plan is planning to replace about 12,000 km of water pipes Jabalpur where the non-revenue water of the water – totaling to RM11.7billion to bring down NRW level to a utilities has varied from 50-65 per cent. For each city a target of 20% by the year 2015. Water Demand Management Strategy has been developed which aims at reducing the non-revenue water to a level of There is a felt need in Asia for networking among utilities 15 per cent by the year 2010. The strategy includes for knowledge sharing experience that caters exclusively technical aspects of water demand management and to the issue of water loss in Asia. There is also a need to implementation plan together with the financial, encourage government supervision and private sector institutional and policy reforms. The strategy is specific initiative to reduce NRW and also generate immediate for each city and provides the basis for formulating operational and financial benefits. effective water demand management policies. by Dr. Andre Dizikus Chief, U. N. Habitat, Germany 95

Causing the Extraordinary “I did not know it was impossible GIFEW is about being a global field – a company, an so I simply went and did it” says organization, inside which any women who wants to make the powerful Bea Benkova CEO a difference will integrate, collaborate and create synergies & FOUNDER of Global with us and in return we bring it to their lives, their Institute for Extraordinary communities and to the world as well as bring harmony Women (GIFEW), who is with men. All these women will align the power – to exist, standing for the transformation to collaborate, to create new synergies to co-create a new of humanity through the aligned collaborative culture. power of extraordinary women. (http://www.gifew.org)nAs with How are you getting support, are you having enough support to move things forward to take things to different most things, it takes one person to see the vision and shine level? the message to the world. It takes many more to make it a reality. So, now it is not only about me anymore. It's an ongoing process – it's a journey starting from the centre. I can feel the momentum happening. GIFEW is a Today, as the founder and CEO, Bea is excited to global field starting and it's a multidimensional resonance introduce you to the Global Institute for Extraordinary field. So the more we can tune in to one another, calibrate, Women (GIFEW) through her in-depth interview of her and create resonance faster I can see the movement five year odyssey to develop the organization of her happening and the field growing. We are not into dreams, into a magnificent reality. GIFEW's promise is networking, GIFEW is into field working. Each woman that every woman lives a fulfilled life and makes a inside GIFEW will be working to integrate, to train her, to difference in the world. collaborate, to create synergies, to ignite the fusion What inspired you to start GIFEW? How are you getting process, to become a star, & then collaborate with others. support in moving things forward? This creates resonance. We are developing synergies to create stars. It was more of a desire and need to create a platform for women I have been connected with for last 5 years, Have you presented this idea to different partners such as working with them empowering & collaborating could government agencies or NGOs or women organizations, have a place to be, could have a home. So it was almost a or universities who are interested in partnering with you question of what am I going to do with all these women now? that vibrate with such high power, who are really inspired by the vision of the constellation, they want to make a GIFEW was launched in Dec. 2012, focused on working difference, they want to collaborate. I thought, what am I w/ women and distinguishing our methodology and going to do with all these brilliance, where they can all lead program. The first program we have launched is the in the world. So it was almost a painful desire, to create Global Femina Fusion Foundation Certificate– that is the GIFEW because everyone was connecting to me and I fundamental. We are distinguishing and Femina Fusion knew I am the voice of a vision. I sourced it from program – it's about creating partnerships and women are Rainforest. becoming the vortexes creating positive energies. We are in conversation with women partners to create synergies. In GIFEW, women participate and undergo the fusion process- that means they enter the world of collaborative process & synergies. 96

At this moment, GIFEW has launched 3 programs and Would you agree that there are some nasty women out we are in the process of collecting stories, and there, who use their sex or gender as a trump card to testimonials of the real success. We are currently in the manipulate & abuse men & people's trust, that impacts phase of launching partnerships and creating how world looks at honest, sincere ambitious women & collaborations with women networks, and women, who their participation in the world? are becoming vortexes within their field. We in turn take them through the fusion process so that they are ignited. I believe people behave differently – it all depends on the We train these women in our 3 tier program - each tier level of consciousness women have, and the values they representing a star, a constellation –an awakening star, a hold. Of course, if one behaves irresponsibly there is an rising star and a shining star. impact on the community & the listening of that person. But if you focus on what you want to create and bringing GIFEW takes women through the spectrum to increase forth a new reality, you will notice that your whole field will their power – to shine in a very integrative way. We are shift. now in conversations with organizations & partners to collaborate with us to bring our education to their There are some women who abuse being a woman, would organizations, to increase the level of their integration of you agree? the women in mainstream. I would say simply, that when women don't honour who In regards to your participation in GIFEW, what have you they are they allow themselves to get abused & find learned about the challenges and barriers women face in amusement in it. The moment they recognize there order to shine their light, or break the ceiling or cross the power – she will stand for herself, not allowing to be made boundaries. How have you learned, or what have you belittle & follow her purpose for life by unlocking their learned about your journey thus far? gifts. In my experience it's all about owning who you are and being of service to the community. It's all about being vital, happy and joyous. I have learned from my experiences, and thro' working for Does speaking in the listening of others always help a last five years with women from all parts of the world, all woman? parts of society, different cultures & religions and really getting it clear that all women have the same issues Not necessary! For me it took five years for people to everywhere in the world. These experiences might differ understand what GIFEW is and its purpose. It has been a depending upon the culture they are conditioned into & step by step process. I have been really listening as to who their past. But, generally all women have same issues. is resonating with my purpose, who is vibrating at my That's why the name Global in our organization and to level, who is aligning with my intentions and would address that most women don't consider themselves to be collaborate with me and build the resonance field & extraordinary. For me, being extraordinary is not just synergies. being talented – we all are born with specific gifts, we are all born with a purpose & a message. Therefore, I believe GIFEW is really about honoring the women how it's our responsibility and duty to unlock & discover our powerful she is, how sacred she is and honoring herself. gifts for the service of the people and create synergies to Femina fusion work is about worshipping the sacredness find the unique place in the world. That's the purpose of of being a woman. GIFEW. Say something about Femina Fusion program - how many Do women get victimized or beaten up by powerful women participated, what was there experience? ambitious men who like to control women – would you agree to that? Here's the story behind the design of Femina Fusion program - fundamental decision behind our programs It depends how these women vibrate in the world. I was that all GIFEW Certificate programs will be group believe it's not easy & natural for women to take programs. So someone can't buy this program and do it leadership. There is a lot of male energy or dominations in on its own. different cultures, and traditions, and women lose their power & feminity to these energies. And, this is where I believe that the world doesn't need more successful GIFEW come's into picture – to create a global playing individuals; it needs more collaborating communities and field for women, where we believe there feminine qualities synergies. All our programs are journeys, they start on will be nurtured and harnessed, to shine like a star – it will Mondays and continue till the participants gets results. be a place where they can be totally themselves, and will be called into action to be extraordinary to be of service for We generally take 150 Diverse Women participants from themselves, for the community and for the world. around the world and we make them go through the experience of the fusion process. These women come from different walks of life, different expertise, and different traditions. 97

We sourced ourselves through the Atlantic Rainforest. GIFEW is based on the Atlantic rainforest geometry, which is the biggest rainforest in the world. The programs are live coaching webinars with me, where I coach individual women and show them how we can start collaborating & create synergies accelerating their purpose with other women participants, lifting the whole group up in a synergistic way. So the price of the Femina Fusion Foundation Certificate program is 497 euro's - it is a modern, fast and powerful 6 week multi-media program that you can access from the In astronomy, inside the fusion process a star is born – the comfort of your own home, anytime and anywhere. This nebola starts contracting, to the point that it ignites the program provides clarity on your unique path, and fusion process. This is exactly what happens inside our determines what your next steps might be. Throughout Femina Fusion program – we take all the participants the sessions, you will understand how to work on yourself through 3 fundamentals of ecologies, you & you, you & and see immediate results in your life through playbooks, others, you and the world at one time, in one place. We through transcripts, through live webinars and thro' a take them first for six weeks training - a multimedia facebook secret group - where they have the integrated coursework. GIFEW has been designed as a virtual immersing experience out of their participation in this coursework, so that any women can take these courses program. The Femina Fusion program is a 3-step journey anywhere in the world. where you will transform your relationship with yourself, others and the world, and find that fire inside you so you can shine bright. GIFEW is a platform that grounds the vision, opening a field for everyone, women and men, who resonates with GIFEW recognize's that part of power is emphasizing the Institute and wants to contribute to the vision creating what everyone agrees upon, accepting other views, so you together the NEW CULTURE of collaboration. It can create a comfort zone of respect and inflict more believes that together we can create synergies and as a influence everywhere you go. Hence, the programs are result, have a larger impact, as one plus one is much more designed to awaken women and accelerate their personal than two. GIFEW is committed to transforming growth so they may find their unique place in the world. humanity through the aligned power of Extraordinary The Femina Fusion Foundation Program, in particular Women. does this in a six week journey to decode the extraordinary Woman inside You They are co-creating a new culture of collaboration where men and women operate harmoniously at an entirely new In the meantime please consider exploring their website level. GIFEW believes that the female energy is the access www.gifew.org and join our partnership program to this new culture. Their transformational educational http://www.gifew.org/partnership-program/ programs are based on The Authentic & Integrated Women's Leadership Model that are created based on robust research. Connections and collaborations are What is the outcome – from each woman that participates powerfully enhanced in their programs. in this program? What's your expectation from these women? If this vision resonates with yours we invite you to join our GLOBAL webinars to learn more about GIFEW and I have seen these women they are excited, they are clear of our foundation program Femina Fusion Foundation what their gifts are, they become aware of their vitality, Certificate. http://www.gifew.org/webinar/ they are ready to create teams, be in charge of their life by What is the price of this program – how do you price it? being empowered by creating synergies, collaboration and ready to contribute in their families and communities, We decided at the beginning that we will not go from developing powerful listening in the world, developing country to country, but we designed our education in a their character. This will help them to go to the next level way that has best system and best technology around the of contribution in the world. world. The Global Institute for Extraordinary Women is a space- . 98

both virtual and physical-for women to meet and be PASSION with persistence, and use courage to weave a empowered. We believe in the importance of connection, strong web of connections. And this “web” is what we at which is portrayed as our “Constellation” where such GIFEW truly encourages. Share about your book. How it women gather to develop and apply individual insight and impacted you empowering woman, and making a experiences We would be very happy if you choose to join difference in their lives? us to find your unique place contributing to the vision and creating synergies together. Life is Now - 21 Days with Bea Benkova is a book - an interview with Bea, in which the journalist Jaroslava GIFEW's, unique approach is backed by their own robust Timkova uncovers not only her private life, but also delves research conducted at Harvard Business School. Over deep inside. It tracks her evolution from childhood, 150 of the world's women leaders were surveyed, with de- through her successful career as a banker in London, to tailed statistical analysis that included a broad cross- today's work as an ambassador and coach of section of leadership styles. This research covered Extraordinary Women. She was brought to this work organisational development, neuroscience, evolutionary inspired by unconditional love of her mother. The biology, gender studies and positive psychology. experience forced her to fully realize that Life is Now! Through this survey GIFEW, analyzed correlations Bea believes that when we postpone anything significant between the factors linked to success, fulfilment and for another time, it is as though we put aside our entire making a difference by the women in the community. The lives. From the stories of her clients, and from her own facts gathered from this study have led them to a simple experience, Bea Benkova has extracted a series of conclusion: Yes, you can. Thus, their Integrated Female anecdotes, inspirations and techniques for personal Leadership Model was created to help women integrate all growth and relationship building. The book is written in a aspects of their lives. Instead of merely providing tips on welcoming light style, bringing the readers inspiration and how to succeed in the current world, their model is guidance on how to live a successful, happy and fulfilled specially designed to build a new culture where women life. can thrive and be entitled to a fulfilled life. Profile: Testimonials such as the following have been heard all Bea Benkova, the founder and times, “My CEO can be really critical,” said Liz, a senior CEO of GIFEW, worked in consultant, “but that's the way things work. If I complain, international finance sector. my job is history.” Having studied at Oxford and Risha, a home entrepreneur, is perpetually exhausted: “It's holding degrees in finance and difficult to care for myself,” she admitted, “but someone economics from the UK and her has to be there for my husband and children.” native Slovakia, Bea was raised from an early age to be successful They may not sound like anything, but it is a sign of powerlessness and a lack of fulfilment. If we continuously and be the best. She held senior positions in the City of believe in them, such statements can deepen our London at ABN AMRO and the Royal Bank of Scotland. emotional pits and prevent us from realizing our true potential. by Truth is women who have found their unique place in the Bea Benkova world often realize that they don't know how to expand CEO & Founder their ideas and create a significant impact through The Global Institute for Extraordinary Women mobilizing others. Are you in this position today? This is London-Bratislava-Prague-Sao Paulo where GIFEW comes into picture to manifest and harness your passion. All you have to do is follow your 99

The Importance of Identity and Building a Multicultural Society Entering a car for a first time in Nyanja, where I grew up, works of Shakespeare, Hugo, Plato etc on our definition was a big thing to many of my agemates. They would of modernity has lasted this long, is there no African always say, 'ekyooma ky'omujungu' to express their modernity in the same sense? Is there only 'omujungu' wonder at 'the amazing technology of the whiteman'. modernity? Growing up then, in somewhat privileged circumstances compared to many of my agemates in the rural district on (Of course not.) the border between Uganda and Rwanda, I never thought much about cars and what the whole 'mujungu' or racially There are unique African products that I know, branded in 'white' ascription to them meant. The identity of a car was African languages. Clothing is the easier option for not something I could decipher at that age and with that example purposes. The kente cloth, kitenge, ankara, level of exposure. busuuti and many others are not just contemporary but are also reflective of philosophies of the people who As they say, with more traveling and growth, I came to invented them. So, indeed, African civilisations are alive. know more. That actually, 'omujungu' as an identity is Equally, there are African books, songs, dances and other itself divided into several sub-identities. That not all cars arts and aspects of culture that are born of the various are made by one nationality of 'omujungu' and indeed the African civilizations. It is important to stress that these do names of the car brands showed the differences in the not exist in the past but are contemporary. More questions identity of the makers. With time, I saw that a Suzuki was followed these hypotheses. So what happens with these different from a Mercedes Benz, a Ford car equally civilizations, what happens to this African modernity? different from a Tata lorry. These names came in the How does the toddler in Nyanja see modernity as various languages spoken by the makers of the cars. something not unique to 'abajungu'? How does he start seeing his own people's outlook, their way of life as With more education, travel, reading and thinking, I also 'modern' enough? realized that languages are important to a people's civilization and identity. As I asked myself more questions These questions eventually led to the birth of the Centre about the connection of cars, their brand names to for African Cultural Excellence (CACE). From the 'omujungu' and to modernity, more and more questions realization that we need to keep asking questions and that arose. These questions became overwhelming in 2011, from asking questions, we will keep arriving at more while I was studying for a Masters degree in Human questions, more refined but never the ultimate answer. But Rights at Central European University, Budapest. nevertheless in asking, the fresh questions we ask of our world create the answers for the future world. CACE as an Why is there no African version of modernity in the organization was born of the need for expanding the mainstream study of 'development'? Why is 'modernity' visibility and recognition of African modernity to so limited to the 'Enlightenment' project, which is specific Africans themselves. CACE puts value on the immense to one historical context and not the many histories of the power in the softness of the arts and culture in shaping various peoples of the earth? What are those things that presents and futures. There is power in a satirical story bear African brand names in today's modernity? How about individuals living in specific spaces with subtle but does the idea of an African modernity look like? How did deeply influential nuances that shapes a reader's we Africans start associating modernity with foreignness, worldview. In speaking a language, the speaker espouses with 'abajungu'? If 'modernity' in its basic sense is derived the ideals of the people who made the language. from the word 'modern', which is synonymised by 'contemporary', 'new', 'up-to-date', 'present', 'current', CACE as an organization took shape in 2012 when I met 'today' and others, why then does the impression of Ms. Naseemah Mohamed, then a student at Harvard at a modernity not include African 'contemporariness'? Harambe Bretton Woods Symposium. Naseemah's belief in the power of the arts and culture in breaking down the I found that the more questions I asked, the more the ineffective colonial approach to education in postcolonial answers became elusive. My questions begot more societies was at many levels within the purview of my own questions. One finds a few facts that may give an vision for CACE. It was natural for us to join hands. At impression of providing answers, but as one seeks to this stage, I had also agreed with my brother from Nyoro understand deeper, these answers raise more questions. In royal roots, Mr. Kyomuhendo Ateenyi that our long discovering the important role of literature, music, conversations about African identity, African arts and language, the arts and culture generally in the cultivation culture should become more tangible, and reach out to of the perceptions of the identity of modernity in Africa, others outside of our narrow networks. fresh questions arose. So, if indeed the soft power of the 100

