Mosiacque Magazine September Final Edition

Pacific region - the area from Japan to Iran, and from cooperation with the International Center for Central Asia to New Zealand and the Pacific Islands Through art exhibitions and performances, films, Transitional Justice. She commissions papers, serves as an lectures, seminars and conferences, publications and assistance to the media, and materials and programs for editor, and oversees publications. Under her leadership, students and teachers, the Asia Society presents the uniqueness and diversity of Asia. the Asia Society has secured major endowment and Asia Society's Mumbai Centre program funding from Citigroup, the Gates Foundation, The Asia Society officially launched its India Centre at the 16 th Asian Corporate Conference, held in Mumbai in Open Society Institute, United States Institute of Peace, March, 2006. The India Centre serves as a multi- dimensional resource, a forum for intra-Asian Sasakawa Peace Foundation, Himalaya Foundation, connections and exchange, and a high-profile platform for U.S.-South Asia dialogue. The Centre provides year- among others. round programming in the areas of business, policy, social issues, arts and culture. She has delivered numerous talks and moderated panel discussions on South Asian politics, human rights, peace Shyama Venkateswar is the Director of the Asian Social and conflict at political science meetings, the Women's Issues Program at the Asia Society, and has played an Foreign Policy Group, the Population Council, NYC instrumental role in the launch and growth of one of the public school teachers' professional development most high profile, multidisciplinary areas of workshops and to NYC high school students. programming at the Society. In her current capacity, she conceptualizes and coordinates the Society's public Her recent publications include a co-authored op-ed on programs related to social issues and human rights in Asia. humanitarian issues entitled, “The Other North Korean She has organized conferences and led policy briefings on Crisis,” which appeared in The San Francisco Chronicle a human (reprint in The Philadelphia Inquirer ) and one on Nepal's transition to democracy entitled, “Lest We Forget Nepal,” rights security regime in Northeast Asia, reconstruction in which appeared in the Asia Times (reprint in The Indian Afghanistan, decentralization in Indonesia, peace Express). Dr. Venkateswar is also an Associate Editor for building in Sri Lanka, the Maoist insurgency in Nepal, the India Review, a refereed journal dedicated to Muslim independence movement in southern contemporary political, social and economic Philippines, among others. developments in India. She acts as a consultant for a major New Delhi based policy think-tank, the Observer She has helped to establish an annual signature event at Research Foundation, which is seeking to set up an entity the Asia Society on micro finance as a poverty alleviation in the United States. For the last three years, she has been tool in Asia. Now in its 7th year, this highly acclaimed an external reviewer for Transparency International's series which is co-organized with the Women's World South Asia reports. She is currently on the Banking, explores public-private partnerships to combat poverty and has drawn attention from the corporate Advisory Committee of Breakthrough, an organization community in New York, media, NGO groups, scholars that uses popular culture to raise awareness about human and policy analysts. She has also helped launch a new rights. She has previously served on the Allocations initiative on HIV/AIDS in Asia, which has included high- Committee for New York Women's Foundation, a cross- level dialogues in Asia and in the U.S. Other well-received cultural alliance of women helping low-income women public educational programs include an annual film series and girls in the five boroughs of New York City to achieve on Human Rights in South Asia, a series on trafficking in sustained economic security through expanded Asia, as well as a series on Transitional Justice in opportunities. She has also served on a grants review committee for the United States Institute of Peace. Prior to this, Dr. Venkateswar was a Program Officer at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs. She has been an Adjunct Professor at Brooklyn College. 41

Her media appearances include NDTV Profit, Reuters Television, ITV; she has also been interviewed by Voice of America, Indian Express (International), ABC News.com, among others. Dr. Venkateswar was awarded the Harry Frank Guggenheim Fellowship for her research and dissertation work on religious nationalism in India. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science at Columbia University. She is a graduate of Smith College. For further information about the initiative, contact Dr. Shyama Venkateswar, Director of the Asian Social Issues Program at 212-288-6400 or by email: [email protected], or visit us at www.asiasource.org/asip. by Dr. Shyama Venkateswar Director, Asian Social Issues Program Asia Society New York 42

An Indian's venture into the world of sustainability… I moved to the Maryland/D.C. area last year to pursue a burgeoning population suffering the consequences of master's in Sustainable Development and Conservation bad development can be empowered through simple, yet Biology at the University of Maryland. As a part of our effective ways to minimize our ecological footprint. Apart programme all students are required to do an internship – from work with EVI, I became a member of the US a meaningful internship – with an organisation or Youth Network for Sustainable Development (the first government agency that goes beyond simple and only in the US!) called SustainUS. This youth-run photocopying and secretarial duties. Yours truly, Nima organisation represents US youth in the annual UN Raghunathan, was fortunate to discover EcoVentures Commission on Social Development. Additionally, they International (EVI). Founded shortly after the World have a programme called Citizen Science, which raises Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, EVI is awareness on current and forthcoming technologies that based in Washington D.C. This young, but effective non- improve economic, social and environmental conditions, profit NGO focuses on the “sustainable development” and also works with youth to encourage the confluence of vein of conservation. Given the diverse, international science and sustainable development. Check it out at background of the EVI team, we not only operate in www.sustainus.org. Washington D.C., but also in several African countries. Our work addresses the UN Millennium Development Well, if you have more specific questions about Eco Goals, particularly the 7th, “Ensure environmental Ventures International, or SustainUS or even my graduate sustainability”. programme, you're welcome to drop me a line at [email protected]. I spent the summer of 2005 in Lushoto, Tanzania, working with my colleagues from EVI and several local organizations and government departments to implement an Environmental Enterprise Development Initiative (EEDI). Our main role in this creative programme was to serve as facilitators and capacitate local NGOs and other stakeholders to help youth beginning environmental micro-enterprises, or converting existing enterprises into environmentally friendly businesses. Through several capacity-building training sessions we introduced our partners to the Value Chain Analysis and Training-of-Trainer tools, among others. We also introduced them to several environmental technologies (including drip irrigation, vermicomposting, natural dyes and many more), completing the first phase of the EEDI this past summer. Our next phases will focus on the actual implementation of an Environmental Enterprise Development Plan that was created during the first phase. This plan details the steps for starting environmental by enterprises, using the tools that were gained during the training sessions. You can learn more about EVI's Nima Raghunathan Ph. D., programmes within Washington D.C. and in Africa at University Of Liege www.eco-ventures.org. Department Of Biology, Ecology And Evolution, As a young woman concerned about the state of the Brussels, world, I'm learning a lot from both my graduate courses and my “real-world” experiences with EVI about how I BELGIUM can play a role in this important, yet somewhat nebulous field of sustainable development. Much of what I learn has implications in a country like India – where a 43