CACE inherited the hardwork of us the three. As an organization, we believe that these small projects Naseemah's Zilolonge Arts Literacy project, which she will empower African youths to begin to question what had already implemented as her Social Engagement their respective national and continental identity means, course at Harvard provided a foundation for the and what 'African modernity' looks like to Africans. organisation to build on. In October 2012, CACE Ultimately CACE is built on the belief in a culturally launched its first major project dubbed Writivism. driven world. We want to see a world that has space for all Writivism seeks to engage young writers and readers in civilizations, a modernity that does not exclude but societal discourse through the medium of short fiction. includes all, and acknowledges the strength and diversity The project, supported from its birth by the Global of each person, village, city and country. Through each Changemakers program of British Council attracted 43 young person we engage in our projects, through every short story entries on the themes of Diversity, Equality update on our Facebook page, we believe that we are and Identity. taking a small but crucial step to build a literate, civically engaged and ultimately a questioning society. Though the project is still unfolding, we held a writing workshop in January 2013, led by South African writer Profile: Zukiswa Wanner and Ugandan writer Beatrice Lamwaka. The longlisted writers were mentored by Nigerian writers Brian Bwesigye was born in Ukamaka Olisakwe Evelyn, Emmanuel Iduma, Richard Kigezi, south-western Uganda. Ali, Abubakar Adam Ibrahim and Dami Ajayi for close to He studied Law at Makerere three months. The longlisted stories are being published University and Human Rights at online at Short Story Day Africa, Readers Cafe Africa Central European University- among other places and in the newspapers notably The Budapest. He is co-founder of the Observer. An anthology comprising the fourteen stories Centre for African Cultural was published on 21 June 2013. Excellence (CACE) and teaches at Makerere University at St. Augustine International The writers are touring selected schools in Uganda, they University. Bwesigye's non-fiction and literary work has will hold public readings and from 15 - 19, the project year appeared in literary and academic journals, websites, will end with The Writivism Festival in Kampala. As with magazines, national newspapers and in other places, all ideas, adherents to an unified vision are never in lack. including the Uganda Modern Literary Digest, New Black We have since merged with Short Story Day Africa and Magazine, Saraba and Readers Cafe Africa among others. are open to collaborations and expansion of our program His book, Fables out of Nyanja, a collection of short as we begin planning next year's Writivism festival. We are fictional rhythmic narratives of childhood is published by looking forward to eventually engaging more young Kushinda (2012). people, from South Africa to Nigeria. Aside from our Writivism project, CACE is building a by small community of multilingualism enthusiasts through A Dialogue of Tongues (ADOT) events. A typical ADOT Brian Bwesigye event brings together up to twenty young people who Co-Founder and Programs Manager speak different African languages to linguistically teach The Centre for African Cultural Excellence, and learn from one another. The participants are therefore introduced to a new language which they learn Kampala, over a period of one year with the help of their peers. We Uganda also hold Book Talk events on a monthly basis, where we bring together several young people to discuss topical ideas in African authored books. We use these discussions to engage the participants in quality African literature, and more importantly to draw out contemporary themes that could possibly give, albeit subjective, answers to the questions of African modernity, ethics and social and economic growth. Because CACE believes that literary scholarship is a powerful tool for intellectual and social growth, we are running a six-week Freelance Writing Course in Uganda since July 2013 for aspiring writers and journalists. 101

MoleculaTrhGe Iamsptorrtoannceoomf Iydeinntity and Building a Multicultural Society Harmony with Nature “Chef Homaro Cantu, a Portland native, began his world health issues.” Charles Lee, CEO of a company, is culinary journey working in a local fried chicken joint. providing mberry in US to Cancer patients going through After high school, Chef Cantu enrolled at the Le Cordon chemo who are affected by the treatment's side effects Bleu College of Culinary Arts. During this time, Charlie metallic flavor in food; using mberry tablets to normalize Trotter's cookbook became his culinary bible, inspiring taste. Cantu said “mberry can help curb famine and the chef to open a restaurant of his own. hunger by enabling people to enjoy vegetation growing in abundance such as wild plants which are full of nutrients.” Chef Cantu mentions in his The mberry tablets could also make it painless for people interview that if we step back trying to reduce their sugar intake. Doctor Mike Cusnir to 50s and 60s, when science from Mount Sinai Medical Center manages the oversight was flourishing – scientist were of this initiative. applying science to every other area we were in contact with, Homaro explained during his interview, that he and Chef but not to food. Applying Ben Roche ate foil, metal, rubber and 1,000 other Alchemy to Cooking ingredients to study and understand the ability of according to Homaro is a game changer - a problem solver mberry's impact on the taste buds. According to him the that has lead him to create disruptive food products in his miracle berry, a fruit containing Miraculin, muted the sour restaurant whose tastes are completely different. sensors on the tongue showcasing the sweet flavor. Instead of a sour-tasting lemon, a lemon tastes like Following graduation, Chef Cantu began to develop his delicious lemonade. Till this date they have distributed own culinary style combining his passion for food with a over a 10,000 doses of mberry to patients around the techy approach to preparation and presentation; he world. became more determined than ever to open a restaurant of his own. In 2006, the 26 year-old Chef Cantu opened Chef Cantu is committed to changing the way food is seen Moto Restaurant - popularly known as the “molecular and coming up with healthy junk food such as donuts with tasting room.” It was here where he became best known no sugar. His iNG Restaurant's brand stands for for his innovative approach to cuisine and developing new Imagining New Gastronomy – which is exactly what both dishes.” Moto and i NG Restaurants serve on their menus. “By applying his culinary Profile: concepts of melding food with science, technology and art, Homaro Cantu is an inventor, Chef Cantu and his team were able to create a dining entrepreneur, chef, and molecular experience unmatched by any other. Chef Cantu views Moto gastronomer. He owns and as his laboratory, where using scientific elements such as liquid nitrogen tanks, class IV operates Cantu Designs Firm in lasers and a hand-held ion particle gun make regular appearances in Moto's kitchen. Since opening Moto, Chicago, Illinois, United States as Chef Cantu's edible menus and unique dishes have been celebrated by critics around the globe.” well as Moto Restaurant in After 7 years of trial and error, “Cantu and his colleague Chicago. Chef Homaro Cantu is Roche went on to share with TED's 2011 audience the potential uses of “mberry” – the miracle merry that an internationally recognized chef transforms the taste buds of cancer patients allowing them to enjoy eating food by counter acting the metallic in the new era of postmodern cuisine known as, molecular taste of chemotherapy. In addition to the artistry and leap of creativity, the miracle berry tablets can address real gastronomy. He is considered one of America's most daring chefs and is pushing the limits of taste, texture and technique in a stunning and futuristic fashion. by Chef Homaru Cantu Owner of iNG & Moto Restaurant, Chicago (Narrative from interview) 102

DP’s the fast food center Opposite Ruia College, Matunga East, Mumbai by Mr. Hari Kotain Owner of DP’s The Fast Food Center, Matunga, Mumbai, INDIA 103

The Innovation Triangle Dening a Culture of Success Leadership's responsibility is to see the big-picture and appropriately invest in all the areas required to bring a successful innovation to market. For decades companies have looked to innovation to differentiate themselves amidst intense global competition. An innovation workout, initiatives, processes and a host of innovation-related “buzzwords” cropped up as companies scrambled to compete. The irony here is that there is no consistent, agreed-upon definition of innovation.nA quick search on the web reveals dozens of different definitions for “innovation”. Many authors tied innovation to invention, or rather the In order to be successful, an innovation must address all process of coming up with new ideas, whereas other three elements. Two out of three are insufficient. For authors indicated that generating value for the company example, coming up with a new idea that nobody cares was a critical part of innovation. Others highlighted about would qualify as an invention, but not an implementation or commercialization, and many innovation. In fact, there is generally no shortage of great definitions were focused on new products. With such ideas. Similarly, developing something new that is varied definitions of innovation, it quickly becomes valuable for the customer, but does not generate value for apparent that a robust, practical definition is needed. the company is unsustainable. The real challenge lies in identifying those few new ideas that will be valuable to the Why is a definition important? A solid definition is the customer and generate value for the company. foundation of a common language and a language is often thought of as the foundation of a culture. An appropriate The Importance of Three and practical definition of innovation in a company can be used to drive the culture and form the basis of how the It is interesting to see that many innovations have had each company views the evolution of its products, services, of the three corners developed by different companies. and business models. Furthermore, it can help inform the Innovations are agnostic to corporate lines and this fact skills and resources that are needed to be successful and should strike fear into corporate leadership. when they should be applied; an agreed upon definition can be the basis to drive an innovation culture in a There are many famous examples of technology company. developed by one company, but abandoned since leadership did not recognize value to the customer or how Working Definition of 'Innovation’ to generate value for the company. Of course, hindsight Wehave developed a working definition of innovation is always perfect. Kodak's invention of the digital camera that could be practically applied. The Innovation Triangle and Xerox PARC's inventions of virtually every aspect of [seen below] highlights the three main elements. When personal computing (mouse, GUI, Ethernet) are routinely viewed as a noun representing an object, an innovation cited as examples of companies allowing others to consists of the invention (the new idea), the value for the capitalize on their inventions. In these situations, the customer (customer proposition), and the value for the R&D invested to develop the invention was essentially company (business proposition). This definition lends wasted, or worse, picked up by another company which itself to understanding innovation as process, where the brought it into the market place. The technology corners of the triangle can be mapped to the actionable represented a successful innovation, however, the verbs of create, evaluate and implement. company which invested in the original research did not benefit from the resulting revenues. This type of example is the reason why a company needs to consider all three corners when developing something new. If your company doesn't find a way to satisfy all three corners, someone else will be successful using your invention! 104

It is important to recognize the balance represented by the innovation triangle. Many companies invest heavily in research and development; however, having the best invention doesn't necessarily mean it will be the best innovation. Once again, there are many famous examples of a technically inferior product thriving in the marketplace. The reason? The inferior product had the best combination of all three corners of the triangle. Investing in a new innovation means more than simply investing in R&D, but also investing in developing new business models to generate company and customer value. Leadership's responsibility is to see the big-picture and appropriately invest in all the areas required to bring a successful innovation to market. This is where a definition of innovation becomes critical as it provides a framework for the discussions. Obviously, just having a definition of innovation is not going to guarantee a company's success. What it does do, however, is provide the basis of a much needed conversation. The definition proposed in this article might not be for everyone. In fact, every company needs to develop its own personalized definition of innovation that is actionable and can be tied directly to corporate processes. In addition to providing a common language, the implications are far-reaching beyond just research & development activities in defining the innovation culture. Does your company have a commonly agreed-upon definition of innovation? How does that definition impact the vision for new products and services, the role of each department in contributing to the innovation culture, human resources, compensation and incentives, team formations, new business models and the ability to test them prior to market introduction? All of these are tough questions that start with a good definition. Profile: Adam Rasheed is a Senior Research Engineer at GE Global Research in a role where he bridges the industrial internet worlds of mechanical engineering and data analytics with a focus on the aviation and oil & gas industries. In the past, he has lead complex experimental research programs in hypersonics and advanced propulsion (pulse detonation), and most recently moved into the area of operations research.He was listed by MIT Technology Review Magazine TR35 “World's Top 35 Innovators Under 35” in 2005 and awarded the 2009 AIAA Lawrence Sperry Award for early-career by contributions to the field of aeronautics. Dr. Adam Rasheed Senior Researcher (Data Analytics and Operations Research), General Electric,(GE), Global Research, NY 105

Wetlands of Pir Panjal Range in the Middle Himalayas needs urgent attention HECRF IN PIR PANJAL RANGE WETLANDS OF PIR PANJAL While moving eastward from Pir-ki-Gali I have The Himalayan Ecological and Conservation Research encountered these wetlands as Chandan Sar Foundation (HECRF), a brainchild of three friends, was (33O32/58// N &74O32/35// E), Nandan Sar created as an opportunity to work for the restoration of 33O33/27// N & 74O31/28// E, Akal Darshni Himalayan Ecology. While working on high altitude (33O32/42// N & 74O31/15// E), Neel Sar wetlands, I realized that these wetlands are important (33O32/28// N & 74O30/29// E), Koker Sar (330 ecosystems for the setting the ecology of the Himalaya. 32/09// N & 74030/42// E), Sukh Sar (33O32/41// N They act as the kidney of this large mountain system in & 74O30/20// E) and Katori Sar (33O32/22// N & south east Asia. Between river Chenab and river Jhelum 74O31/22// E). in Jammu and Kashmir, India, a significant range of mountains called as Pir Panjal hosts about 27 lakes in an 1. Chandan Sar : While tracking on the mountain peaks area of 30x30 km2. Out of these 27 lakes, 07 are big and for approximately 07 hours (aerial distance 7.8 km), others are small in size. from Pir- ki-Gali towards East, a gloomy lake called as Chandan Sar at an elevation of about 3900masl, is Most of the big lakes are situated at the boundary line located in a depression formed by lofty mountains on between Jammu division and the Kashmir Valley and a height of the right bank of a small stream above Jadi drain into Valley. Almost all the lakes are situated in the Marg (a pastureland). This big lake is a source of highlands of Pir Panjal Range and freeze during winter. plenty of fresh water which feeds the nearby small However, a crest -line of Pir Panjal range attaining an stream known as Jadi Marg Nullah, moving towards average altitude of 4000msl with some peaks rising Kashmir valley. beyond 4,700 masl accommodates 07 lakes between 33O32/58// N -74O32/43// E and 33O32/41// N - 74O30/12// E. 2. Nandan Sar : This lake is one of the biggest, beautiful oval shaped lake about 1000m in length, located on the way towards Valley from Rajouri district.Water of the lake is deep blue in colour and feeds the same stream mentioned above. It was very surprising to see a footpath made up of stone plates along the bank of this lake, therefore it is obvious that the wetland is a source of water for the grazers and nomads moving towards Kashmir from Rajouri district and vice-versa. Lake is located at an elevation of about 3800masl. 3. Akal Darshni :This lake is situated next to Nandan Sar towards Rajouri, at a distance of about ½ km on the same route. Akal Darshani is worshipped by all Bakerwals (nomads), who pass through this route and consider it very sacred. Lake is triangular in shape and the colour of water looks black in comparison to blue colour of other lakes. It is located at an elevation of about 3700masl. This lake is about 200m wide and 400m in length. 4. Sukh Sar : During my expedition, I reached Sukh Sar wetland after crossing a hillock on the left bank of the Akal Darshni. However, the best route to approach this oval shaped lake is along the base of the hillock. The wetland is situated at an elevation of about 3700masl and is very small in size. 106

5. Neel Sar : The wetland is at a lower elevation than the The main lake of this constellation of lakes is called as Sukh Sar and is green in colour. The lake is oval in Kaplash Kund (32O52/18// N and 75O41/16//E, shape and is situated along the footpath towards 4000masl) with circumference of about 2.5 km which is Kashmir valley at an elevation of 3680masl. However, on the northern face of the mountain, however, another I was moving in opposite direction from Pir-ki-Gali wetland called as Kali Nag Dal (32O52/01// N and towards Neel Sar therefore this was the last lake of my 75O40/08//E, 3900masl) is on the other face of the 1st day expedition. This is the only wetland with algal mountain, the lakes below the Kaplash Kund are called as blooms, however the wetland is in between the high Rishi and Vishi Dal, however, fifth wetland is on the top altitude pasture lands called as mergs in the region. peak of left slop of the Kaplash Kund. 6. Katori Sar : While entering the Rajouri District from DIRECT IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS Barhal pass (3650masl) in westerly direction from Beside the source of the Himalayan streams, all these Chandan Sar route, one can encounter another wetlands play an important role in maintaining the alpine wetlands called as Katori Sar. However, I reached at pastures of the Himalayan mountain system. Total area the wetland on next day of my expedition from Neel under the alpine pastures in Pir Panjal Range has been Sar, at an distance of about 1 km. The wetland is the estimated to be about 1, 16,163 Ha. These alpine pastures saddle or irregular shaped, with blue water. The are known for thick phytodiversity, with a justified number wetland is at an elevation of about 3800masl. of individuals of ground flora per unit area, forming the lush green pastures in Pir Panjal. These meadows are 7. Koker Sar : Between Katori Sar and Neel Sar another being grazed since time immemorial. The livestock rearing wetland at an elevation of 3660masl, with marshy has been the main source of livelihood for all nomadic margins was encountered. This is the best place for graziers of the Pir Panjal. They are grazed through the the graziers to stay. Because of the low altitude summers and left to recuperate during winters. But the elevation of the wetland, Katori Sar feed this lake by numbers of livestock have greatly increased as compared its overflowing water. to older times. The graziers of Pir Panjal can be classified into three main groups on the basis of extant of In addition to this, I have also identified five wetlands in migration: southern extension of Pir Panjal range in district Doda. These lakes are situated at the mean altitude of about 1. Pastoral: Those practicing migration from lower 4400masl on Kailash (Kaplash) mountain in Bhadarwah altitude to higher altitudes in the same watershed like tehsil of district Doda (J&K), India. It was very interesting local pastoral communities, sedentary and semi- to know that permafrost is the feeding source of these sedentary, residing in the villages at the foot-hills of four big wetlands, however another wetland is the Pir Panjal range. outcome of the flowing water of a big wetland (Kaplash Kund). 2. Nomadic: Those who do cross the watershed boundaries but do not go very far. Gujjars are nomads as they do migrate beyond the boundaries of watershed but do not go very far. 3. Transhumant: Those practicing extreme seasonal migration involving migration from the lower Shiwaliks to the steppes of Ladakh in Trans- Himalaya. They migrate across the mountain ranges of the Himalaya. Bakerwals are the transhumants of Pir Panjal. They do not stop in the Pir Panjal for the whole season but they only pass through the Pir Panjal while on their way to the steppes of Ladakh. They are the first to reach the Pir Panjal in the summers and last to come back during their return to winter homes in the plains. 107

VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS IN PIR he is holding an honorary position of Executive Director PANJAL and Scientist in Division of Plant Sciences of the foundation. Dr. Dutt has PhD from University of Jammu Due to the extreme environmental conditions (low & Research Associateship (Postdoc) from IIIM, Jammu. temperature, strong radiations, mostly low buffering Beside, his engagements with HECRF, he is teaching capacity and low nutrient level) these ecosystems (high ecology in Department of Botany at University of altitudinal wetlands) have a relatively simple food web and Jammu, India. react more rapidly and more sensitively to environmental changes than other lakes. These lakes have received little attention so far in terms of their limnology, diversity, conservation and water management, but they are becoming increasingly important due to the possible consequences of the global climate change. Therefore, it becomes important to save such wetlands from the pressure of anthropogenic activities and natural process of climate change. In addition to anthropogenic activities, the changing scenario of the Himalayan climate is also a big threat to these lakes. HECRF IS LOOKING FORWARD We under the banner of The Himalayan Ecological and Conservation Research Foundation are surveying 11 wetlands from last 5 years. But due to the paucity of funds we are unable to start the proper conservation activities like mass awareness, proper techno-geological and Limnological studies and conservation research on these wetlands. Therefore, we are looking forward for the international and national funding towards this endeavor from entities such as UNDP, World Bank, Ministry of Water Resources, Environment & Forests and Rural Development. Profile Dr. Harish Chander Dutt is an ecologist in “The Himalayan Ecological and Conservation Research Foundation (HECRF). His expertise is in ecology and conservation, particularly conservation of high altitude ecosystems and medicinal plants. He has communicated his research by findings in the form of sixteen published research papers and three books of national and international repute. Dr. Harish Chander Dutt When Dr. Dutt was a student at University of Jammu, he Executive Director along with his two colleagues has launched an organization named as “The Himalayan Ecological and The Himalayan Ecological and Conservation Research Foundation (HECRF)” Conservation Research Foundation (www.hecrf.org), where all the members are committed towards restoration of the Himalayan Ecology. Presently, INDIA 108

Innovation in Open Networks - Creative Commons, the Next Layer of Openness (This article is reprinted with full permission) created an explosion of innovation. Ethernet enabled companies such as Cisco, 3Com and others to emerge and The explosion of innovation around the Internet is driven compete in an area that used to be dominated by huge by an ecosystem of people who work in an open network vendors who built super-expensive networking systems defined by open standards. However, the technical ability designed by telephone companies to specifications to connect in an increasingly seamless way has begun to hammered out over years in Inter-Governmental highlight friction and failure in the system caused by the standards bodies. complicated copyright system that was originally designed to \"protect\" innovation. Just as open network protocols Similarly, TCP/IP allowed independent companies, the created an interoperable and frictionless network, open first ISPs to compete at providing network services to metadata and legal standards can solve many of the issues companies and individuals, breaking, often for the first caused by copyright and dramatically reduce the friction time, monopolies that the telephone companies were and cost that it currently represents. granted by government. This introduced competition driving down the cost of moving bits around and also Before Ethernet and RJ45 connectors became the enabled a whole ecosystem of software components, standard, we connected computers together using a many free and open source. Author David Weinberger variety of different network technologies and connectors. would later describe this system as \"small pieces loosely It was usually physically impossible to connect computers joined.\" This new network created out of small objects from different companies together. Many of us will developed by small teams using open standards and remember having Appletalk cables on our Macintoshes, protocols was a completely new model. which didn't connect to the network cables on our PCs. While Ethernet wasn't the \"smartest\" protocol around, In the past, organizations under the UN such as CCITT because of its simplicity and the lack of proprietary that later became the ITU worked together with patents encumbering its use, it became widely adopted as governments, telephone companies and their huge a standard way to connect computers together. research organizations to create enormously complicated standards anticipating every possible problem and Before TCP/IP was developed, even if the computers building in features for the various constituents were able to be connected together physically and represented at in the meetings. After years of deliberation, electronically, the computers couldn't really talk to each these standards would be agreed upon and the telephone other without proprietary networking software. There companies would contract massive projects taking years were the networking protocols from computer and and millions of dollars to huge vendors who would operating system vendors like Appletalk and Microsoft's develop the systems. There was no room for small pieces, own networking protocol. You could also buy networking small players or participation by any person or equipment and software from vendors such as Banyan organization that wasn't well trained, organized, funded and Novell. and authorized. I remember very clearly when I first heard about TCP/IP The Internet changed all of that. The Internet and I downloaded the free implementations for both my Engineering Task Force (IETF) had the credo, \"rough Mac and my PC and for the first time, was able to consensus, running code\". Anyone could participate in communicate between the computers and more the discussion and in fact, much of the discussion importantly with all of the computers in the rest of the occurred online allowing just about anyone to contribute world using TCP/IP. TCP/IP enabled the creation of the as long as what they were saying or the code they were Internet and ended an era of proprietary networks both writing made sense. The agile method of developing locally and as services such as The Source, CompuServe standards allowed very small teams and individuals to and AOL in their original forms. participate both in the standards process and the development of useful tools and components of the Then Tim Berners Lee and the World Wide Web came network. along. Again, I remember clearly many people arguing that we didn't need the World Wide Web since we could It took only several years from the days when already log into any computer on the Internet, download \"unauthorized devices\" couldn't be connected to the papers, find the citations and track down and easily Internet to when just about everything important that we download the references. Many people did not recognize, were using to talk to each other was written by small teams initially, the value that the interoperability and the on top of lightweight standards and protocols, mainly simplicity that the World Wide Web enabled in creating HTML and HTTP, on top of TCP/IP. documents on the Internet. The Web and the ability for users to \"view source\" and As we know in hindsight, each of these open standards copy each other's code created an explosion of 109

innovation, content and business models such as eBay, regulations between us so that we - businesses and Amazon and Wikipedia. individuals - can share, collaborate and build legally. If you try to imagine what it would have been like to create Before the Internet, if two large companies wanted to Google before we had this stack of open standards, you collaborate on a project or one company wanted to license would probably have had to pay millions of dollars to a work from another company for their territory, the deal create the software on a proprietary operating system. It makers would often meet in a posh hotel in Cannes would have required a huge team of people taking many sipping champagne to negotiate a price. After several years. Since it was a \"search engine\" it most likely would rounds of golf and a few cigars, the executives would have been given to the phone company to design and run. agree on the price and \"my people will talk to your people\" If we were using X.25, the CCITT equivalent of the to nail down the details. Finally, the lawyers would be Internet, we would be charged and would be charging flown in to negotiate the contract. Often these deals were each person for each packet of information that they sent multi-million dollar deals, legal fees costing hundreds of and received from us in a network where each network thousands of dollars over the lifetime of the operator had a bilateral agreement with each other collaboration. However, the value and the cost of the network operator. actual transaction was so high that the legal fees were just absorbed into the cost. This total project probably would have taken a decade and cost a billion dollars and would probably not even have Today, the Internet enables a professor in Croatia to worked properly. collaborate on courseware with a professor in Japan. However, if they are going to legally share data and In fact, the total cost of actually building and launching copyrighted material, they need to clear the licensing the first Google server was probably only thousands of systems of both universities, calling upon their mutual dollars using standard PC components, mostly open legal departments. Most likely, they would need to bring in source software as the base and connecting to the outside experts to translate the legal documents and Stanford University network which immediately made the finally they would negotiate some sort of contract for the service available, at no additional cost, to everyone else on collaboration. The legal fees between these two the Internet. professors would drastically exceed the technical cost and probably the value of the project, effectively making such The open standards and the small pieces loosely joined a transaction prohibitively expensive, dooming this had created an ecosystem of components and networks collaboration to failure. that dramatically lowered the cost of development, collaboration and delivery. This allowed people to Imagine an amateur filmmaker creating content to upload innovate, launch, fail, connect, mashup and remix in such to their website as they try to clear the rights of music that an efficient way and at such low cost, that the center of they've gathered from across the Internet. Or imagine innovation moved from the research laboratories of the someone who wants to give a television broadcaster the giant companies to the startup and venture capital scene in right to use, with attribution, a photograph that they had Silicon Valley. posted on their blog. In most cases, the legal fees would exceed the value of the transaction and the sharing would Of course, there were startups and venture capitalists fail, either because the parties would ignore the law, or opt before the Internet, but the influence and scale of this not to share because the legal cost of doing so was new engine of innovation was unprecedented. prohibitive. The Internet continues to disintermediate and disrupt Creative Commons, the non-profit organization for sector after sector by lowering friction and enabling which I am the Chief Executive Officer, is the \"TCP/IP interoperability. We find businesses and whole industries of collaboration and content layer.\" Creative Commons having to change their models and compete with a whole aims to solve these problems with a series of licenses, new set of players ranging from individuals to companies technical specifications and tools that allow creators to to non-profit organizations. In most cases, this has mark their works with the permissions that they wish to created lower prices, more access and more choice for the grant, free of charge. People using Creative Commons users. The new industries outscale in size and global reach licenses decide whether they would like to allow businesses of the past. commercial reuse or restrict reuse to only non- commercial purposes. They decide whether they would The Internet has enabled us to technically connect and like to allow derivative use and modification of their collaborate. But just as network software engineers were creation. And they decide whether these modified works required to open communications between online users, must be shared back to the rest of the world using the we now need lawyers to sort out the copyright and content same free license or not. 110

Creative Commons also provides tools for users to volunteers in over 80 countries working to develop dedicate their works to the public domain. For some standards for content sharing and to help organizations scientific data or educational resources the public domain adopt these standards. provides the maximum flexibility and value. Having 100 Internets or 100 World Wide Webs governed You can choose one of the Creative Commons licenses by incompatible \"standards\" would suffocate the network yourself or use the CC0 public domain dedication tool. effects that we enjoy on our one interoperable Web. Service providers like Google, Yahoo and Microsoft Having a single set of copyright licenses and a single support Creative Commons, providing tools to metadata format is key to creating the network effect of technically mark your works with easily understood icons interoperability at the collaboration/legal layer. and standardized metadata. Standardized metadata means other users can easily find and use available creative works, Just as some networks still use X.25 and some electronic making tasks such as attribution and citation easy and publishing systems do not use the Web and HTML, there automatic. will always be some cases where the standardized licenses that Creative Commons provides do not make sense. Users of Creative Commons licenses such as The White However, Creative Commons has become the defacto House, MIT, Wikipedia, Flickr, Al-Jazeera and many standard for the Internet and the ecosystem of sharing others have generated over 250 million works published and is best viewed as much a standards organization as under Creative Commons licenses and do not need to hire anything else. a lawyer each time they want to share because each of these works uses a standard license. People building on In the early days, those of us who were proponents of these works also do not need to ask permission each time TCP/IP had to argue with regulators, lawyers and they want to share and collaborate because the necessary technologists who for a variety of reasons did not support permissions have already been granted. TCP/IP. Creative Commons still has critics who have not yet understood and do not feel the benefit of the network This lowering of friction and ability to interoperate effects and collaboration that Creative Commons enables. creates an opportunity for completely new types of collaborations as well as the ability for previously Just as we have seen with each new layer of the Internet excluded sectors of society to participate. stack, I believe that Creative Commons will soon become, in hindsight, an obvious thing and that all of the yet to be Projects such as Open CourseWare and the open imagined innovations will have a dramatically positive educational resources (OER) movement allow students effect on business, society and the environment. and educators to share and build upon each others works dramatically increasing transparency and diversity while Profile: decreasing the overall cost of collaboration and delivery Media Lab Director Joi for online learning. Ito, is a vocal advocate of emergent Scientists and researchers all over the world are democracy, privacy, and Internet increasingly sharing data outside of the traditional freedom, Ito is Board chair of academic and corporate silos enabling more participants Creative Commons, and sits on the and collaboration at an unprecedented scale. boards of the Mozilla Foundation, WITNESS, and Global Voices. Previously, because of the technical difficulties and costs, He was an early investor in more than 40 companies, many of these barriers were not visible and in many cases including Flickr, Six Apart, Last.fm, Kongregate, were necessary in order to build business models to allow Kickstarter, and Twitter. Ito's honors include TIME the high cost sharing that was necessary before the magazine's \"Cyber-Elite” listing in 1997 (at age 31) and Internet. selection as one of the \"Global Leaders for Tomorrow\" by the World Economic Forum (2001). Now, many of the systems put in place to protect In 2008, BusinessWeek named him one of the \"25 Most businesses sharing information are becoming barriers to Influential People on the Web.\" In 2011, he received the more widespread sharing as the Internet technically Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet enables a whole new layer of collaboration and Institute. In 2012, he was named to the board of directors innovation. Even copyright itself can be a barrier to of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. collaboration. TCP/IP and the Web are successful because they are open standards shepherded by non- by profit organizations which are custodians of a bottom-up process taking inputs from and creating consensus from a Joichi Ito wide variety of stakeholders. Similarly, Creative Director Media Lab, MIT Commons is a non-profit organization with thousands of Boston, USA 111

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CSR & Sustainability Thought Leadership Q. What prompted you to do CSR & Sustainability There's no single answer to that. What we are seeing is that Thought Leadership survey? companies and organizations we work with or have spoken with for the interviews are all addressing CSR in Through the work we do with our clients at EMG we see their own unique ways. While they all share the viewpoint first-hand how a properly implemented CSR strategy that CSR is important and are taking real steps to integrate makes companies strengthen their market position and it in the business, it's fascinating to see how different reputation, improves efficiency, effectiveness and helps approaches have worked well for different organizations them work towards a healthier environment for everyone. in varying contexts. Companies that integrate CSR at the core of their business are better positioned to engage employees, When we spoke with Fujitsu's global head of stimulate innovation, and improve employee retention – Sustainability Alison Rowe, she underlined the relevance all of which increases their bottom line. documents on the of the Japanese culture in her organisation with regard to Internet. taking a long-term view, which has resulted in their having a CSR plan in place extending till 2100! Markus Terho, her As Giuseppe van der Helm, President of the European counterpart at the Finnish Nokia, referred to the Finnish Sustainable Investment Forum (EUROSIF) put it in the cultural values as drivers and Alberto Andreu from very first CSR leadership interview we did, “Large multi- Spanish Telefónica has explained how transparency has national corporations may have enormous power, but it's been driving their sustainability agenda. that same power that can make a dramatic positive difference in the world.” We couldn't agree more: As we can see, even companies in similar industries with corporations today have such an opportunity in so many completely contrasting drivers and approaches to the ways. And it all starts with a positive mindset and a clear same problem can each perform very well in terms of mission. CSR overall. We know that success stories about these companies that Q. How do people view sustainability and who is at are leading in CSR, the people that are driving them, and the forefront within this aspect? stories from other parties that work directly with issues that relate to CSR serve as a great force of inspiration to Awareness of sustainability and CSR is growing. motivate people. Once you're inspired, you can do Sustainability is increasingly acknowledged as vital for our anything. We need to get the news out there that things are health and well-being, but also as crucial from a business being done, and that there are great things that we can perspective – speaking in terms of threat as well as learn from or get ideas from. opportunity. Setting aside variations in terminology – CSR, social responsibility, sustainability and so on – most Celebrating diversity, our objective has been to speak not companies and governments have it on their agenda and only with leaders in business, but also politicians, NGOs, it's definitely here to stay. In fact most of the people we've and individual thought leaders – not just in Europe, but interviewed agree it's simply the way forward. worldwide. The key challenges we're facing today are global, so the solutions have to be global too. It's been an For some companies, sustainability really is as a business extremely exciting project so far and we've received driver, such as for Cradle to Cradle® companies or many overwhelming support from people all over the world other companies that are working towards a closed loop or who are contributing their time and energy to participate. circular economy business model. For others, it's initially The response to the initiative has been phenomenal, about meeting legislation – and then there's everything in which is also a great motivating factor for our team. between. We see companies face a variety of challenges, from their supply chain to the threatening scarcity of In sharing good news about what's happening in CSR materials, pressure from stakeholders or upcoming around the world as well as the issues that business has the change in legislation. opportunity to improve, we hope to inspire business to implement or take further their own CSR projects with Every company is different, and there is no 'one-size-fits- more energy, and see things from a new or different all' solution for successful CSR or sustainability perspective. implementation. The complexity of CSR requires that it always be linked to a company's unique attributes that Q. Which country, organization or corporation has differentiate them from their competitors, and from that invested most in CSR and how does it manifest in the develop a unique strategy and set of goals – establishing a real world? benchmark for decision making. 112