A Few Good Men (& Women)... The Network of Indian Professionals is a non-profit that in technology have enabled innovative individuals to connects individuals of South Asian decent, organizing initiate positive social impact given limited resources. events in 23 chapters across the country. The largest chapter today is in the San Francisco Bay Area with close “We have established a talented and entrepreneurial to 500 members, all the more remarkable when you network that is eager to contribute to the community consider that the SFBA chapter started 2005 with only 15 locally and abroad. Many of our members are forming members. What happened over the course of twelve non-profits as well as businesses. Advances in months that enabled this group to emerge as one of the communication technology have enabled individuals to most prominent in the community? start ventures with a view to better society. Through email, websites, and blogs, small groups have the ability to reach “We wanted to build a community that everyone could potentially anyone that has access to the internet & connect to and be proud of,” recalls Milan Mantri, the beyond. Huge audiences, globally dispersed, are now 2005 co chair. Born and raised in London, Milan qualified reachable with limited resources”. as a Chartered Accountant in the UK before moving to New York and now San Francisco. This means, that together with the emergence of social entrepreneurs in recent years, it is possible for one In 2005 Net IP arranged close to 50 events in the Bay Area individual working from home to effectively raise the involving authors, artists, filmmakers and business visibility of projects and causes that they feel passionate leaders. The quality of events quickly attracted new about as never before. What then is the future for young members and caught the eye of corporate's that Indians around the globe? sponsored events. Google, the Mountain View based search engine, sponsored one such event, a “wine and “India has made remarkable progress in a short number cheese” at an art gallery. Over 100 persons turned up one of years and increasingly Indians abroad are re- evening for an advanced screening of Gurindar Chadha's connecting with their land of origin to create further “Bride and Prejudice”. opportunities. While young professionals will continue to enjoy success in business and sciences, and make “Our aim was to highlight Indian culture as well as important breakthroughs in relatively new fields such as connect individuals professionally”, explained Milan. art and entertainment, a growing number of individuals, “This entailed arranging events to showcase literature, art non profits and corporate's will be inspired to tackle and film as well as organizing dinners with CEOs and global causes; combating hunger, poverty, disease and entrepreneurs”. supporting environmental issues. On August 15th Net IP and the World Affairs Council “I am very optimistic and excited by what our generation commemorated Indian Independence Day together and community can accomplish in India and elsewhere in inviting a multi-cultural crowd numbering close to 200 the years ahead” concludes Milan. Judging by the talented persons. On another note, the chapter arranged a individuals connecting on the west coast there is plenty of conference in the fall, on career planning & realizing reason for optimism. lifelong dreams entitled “Follow Your Passion”. Speakers & panelists comprised of dancers, journalists, business If you need more about NetIP and wish to contact Milan and social entrepreneurs each with inspirational stories to Mantri please email him at [email protected] influence the audience to fulfill their ambitions. Millennium Goals and Vision for India Following the success of the local SFBA conference and by the strong track record of helping charities, Net IP in Milan Mantri, general and the Bay Area chapter in particular seem well Vice President placed to partner with other non-profits. One such Vastardis Fund Services LLC, partnership is with AIF (America India Foundation) who recently organized a conference surrounding the UN Silicon Valley millennium goals. Milan firmly believes that changes The (Net IP) San Francisco, 44 Bay Area Chapter

“Currents in ALS Research: Harnessing India's Innate Strength” Mr. M.G. is a man who inhales life in its entirety on a daily ALS is a not common; epidemiological studies in the basis. With unequivocal zest during our interview, he United States and Europe have placed its incidence up to describes his work as a manager for major public park on 2.5/100,000 people. It is not well known to Indians except Long Island, a vivid memory of his wife who succumbed to those in the medical community because there have to skin cancer three years ago, and his unconditional love been not been enough formal population studies in South for raising three young daughters on his own. Five Asia. Other obstacles to case ascertainment include lack months ago, however, he noticed some disturbing of access to health care for the common Indian and changes. He kept tripping on his left leg and noticed a inconsistent medical record keeping. ALS may even be foot drop. This was gradually followed by difficulty misdiagnosed as other motor neuron diseases. Which getting out a chair and climbing stairs. He was unable to leads to the natural question: why should India care about finish even the easiest hikes at work without becoming an uncommon neurological disorder when a significant short of breath. He cut down his hours at work and had portion of its population cannot even receive primary to hire help to look after his daughters. At the tender age care? of 44 years, Mr. G walked into our room leaning heavily on a cane and required a family member to keep him from It's simple: because India can, and she should. falling down. He had lost 30 pounds below his usual weight and appeared withered. Mr. G's muscles were India's research scientists and facilities are on par with wasting rapidly. He was dying. world class universities. There is no paucity of talent or infrastructure. What India truly lacks is funding and Mr. G's clinical course is typical for amyotrophic lateral public awareness of uncommon disorders such as ALS. sclerosis (ALS), better known as Lou Gehrig's Disease in These needs are being met by networks of socially the United States for the famous New York Yankees conscious and dedicated Non Resident Indians such as baseball player who was diagnosed in the late 1930's. It is IYPN that are effective conduits for private funding and characterized by a relentless degeneration of the nerve public health campaigns to conquer illness and improving cells which are responsible for controlling motor Indian quality of life. The recent surge in India's activities, which leads to progressive wasting of the economy and visibility in the international community muscles which control speech, arm and leg movements, should breed greater ambition, and not complacency. and inevitably breathing. Patients gradually watch themselves become shadows of their former selves while On the near horizon I foresee a day when I can tell ALS loved ones witness, as muscle atrophy and weakness patients like Mr. M.G that scientists in New Delhi half a eventually make patients too weak to breathe. world away are leading efforts to find a cure for his disease. Above all the gloom that surrounds this diagnosis for Profile: patients, their families, and various health care providers Jaydeep M. Bhatt was born in Vadodara, Gujurat. He has there is a beacon of hope that drives us: a concerted received his medical degree from the New York international research effort focusing on the molecular University School of Medicine with a concentration in basis behind the death of the motor nerve cells and neuroscience. He completed his Neurology residency at clinical trials of promising investigational drugs based on Harvard University at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical theory. At the Eleanor and Lou Gehrig MDA/ALS Center and Boston Children's Research Center at Columbia University, we are a group Hospital. He is now a clinical fellow at the College of of physicians who treat patients with ALS using a Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in the multidisciplinary approach to make them as comfortable Department of Neurology. He plans to promote as possible during their ordeal. As scientists, we are also awareness about neurological disorders in India. For more part of international community of ALS research centers information or to contact him, please visit engaging in fruitful research who depend on each other's www.columbiaals.org or e-mail [email protected] . work to advance the body of knowledge and improve the human condition. As a famous New York columnist by recently postulated, the world is indeed flat and this concept extends to medical research aimed at curing Jaydeep M. Bhatt, M.D. challenging diseases such as ALS. India is well known for Department of Neurology her intellectual resources and impressive diaspora of College of Physicians and Surgeons health care professionals around the world. The time has come for India to step on the same stage as the United Columbia University States, Europe and Japan and become an international force in medical research for all types of neurological disorders. 45