The companies that are therefore at the forefront on your achievements as you progress. When people can sustainability, in our view, are those that take a holistic understand how you're genuinely trying to make progress, view of CSR, putting it at the core of their business, rather people will be far more realistic about expectations and far than simply as an add-on. They are not afraid to ask tough more forgiving if you make some mistakes on the way. Do questions and keep things simple; looking at how good, be fair and realize that you are part of something everything they do affects the big picture. They take a bigger. Be a seeker, not a follower. Don't wait until close look at what the company is doing and take the stakeholders come to you to make change, or until ethical responsibility and action to change those things legislation tells you to do things differently. that aren't socially or environmentally responsible - regardless of current regulation. Be the driver of the CSR agenda that works for your organization, where you ask yourself questions how your As a company that helps businesses structure and organization can do good, rather than how to be 'less bad'. successfully implements CSR and sustainability strategies, we often encounter CEOs or Heads of CSR who have Profile: sustainability goals and targets in place, but they don't immediately see how to get it off the ground or how to Drs. Daan Elffers (1979) is the take it to a next level in practical terms. Our job is to help Founder of EMG CSR these organizations manage sustainability, get aligned C o n s u l t a n c y ( w w w. e m g - with their vision and, where necessary, help them out as csr.com). Founded in the they progress. Netherlands in 2004, EMG is a In our experience, it's the companies that have the leading international CSR and executive leadership team responsible for meeting the sustainability management company's sustainability goals that reach their targets consultancy for profit and faster and become front runners. growth from CSR. Today EMG has consultants in Q. What recommendation can you give to an Amsterdam, London, Cambridge and New York, and organization with regard to CSR & Sustainability? plans to open an office in Zurich later this year. Really integrate CSR into the DNA of the business. You open an office in Zurich later this year. need to understand why you are doing it and ensure all your employees and stakeholders know what the CSR In 2008 EMG became the world's first consultancy with ambitions of the company are, why they add value, and how they can contribute. As Adam Lowry, co-founder of accredited consultants for the marketing of Cradle to Method, pointed out it in his interview with us, “Getting people to follow your lead and adopt your innovations is Cradle®, the closed loop/ circular economy model the most important – and often the trickiest – step in the sustainability process.” developed by William McDonough and Prof. Michael Your business will have so much more success when Braungart. EMG is the only CSR and sustainability people understand your vision, are inspired by it, and know how to participate. The way to achieve this is management consultancy to be a member of the through clear strategy, meaningful engagement and effective communication and reporting. European Sustainable Investment Forum (EUROSIF). The 'why' should be easy. It's been long proven that CSR Over the years, EMG has received numerous has countless benefits to businesses ranging from reputational benefits and employee engagement, to international awards in recognition of its quality and management of numerous business risks, innovation andcompetitive advantages. As the people we've effectiveness including most recently the American interviewed have emphasized over and over again, CSR and profit do go hand in hand – in the short term, and Summit International Leader Award and the Communitas even more so in the long term. Award for Leadership in Ethical and Environmental Building a CSR platform should always start from your own reputation and strengths, and not from a defensive Responsibility. Publications include “How to do business position. A successful CSR strategy should be about making a forward step, not about merely meeting in China” and “Sustainable Development in China's 12th legislation. Five Year Plan”, both written by EMG's Senior Strive for excellence, not perfection. Engage your constituents in the journey and be open and honest about Consultant for China Projects, the former Counselor for Science and Innovation at the British Embassy in Beijing. In November 2012, EMG launched a new series of CSR Thought Leadership interviews with the goal of inspiring more people about the benefits of integrating CSR into profitable business. The first interviews have included CEOs, senior government and non-government officials, prominent financiers and heads of CSR for some of the world's largest multinationals. Bilingual in Dutch and English, Daan holds a Master's degree from the Rotterdam School of Management (Erasmus University) and has lived and worked in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Singapore and the UK. Contact: [email protected] by Drs. Daan Elffers Founder, EMG CSR Consultancy Amsterdam, Netherlands 113

Providing irrigation access to farmers in West Bengal Aditi Mukherji is the first ever winner of Norman Borlaug electricity surplus state for a long time now. However, I Award for Field Research and Application given by the found that farmers faced two main difficulties in getting World Food Prize. In this article, she tells us about her an electricity connection. First was the Groundwater Act work which won her this award. of 2005 which required all farmers to get a permit from the groundwater authority before they could apply for an I started working on groundwater and irrigation issues in electric connection. This process of getting a permit was 2001 when I joined the IWMI-Tata Program in Anand, fraught with red tape and corruption. And then, Basically, Gujarat in 2001. As a part of that work, Dr. Tushaar Shah the real constrain was getting electricity connection. So, of International Water Management Institute and I we suggested removal of permits system in all blocks designed a survey of groundwater users in South Asia and where groundwater situation is safe. We also suggested the survey results surprised me. I realized that rationalization of capital costs of initial electrification, but groundwater economies in eastern India were very at the same time recommended that metered tariffs for different from the dominant discourse of scarcity and use of electricity must continue. We also suggested that over-exploitation that we generally hear about from rest MGNREGA funds should be used in a targeted manner of India. for excavation of ponds in districts with alluvial aquifers for better groundwater recharge. The government has This made me curious and I wanted to understand the role accepted most of these suggestion. On 9th November, of groundwater in agrarian economies of eastern India 2011, vide an administrative order, the Secretary Water better. Therefore when I got the Gates Cambridge Resources changed the law whereby farmers residing in Scholarship to study at Cambridge in 2003, I decided to safe blocks and wanting to install pumps with less than 5 work on socio-economic and policy, institutional issues in HP would no longer require a permit from groundwater access to groundwater in West Bengal. I have been department. Similarly, the electricity utility (WBSEDCL) working on agriculture and groundwater issues in West has also come out with a circular saying that farmers Bengal since 2003 and the award is in recognition of my would have a pay a one-time fixed cost for electrification several years of work in the state. and this cost will be around Rs. 10,000 or so. They will of course then continue to pay metered tariff. Here, let me Based on my research, I found that after showing high emphasize, that West Bengal has one of the best growth in mid 1980s and early 1990s, West Bengal's agricultural electricity governance regimes in India. Here, agricultural economy slowed down. In recent years, it majority of electricity pumps are metered and farmers pay barely registered 1% annual growth. Groundwater high electricity bill for pumping groundwater, which in my economy contracted too. For example, as per the Minor opinion is a good thing. It sends the right price signal. Irrigation Census, number of groundwater wells declined from by over 1 lakh from 2001 to 2007 – entirely With both these policy changes in place, it is expected that unprecedented in India. This is a paradox given that the farmers will have easier access to groundwater, will be able same minor irrigation census shows that in 80% of the to intensify their cropping systems, earn better livelihoods villages, groundwater is available within less than 10 m and emerge out of poverty. Together these have the and that groundwater levels recover sufficiently after the potential to drastically change the nature of agriculture in monsoon season due to high rainfall and alluvial nature of West Bengal and usher in a second Green Revolution. The the aquifer. Yet, farmers found it difficult to pump water state has 7 million land holdings, of which 5.6 million are from aquifers for their crops. Why was this so? less than 1 ha size and therefore belong to small and marginal farmers. Thus the possible implications for found that most important problem that farmers were agricultural output and poverty reduction of these two facing in West Bengal was high energy costs for pumping policy changes are tremendous. These policies are also groundwater. This was because of their dependence on replicable in much of eastern Indian states of Bihar and diesel pumps and that fact that diesel prices have been Assam with similar hydro-geological conditions. By increasing quite rapidly since early 2000s. In West Bengal, providing timely, adequate and reliable irrigation, only 17% of all pumps are electrified, against a national groundwater helps in reducing poverty. average of over 60%. In states like Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh etc., over 70-90% pumps are electrified. Electrification of pumps would have been an easy solution, especially since West Bengal has been an 114

Profile of Aditi Mukherji: Aditi Mukherji is a senior researcher at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and is based at IWMI, New Delhi office. She has a PhD in Human Geography from the University of Cambridge. She specializes in institutions and water resources management and works on groundwater management, energy-irrigation nexus and management of public irrigation systems in South and Central Asia and in the Nile Basin. She has edited two books and has published over 40 research papers in journals and edited books. She was the Associate editor of Hydrogeology Journal from 2005 till 2010 and regularly peer reviews articles for a number of other journals including World Development, Economic and Political Weekly, Agricultural Water Management, Irrigation Science, Journal of Environmental Management, American Journal of Water Resources, Energy Policy, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Ecological Economics etc. She is currently an executive committee member of the Permanent Consultative Committee on Groundwater set up by the GEF and FAO. In 2012, she received the inaugural Norman Borlaug award for Field Research and Application given by the World Food Prize Foundation. Her work has been widely covered by the media and she has been interviewed by all leading newspapers in India as well as by the BBC, Le Monde and National Geographic on issues related to irrigation and water resources management. by Dr. Aditi Mukherji Senior Researcher, International Center Of Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), NEPAL 115

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Biodiversity as a Resource for Adapting to Climate Change \"During my 40 years' involvement with conservation I Although scientists' predictions vary, sea level could rise have met many remarkable people ranging from princes by up to a metre by the end of this century, with serious to scientists and political leaders. But my beloved friend, implications for low-lying areas along the coast of Cape mentor and wilderness guide Magqubu Ntombela was Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth and East London. Risk unique. He taught me the real meaning of hlonipha assessment studies are currently underway to see which (respect) and ubuntu (compassion)\". Dr. Ian Player, parts of coastal cities may become inundated with Founder of Wilderness Foundation. seawater. South Africa has a wealth of natural resources that are key A study for Cape Town also predicts an 85 percent chance to our development as a nation. Our natural resources of extreme winds causing a 4.5 metre rise in the level of include our minerals, our soil, our water and our storm surges in the next five years, which could cause biodiversity – for example, fish stocks, medicinal plants about R20 billion of damage to infrastructure. Storm and game. Natural resources are a form of capital, like surges along the KwaZulu-Natal North Coast in 2007 infrastructure, land, labour or finance – we can call them damaged roads and made a dent in tourism earnings. The \"natural capital\". Integrated Coastal Management Act will play an important role in establishing and managing set-back lines As a nation, we need to invest in maintaining, restoring for future coastal development. and building our natural capital, so that it can help support socio-economic development for all our people. Investing in looking after our biodiversity is a way of ensuring that it works for us, to fulfil our goals of: 1. Creating work and sustainable livelihoods 2. Achieving rural development, food security and land reform 3. Delivering water for the nation's needs 4. Providing protection against climate change South Africa is one of the most bio diverse countries in Maintaining natural habitat along the coastline can protect the world: with a land area of 1,2 million km2 - human settlements against storm surges and coastal representing just 1.24% of the Earth's surface - South flooding. In South Africa, however, many of the natural Africa contains almost 10% of the world's known bird, buffers provided by functioning ecosystems have already fish and plant species, and over 6% of mammal and reptile been removed or damaged. This has occurred through species. land reclamation, removal of coastal dunes, removal of mangroves on the east coast, stabilisation of sand that Under a \"business as usual\" scenario, global temperatures historically replenished beaches, development of are predicted to increase by 4-6.4°C by 2099, and sea level estuaries and mining of sand – all of which have made the to rise by 0.59m (IPCC, 2007). Impacts on Southern coast more vulnerable to damage from increasingly Africa are likely to be significant. Over the next 50 years variable and rising seas scientists predict that the interior of our country will become warmer, and the western part of the country will In some cases, engineering approaches to adaptation may become drier, with more intense and frequent fires. be appropriate, such as sea walls, groynes, dolosse and Rainfall patterns are expected to become less regular gabions. More cost-effective, however, and less vulnerable countrywide – with more sudden downpours and more to damage themselves, are \"natural solutions\" that flooding. Increased storm surges at sea may cause coastal maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning along erosion. the coast. Examples of this approach could be maintaining sand dunes along the coast that allow beaches Mitigation measures are interventions to reduce the to shift and reform, protecting coastal mangrove swamps sources of or enhance sinks for greenhouse gases. The that buffer storms, rehabilitating estuaries and wetlands to South African government has committed itself to reducing our emissions by significantly more than the minimum required of developing countries by the Kyoto Protocol. Adaptation measures involve adjustments to human and natural systems in response to anticipated change. Creating landscape-level corridors of biodiversity helps a region become more resilient to climate change, e.g. by retaining water in catchments and creating corridors for species to move through. 120

maintain the balance between seawater and freshwater Profile: Andrew Muir Executive Director of the W resources, and conserving kelp beds that buffer tidal ilderness Foundation swells offshore. Sometimes a combination of natural and engineered methods may be best, for example, the Described as an environmental activist, Milnerton golf course in Cape Town might be saved by conservationist, and community leader, creating vegetation buffers along the coastal dunes. Andrew Muir has dedicated his life to conservation and social development. The Overberg and Garden Route in the Southern Cape Andrew was mentored by conservation have seen a number of large flood events in the past few icon Dr Ian Player for 13 years, and took years, some due to inappropriate development of coastal over his legacy in the management of resorts and holiday homes in low-lying coastal areas the various organisations that Player had founded, allowed by municipalities. In other cases of flooding, including the world famous Wilderness Leadership informal settlements were inappropriately located in river School and Wilderness Foundation. floodplains because residents had no other options. As director of the Wilderness Foundation, Andrew is Maintaining indigenous vegetation along rivers can involved in a number of projects dedicated to social and prevent the banks from being eroded when rivers swell environmental sustainability including the South during heavy rainfall. Erosion is bad because it means African–based Umzi Wethu programme which he valuable soil resources are lost to agriculture, and also founded in 2006. The programme targets vulnerable because it puts a large amount of sediment into rivers, youth that show resilience and ambition, but despair of which pollutes drinking water supplies further opportunities to support their households, and gives them downstream and silts up river mouths where fish breed. the skills and training to become highly employable young Conservation agencies recommend that farmers keep a adults. band of 20-30 metres of indigenous vegetation on either side of the river to enable this ecosystem service to be The programme saw Andrew honoured as an maintained. International Rolex Awards Laureate in 2008 as well as the South African Conservationist of the Year in 2007. He Keeping wetland ecosystems in a healthy state is also was also the winner of the 2011 Ernst & Young World critical to preventing floods. About 115 000 wetlands Entrepreneur Awards Programme in the Social covering 4.21 million hectares, or 3.5 % of our country's entrepreneur category. The award was won based on the surface area, have been mapped in South Africa. These large number of sustainable programmes that the wetlands are part of our natural infrastructure for Wilderness Foundation runs dedicated to social and gathering, managing and delivering water – improving environmental sustainability. water quality, controlling erosion, sustaining river flows and reducing the impact of floods. Andrew has a Masters Degree in Environment and Development from the University of Natal, Wetlands act like giant sponges, absorbing large amounts Pietermaritzburg and serves on a number of non-profit of water during wet periods and floods, and releasing and conservation boards. water slowly during drier periods. The destruction of more than 50% of our original wetlands has left us by vulnerable to floods in many areas, a situation made worse by climate change. The Working for Wetlands Andrew Muir programmes is investing in protecting and restoring Excutive Director wetlands as a critical part of adaptation to climate change, Wilderness Foundation, as well as creating work opportunities for unemployed people in rural areas. South Africa The Wilderness Foundation is a founding member of the Climate Action Partnership (CAP), a powerful alliance of South African environmental NGO's that recognise that climate change is not just an environmental challenge, but a political, social and economic challenge. 121

Food Security in Kenya: Rice Research Agenda The ever growing population is causing ripples among the Main Activities: world leaders not only because the productive resource To come up with adapted and widely adoptable base is dwindling, but also reality of real threats from technologies there are a series of processes that must be climate change and variability. The global BioEconomy is undertaken. Some of these include; threatened by competition between materials for industrial, read biofuel and demand to feed over seven i) On-station advancement of segregating billion mouths. This is really is huge global challenge that populations to develop homozygous stable must be tackled by all both locally, regionally, continental genotypes that are stable, uniform and distinct from wise and finally globally. any other variety being grown or under commercial production in the world The real productivity must start with the stakeholder, using local systems and with external partnerships while ii) Adaptability and acceptability test of promising giving prime consideration to environmental issues, socio genotypes through participatory variety selection constructs (gender mainstreaming, rural versus urbanites, with end user clientele youth versus older generation e.t.c). Thus, the synergy of multidisciplinary teams of experts driven by local priority iii) Testing of new lines in on-farm trials and national issues and broad approach is the way out of this food and performance trials for establishment of value of nutritional insecurity. cultivation and use. This process really unlocks the establishment of the seed system for eventual Here back in Kenya, rice is posed to play a key role in commercialization providing or meeting food and nutritional needs of her people. However, there are challenges to be overcome; iv) Production of breeder and foundation; the breeder among them, land degradation, growing population, seed are the highest purity seed class that can ever be climate change and variability, expanding consumption. produced. These are used for other seed classes for All these have contributed to huge rice imports despite commercialization the fact that Kenya has the capacity to produce enough for her domestic consumption and even export to the region v) Development of linkages with seed companies; this and overseas markets. outreach pathway is very important for popularization and up scaling of developed The above scenario is being addressed through various technologies channels and pathways. Right from Ministry level, through the Rice Promotion Unit (RIPU) a brainchild of The research out puts are normally of various kinds Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), World and thus their packaging for presentation to end user Bank through the regional mega project, East Africa clientele is again varied. This is exemplified below: Agricultural Productivity Project (EAAPP) covering Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya. There are other i. Release of normally 2 or more improved rice important players among them Alliance for a Green varieties that have preferred grain quality, and plant Revolution in Africa (AGRA), International Rice architecture Research Institute (IRRI), Africa Rice Centre (ARC), International Cooperation Center for Agricultural ii. Awareness creation of the new product to farmers Education (ICCAE), Kenya Seed Company, Vibha Seed and rice stakeholders, (Ke) limited, and other regional Institutions like ASARECA, and national Agricultural Research Systems iii. Production of normally 5kg of breeder seed to set like Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). in motion the certified seed production through foundation seed production, All these key players are working in tandem to ensure food and nutritional security is secured. The immediate iv. Use of organized farmers groups to produce rice overarching goals are to be achieved by addressing these seed, also seed may be availed by seed companies basic objectives: licensed to produce rice seed, Objectives: v. Primarily, farmers participate in variety demonstrations, field days and agricultural shows 1) To develop and release to the farming community six where showcasing of new technologies and improved rice varieties production is at display and also for purchase 2) To create linkages with consortiums relevant on vi. The adoption is normally followed by monitoring issues to do with seed development and outreach to the number of farmers planting new rice varieties end users 3) To create awareness of new rice varieties to about 100,000 farmers who will act as catalyst to up scaling of rice production 122

The expected outcome is increased farmer productivity, a participation of farmers is very crucial, as they come to vibrant enhanced capacity to develop improved rice own the product and indicate areas of further varieties for farmers, an increase in farmer awareness of improvement (Kimani et al., 2011). The variety the improved varieties, better on farm productivity and development process involves activities such as eventually improved small scale farmers household food germplasm acquisition, evaluation for its adaptability, and nutritional security as well as incomes. selection of promising parents, hybridization with local cultivars, on farm participatory trials, national CURRENT SITUATION OF THE RICE SECTOR performance trials, conducting, development of IN KENYA descriptors for elite lines (distinctness uniformity tests - DUS), and release of elite lines and linkages with seed Summary companies. Rice crop is a major cereal crop ranking third to maize and Introduction wheat in Kenya. However, despite its importance, the on- Rice is the third most important crop after maize and farm yields are low and range between 1-4 tons per ha wheat and its consumption growth is about 12% per depending on the level of management. The current annum compared to 4% for wheat and 1% for maize production in Kenya varies between 43-80,000 MT while (MoA, 2009). It forms an important source of food, consumption is well above 300,000MT. This implies more employment and income for the small-scale farmers and than 80% of rice consumed in Kenya has to be imported, business people. However, rice research has lagged and this cost the country huge shanks of foreign exchange behind other crops like maize and beans because it was that could otherwise be used in other sectors of economy. regarded as an orphan crop and thus unimportant crop. It The low productivity is attributed to lack of adapted was therefore less researched on and consequently this has varieties with the desirable traits for farmer acceptability. lead to the current state where the last irrigated varieties The low productivity is caused in part by limited (Sindano and Basmati) were released before 1980s and information that is available to farmers through research these were accessions. There has been no local breeding since rice had previously been regarded an orphan crop. program for rice in Kenya and therefore no locally bred This situation lead to varietal degeneration arising from varieties exist. In 2009, four NERICA varieties from the physical mixtures on farmers fields, natural mutations, West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) and lack of a clear seed delivery system to ensure farmers were evaluated and released in Kenya. However the access quality seed and thus better productivity. The varieties have not been widely acceptance by farmers as demand for upland rice seed is huge as indicated by the they have not been widely tested nor were farmers aware requests made by farmers, farmer organizations and or involved in the variety development process. Besides ministry of agriculture. The total basic seed requests are the varieties were developed without incorporation of the over 30 MT per year. This is a clear indication that a local germplasm. Simultaneously, Kenya experienced a sustainable rice seed system should urgently be heavy outbreak of blast disease in 2007. This situation led established, because currently only KARI-Mwea is to declined rice production for the last six years by about producing 'standard' seed. Standard seed is produced 26.6%, while consumption increased by 30.5% over the under special authorization by the Kenya Plant Health same period (MoA, 2009; Rosemary et al., 2010). In the Inspectorate Service (Kephis) when there is acute seed late 1980s Kenya was self sufficient in rice, but currently, shortage. There is therefore a need to reverse this rice production stands at approximately 45,00 – 80,000 situation and undertake the breeder seed production of metric tons (MT), while consumption is above 300,000 new released NERICAs to meet the immediate demand MT for 2009 (FAOSTAT, 2008; MoA, 2009). This creates of certified seed supply. a huge deficit (about 80%) that is too high to meet through imports. In addition to the dissemination of NERICA varieties, a more sustainable and far-reaching approach is to develop, There are two main rice production systems in Kenya, evaluate and release new improved varieties, promote new namely irrigated rice accounting for 95%, and upland rice varieties to farmers, and link these activities to seed supply contributing a paltry 5%. The area currently under rainfed system either undertaken by registered contract farmers rice production is 13,000 Ha against a potential of or seed merchants. The proposed project therefore aims 1,000,000 Ha due to lack of appropriate high yielding, to develop high yielding new varieties with acceptable drought and cold tolerant varieties adapted to low fertile grains quality to farmers, for both upland and irrigated soil found in rainfed regions. Rainfed rice productivity is ecologies, and initiate linkages necessary for very low, being less than 1 MT Ha-1 compared to yield commercialization of released new and already released potential of up to 8 MT Ha-1. The situation is a bit NERICA varieties different for irrigated rice which is managed by the National Irrigation Board (NIB). About 40,000 hectares The process of variety development normally involve out of 500,000 ha are under irrigation (Rudo and Jan, farmer participatory approaches for fostering enhanced 1990), with optimal input, the average unit production for adoption of improved rice varieties for Kenya. The the aromatic variety is 4.5 T Ha-1. For the non-aromatic 123

varieties its about 6 T Ha-1 against a potential of more chemicals to control pest and diseases is costly and thus than 10 MT Ha-1 when improved varieties are used (FAO, uneconomical and ecologically unsuitable. 2006; NIB, 2008). The current irrigated varieties are low yielding and have lost their purity and original grain quality Despite rice production for a very long time in Kenya, traits, mainly because the cultivars grown are unimproved productivity has remained low, while consumption is on (due to degeneration overtime and lack of proper seed the increase, exacerbating the need to import rice or to system), and have now become prone to diseases and find a solution in order to step up local production. Rice pests. has a highly elastic demand due to urbanization and rising incomes, coupled with changes in eating habits of the Rice production on farmers' fields is constrained by rural populace. It is also gaining popularity due to its several factors among them lack of new improved and easiness, less cooking fuel use and flexibility during adapted varieties, low soil fertility, poor grain quality, lack preparation of various recipes (FAO, 2006) especially for of cold tolerant varieties, lack of awareness and labour constrained households. In its effort to realize this promotion of rice farming agronomic activities in areas aspiration, the Government of Kenya has projected that best suited to its production, lack of varieties resistant to rice production needs to be increased by another 70% diseases and pests in the various rice agro-ecological over the next 30 years in order to meet the growing food zones, lack of well organized seed systems and demand (GoK, 2002). distribution networks, low volumes of irrigation water, lack of land suitable for irrigation, escalating fertilizer and The varieties in production today were developed in the input costs, and lack of credit facilities. This situation has early 1980's, and over time they have degenerated mainly been even more worsened by climate change and from admixture of different rice seed varieties, increased variability, which coupled by the fact that the current susceptibility to diseases and pests, slow natural cultigens are not resilient and the fact that farmers have no mutations, and some limited cross pollination leading to coping mechanisms with adverse or favourable weather genetic segregation. This situation has worsened with the make the situation even grave. The lack of dissemination liberalization of the rice sector where farmers now grow or outreach pathways and even lack of well packaged rice both within and outside (Jua Kali) the irrigation climate information to end user clientele is of great schemes managed by the National Irrigation Board concern. There is therefore urgent need to development (NIB). Majority of farmers use their home saved seed that climatological and hydrological information as a is often recycled for many generations, either because they mitigation measure against climate variability. cannot afford to buy pure seed or there is no well organized seed system to meet all the farmers' There is therefore, urgent need to develop locally adapted requirement. The lack of or break down of the NIB credit climate resilient new varieties that are high yielding with facility system has not help the situation and this has the desirable grain quality and can persist the local opened a window where middle men exploit the small production constraints in the various ecological zones. scale farmers. This scenario has forced farmers to These varieties should be tolerant to rice blast, white rice continue growing their own on-farm saved seeds that are stem borers and rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) diseases. susceptible to a number of diseases and pests. It is only The situation is even further compounded by damage now that a rice seed certification process has been put in caused by rice white stem borers (RWSB) that cause total place at KARI-Mwea for rainfed rice, but the irrigated rice yield loss, for both upland and irrigated rice, once the certification process is yet to be established and this has culms have been infected. Rice blast has actually become a resulted to low farm productivity. major threat due to its rapid spread in areas that were traditionally not infected by the disease in Central The area under rice production per province is; Nyanza Province, which is the major rice producer: where it (4,552 Ha), Western (702 ha), Coast (1,916 Ha), Central causes major on-farm yield losses and serious quality (15,750 Ha), North Eastern (186 Ha) thus the total area deterioration in terms of white spots and broken grains for the republic is 23,106 Ha (GOK, 2005). The major that fetch low prices. diseases are rice blast affecting both upland and irrigated rice in Central (10,000 ha) and 5,400 plot holders; western Aromatic rice, in particular, is very popular with (2,778 Ha) and 1,260 plot holders (GOK, 2006). It has consumers, and farmers refer to it as white gold, due to its been envisaged that the irrigation potential is as follows; high premium price in the market. The small-scale Tana (205,000 ha), Athi (40,000 Ha), Lake Victoria farmers have their livelihoods purely based on rice (200,000 Ha), Kerio valley (64,000 Ha) and Ewaso Nyiro farming and any problems that occur, such as the recent (30,000 Ha). However, only 102,000 ha (19%) have been rice blast outbreak, degeneration of existing varieties and exploited, with 47,000 Ha, being under smallholder other factors such as high input costs does affect their management; 13,000 Ha under NIB and 42,000 Ha under economic activities in a big way. This is because they lack private firms management (NIB, 2008). Any increase in the capacity to address these problems on their own, and productivity on this land, say 1 tons ha-1 could thus provision of new technologies to control low yields, significantly boost local yields towards self food diseases, pests and grain quality is paramount. The use of sufficiency. These figures may be conservative, but 124

according to the Vision 2030, a population of 494,000 in order to develop breeders seed for production of high (19,000 households with 5 persons) will be resettled on 4 quality seed with white label. They also need further acres (NIB, 2008). Thus the area under production will improvement that may involve crossing them with local increase, though this will include other crops. The figure landraces and testing against major production for Coast province are not well documented for rice, but constraints, such low yields, diseases and pests tolerance, the household and land area figure for rice growing drought tolerance, low temperatures, grain quality and districts are Kilifi (90,311 households grow rice in 4,779 general adaptability. There is also need to develop km2), Kwale (92,594 in 8,295 km2), Tana River (36,177 in agronomic production kit for these new varieties in order 38,466 km2) and Taita Taveta (57,635 in 17,128 km2) to realize their production potential by the farmers. (GOK, 2006). The coast region has great potential for upland, lowland and irrigated rice. The occurrence of Really a lot remain to be done, and all concerted efforts both disease, rice blast and RYMV has been reported but must be made to ensure global food supply is sustained the actual yield loss resulting from these is not well and this is an aggregate of the local production. documented, however, it is known that they do cause yield losses as was witnessed recently in Central Province where FAO. 2006. FAOSTAT Database. farmers reported that they were harvesting 5-8 bags FAOSTAT. 2008. Statistics Database of the Food and instead of 25-30 bags due to rice blast disease (Munene, Agriculture Organization FAO Publications, Rome, Italy. 2008). The factors that have contributed to high disease GoK. 2002. Republic of Kenya, National development incidence are use of old and unimproved varieties with plan 2002-2008, Nairobi, Kenya. poor N use, poor crop husbandry, high relative humidity GOK. 2005. Rice production, 2002-2006. NCPD and (RH), use of recycled seeds, and poor straw management Department of lands, crops development and after harvest. management. Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya. GOK. 2006. Statistical Abstracts. Central Bureau of There is therefore, an urgent need to develop, release and Statistics. Ministry of Planning and National commercialize new varieties with the desirable traits, well Development, Government Printers. Nairobi. 313pp. suited to the production environment and that the Kimani, J.M., Tongoona, P., Derera, J. and Nyende, A.B. farmers need access to released NERICA varieties 2011. Upland Rice Varieties Development Through urgently. These new varieties require to undergo the Participatory Plant Breeding. ARPN Journal of mandatory National Performance Trials (NPT) to Agricultural and Biological Science 6(9):39-49. determine the Value of cultivation and use, and MoA. 2009. National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS distinctness uniformity and stability test (DUS) process 2008-2018). pp 35. for descriptor development for registration and Munene, G. 2008. Food Security: Rice shortage looms as certification purposes, before they can be released and fungi wreck havoc., Sunday Nation, Nation Media Group, commercialized. Nairobi. pp. 17. NIB. 2008. National Irrigation Board Strategic Plan 2008- There has been little rice breeding activities in Kenya and 2013: Ministry of water and irrigation, NIB. pp. 48. this has greatly hampered expansion of rice production. Rosemary, A.E., Bibiana, M.W., Njuguna, N., Dominic, Probably this was because the government's emphasis M.K. and Daniel, A. 2010. Rice value chain study report was on major crops, such as maize, wheat, beans, Irish of Kenya. Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and Kenya potato and others. Rice was among the 'orphan' crops and Agricultural research Institute (KARI). pp. 37. even its placement under NIB did not help much. Rudo, N. and Jan, H. 1990. Commercialization of Rice However, it is only recently around 2003, when rice and Nutrition: A Case Study from Western Kenya. production was liberalized that the government realized Ministry of Planning and National Development Report, the importance of the crop and made a bold step to place Nairobi. it in the national research system. KARI has had no full- time Ph.D rice breeder. Therefore, the breeding activities Dr Kimani Munji is a cereal and legume have been minimal but following AGRA training of John breeder for many years. He specializes in Kimani to the Ph. D level breeding work has started in adaptation of crops to local production order to develop new varieties that are well adapted to the conditions and resilient to climate change prevailing production conditions. There is little work and variability in order to meet sustainable going on and aimed at developing high yielding varieties food and nutritional security, while adapted to various production ecologies. This is because conserving the natural resource base. of constraint funding. KARI has supported at a low level maintenance of the breeding lines and breeding stock of by NERICAs 1, 4, 10 and 11. These varieties are acquisitions from WARDA and were found to perform well, but there Dr. Kimani Munji potential yields are yet to be realized through further Kenya Agricultural Research Institute improvement. These varieties are certified as standard seed and there is need to conduct the panicle to row tests 125