My Marathi I am proud to be a Marathi American born and brought A My Marathi student can be anywhere from a very young up outside of India. I was lucky enough to be surrounded adult to a much older “young” adult. Only a basic by parents speaking Marathi (a language spoken by understanding of the English language and the desire to Maharashtrians in State of Maharashtra in Western India) learn are needed (in addition to having a computer with with me during my childhood. But like many other first Windows 2000 or a later version). generation Marathi Americans who are now adults, when trying to speak intelligently with other Marathi speakers My Marathi is a completely non-profit project. All about my life and work I found that that my Marathi proceeds from sale of the CDs will be donated to sentences come out sounding less than intelligent. It was worthwhile Indian charities through the Maharashtra very important to me to hold on to what Marathi I knew, Foundation. and to improve my skills so that I could enjoy this beautiful language more myself and pass it on to my My Marathi is targeted towards the next generation of children one day. I had thought about it for years, and Maharashtrians growing up in an english-speaking world. found no decent interactive Marathi learning tools for One of the next steps of the project is going to be the English speakers to learn Marathi. So I decided to stop initiation of a mentoring program within the community just having meaningful discussions about the topic and to give student's access to more fluent “buddies” that they took a year off to build “My Marathi”. can practice listening and speaking Marathi with. In the Marathi language, My Marathi means “mother The My Marathi website contains additional information tongue.” My Marathi is an interactive CD-based Marathi about My Marathi including a power point demo, lots of language learning tool for English speakers who want to freebies, testimonials, and secure payment methods: learn or improve their Marathi skills. The four major http://mysite.verizon.net/vze1xqrx/mymarathi modules of My Marathi, CONVERSATIONS, GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY and CULTURE, provide Please check out the website and let me know if you have a user with several different paths to become comfortable any questions at all about the project. I am looking with understanding and speaking the Marathi language. forward to chatting with you one day in Marathi! For those who wish to immerse themselves in the Profile… language by listening to and following along with Marathi Hemangi has participated in Marathi cultural dances, conversation, the Conversations module provides 51 sets dramas, represented the next generation on the National of conversational lessons structured into units lessons Brihan Maharashtra Mandal committee, and served as the teaching the basics of the Marathi spoken language. President of our MAIYTRA (Maharashtrian Association of Indian Youth Together Representing America) group For those who prefer a more traditional grammatical running a convention in New York City in 2000 of over approach, the Grammar Module breaks down the 600 young Marathi Americans between the ages of 18-35. structure of Marathi words and sentences. By education, Hemangi is a chemical engineer and MBA graduate. Hemangi build My Marathi to provide the next The Vocabulary module is a database of over 9,000 generation of the Marathi community a tool to learn or Marathi words and phrases allowing the user to search for improve their Marathi. Feel free to contact Hemangi at Marathi words and phrases by using combinations of the [email protected] to find out more about this parts of the Marathi word, English translation, or part of project or visit the My Marathi website: speech. http://mysite.verizon.net/vze1xqrx/mymarathi The Culture Module is a supplementary module by providing overviews of many Marathi cultural customs and holidays. Hemangi Joshi Deodhar Brihan Maharashtra Mandal (BMM) There are over 13,000 professionally recorded sound bytes throughout the four modules to clearly demonstrate NEW JERSEY pronunciations. A student can also learn to read and write the Marathi script using My Marathi. But for those who would rather first focus on listening and speaking before the learning written script, the Marathi text throughout all four modules is written using a consistent phonetic format in English letters, so that the Marathi words and phrases are quick to read and follow along. 46

Imagining India without AIDS: The Role of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Twenty-six years after scientists first identified AIDS, the and promoting a comprehensive preventive approach to pandemic continues unabated. Almost 40 million people stemming the epidemic in the country. The India globally are now living with HIV, and in 2005 India program, since its initiation, has held policy workshops, surpassed South Africa as the country with the most one-on-one consultations and regular briefings at the HIV/AIDS cases in the world—with an estimated 5.7 national level with parliamentarians, as well as specific million people living with HIV. With a population of over workshops with state legislators at the regional level. one billion, the HIV epidemic in India will have a major impact on the overall spread of HIV in Asia, the Pacific, India's political leadership encourages research and and around the world. technical exchange and emphasizes the need to pursue multiple vaccine candidates simultaneously to speed While the international community continues to treat and vaccine development. The country's first clinical trial of a care for those who are currently infected, we must preventive AIDS vaccine candidate was completed in simultaneously pursue the development of new January 2007 at National AIDS Research Institute prevention tools, such as vaccines, that hold the most (NARI) in Pune, and in February 2006 a Phase I trial of a promise to halt the spread of AIDS worldwide. The second vaccine candidate was launched in Chennai, Tamil potential positive impact of AIDS vaccines would be Nadu. Expanding on the results from the previous trials in enormous, especially in the developing world. Even in a India, IAVI is now considering a new Phase I trial. relatively conservative scenario, a modestly effective preventive HIV vaccine could slash the number of new In addition to accelerating AIDS vaccine research and infections over a decade by one-third, saving tens of working to create a favorable policy environment that will millions of lives. speed the uptake of an eventual vaccine, IAVI works to educate and actively engage the communities hardest hit As one of the world's only organizations focused solely by the AIDS epidemic worldwide. on the development of an AIDS vaccine, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is IAVI advocates for a comprehensive global response to committed to researching and developing vaccine HIV/AIDS that includes increasing access to current and candidates, conducting policy analyses, and serving as an future HIV/AIDS treatments and prevention products at advocate for the field. IAVI's mission is to ensure the the local and community level. In areas where vaccine development of safe, effective, accessible, preventive trials are taking place, IAVI informs community members HIV vaccines for use throughout the world, and the about the research process, as well as about current HIV organization is operational in 24 countries. The prevention methods and treatment options. In addition, organization supports a comprehensive approach to IAVI offers vaccine trial participants access to voluntary HIV/AIDS that balances the expansion and counseling and testing programs. IAVI works through a strengthening of existing HIV prevention and large number of partnerships and strives to close the “North-South” divide, taking the state-of-the-art in treatment programs with targeted investments in new science and research and applying it to the problems of AIDS prevention technologies. It also works to ensure a the South, in collaboration with local researchers and future vaccine will be accessible to all who need it. political leaders. In India, IAVI partners with the Ministry of Health and IAVI also focuses on vulnerable groups such as women, Family Welfare through the National AIDS Control who are heavily affected by the AIDS epidemic. As the Organization (NACO) and the Indian Council of Medical proportions of HIV-infected women continue to grow in Research (ICMR) to implement an AIDS vaccine India, IAVI has incorporated gender-related issues in its program. IAVI also collaborates with the Ministry of vaccine trials and its advocacy initiatives, improving the Science and Technology, through the Department of participation of women in trials and promoting a range of Biotechnology (DBT) and the Council of Scientific and future options to address the complex web of Industrial Research (CSIR), to advance research on the physiological and socioeconomic factors that increase design and development of new AIDS vaccines. women's vulnerability to HIV infection. Policy makers in India play a key role in building a For the last ten years, IAVI has been working through its conducive environment for reduction of stigma around R&D efforts—focused on advocacy and policy HIV/AIDS, enabling accelerated and ethical conduct of initiatives—to advance HIV vaccine science, design, vaccine trials, building systems to ensure universal access develop and test the most promising vaccine candidates in 47

clinical trials, create a favorable political environment for vaccine development and future access, address funding shortfalls in certain key areas, and engage national authorities and local communities most affected by the pandemic. IAVI will continue its work to drive the AIDS vaccine field in India and around the world until a series of effective products are available to those who need them most. For additional information on IAVI, please visit www.iavi.org. Profile: Dr. Kalpana Gupta leads IAVI's Innovation program focused on identifying new vaccine technologies. Prior to joining IAVI, Dr. Gupta worked for the WHO-UNAIDS HIV Vaccine Initiative in Geneva on issues of access and availability of future AIDS vaccines. She received her undergraduate degree at Trinity College in Washington, DC, and a Ph.D. from the Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Gupta also holds a bachelor of fine arts in Indian classical dance. [email protected] by Kalpana Gupta, Ph.D Director, Business Development Regeneron, NEW YORK 48

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) working with local governments in India to achieve the Millennium Development Goals ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is an ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection® (CCP) Campaign international association of local governments and was launched in India during 2001, and currently has 16 national and regional local government organizations that local governments from across the country participating. have made a commitment to sustainable development. These cities are: Agra, Amby Valley, Bhubaneshwar, Coimbatore, Dehradun, Guntur, Guwahati, Gwalior, More than 800 cities, towns, counties and their Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Mudurai, Sangli, associations worldwide comprise ICLEI's growing Shimla, Udaipur and Vadodora. Membership; through their membership in ICLEI, these local governments gain access to a worldwide network to Some Examples of Best Practices benefit from, and contribute to, the success of others in Madurai – Energy Efficiency through Power Savers. the global community. Madurai City extended the street lighting energy There are currently 11 local governments in India that are efficiency project involving introduction of power savers Members of ICLEI – Local Governments for along with dimmers and light control devices to city level Sustainability. The current Members are: All India implementation. For the first phase, one zone has been Institute of Local Self Government, Bhubaneshwar, selected for implementation. Delhi, Guntur, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Nagpur, Gwalior – Selection of an ESCO Company. Gwalior Pimpri Chinchwad, Shimla, and Vadodara. Municipal Corporation surged ahead in its initiative of selecting an ESCO company; the agreement was signed Through a number of global initiatives, these Indian local between parties and project is expected to be completed authorities are working to achieve two of the eight in six months. Millennium Development Goals, being: Jabalpur – Design Based Street Lighting. Jabalpur carried forward its initiative of introducing customized Goal #7: Ensure environmental sustainability. lighting including specially designed lamps, mountings Goal #8: Develop a global partnership for and timers leading to carbon emission reductions. Starting development. from scratch, around 70% of streetlight system in These global initiatives – climate protection, fair trade, Jabalpur is now supported by timer devises. renewables, sustainability management instruments, water resource management, and other collaborative Madhya Pradesh - Clean Development Mechanism activities in India – are briefly described. (CDM). A project information note on energy efficiency in 14 municipal corporations in Madhya Pradesh under 1. Cities for Climate Protection® Campaign Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has the potential to annually reduce energy consumption by 80,953,023 The Cities for Climate Protection TM (CCP) Campaign's kWh. This is a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions of objective is \"to build a worldwide movement of local around 100,000 tonnes annually. governments who adopt policies and implement measures that achieve measurable reductions in local 2. Local Renewables Model Communities greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and Network Project enhance urban livability and sustainability.\" The Local Renewables Model Communities Network is Through the CCP, climate protection has begun to be an ICLEI initiative to develop renewable energy and successfully integrated into the decision-making energy efficiency activities at the local level. Project processes of local governments throughout the world. activities are to: Within the framework of the CCP, local governments • establish capacity centres; have: • develop specific local renewable policies; • become aware of the climate change problem, • link activities to European experiences and • acquired an understanding of their role in contributing other model communities; to climate change, • expanding activities in India; and • identified possible local solutions, • build an international network of committed cities • recognized the local co-benefits of climate protection, • received tools, training, and capacity to act. Three cities in India were identified as 'model' cities and In India the Campaign additionally aims to \"to find are currently participating in the Project; these are innovative and cost-effective solutions to urban Bhubaneswar, Coimbatore and Nagpur. Joining them environment and energy management problems that also mitigate city-level greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.\" 49

through the global Local Renewables Network are Betim (Sweden), the Guntur Municipal Corporation (India), and (Brazil), Bonn and Freiburg (Germany), and Vaxjo the Province of Bohol (Philippines). (Sweden) and Cape Town (South Africa). The project started in November 2005 and will run till 2008. Guntur Municipal Corporation ratified an ecoBUDGET Master Budget in March of 2006. The environment The Project works with key stakeholders at all steps to resources that were addressed in its ecoBUDGET were: promote Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) technologies. Establsihment of Resource Centres 1. Water quality: monitoring of a number of on Renewables is one of the main components of the parameters and frequency of monitoring; Local Renewables Model Communities Network project. Both Nagpur and Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporations 2. Water quantity: monitoring of loss of water in the have established resource centers with comprehensive pipelines and supply of potable water including resourcebase and information on RE and EE –The the 24x7; Resource Centres have exhibition of models related to RE and EE techniques and act as a platform where all 3. Health: monitoring of waste collection (% of requirements of a potential consumer are fulfilled directly citizens served); or directed to the relevant resources. 4. Green city: Surface of green area (Sq. meter per 3. ecoBUDGET Asia Project 1000 inhabitants); and 5. Air quality: Assignment of hawkers ID and providing places to hawkers and monitoring of Suspended Particulate Matter. ecoBUDGET® provides local governments with a 4. Sustainable Management of Water framework for political decision-making geared towards sustainable local development. This environmental ICLEI South Asia initiated talks with Urban Local Bodies management system is based on the concept of (ULBs) in India to promote technologies to conserve environmental budgeting, called for in the Aalborg water, and educate the community and the professionals Charter of the European Sustainable Cities & Towns to provide and maintain best water systems available. Campaign, and focuses on the effective long-term management of natural resources and the urban With increasing urbanization putting pressure on local environment. governments to provide a constant supply of water, the need for water conservation and the effective ecoBUDGET is unique as it is specially designed for local management of available water resources has become governments, and its flexibility allows local authorities to critically important. In response to this the Water adapt the system to their specific ecological, political, Campaign Initiative attempts to achieve tangible economic and socio-cultural circumstances. As with improvements in the sustainable use of water resources financial budgets, ecoBUDGET applies an annual cycle, through a host of initiatives including integrated urban which follows the customary budgeting routines of local management, empowering communities in water governments. It is based on a political decision making management and improving watershed management process involving the prioritization of local through stakeholder involvement. environmental issues, target setting, and monitoring and reporting mechanisms to improve accountability and 5. Buy Fair – Fair Trade Study in South Asia transparency. Furthermore, its comprehensiveness, adaptability and effectiveness make it a management tool Fair Trade is a trading partnership seeking greater equity that can, once successfully installed, be effectively in North-South trade. It contributes to sustainable transferred to other aspects of local public administration development by offering better trading conditions to, and and urban management. securing the rights of, disadvantaged producers in the South. Fair trade addresses the injustice of insufficient The goal of this project is to transfer the ecoBUDGET income for a decent living and insufficient market access knowledge from two European cities (which have already by guaranteeing that producers receive fair terms of trade adopted ecoBUDGET) to two Asian local authorities and and fair prices or wages – however unfair the conventional develop a model environmental management system for market. Asian cities. This project involves the participation of four cities: the city of Bologna (Italy), the city of Växjo 50