Policy document of the India Opinion Poll conducted by Future Young Leader’s Initiative Future Young Leader’s initiative is a 4 year old campaign 4. Poll inquired if the participants had heard about other created by the Young World Leaders, for the Young World countries investment in Young Leaders such as Leaders, and of the Young World Leaders from six Fulbright, Rhodes, Chewing or Humboldt continents i.e. Asia, North America, Africa, Europe, Latin scholarships, which were diplomatic structures America, and Small Islands to herald a new era of public meant for extending friendships between countries. service program that is remarkably fulfilling, undramatic, Only 68.42% of voters had heard about these re-silient, and doesn't have any urge to surpass others at structures. whatever cost, but certainly a honest commitment to serve others. 5. Poll put forth names of eight Young Leaders from India that inspires the Young & is making a difference The Board of Directors of this initiative are 1) Shannon in India. These names were: Rahul Gandhi, Arvind Kindornay, North South Institute , Canada; 2) Naseemah Kejriwal, Aamir Khan, Varun Gandhi, Sachin Mohammed, University of Oxford, England/Zimbabwe; Tendulkar, Mahindra Singh Dhoni, Farhan Akhtar & 3) Prof. Javier Garcia, Rive Technologies, Spain; 4) Prof. Chetan Bhagat. Arvind Kejriwal received 46.15%, Oswaldo Lucon, State Government of Sao Paulo, Brasil; Mahindra Singh Dhoni received 30.77%, Aamir 5) Dr. Rakesh Kumar, NEERI-CSIR, India; 6) Dr. Arnold Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, & Chetan Bhagat received Mushongi, National Maize Breeder Program- 7.69% votes respectively. Biotechnologist, Tanzania; 7) Prof. Morakinyo Olufemi, University of Lagos, Nigeria; 8) Kyle Gracey, SustainUS, 6. We seeked vote for a Leader who has provided United States of America & 9) Swati Save, Honorary extraordinary public service to India in their Youth? Founder - Future Young Leaders initiative. Visit Citizens voted for the following leaders who have http://www.futureyoungleaders.org provided outstanding service to India in their youth and are an inspirational leader: Dr. APJ Kalam, Anna In the ‘spirit of standing for transformation’ and ‘being Hazare, Kiran Bedi, Narayan Murthy, Sachin cause in the matter’, Future Young Leaders initiative Tendulkar, & Arvind Kejriwal. launched in September 2013 an India Opinion Poll to understand whether there is a need for having a new entity 7. The poll asked to vote for the quintessential citizens for Young Leaders in Science & Engineering in India & to of India that have contributed towards the growth bring awareness amongst the youth & young in India. The and development in the field of Science & poll consisted of ten questions revolving around India, Engineering? Citizens have voted for the following Indian Leadership in Science & Engineering & Young names Prof. CV Raman, Dr. Homi Bhabha, Dr. APJ Leaders that are actively making a difference in the Kalam, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Sam Pitroda, and country; following is the gist of its outcome of the poll for Narayan Murthy. your kind persual – attention & action. 8. The poll asked for voter advice and suggestion as to 1. The first question inquired into the political party how they see the program to be funded? The poll priorities particularly ‘the’ party that was Young offered five choices a) Government funded, b) Leaders friendly in India? 35% poll participants voted Corporate funded, c) Multi government for NDA BJP; 30% poll participants voted for Aam funding, d) Multi-stakeholders, & e) Individual Adami Party, 30% poll participants voted for others philanthropists. 66.67% votes were received for and 5% poll participants voted for UPA Congress. multi-stakeholders option i.e. a funding structure that would entail government funding, corporate 2. The second question asked whether India should take partnership and philanthropists. 11.11% have voted leadership in having a Young Leaders program? An for just corporate sponsorship or philanthropist trust overwhelming 94.44% poll participants voted YES for to fund the initiative. 5.56% votes were received for having a new entity for Young Leaders program in government funding or multi-government India. investments. 3. Third question seeked vote on the component of the 9. The poll inquired if India should stand for Young program and inquired if it could be in the field of Leaders - not just in India but around the World? Science & Engineering? 98%voters supported the The poll received 89.47% votes for India to take such program to be in Science & Engineering, since India a leap of faith in its leadership for supporting creating has amazing talent in Science & Engineering in the this entity and playing a bigger role in the world. country and the Young Leaders program can help provide the platform for development and stop the 10. The poll received 70% responses from men & 30% Brain-Drain from the country. Voters believed this will from women. Conclusion: The India Opinion poll be a good investment since India still has a lot more to launched in October 2013 till February 2014 develop in terms of infrastructure and research. They concludes that 94.44% supporting votes were also recommended other fields such as received to create a new entity for Young Leaders in humanities/social sciences and/or business Science & Engineering Public Service in India that management/economic science. was advised by the voters to be funded as a multistakeholder entity which will include government funding, corporate sponsorship, and philanthropist donations. A Survey By Future Young Leader’s Institute 126

Powering the Future with Nanotechnology As worldwide demand for energy surges at an ever- approaching complete cost competitiveness with increasing rate, there is a new urgency to improve the traditional energy sources. Countries such as Germany, efficiency and sustainability of power generation Spain and Denmark are already beginning to utilize technologies. One of the keys to addressing this challenge substantial amounts of wind energy to meet their growing is innovation, and some of the most promising solutions electricity needs, but there remains enormous potential are occurring at the smallest scale – the nanoscale. for worldwide expansion in the wind industry. Nanotech 'fuels' alternate energy technology Nanotechnology helps to realize the wind's enormous potential through various improvements in the efficiency The field of alternative energy provides a platform for of wind turbines. some of nanotechnology's most exciting contributions. Today, the renewables industry represents the fastest- New lubricants that contain nanoparticles that act like growing energy market in the world: global wind mini ball-bearings help reduce the friction generated from generation has grown threefold over the past five years the rotation of the turbines, decreasing wear-and-tear on and the production of photovoltaic solar cells is more the machine throughout its life cycle. Advancements in than six times greater than in 2000 – and nanoscale nanocoatings, such as de-icing and self-cleaning science and engineering are playing an increasingly critical technologies, also help improve efficiencies, rendering ice role. and dirt buildup on the turbines virtually nonexistent. The most promising contributions of nanotechnology come Silicon-based photovoltaic solar cells, for example, from the integration of advanced materials technology in currently account for about 95 percent of commercial wind blades in the form of nanocomposites, which solar panels available on the market. Silicon-based cells provide lighter and substantially stronger blades. already utilize nanoscale processes, materials and devices Nanotechnology impacts the wind industry in general, by utilized in semiconductor manufacturing. Moreover, improving turbine performance and reliability to allow for discoveries in nanotechnology have led to what many longer lifetime, less fatigue failure, and lower costs of consider the next generation of solar technology: ultra- generation. thin amorphous silicon, organic and inorganic solar cells derived from nanocrystals that convert sunlight into Clearly, the pursuit of cleaner and more efficient ways of electricity at a fraction of the cost of silicon-based solar generating power is of critical importance to our future. cells. They are also more flexible, less brittle, and can even Through innovation, we can improve the efficiencies of be painted onto structures, allowing more possibilities for the technologies we have and discover new ways by which building integrated architectural design, and helping to we can prosper. Nanotechnology provides us with the ensure that more of our future electricity generation will opportunity to attain sustainable development – and to be derived from the clean energy of the sun. Greater overcome one of the greatest challenges of our time – by research investment in these technologies is yielding using some of the simplest and smallest means at our continually higher sunlight-to-electricity conversion disposal. efficiencies, bringing them closer to full-scale commercialization. Applying NanoTechnology to Energy at the NanoCollege, UAlbany Fuel cells also benefit from nanotechnology. While the ability to store adequate quantities of hydrogen molecules The Energy and Environmental Technology Applications has remained a serious dilemma in developing the Center (E2TAC) at the College of Nanoscale Science & technology for large-scale use, nanotechnology has the Engineering (CNSE), was created in 1998. It was potential to put hydrogen storage in the fuel cell directly established as an active expansion of Albany NanoTech, using nanostructures of carbon, zeolites, or stacked clays. UAlbany's efforts to work with companies in the rapidly Nanoengineered electrodes in the form of cathodes and emerging energy and environmental industries. E2TAC anodes are currently being manufactured and provides a critical platform for CNSE to leverage its incorporated in solid oxide and polymer electrode-based intellectual power base and state-of-the-art infrastructure fuel cells that provide higher efficiency and performance. to provide an applications-targeted resource supporting Nanotechnology applied to fuel cells enables more technology development leading to the integration of efficient and reduced use of precious metals – such as nanotechnology to advanced energy and environmental using platinum nanoparticles for high surface area and applications. low volume – along with improved membrane function and durability. E2TAC's mission is to support energy and environmental technology deployment through accelerated Perhaps the most mainstream acceptance of renewable commercialization by leveraging partnerships between technology has come in the form of wind energy, which is industry, government and academia. As part of this 127

mission, E2TAC focuses on assembling the seed applications, switches and amplifiers. E2TAC works with intellectual know-how, creating the advanced MTech Laboratories of Balston Spa, NY and the Naval infrastructure, and initiating the key development Research Laboratories to increase performance of programs needed to establish it as the premier semiconductor devices. development and commercialization magnet for the advanced energy and environmental technology industry. Energy storage has been the subject of intensive research Activities at E2TAC include: for many years. Recent advances in electrodes have attracted a lot of new attention for supercapacitors. (i)Technology Development and Deployment: E2TAC works with organizations such as Custom Electronics Inc. and Maxwell Corp to apply By utilizing the research experience and laboratories at the nanoengineering electrodes to increase storage capacity. College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering (CNSE), the E2TAC at the University at Albany focuses on Integration of chemical sensors into system-on-a-chip improving products and business processes, which will technology platforms enables a cost effective and reliable ultimately increase sales and the amount of workforce solution for energy and environmental monitoring needed. applications. E2TAC is developing field deployable, tailored sensing solutions for hydrocarbons, harsh For example, in partnership with Einhorn Yaffee environment and biological sensor systems through the Prescott, the NanoCollege has established the National use of optical, electrical or acoustical sensing platforms Institute for Sustainable Energy (NISE) that will create a with MTI Microfuel cells and the Department of world-class center for zero energy and sustainability that Transportation. will serve as a catalyst for energy technology innovations and as a magnet for the attraction of clean energy (ii) Business Acceleration: businesses in New York. This is being done through an energy test farm that will allow evaluation and validation As part of this activity, E2TAC provides financial, of zero energy concepts such as fuel cells, solar cells, business development, sales and marketing, as well as capacitors and power electronics. consulting assistance that provides relief from start-up and growing pains to emerging technology businesses. E2TAC works with Daystar Technologies of Halfmoon, These services are geared to technical areas that NY to develop a new generation of solar cells, based on encourage economic development of specific energy thin film materials, nanocrystalline materials and technology industry clusters in Upstate New York. conducting polymeric films. These offer the prospects of E2TAC leverages existing knowledge, infrastructure and cheaper materials, higher efficiency and flexible features. personnel at and its Albany NanoTech Complex to foster the establishment and growth of marketable E2TAC is also collaborating with New York companies manufacturing businesses in New York State. The such as Plug Power, General Motors, Delphi and MTI- approach is to identify companies with synergies within Micro fuel cells to generate power electrochemically when the energy technology portfolios indicated above and hydrogen rich fuel is passed over an anode and air over a introduce them to opportunities for growing or setting up cathode that are separated by an electrolyte.. Long term manufacturing/service operations in New York State. nanomaterials development, integration of design, speed E2TAC's activities are not limited to providing assistance of manufacturing and materials selection are critical in to start-up or entrepreneurial firms but include large meeting these goals. organizations that are considering growth, spinning off divisions or introducing new products. The approach also Second Generation high temperature superconductors includes the attraction, retention and creation of new have significant commercial opportunity since operation companies in New York State by providing business at temperatures above liquid nitrogen are now possible. assistance and significant competitive advantage through HTS conductor can save up to 20 % of electrical output evaluation and management of existing and bundled that is currently lost in transmission due to resistance. intellectual property (IP) assets available through New E2TAC is partnering with companies such as SuperPower York-based organizations, including universities. and American Superconductor to enable reduction in cost and enhancement in current density to enable E2TAC is leading the New Energy New York coalition. commercialization by introducing nanoparticles as Partnerships amongst government, academic entities and pinning centers private businesses in Alternate Energy Technology were created in 2002. Several (over 40) companies, a university, Power electronics provides power conversion with the a state organization and a not-for-profit have joined maximum efficiency possible and is used for inverters and together to promote New York as a hotbed for alternative other applications, such as pulsed high-power energy development and to promote all the energy 128

developments taking place in this region. Dr. Pradeep focused on showcasing New York based companies at Haldar, currently the director of E2TAC spearheads the International Trade Shows including Power Gen under consortium. New Energy New York brings companies the New York Loves Energy banner. together as a way to market the area to investors Dr. Pradeep Haldar is professor of nanoengineering worldwide, but also help them collaborate on research. and director of E2TAC, the Energy and Environmental Technology Applications Center (E2TAC) at the The following are selected examples of companies University at Albany's College of Nanoscale Science and already supported by E2TAC with a focus in clean energy Engineering (CNSE), which was created to provide a technologies: critical platform for CNSE to leverage its intellectual power base and state-of-the-art infrastructure to provide · Start-ups: Inverters Unlimited Inc., Mtech an applications-targeted resource supporting technology Laboratories, Starfire Inc., Solid State Cooling Inc., and development, leading to the integration of MTI-MicroFuel Cells, Prism Solar, Daystar nanotechnology in advanced energy and environmental Technologies applications. For more information, visit E2TAC's Web site at http://www.e2tac.org. · Mid-Size: Blasch, SuperPower, EYP Mission Critical He is also chair of the Clean Energy Alliance, which was Facilities, Sunwize, Plug Power, EYP A&E, originally created by the U.S. Department of Energy's SuperPower National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, CO and is the leading national resource for clean · Large Size: GE, Praxair, ConEdison, General Motors, energy businesses, utilizing member technology Delphi innovations, resources and networks to develop the clean energy marketplace and foster economic development for · Companies Outside State: Konarka, Fucellco, its partners LynnTech Solutions, Electastor, and Hi-Z by (iii) Outreach and Education activities: Prof. Prddeep Haldar The development of case studies based on a unique Director alternate energy farm at the Albany NanoTech complex and premium power demonstration and lessons learned College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, are key activities at E2TAC. This is a common point of Albany NY contact for community education and outreach relationships. As part of this effort E2TAC raises awareness of alternate energy technologies, educates the public on technology, applications, and benefits, and promotes the use of reliable, secure and sustainable power. Educational activities includes: forums, conference presentations; meetings with targeted audiences; workshops; publications; and using the demonstration as a showcase as an educational resource. The educational mission of UAlbany and the products produced by industrial members provides the needed resources to successfully disseminate information effectively. E2TAC's outreach builds a high level of awareness of economics, incentives and technology features for energy technologies, to strengthen relationships between members of the community, developers and manufacturers of technologies. Since energy technology benefits a wide range of users, it is composed of different audiences. We utilize the assistance of several trade groups and organizations such as NYSEIA, Clean Energy Alliance, NYSERDA, the Public Service Commission and the New York Power Authority. E2TAC is involved with technology and commercialization roadmaps and has been actively involved in preparing the New York State Hydrogen Roadmap, the Solar Initiative for New York and more recently the Green Buildings Program. Efforts are also 129