The study provides a brief overview of status of fair trade four model approaches to integration of environment in Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and detailed study of into city planning. Each model (eco-city planning, status of fair trade in India. The study was conducted Integrated Development Plan, City Development through intensive desk research, identification and Strategy, ecoBUDGET and Strategic Environmental interview of experts, discussions with 12 local Assessment) is capable of integrating the environment governments in India, and primary surveys in ULBs. The into a plan at the citywide and the neighborhood level. study identified and documented some of the good practices of government in supporting fair trade at 8. Training Programs on Legislation on national and state level. It further prescribed a set of Municipal Solid Waste Management and recommendation to act as a road map to introduce and Plastic, 2006 strengthen fair trade in South Asia. ICLEI South Asia (in partnership with Confederation of The study revealed that ULBs possessed extremely low Indian Industries (CII)) organized four one-day training levels of awareness on principles of fair trade. programs on legislation on municipal solid waste Furthermore, most were unable to relate the concept of management and plastic. The objective of these training fair trade to ULB work activities. In spite of this, most programs was to build awareness on legislation and best ULBs indicated interest in the concept of fair trade, and practices to deal with municipal solid waste (including expressed keenness to promote it. However, almost all plastics & e-waste). These programs also focused on ULBs could easily relate to the concept of direct markets. some of the burning issues such as possible waste to Based on the above, the study highlighted the following energy options, financing of municipal infrastructure, recommendations: waste management and climate change, etc. 1. There is a need for creating awareness through Some of the technical sessions included discussions on capacity building; municipal solid waste generation, overview of environmental law, regulatory regime for plastic waste, 2. Training and information must be provided to guidelines and standards for waste segregation and potential producers; disposal, waste to energy issues, e-waste management, diesel from waste plastics and carbon emission inventory 3. The concept of direct market must be promoted; of municipal solid waste, role of funding agencies and 4.The direct procurement of goods from the public private partnership, clean development mechanism (CDM) opportunities for waste to energy projects, among producers needs to be explored; and others. 5.An international network needs to be established to create awareness among Indian ULBs and to ensure knowledge transfer. COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES For more information on ICLEI's activities in South Asia, please contact: 6.SHAKTI: Sustainable Holistic Approach and ICLEI South Asia Secretariat Know how tailored to India 1st Floor, Tower 'B' Plot No. 5, Logix Techno Park, Launched in December 2005 at Hyderabad, the overall Sector 127 goals of SHAKTI are to address the current and future Noida – 201 301 India needs of Hyderabad by simultaneously providing Email: [email protected] applicable solutions with associated strategies, action Website: www.iclei.org/index.php?id=970 plans for implementation or business models integrated in a long-term sustainable development perspective. 7.More Urban, Less Poor, More Livable: by Integrating Environment into City Planning Tanya Imola ICLEI South Asia contributed to the above study by ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability developing a detailed case study on Hyderabad. The Study focuses on how to strengthen the environmental World Secretariat, dimensions in the strategic planning of cities in the CANADA developing world. Presented at the World Urban Forum III in Vancouver in June 2006, the study prescribed 51

Imagining Ourselves, a project by the International Museum of Women - The International Museum of Women (IMOW) is a the IMOW and asked them to partner on the project. global cultural and educational institution whose mission Forming an International advisory committee they is to value the lives of women around the world. With the translated the call for submissions into multiple languages. aim of helping to change attitudes and practices adverse The response was overwhelming. 3000 replies from to women's well being, the IMOW seeks to amplify the around the globe, with 800 formal entries from 105 voices and contributions of women, explore countries contemporary gender issues and inspire action through history, art and cultural exchange. The International IYPN and IMOW are working in collaboration to bring Museum of Women is the first institution of its kind to Young Indian professionals in the community to join in exhibit the global history of women. this global dialogue. In the last week of April 2006, we will host a discussion on “Women, Power & Money” at the IMOW is currently spear heading an exciting new project Marathi Vishwa Community Center, NJ. We hope to work called Imagining Ourselves, A Global Generation of together to articulate women's experiences in the Women (www.imow.org). The project reaches out to a corporate world, handling money and finances, balancing new generation of women – the one billion women in jobs and personal life. IMOW and IYPN will take on their twenties and thirties – answering the question, projects related to creating awareness around issues that “What defines your generation?” Through an interactive impact women's choices and beliefs. online exhibition, a series of global gatherings and a new book, Imagining Ourselves is a platform for young Imagining Ourselves has the support of women leaders women to create positive change in their lives, and notable participants from around the world including communities and the world. Olympic gold medal winners Oksana Baiul and Cathy Freeman; best-selling novelist Zadie Smith; author and Imagining Ourselves grew out of Paula Goldman's vision attorney Karenna Gore-Schiff; Queen Rania of Jordan; of a new generation of young women poised to and singer song writer Ani de Franco. contribute vital leadership to the world. The project was conceived and is being led by Paula Goldman, a Ph.D. Imagining Ourselves will launch on International candidate in Social Anthropology at Harvard University Women's day, March 8, 2006 in six continents, in fourteen who hold's as Master's degree from the Woodrow Wilson countries and in four languages. The project, began with School of International Affairs at Princeton University. an international call for artistic submissions, from young Born in Singapore, and raised around the world, Ms. women to answer the question, “What defines your Goldman has been using popular media and art as a tool generation?” Heading the editorial team, Paula Goldman for social change and a way of building bridges between has spent the past two years compiling visual, electronic groups in conflict. and written work from women worldwide. The results are a stunning compilation of photography, audio files, The project began in the fall of 2001, where during a painting, collage, poetry and essays. casual conversation, Paula Goldman realized that she was able to recount dozens of stories of young women from The project will feature a published anthology with an all over the world who were making courageous moves in introduction by the world-renowned author, Isabel their lives and contributing vital leadership to their Allende; an online exhibit with multilingual, interactive communities. Many had started their own nonprofit options and online educational curricula targeted for high organizations or were quickly climbing the corporate schools and universities. The project also includes global ladder. Others had made exciting innovations in the art gatherings around the world [including the launch, world or were charting new ground in their families or community and on the ground events] featuring personal lives. prominent women participants. She realized that all of these stories were connected by a There are more than one billion women between the ages positive, empowered spirit of women that enables them of twenty and forty located in 193 countries speaking six to engage fully with the world and to pursue goals and thousand languages. Women between the ages of twenty lifestyles that may not have been possible several decades and forty living anywhere on the globe today, are part of ago. She started small, gathering a few friends and the most educated, most well-traveled, most composed a short call for submissions asking women to professionally empowered, most international generation send in their artwork and writings. She then approached of women ever to have existed on the planet. 52