The Chemical Element in the Millennium Development Goals When United Nations declared 2011 as the International Following the UN Millennium Development Goals, the Year of Chemistry, I thought about how I could authors examine the ten most critical areas, including contribute to both celebrating the achievements of energy, climate, food, water and health. All of them are science and the potential that chemistry holds to create a opinion leaders in their fields, or high-ranking decision better and more sustainable future for all. Because of all makers in national and international institutions. Intended these reasons, it seemed to me appropriate to use the to provide an intellectual basis for the future development Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a framework of chemistry, this book is aimed at a wide readership for editing the book \"The Chemical Element: including students, professionals, engineers, scientists, Chemistry`s Contributions to Our Global Future \"(Wiley environmentalists and anyone interested in a more 2011) http://www.thechemicalelement.com/ sustainable future. This book illustrates the enormous contributions that Profile: Prof. Javier Garcia Martinez, University of chemistry has delivered to the community in improving Alicante, Spain, Co-Founder, Rive Technology, Inc., our quality of life, health, access to water, poverty Cambridge, MA, USA reduction and jobs creation. But mostly \"The Chemical Element\" is a call to the world's scientists to put their Javier is faculty member and talents to help reach the Millennium Development Goals. director of the Nanotechnology I am convinced that, as we have seen in the past, access to Molecular Laboratory at the better technology is critical to provide energy, water, food University of Alicante, Spain. He and medicine to an increasingly crowded Planet. This has published extensively in the requires a new generation of scientists working to areas of nanomaterials, catalysis improve the quality of life for millions of people, the state and energy and is inventor of of the environment, and ultimately to build a better future fifteen patents. for all. Javier is also co-founder of Rive Technology Inc (Boston, MA), a clean energy company, commercializing advanced In order to have that new generation of scientist who will catalyst technology that has raised $47 million in venture champion in global issues, it is essential that we change capital funding from leading investors. some fundamental aspects of our educational system. On the one hand, the curriculum should include topics related Javier is vice-chair of the World Economic Forum to the MGDs. Our scientists must be aware and able to General Assembly Council on Emerging Technologies solve problems that affect us all. On the other hand, I and Titular Member of the International Union for Pure worry that formal education kills the creativity and and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). curiosity that we all have when we are children. It does not seem right to educate our students as if everyone were Javier has been recognized as a leader in nanotechnology alike. Giving high and materials science. In 2005, Javier was awarded the Europa Medal, awarded annually to the outstanding marks to those who respond well to our questions (which European chemist under the age of 35. In 2007, Javier only offer a solution) instead of rewarding students who received the TR 35 Award from MIT's Technology raise new questions or offer original responses, the Review magazine, and in 2009 Javier was selected as a current educational system penalizes the talented and the Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum. genius and reduces the ability of future scientists to find the solutions we so urgently need for the global challenges we face today. The XXI century, is no longer enough to make things better – but it's about doing things differently. We desperately need disruptive innovations to provide cheap and clean energy, safe drinking water for a billion people and food at an affordable price for everyone. Only when we educate the next generation of scientists to think in an original and daring way, we can build the future we all desire. About The Chemical Element by In the International Year of Chemistry, prominent scientists highlight the major advances in the fight against Prof. Javier Garcia Martinez the largest problems faced by humanity from the point of Rive Technology and University of Alicante view of chemistry, showing how their science is essential to ensuring our long-term survival. Spain 130

Taste and Smell Internet: A Multisensory (Media) Communication Breakthrough We (who is we, mixed reality lab) are interested in multi- like police and firefighters. Another consumer group are sensory communication research involving digital people who have some form of smell or taste disability, or transmission of taste and smell over the internet. We want even a mental illness. Almost anyone who uses a social to allow people to share experiences not only with video, network to communicate with family and friends could pictures, audio, or tactile feedback but also with smell and benefit. We want to allow these people to share smell and taste. We want to discover a new way to elicit these senses tastes anlong with videos and pictures of their everyday using a novel digital method that is both non-chemical lives. and non-evasive. How the technology works. With the continuous advancements in computing and media, technology has widened to include multi-sensory For taste stimulation we use a combination of a thermal experiences in remote interactions. Using electrical, pad with electrodes to produce a heating sensation and thermal, and magnetic stimulation technologies we are electric taste on the tip of the tongue. Various currently experimenting on reproducing smell and taste combinations of these two parameters at varying degrees sensations digitally. As a fundamental aim of this research, and amplitude produces different taste sensations. For we will develop novel user interfaces that empower smell simulation, we are proposing a new application of people's life with digitized taste and smell communication non-evasive electro-magnetic brain stimulation applied to capabilities. This research will generate important avenues the olfactory region of the brain. for further research areas using smell and taste based interactions and new media. As the ultimate goal of this The digitize tasting actuation case, it is possible to induce project we will develop devices which could actuate taste electrical charge inside the nerves using the polarization and smell sensations digitally through the Internet. of the nerves cells. By stimulation with different frequencies and different strengths we are developing a We will need to develop new protocols to codify these wearable clip kind of gadget which stimulates smell sensations as well as how to transmit them over the receptors using magnetic stimulation to regenerate smell internet. New interfaces for how to send and recieve these sensations. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is kinds of sensations will have to be designed. We hope that the current technology that we are experimenting to this will open the doors to new paradigms in human- develop this smell interface gadget. This gadget enables computer interface design and new fields of research in smell communication through the Internet and academia. regeneration of smell in a remote location. Why do we need to send tastes and smells over the In electrical stimulation subsystem, we use a digital internet and what kind of products could be potentiometer with a constant current source to provide a developed? constant current to all the participants. The electrical stimulation module provides square wave pulses to the A single taste and smell can influence people's moods and silver electrode with diverse current from 0μA to 200μA affect their work performance. It also can bring back a and frequency from 50Hz to 1000Hz. In thermal flood of memories thought to be long forgotten. Our stimulation subsystem, we use a Peltier semiconductor brain forges a link between the smell, taste, emotional module (Peltier Junctions) to change the temperature of feeling and memory, associating the individual and the the tongue, both cooling and heating within 20C – 35C. interaction. Moreover, when you encounter the smell or The initial experimental results suggested that sourness taste again, the link is already there ready to elicit a (electrical stimulation) and saltiness (electrical memory or a mood. The usage applications to use this stimulation) are the main sensations that could be evoked smell and taste interaction remotely can be used in many besides several evidences of sweet (thermal stimulation) different kind of online services and it can be and bitter (electrical stimulation) sensations. communicating with the user's smartphone and the ideas Furthermore, several subjects reported that they felt the of the applications that possibly can be utilized with many minty taste, refreshing taste (when cooling down from different kinds with smell-taste services using the mobile 35C to 20C), and also slight spiciness (when heating up phone and Internet communication. In other words, from 20C to 35C). sending tastes and smells over Internet has a huge potential market in online marketing and The digitize smell actuators using chemical smells case, communications. the current smell actuation system is designed for embedding to a wearable accessory. It consists of a tiny One type of consumer is the virtual reality enthusiast or smell actuator and its control system in mobile phone and gamer who wants a more emersive expereince than just the smell is subtly emitted from the small smell actuator. using visual, audio, and tactile stimuli. Also this can make The current configuration allows a user to set his/ her serious games better teaching tools for teaching officials preference smell identity using his/her mobile phone, and 131

during a conversation with a partner, it seamlessly actuates For example, Internet and mobile phone services can be a personalized choice of smell on their partner's integrated with the smell-taste accessory to provide smell accessories. and taste information for their digital contents. For example, when a restaurant introduces a new menu, they The accessory communicates with the user's smartphone can conduct a special promotion through SMS using the via Bluetooth. The user can set his/her Bluetooth MAC smell-taste accessory. They can send online coupons to address in his/her mobile phone app. The app helps their customers containing smell-taste information for him/her to connect his/her smell accessory to mobile new dish and when the customer begins to read this phone automatically. The user's Bluetooth on his/her message, he or she can smell the scent or taste to the sound mobile phone detects his/her partner's a mobile phone, of the new menu from their accessory. data containing the user's name, contact number and his unique smell signature ID are sent to the partner through Of course, this scenario has many potential possibilities wireless interaction. In response, the recipient's phone and we can work with on-line shopping malls, restaurants, communicates with his or her accessory, which in turn food companies, and commercial agencies that can use the emits the user's signature smell ID after saving encounter smell and taste integrated with their products to attract logs. people. Customers are able to check the restaurant menu before visiting through the smell-taste accessory, by The tiny smell actuator module contains eight kinds of logging into the diner's homepage. solid state aroma. Once a selected piece is heated to 46°C (115°F) with a wire, the right smell is released and the Watching a recipe video gives us two sources of small speaker below of perfume heater helps pulsate the information - visual and auditory. In the near future we aroma from the smell actuator module. The current could see audio visual systems that are expanded to utilise design describes a small perfume actuator that can be smell and taste. You can check your own dish in progress embedded into wearable accessories with multi-channel by comparing the taste to the celebrity chef's dish. smell and sound expressions controlled wirelessly from a Similarly, we could add new dimensions to food mobile phone application and the current system does so entertainment media, when the lid comes off a steaming in a form factor that can be used in a variety of pot on your television screen, you experience the same applications. warm aroma and sensation. Applications in the future: Profile: The smell interface gadget is enabling customers to smell Adrian David Cheok (www.adriancheok.info) is a Full online items which he/ she plans to buy. This gadget will Professor at Keio University, Graduate School of Media be developed by combining our experiment results Design. He is Founder and Director of the Mixed Reality obtained from the magnetic stimulation research and Lab, Singapore. He was previously Associate Professor in chemical stimulation techniques. As users browse the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, through the products (ex. scents, flowers, foods) the National University of Singapore. He has previously particular fragrance will be emitted by the smell worked in real-time systems, soft computing, and generating gadget. embedded computing in Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs, Japan. Amongst numerous high quality academic The digital taste interface is attached through a wireless journals, keynotes, exhibitions, he interface to a computer or a television, which is used for online shopping. Thus, the digital taste interface is was featured in worldwide broadcasts on his research such connected to the web-store or the online store. As a user selects an edible product such as chocolates, cakes, or a as CNN and Discovery Channel. In addition he was the sweet, the corresponding taste will be generated by the digital taste interface. Users will be able to verify the taste recipient of numerous prestigious awards and prizes such of the selected product by attaching the tongue to the digital taste interface as shown in the scenario. The main as the A-STAR Young Scientist of the Year, Hitachi benefit of this technology is the generating different taste sensations digitally. This device uses electrical and thermal Fellowship, SCS Singapore Young Professional of the stimulation on the tongue to generate different taste sensations. The device will appear as a digital lollipop, Year, Microsoft Research Award in Gaming and Graphics, where many users are comfortable to use in their everyday lives. On one hand, this technology enables a new C4C Children Competition Prize, Integrated Art paradigm for designers and sellers to improve the online shopping experiences. On the other hand, this will clearly Competition Prize, Creativity in Action Award, Mindtrek introduce an additional modality (i.e. taste) for consumers when shop online. Award, the Keio University Japan Gijyuju-sho award, and was awarded Young Global Leader 2008 by the World Economic Forum. :::NOTES::: by Prof. Adrian David Cheok Professor Of Pervasive Computing, City University London, UK 132

A Innovative Brazilian Game Company Introduction: Figure 1: Funphysio screenshot. The new generation of players knows how good Although the inclusion of interactive electronic games in videogames can be for health. With videogames like rehabilitation can promote patient motivation, the range Nintendo Wii and Kinetic Xbox players can enjoy without of exercises proposed by the games was not designed with joysticks but with their own body movements. Besides focus on rehabilitation and recovery of some function. losing weight, today is also possible to take care of health Most games require low response time (reflexes sharp, playing. sudden movement with high execution speed and braking) that meet the contraindications of the early The Fisiogames: stages of the rehabilitation process. This feature can be In 2009, an audacious company was created in Brazil: the detrimental to the healing process of injuries. In addition, Fisio games. This company was born from the innovative they increase the risk of causing further injury, among vision of transforming games into professional tools used other losses. in physical therapy treatments. The founders, Daniel San Martin, and his partner, Kleber Magno saw beyond the US$6.6 billion was the estimated world games for obvious: games can do more than entertain. health market in 2009. The Funphysio, company's flagship product, is a software Games bring more quality to treatments because the with games designed specifically for the physical therapy patients are more motivated and can evaluate their process. This product offers a high quality tool for health evolution in the reports generated by Funphysio, the main professionals, completing the gap between non-specific product of the company, who received a great attention digital games that began to be used by health from news since its foundation. Nowadays, is part of professionals, such as the Nintendo Wii, and MIDI Technologic, one of the most renowned incubators physiotherapy. of technology-based firms in Brazil. Funphysio, brings more quality to the treatment by US$1.6 billion was spent in Brazil healthcare market generating reports through which players, health in 2010 professionals and family can follow the progress of The Origin of the Idea: treatment. Fisiogames is a company founded by Y generation members, which grew up seeing videogames revolution. The Market: These people are part of a society that discovered the The product has been adopted by professionals from advantages of living virtual adventures without going out different parts of Brazil and even by universities. For of their houses. 2012, it is expected that thousands of patients may benefit from this innovation. As them, in these days children, young persons and adults To meet that expectation, Fisiogames provides courses from the entire world enjoy with games. And it isn't a and workshops in order to bring together health coincidence. The game market already exceeds the movie professionals of this technology and show how everyone industry and continues to grow. has to gain by adopting the virtual reality of their treatments. Physical therapy exercises can be highly repetitive. There are treatments that can last a few days or even a lifetime. The Future: Therefore, Fisiogames realized that it is possible to bring Being a pioneer in an industry has its pros and cons, but different contributions to this field. Games are designed the team is confident on the company's future. Brazil will using accurate techniques to entertain and engage the host the next World Cup, which will increase the health players, causing them to perform certain tasks without sector. In addition, in 2016 the country will also host the noticing the passage of time. Thus, repetitive activities OlympicGames. can be extremely benefited from techniques developed by Funphysio. Actually, Fisiogames is preparing to export their products. The company goal is to provide their technology to other developing countries in order to raise the quality of their health treatments, keeping their patients happier. Profile: Started programming at age 14. Computer Scientist and Specialist in Innovation, he is founder of Fisiogames. Currently participates in non- governmental initiatives to promote the games industry in Brasil. In addition, he teaches game production at the University UNISUL by Daniel San Martin Founder Fisiogames Company, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, BRASIL 133

Dream Think Innovate As a young entrepreneur I have always wanted to touch For anyone who is trying to build a company that could the lives of millions of people and create that small outlive them. It is challenging for the first few years – you positive difference. It is and has always been a dream- a will have to keep running - you will have to keep changing dream I have believed in. And here I am, writing this till you find that “sweet spot” – It could be your first shot article as a dreamer and a believer. or it could take you a couple of years – but in any case – if you are persistent and flexible enough you will find it - and The past couple of years have been very exciting. I had the when you do – your millionaire smile will tell it all. opportunity to work with a global manufacturing giant, develop new technology products, lead a group of Profile: engineers, work with marketers to get a few products out A graduate from IIT Kharagpur, Abhinav is the Co- in the market, and finally quitting a fabulous job to build a Founder and CEO at InnovAccer. Abhinav has been a company that could accelerate research and innovation technology enthusiast, and has worked with global across the globe. During these times, I have had an technology companies like Ingersoll Rand as the Leader opportunity to interact with an amazing set of people of Product Strategy. He has multiple patents to his name, from various origins, speaking various languages, and and was responsible for the launch of many innovative having varied beliefs and it is exciting to see how people products at these companies. With InnovAccer he is chase dreams in their own different ways. building a company to develop next generation products around what he believes is the most valuable commodity – When I first started thinking of becoming an “data”. The vision is to build InnovAccer as a company entrepreneur, I was lost. I had no direction but immense that enables next generation organizations basing passion. I wanted to build the next generation business and policy decisions on data centric models. technologies, wanted to build schools, wanted to do my bit in politics, wanted to go to a top US university, and lot more. As I walked down the path of being an entrepreneur. I realized that I was not superman after all and trying to do it all might not really work. I started focusing on what I could do something that no one had done before. I realized that the only way I could be successful was a “disciplined, focused and passionate pursuit of the dream”. Luckily, I found a set of people who shared the vision and are believers, hustlers, technologists, and innovators, all at once. Once I had the people who were ready to take that leap of faith and work towards a dream of creating a company that could create a lasting impact, we started InnovAccer, a Research and Innovation accelerationcompany. As we started, we had challenges that every young company faces – acceptability in marketplace – lack of initial capital – lack of talented people to work with us and most importantly our internal fear of “What if ”. These are challenges that every entrepreneur faces – I believe what would truly differentiate a successful one from someone who will have to try again is the “focus” on the pointed little problem that you are going to solve. After hustling for the past few months, we are closer to by having identified the problem that we are going to solve. It is an effort to get as streamlined, go as deep, and Abhinav Shashank accomplish objectives as efficiently as possible. What we Co-Founder, InnovAccer, firmly believe is that this undivided focus and relentless passion are going to create a difference. New Delhi INDIA 134

Geoscience education: Learning from field observations Have you ever encountered a group of students of spatial thinking in education as one strategy to improve observing rocks, as you drive by on a highway, and wonder the nation's capacity in math, science, and engineering what they are doing? Why are they looking at these large (National Research Council, 2006). This in my opinion lifeless rock exposures and what information will they may hold true for India as well. get? Well, these rock exposures can tell us about our Earth and how it has changed over time. In fact, not being a This article focuses on my work with Kim Kastens, geologist myself, I was amazed at the information one can Doherty Senior Research Scientist at Lamont-Doherty derive from rock outcrops, on a field geology trip with a Earth Observatory of Columbia University, on spatial senior geologist and his class. He was teaching his thinking in geoscience education. Our work concerns students to observe the large rock outcrops, gather how scientists and students combine elements of spatial information from them, use this information to interpret information obtained from disconnected sources, and the composition and formation of the rock, and through combine them together into a coherent mental model. As it, past history and climate of the region. His students paid in the example of the field geology course, an important attention to various aspects of rock layers—stratigraphy aspect of field geology is visualizing three-dimensional and orientation, composition, and fossil assemblage. He structures and processes and learning from observations could look at portions of the rock outcrop and interpret in the field. Such a task places high demand of spatial and the physical processes and events that created it and the cognitive thinking on its learners. To be a successful climate that would have existed at that point in time. By geoscientist, these are important tasks to master. Often it examining and identifying the fossils, he helped his is observed that students and scientists find it difficult to students establish the exact time in history when that rock master this task. Additionally, instructors find it difficult was formed and how these fossils were deposited in the to teach this important task to their students. To be able to rocks. His students could examine each rock layer and prepare a future generation of geoscientists and field identify its composition and also hypothesize the post- geologists, better and improved field based education is depositional features such as folding and faulting that needed. Such education needs to be grounded in sound changed it to its present form. Field geology is just one scientific research. This can shed light on people's aspect of the discipline of geosciences. “Geosciences” underlying mental and cognitive processes that guide their includes atmospheric sciences, ocean sciences, and solid understanding and ability to visualize structures in three- earth sciences (sometimes also planetary sciences). dimensions. Geology is usually just the study of the rocks of the Earth's crust observable in outcrop or by drilling. In an attempt to understand these mental and cognitive processes, we are conducting a field-based behavioral Geosciences can be considered one of the most experiment that compares novices (non-science majors practical fields of science. It helps us learn about Earth with no exposure to field geology), science majors (field phenomena, such as, rock formation, volcanoes, geology experience at college level) and experts (more earthquakes, plate tectonics, erosion, landslides, and than 10 years post-doctoral experience with field geology) glaciations. The knowledge of geosciences can also help on a given task (Kastens and Ishikawa, 2006). The project us make informed decisions as policy makers, engineers, aims to investigate (1) how do people understand geologic and citizens. For example, knowledge of the flood plains, structures from limited information observed in the field fault zones, or unstable slopes in an area, may help us and (2) how can instructors effectively teach this difficult avoid building homes in that location. but important skill. This experiment eliminates some of the uncertainties that geoscientists may experience in the Geoscience requires a high level of spatial thinking field such as getting lost, finding outcrops, and taking care (Kastens and Ishikawa, 2006). Kastens et al. (2006) of poison ivy and focuses its attention on the participant's describes spatial thinking as “thinking that finds meaning cognitive and spatial skills. in shape, size, orientation, location, trajectory, of objects, processes, or phenomena.” Spatial thinking is important In this project I lead participants around a set of 8 to success in science and engineering fields (Piburn, 1980; “artificial outcrops” installed on the LDEO campus in Pallard & Seeber, 1984; Humphreys et al., 1993). Palisades. I provide participants with a quick introduction Examples of spatial thinking in science include the to field geology, maps and blank sheets of paper to record discovery of the double helix DNA structure and the their observations, and explain what they are expected to theory of plate tectonics. The United States National do during the task. Once they visit the outcrops, I ask Research Council has recently reported that spatial them to combine the information from all the outcrops to thinking is inadequately taught in the U.S. education envision the large structure that could be formed by all the system, and advocates increasing the quality and quantity outcrops taken together. I then present the participants 135

with an array of 14 models, 7 concave and 7 convex, and After observing the 8 outcrops, participants were asked ask them to choose one of the models that they think best to select a model from a given array that would represent represents the likely shape of the structure formed by the the shape formed by the scattered outcrops. In our study layered rocks in the eight outcrops. I videotape the we found that experts incorporated their field participants as they explain their model choice and discuss observations efficiently, and used multiple lines of their inscriptions. Finally, I transcribe and analyze each reasoning to support their justification to assert or vide otape for verbal and gesture data. eliminate a model. However the line of reasoning among few science majors and most novices was seen to be one- dimensional and weak. We found that many novices and some science majors chose a model based on one attribute of what they saw in the field; in some cases their elimination or assertion of a model was the description of the model itself rather than based on observations from the field. A student observing a rock outcrop for An artificial outcrop showing its two layers, Another result worth mentioning is the use of gestures its rock layers, composition, fossils, orientation, dip angle, and direction by all our participants. Research has shown that gestures and color are not merely idle arm-waving; they are profoundly connected to cognition and perception, and can convey The purpose of this experiment is to observe and subtle meanings that would be awkward or impossible to interpret expert-novice differences in skills and strategies convey in language alone. For an educator or education as they make observations and visualize a large structure researcher, gestures can therefore provide a window into from smaller scattered outcrops in the field. We found students' thought processes, even when the students do several interesting results that have direct application to not articulate their understandings or misunderstandings undergraduate and graduate geoscience education in the in words. Research suggests that gestures are beneficial United States as well as other countries. Here I discuss both to the gesturer and the recipient (Goldin-Meadow, some of the salient results that I think may interest the 2003; Roth, 2007; Lozano and Tversky, 2006). In our readers of the IYPN newsletter. study we found abundant evidence of participants using gestures as they explained their model choice. Participants When the participants walked around looking at the frequently used deictic gestures (pointing gestures) to outcrops, we recorded their activities; if they paid indicate a feature on their notes, a model or group of attention to their surroundings, if they touched the models, a real-world direction, or the outcrops in that real- outcrops, or if they used or rotated their map. In our study world direction. Our participants also frequently used we found that when experts were presented with this task iconic gestures to depict attributes of an observed they were very comfortable with it. They knew what they outcrop, a specific model, or a group of models (Kastens should be looking for—the rock layers, its orientation, et al, 2007ms). These gestures were found to convey startigraphy, dip angle, and location. In most cases they information that would be difficult to convey by words successfully integrated their observations from the field alone. to select a correct model or justify their choice. Most novices concentrated mainly on the outcrops in front of There are several implications for use of gestures no them. They did not pay attention to their surroundings matter what field you are in. Educators or communicators and sometimes found it difficult to orient themselves in can use gestures to better communicate with their space. Science majors performed better than novices in students; they should avoid discrepancies between their terms of looking around and paying attention to other own gestures and words. Research suggests that geologic features but not as well as the experts. Although discrepancies in an instructor's words and gestures may this may seem trivial, it is an important finding and needs lead to failure in student understanding (Roth and Bowen, to be incorporated in field geology courses. Instructors 2000). Educators should pay attention to their student's cannot take for granted what they want their students to gestures especially when they are struggling for words. observe. Students need to be told what information to Research suggests that students express emerging record and how that may assist them later in their concepts in gestures before words. interpretations. Role-playing by the instructor may also be a fruitful exercise. This project contributes to the basic knowledge of spatial cognition, as it pertains to three-dimensional structures and learning about large-scale environments. Geoscience 136

education research is a new field, still in its infancy. There Geochemistry: study the Earth's chemical processes, are several scientists in India who conduct research to past and present answer the basic questions about the earth and its processes and institutes that offer undergraduate and Marine Geology and Geophysics: study the structure of graduate programs in geosciences, such as Wadia Institute the seafloor and the formation and evolution of the of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun; Indian Institute of Earth's crust Technology, Kharagpur; and Indian Bureau of Mines, Dhanbad. Among groups in science education, Dr. Ocean and Climate Physics: study the controlling forces, Jayashree Ramdas's group at the Homi Bhabha Center for both human and natural, that drive Earth's ocean and Science Education, Tata Institute of Fundamental climate Research, Mumbai conducts studies to improve education in this field. Among other projects, her group studies Seismology, Geology, and Tectonophysics: study the children's understanding of the earth through diagrams. structure of and deep-Earth processes shaping the More research is needed today than ever before about planet effective ways to educate people of all ages about the earth. Improvements need to be made in undergraduate About the Author and graduate geoscience education in India as well. There Dr. Shruti Agrawal is a Staff Associate at the Lamont- is a need to recruit future geoscientists who can visualize Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. the problems faced by our planet and study its deepest Before joining Columbia, she was at the University of parts to formulate sustainable solutions. Studies such as Florida where she completed her doctoral degree with a these can play an effective role in improving and guiding specialization in environmental education. Her curricular innovations in geosciences. dissertation research focused on wildfire education programs in Florida and explored the relationship Acknowledgements between participation in wildfire education programs, I would like to thank Kim Kastens for her expert wildfire preparedness, and building community comments and support in writing this article. I would also relationships. At Florida, she was involved in a national like to thank Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of study that focused on communities across the United Columbia University. States that were are at risk of wildfires and that have taken steps to reduce their vulnerability and improve About Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia preparedness. Results of the study have implications for University communities at risk of wildfires and other natural Web link http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ disasters. Dr. Agrawal also worked at the Center for Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) one of the Environment Education in India where she was involved world's leading research centers seeking fundamental in developing educational materials on a variety of knowledge about the history, evolution and future of the environmental topics, such as, energy conservation and natural world. LDEO is a member of the Earth Institute Asian elephant conservation. She has her received at Columbia University. At Lamont, more than 300 bachelors and masters' degrees in chemistry before she scientists and students study the planet from its deepest branched out to a career in science and environmental interior to the outer reaches of the atmosphere, on every education. She has co-authored books on Asian elephant continent and every ocean. Lamont operates a global- conservation and energy conservation. She is also the ranging research vessel, R/V Marcus Langseth. Programs author of several publications on wildfires preparedness range from global climate change to earthquake studies, and in geoscience education. Dr. Agrawal can be non-renewable resources, environmental hazards and contacted at [email protected] beyond. The Observatory's fundamental goal is to provide an adequate and rational basis for the difficult choices faced by mankind in its stewardship of our planet. There are five research divisions at Lamont-Doherty References Earth Observatory: Goldin-Meadow, S., and Singer, M.A., 2003, From Biology and Paleo-environment: study the environmental children's hands to adults' ears: Gesture's role in the effects on present day biology and biological indicators of learning process, Developmental Psychology, v. 39, p. Earth's past environments. 509-520. 137

Humphreys, L.G., Lubinski, D., and Yao, G., 1993, Utility by of predicting group membership and role of spatial visualization in becoming an engineer, physical scientist, Dr. Shruti Agrawal or artist, Journal of Applied Psychology, v. 78 (2), p. 250- Lamont-doherty Earth Observatory, 261. Columbia University, Kastens, K.A., Agrawal, S, and Liben, L. 2007(ms). Palisades, Research methodologies in science education: The role of NY gestures in geoscience teaching and learning. Submitted to Journal of Geoscience Education. Kastens, K.A., and Ishikawa, T., 2006, Spatial thinking in the geosciences and cognitive sciences: A cross- disciplinary look at the intersection of the two fields, In Manduca, C.A., and Mogk, D.W., editors, Earth and Mind: How geologists think and learn about the earth, Boulder, CO, The Geological Society of America, p. 53- 76. Kastens, K.A., Ishikawa, T., and Liben, L.S., 2006, Visualizing a 3-D geological structure from outcrop observations: Strategies used by geoscience experts, students and novices [abstract], Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, p. 173-171. Lozano, S.C., and Tversky, B., 2006, Communicative gestures facilitate problem solving for both communicators and recipients, Journal of Memory and Language, v. 55, p. 47-63. National Research Council, 2006, Learning to think spatially, Washington, D.C., The National Academies Press. Pallrand, G., and Seeber, F., 1984, Spatial ability and achievement in introductory physics, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v. 21, p. 507-516. Piburn, M., 1980, Spatial reasoning as a correlate of formal thought and science achievement for New Zealand students, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v. 17, p. 443-448.  Roth, W.-M., 2007, Making use of gestures: the leading edge in literacy development, http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/PREPRINTS /Literacy1.pdf (19 July, 2007). Roth, W.-M., and Bowen, G.M., 2000, Decalages in talk and gesture: Visual and verbal semiotics of ecology lectures, Lingusitics and Education, v. 10, p. 335-358. 138

Daughter's Dilemma - A Book Summary I learned to read at the age of three. My family lived in I graduated and went to work as a chemist in the Boston at the time in a small apartment. The two student pharmaceutical industry. After three years at the teachers who lived upstairs were practicing by teaching my laboratory bench I realized that equations, proofs and older sister Linda to read, and no-one realized I was theorems were not enough for me – I craved more human eavesdropping until Linda discovered me reading my own interaction, I was more fascinated by understanding what bedtime story aloud. By the age of five at elementary made people tick than by chemical structures. I studied school back in the UK I was wowing my own teachers for an MBA, apprehensively at first, as I wasn't sure I was with my advanced vocabulary. The other mothers tried to still able to write coherent prose after all those years of discover my mother's secret in producing a genius – what charts, symbols and diagrams. I waited with bated breath did she eat while pregnant with me? for the first year exam results and to my great relief I scored highly. I could still write! Thirteen years of At seven I graduated to junior school and I remember scientific training, without exercising my writing abilities, I devouring all the books in the tall cabinet at the end of the could still do it! Post MBA, I changed career and went hall in my first year at the new school. I loved Enid into strategy consulting. I loved my new work, especially Blyton's mysteries and school stories and would read the travel. I worked for clients all over Europe – them by flashlight under the bedclothes at night. Later I Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, even the Middle East. moved on to Agatha Christie and the world of Miss During the dot com boom I co-founded a start-up (didn't Marple and Hercule Poirot, and by the time I entered my everyone back then in the late '90's?) and moved from teenage years I excelled in creative writing. However in London to the USA. I continued my literary education, England, where I was educated, children specialize early this time on the American curriculum, by reading all the and inspired by my father's example, I chose to pursue the great American classic books that I could find in the sciences. My father is a professor of physics, and my two public library – Mark Twain's “Adventures of Tom sisters and I all chose to follow in his footsteps, one way or Sawyer”, and “From Sea to Shining Sea”. But in 2001 the another, starting in physics or crystallography before our economy weakened and for the next decade I struggled careers bifurcated later on. Thus, at the tender age of with instability in the pharmaceutical and consulting fourteen, I stopped writing and focused instead on industries. I started to look for other ways to find equations, proofs and theorems. fulfillment. I started reading biographies of famous people-business leaders, writers and musicians-to uncover I remained an avid reader – purely for the pleasure of the the secrets of their success. printed word – and spent long summer holidays lying in sweet-scented piles of hay in the fields behind our house, They say that everyone has a book in them. I've had with my nose buried in a novel, or lazing on a Cornish several ideas over the years for the book I wanted to write. beach with a book held aloft, shading my eyes from the At one time, it was a cookbook with descriptions of sun. When I went to Cambridge to study Natural various herbs and recipes featuring each one. At another Sciences, I envied the students majoring in English time it was a feminist diatribe entitled “Motherhood is for Literature. As I cycled from lecture to lecture and labored Mugs”. The ideas kept coming but none of them alone through practical science classes in the laboratory I was sufficient for a book, or had been done many times wondered what it would be like to sit around and read before by other authors. In 2008 I found myself once novels all day and earn my degree that way. Instead, I again between jobs. I spent a lot of time networking and educated myself by reading James Joyce's “Ulysses” and over tea one morning started brainstorming a joint book Dostoevsky's “Crime and Punishment” and other books project with a Venture Capitalist friend Killu who like me, that seemed to be on the literary curriculum. I attended was between jobs and dissatisfied with the status quo. Cambridge in the pre-internet, pre-mobile phone era, and Our book was to be about the reasons why senior level so formed a habit of writing a letter to my women were leaving their top jobs in Corporate America; we would set up focus groups and interview women of mother every Thursday afternoon about my life as a our acquaintance to develop content for the book. Killu Cambridge undergraduate. Mummy told me that she suggested we start a blog to gather ideas, and that is how kept all my letters and boasted to her friends that she “Corporate California Women” began. Fired up with would turn them into a book one day – a daughter's enthusiasm, I drew up a list of topics and started to blog. memoir. After three weeks however I She never got around to writing that book and the letters languished in her bedside drawer until my parents moved was running out of steam; Killu had got busy with other to America again and tossed them out, with so much of projects and my blog had failed to draw a single comment the flotsam and jetsam accumulated over so many years. from any followers; what's more, I was out of ideas. 139