However, globally women and girls still comprise 70 per and mobilize young women to make a difference, to cent of people living in poverty, problems such as human increase the visibility of their leadership, and connect trafficking and domestic violence are as serious for advocacy organizations with a wider public. women today as they have ever been, or perhaps more so. With the aim of promoting gender equality and India is a key county for the Imagining Ourselves project. empowering women, Imaging Ourselves hopes to create a With the recent spotlight on India's economic growth and platform that spotlights the extraordinary contributions prosperity, it is important not to forget those who remain of these young women to their families, communities, at the margins. By increasing women's participation in economies and societies and aims to unite young women economic, social and cultural spheres, Indian women can through dialogue and ultimately inspire them to action. serve as catalysts for their own empowerment. Having introduced the vision of the project, allow me to Since the first call for submissions, the IMOW has introduce myself and talk about my experience with selected approximately 300 entries from more than 3000 Imagining Ourselves. My name is Sadaf Siddique and I responses received from 105 countries. We invite you to have a Masters in Mass Communications from Sophia contribute to this exciting project. For more information Polytechnic, Bombay and am currently working at the visit http://www.imaginingourselves.org/ IMOW. My work includes global outreach, editorial assistance and contributing to discussion forums, resources for action, educational outreach and curricula available for educators. As a trained media professional I have worked in both print and visual media. Most of my earlier work has focused on projects related to women. I hope to use the media to facilitate change in the inequitable conditions of women in India, especially within the Muslim community. I strongly believe that the media is the most useful and influential tool to empower people about their rights. Growing up in India, I had to battle gender stereotypes, patriarchal values and parochial mindsets. Everything from choosing my college courses, to wanting to work was ground for battle with my family. My dreams of digging deep into investigative news stories were squashed by logistical concerns of getting back home before dark. I would ask for an inch of freedom and we would negotiate it down to a centimeter. I am sure many Indian women face the same struggles. We by do however, fight back. We learn to negotiate our spaces and become masters at juggling data reports, deadlines Sadaf Siddique and dinner. For someone breaking out of the traditional Imagining Ourselves mold and being the first working woman in my family, it International Museum of Women has not been easy. What I lacked most of all was a knowledge that there were many other women facing the San Francisco, same dilemmas. While I knew such women must be out CA there, there was no way to connect through each other's experiences. The Museum's hope for Imagining Ourselves is to create that space. It hopes to connect women in their twenties and thirties in every corner of the globe and seeks to unite 53

Washington Leadership Program Indian American Center for Political Awareness (IACPA), working for the local candidate for mayor and supervising a national non-profit organization, was founded in 1993 the volunteers who made calls to voters. He also helped by entrepreneur and publisher Gopal Raju. It was started with more minor duties such as mainly to empower the Indian American community to participate in the political process and public policy. In passing out fliers, both for the candidate and his allies on 1995, IACPA started the Washington Leadership the City Council. His efforts bore fruit with an Program (WLP) to introduce Indian American college appointment to the Budget Review Commission. Biliyar students to the political process through Congressional got to see first hand how public budgeting works, and how internships. The idea was to enable them to get a first- the political circus that it depends on and how it actually hand look at how the process works on the Hill. operates in real life. Each year, in a highly competitive process, WLP selects Gupta is a sophomore at the University of Pennsylvania college students to participate in an 8-week summer where he is majoring in Bioengineering. At Penn, he program. The students receive 6-week internship with a volunteers for Asha for Education, a nonprofit, which member of Congress or in a political office in Washington sponsors schools for underprivileged children in India by D.C. Before those 6 weeks they go through an orientation organizing fundraising events and awareness workshops. week designed to introduce them to issues of concern to Serving on the executive team of the Philadelphia chapter, India and Indian Americans and generally what to expect he is also the recruitment chair for the Penn chapter of from the internship. The last week is reserved for Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and is a member of the evaluation of what they learned during the 6 weeks and to business staff of the Daily Pennsylvanian, Penn's daily identify and start work on a project of their choice, which student newspaper. He graduated from Thomas Jefferson reflects the philosophy of IACPA of spreading political High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria, awareness among Indian Americans. Since 1995 WLP has VA. placed over 155 students in approximately 62 Representatives and 14 Senators' offices. Lincoln S. Patel is a student at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He is a junior in the Following are the excerpts of the college students who Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, majoring in participated in the Washington Leadership Program for political science with a minor in economics and the year 2006. mathematics. He also works as a legal assistant and accountant to the two senior attorneys at Friendlander Biliyar: After being accepted to The George Washington Misler, PLLC, and is involved in several student University in the May 2004, I was ecstatic about all the organizations or campus including Pi Kappa Phi wonderful opportunities I would encounter while being in fraternity and South Asian Society. Apart from these Washington, DC. However, being that there is so much activities, he has joined the LSP Foundation, LLC, in going on daily in the District, it is impossible to be a full- which members are committed to donating time and time student, working part-time, while also being very money to charitable organizations world-wide. active on campus and also still enjoy all the DC has to offer. By being accepted into this program, I will be able to work Patel: 'WLP offers Indian American students opportunity in the political realm, which will help me to finally decide to experience legislative process from the inside' 'This is whether I want to continue a path in either law or politics such a wonderful opportunity that many people do not for my future. In addition, I will be able to enjoy DC for receive' I chose the Washington Leadership Program what it is truly worth and go to the museums and art because this gives me the chance to further my political galleries and see a show or two at the Kennedy Center. career while learning more about the culture I was born in. This is such a wonderful opportunity that many people do There are many internship programs at my school, UC not receive the chance to have and I am honored to have Berkeley, but it would be interesting to get to know other the chance to be in DC for school while also being given Indian-Americans of my generation who share a passion the opportunity to stay here over the summer and for politics. I grew up in a working class neighborhood in continue my experiences. San Diego that had a very small Indian population. For a variety of reasons, we were not able to socialize that much Biliyar is a senior at University of California, Berkeley, with the small population living there. This is a great majoring in political science. His first job in Berkeley was opportunity for me to get acquainted with my culture. 54

We are the ethnicity with the highest median family income, we are involved in vital sectors of the economy such as technology and medicine, yet we have nearly no voice. In comparison to other generally wealthy minorities, such as Jewish-Americans, Indians donate nearly nothing to political organizations. I believe that our political clout should be based on the economic and demographic powers we hold as a community, just as any other. Especially as the nation is pursuing a complex war on terrorism, we deserve a seat at the table. The Washington Leadership Program offers Indian American students an exceptional opportunity to experience the legislative process from the inside while in the presence of our peers. Not only does it give us invaluable exposure but it allows us to begin to take an active role in shaping the future of Indian Americans in the United States. Growing up right outside Washington, D.C. in suburban Virginia, the presence of the federal government is always felt. Over the years, however, I grew accustomed to it and was able to tune it out for the most part Not until I left for college in a different city did I realize how large an effect the Washington culture had on the region and the influence it has in the rest of the country and world. While weighing summer plans, I decided that now would be a good time to really experience Washington. The WLP offers that opportunity, with the added emphasis on the Indian American community and their relations. by Nisha Jain Indian American Center for Political Awareness Washington DC 55

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs The purpose of the Pugwash Conferences is to bring meeting in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, the pace of scientific together, from around the world, influential scholars and and technological developments in the early 21st century, public figures concerned with reducing the danger of and the security challenges facing the international armed conflict and seeking cooperative solutions for community, combine to make the Pugwash mission and global problems. It was in recognition of this mission objectives as relevant as ever. that Pugwash and its co-founder, Sir Joseph Rotblat, were awarded the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize. The President of Student Pugwash USA Pugwash is Prof. M. S. Swaminathan of India, an Student Pugwash USA (SPUSA) is the US student affiliate agricultural scientist and one of the pioneers of the Green of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Revolution. Chairman of the M. S. Swaminathan Affairs. The mission of SPUSA is to promote social Research Institute in Chennai, India, Prof. Swaminathan responsibility in science and technology. It is an has received numerous international awards, including the educational, nonprofit organization that strives to add a World Food Prize and the UNESCO Gandhi Prize, in a dimension to scientific study that goes beyond formulas distinguished career devoted to improving the basic and figures. SPUSA conferences and activities encourage human condition of all the world's people. young people to probe the reasons for scientific advancement and the implications of technology on Through meetings and projects that bring together citizens' everyday lives. scientists, scholars and individuals experienced in government, diplomacy and the military, Pugwash While examining all sides of an issue, SPUSA increases focuses on those problems that lie at the intersection of students' ability to think independently about the issues science and world affairs. In addition to seeking the that affect society -- issues that range from international elimination of all weapons of mass destruction, Pugwash conflict to environmental protection, from genetics objectives also include the reduction and strict control of research to civil rights. SPUSA focuses on the interplay conventional weaponry and the elimination of war and that lies at the juncture of science, technology, and public other forms of armed conflict. The Pugwash agenda also policy. SPUSA is guided by a respect for diverse extends to ways of alleviating the conditions of economic perspectives and, as such, does not adopt advocacy deprivation, environmental deterioration and resource positions on substantive issues. scarcity and unequal access, which give rise to resentment, hostility and violence throughout the world. In 1979, SPUSA was founded by students with the fundamental belief that young people play a vital role in Pugwash participants meet in private as individuals, rather determining the socially responsible application of than as representatives of governments or institutions. In science and technology. Through national conferences, this way, they exchange views and explore alternative regional meetings, and chapter activities, SPUSA strives to approaches to arms control and tension reduction with a convene the next generation of scientists around combination of candor, continuity, and flexibility seldom contemporary issues. attained in official East-West and North-South discussions and negotiations. Because Pugwash In response to the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to participants serve as science and arms-control advisers to the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs governments, key figures in academies of science, and and Sir Joseph Rotblat in 1995, SPUSA initiated the former and future holders of high government office, pledge program. It challenges young people to make a insights from Pugwash discussions tend to penetrate personal commitment to use science and technology in a quickly to the appropriate levels of official policy-making. socially responsible way, thereby, contributing to a safer, more just society. The pledge reads: \"I promise to work The Pugwash Conferences take their name from the for a better world, where science and technology are used location of the first meeting, which was held in 1957 in the in socially responsible ways. I will not use my education village of Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada. The stimulus for any purpose intended to harm human beings or the for that gathering was a Manifesto issued in 1955 by environment. Throughout my career, I will consider the Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein which called upon ethical implications of my work before I take action. scientists of all political persuasions to assemble to While the demands placed upon me may be great, I sign discuss the threat posed to civilization by the advent of this declaration because I recognize that individual thermonuclear weapons. Fifty years after its first responsibility is the first step on the path to peace.\" 56

The pledge embodies the ideals promoted at SPUSA and is now a central part of all programs. The pledge symbolizes the fact that young people have the ability to actively promote the kind of world in which they want to live. About Lina Nayak Lina Nayak is a medical student at Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis, Missouri). She graduated summa cum laude from Northwestern University and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Nayak has published in Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, and the NATO Science Series. In addition, she serves as an editor for the Virtual Mentor, the online ethics and professionalism journal of the American Medical Association. Nayak has been actively involved in Student Pugwash for more than six years and serves on the Board of Directors. Contact Lina Nayak: [email protected] by Dr. Lina Nayak PUGWASH, Stanford University San Francisco, CA 57

MAIYTRA, or Maharashtrian Association of Indian Youth MAIYTRA, or Maharashtrian Association of Indian  Ankush Karnik – leadership in support of the Youth Together Representing America, is a sub- Maharashtra Foundation organization of BMM (Brihan Maharashtra Mandal of North America). BMM was set up in 1981 to coordinate Being Marathi means different things to different people. the needs of increased Marathi settlers in North America. Some identify being Marathi with having Marathi parents, They began hosting biennial conferences to bring having lived in Maharashtra, being married to or friends together Marathi speaking people to gather around with a Marathi, or speaking Marathi. MAIYTRA provides familiar faces and customs and to celebrate their heritage. a comfortable, social atmosphere in which young adults By 1994, attendance at these conferences rose from can explore various questions and concerns they have hundreds to thousands, making it difficult to provide for about the community and its role in their lives and in the the individual needs of each age group within BMM. world. Then came MAIYTRA. MAIYTRA was formed to To learn more about MAIYTRA, cultivate this rich heritage among the second generation. visit www.bmmonline.org/maiytra Following in the tradition of BMM, MAIYTRA has also been hosting biennial conventions for Marathi- Americans aged 18-35, and setting up networks among members. Since 1994, MAIYTRA youth conventions have been held in Cleveland, Toronto, San Francisco, New York City, Detroit and Los Angeles, with the 2006 convention held in Chicago over the July 4th holiday weekend Over the years attendance has grown to more than 600 and has included Maharashtrian from all over the world! During the recent convention in Chicago, there were many activities catering to the educational and social needs of these young professionals, including numerous seminars, a cruise, hypnotist, comedian and speed dating. Uday Lele, the Keynote speaker and acclaimed entrepreneur urged attendees to embrace change and consider the power of asking. Five individuals were honored as All*Stars for various accomplishments at the capstone evening banquet. The individuals and a brief description of their actions are noted  Ameya Patankar – significant community service at the University of Illinois  Ankita Rakhe – leadership as Director of Diversity and Service Programming at Trinity University  Rucha Tadwalkar – leadership as Outreach by Coordinator at the Center for the Pacific Asian Family Lakshmi Bhargave Founder Roomations,  Anjal Chande – artistic excellence and achievement as an Indian classical dancer and musician Chicago, Illinois 58

Human Gene Encoding The National Human Genome Research Institute Shortly, after her arrival in States, whilst, in graduate (NHGRI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has school, she worked in one of the lead labs researching and led an effort in sequencing the Human Genome for the engineering on a more efficacious Cholera vaccine, at the NIH. This project was completed in April 2003. Through Center for Vaccine Development, University of the Division of Intramural Research, genomic and genetic Maryland. In addition, she was involved in studies research aims to understand the genetic predisposition of associated with immunological response of clinically an individual to disease. This research helps to develop challenged individuals to Campylobacter, Shigella and better methods for the detection, prevention and Salmonella. Her interest in infectious diseases grew while 'personalized' treatment of heritable and genetic she was undertaking a course in Medical Microbiology at disorders in patients. Jai Hind College, Mumbai during her undergraduate years. Ms. Kaur's research focused on single nucleotide Armed with a Masters in Microbiology Ms. Kaur mutations in the human gene encoding for the vitamin continued her work in infectious diseases with the US B12 transporter. Deficiencies in vitamin B12 affect Navy, as a Visiting Scientist where she worked on roughly 25% of individuals above the age of 65. This developing a recombinant vaccine to Hepatitis E Virus could be due to a poor diet or physiological changes (HEV), known to have a 20% mortality rate in pregnant resulting in poor absorption or distribution of the women in third world countries. She also worked on vitamin. The symptoms associated with early stage developing a naked DNA vaccine and recombinant deficiencies are weakness, fatigue, dementia, headache vaccine in a vaccinia vector to malaria, which is and depression, which are often confused with other responsible for a million deaths each year in third world causes and hence inadequately diagnosed, leading to more countries and 350-500 million cases worldwide. Her serious complications such as anemia and neuropathy. research led to several publications in reputed journals Alterations in the transporter, transcobalamin II (TCII), such as the Proceedings of the National Academy of caused by mutations in the TCII gene have been Sciences, Infection and Immunity, Journal of Infectious implicated in several pathological states of disease, Diseases and Journal of Medical Virology amongst notably vascular disease, cancer, neurological dysfunction others. As a member of the Joint Steering Committee for and birth defects. Public Policy Ms. Kaur advocates for increased federal funding for R&D and has initiated visitation by Vitamin B12 is important as it serves as a cofactor for Congressmen to the National Human Genome Research enzymes that play a role in cellular methylation reactions, Institute at the National Institutes of Health. Ms. Kaur homocysteine metabolism and DNA synthesis, all could be reached at necessary for normal functioning of the human body. [email protected] A common mutation in the TCII gene that results in a substitution of an amino acid, the building blocks of proteins, has been assessed as a risk factor for neural tube defects (NTDs). Mothers carrying this mutation have a greater chance of having another child with NTD. Ms. Kaur is studying this mutation that results in alteration of the TCII protein. She synthesized the human variants in her lab to study the characteristics of these two proteins, their efficiency in binding vitamin B12 and its uptake and internalization by cells. A microbiologist from University of Maryland, she is a by lead consultant on gene-expression at NHGRI/NIH. Prior, to joining NHGRI, Ms. Kaur worked at Life Dr. Manjot Kaur Technologies, a biotechnology firm, which was acquired National Human Genome Research Institute in 2001 by Invitrogen Inc – who sponsored her to pursue an MBA, at The Johns Hopkins University. She graduated NHGRI, NIH in 2003 with a major in Finance. Bethesda, Maryland 59

With over 23 million people standing up stood up across the country, on heeding his call. “It is the to be counted, in 24 hours from October duty of every citizen of India - and of the world - to 15th to October 16th 2006, Stand Up Against Poverty, ensure that the promises made are kept by 2015.” Stand Up for the Millennium Development Goals, became “the largest mobilization of people in the history Film star Aamir Khan added: “India was among the of Guinness World Record Breaking”! countries that promised at the UN to eradicate poverty, hunger and diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria by From remote village communities in Northern Nigeria to 2015”. “I believe that these promises can and will be schools in Canada, from local authorities in Philippines to delivered – provided we remember their significance and football games in Germany, from neighborhood groups ensure that all those who are charged with the in Gaza and Latin America to churches in Malawi, from responsibility to deliver these promises also remember Baba Ramdev and his followers in India to Times Square their significance.” in New York, from civil society and educational institutions in Indonesia to anti-poverty campaigners in Among the millions to stand up were spectators at the Italy, Spain and Australia. In almost 12,000 events spread India-England cricket match in Jaipur as the International across nearly 100 countries, people stood up together to Cricket Council came together with the UN Millennium tell their leaders in no uncertain terms: “We have to end Campaign to organize a Stand Up before the match poverty, illiteracy and disease. We have less than 10 years started. Players from both the India and England teams to go to achieve the Millennium Development Goals; we stood and supported an anti poverty pledge read by will not accept any more excuses”. former cricketer Ravi Shastri. An initiative of the United Nations Millennium Campaign Elsewhere in India thousands of school children, college in partnership with the Global Call to Action Against students and office goers also stood up during the 24-hour Poverty (GCAP) the Stand Up challenge captured the period. This included the Delhi Public School Society, imagination of people from all over the world. By literally which has 146 schools and 200,000 students. Mrs. Shyama taking a stand and being counted millions of people Chona, principal, DPS, said “Eradication of poverty is a demonstrated to policy makers the growing global concern of one and all. We are going to read a pledge at support for the achievement of the Millennium the Stand Up to express our support and commitment to Development Goals and for the strengthening of this very noble cause.” Children at the Tamanna schools development policies in both Northern and Southern for the physically challenged also took part in the countries. challenge. Already, many leaders have taken note of this massive outcry including the President of Malawi, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, the emerging political leadership of Nepal and many others. The Stand Up challenge really took off in India and South Asia. In fact 75% of final participants ended up coming from this region, with a range of high profile actions and celebrities supporting this growing movement. In India, this unique world record attempt was backed by In Indore, Madhya Pradesh, chief minister Shivraj Singh leading celebrities including India's cricket captain Rahul Chauhan lead a Stand Up of 50,000 and instructed the Dravid, his teammate Sachin Tendulkar, film star Aamir entire government staff across the state to organize Stand Khan, renowned musician A.R. Rahman and, above all, Ups. “Stand Up is a reminder that we have to deliver large yoga guru Swami Ramdev, who was invited to the U.S. as a sections of our populations from poverty, disease and special invitee of the UN Millennium Campaign to join hunger,” Mr. Chauhan said. A unique feature of Stand Up the Stand Up action at Times Square in New York. “It is a matter of shame that India still has millions of poor left out from the ambit of progress and development,” said Swami Ramdev, whose more than five millions followers 60

Against Poverty, Stand Up for the Millennium World Records. This year he is again working on the Development Goals was the largely grassroots nature of “Stand Up” project, with an ambitious target of doubling the actions taken. A very large number of activities that the number of participants from 2006. The date for this took place did not even get registered because they were in action is 17 October, the International Day for the places that did not have proper communications facilities. Eradication of Poverty (IDEP). Most of those who stood up were people dealing on a day- to-day basis with poverty and exclusion: indigenous Prior to joining the UN Millennium Campaign, Anand people, Dalits, women and children. was with the London office of international PR agency Hill & Knowlton, where he was responsible for European communication strategies for American Express, General Electric, Ernst & Young and Latham & Watkins. On October 17th this year, we aim to repeat the “Stand Anand has a strong interest and involvement in various Up” challenge and double our number of participants. I South Asian charities and causes. He founded the 'Creasia' invite you to join us and the growing global movement of project in 2000 with funding from the European people and organizations worldwide who are no longer Commission and co-founded the 'AIDASIA' tsunami prepared to stay seated or silent in the face of poverty and relief initiative in 2004. broken promises to end it. Anand is a Windsor Fellow and holds a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Cardiff Business School, UK and an M.B.A. from Babson Graduate School of Business, Wellesley, MA. He is a member of the South Asian Journalist Association and TiE – Indus Entrepreneurs. For further information please visit www.standagainstpoverty.org Anand Kantaria joined the United Nations Millennium Campaign in August 2005. The UN Millennium Campaign, an initiative of the Secretary General, has universal relevance and reach, driving the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It embodies a global challenge and offers the opportunity for real growth and change worldwide via a concrete action plan to lift the world out of poverty by 2015. His responsibilities at the Campaign include forming by strategic partnerships with media, business, NGOs and celebrity influencers to promote awareness and Anand Kantaria, ownership of the Millennium Development Goals Global Media Coordinator, globally. He was instrumental in the strategy and U. N. Millennium Campaign, execution of the “Stand Up Against Poverty, Stand Up for the Millennium Development Goals” challenge in 2006, UNDP, which saw over 23 million people in 100 countries take a New York stand on this important issue - making it the largest coordinated mobilization ever recorded by Guinness 61

New Strides for Global Science In 1817, a group of New York City Scientists noted the massive success and introduced the Academy to different lack of network and communication in their field and groups. Science of Food, which focuses on the base started a small organization. Now named the New York makeup of everyday foods such as wine, beer, and cheese Academy of Sciences the non-profit aims \"to advance the encourages scientists and laymen to question why things understanding of science, technology, and medicine, and taste the way they do. Of course, all the featured foods are to stimulate new ways to think about how their research is available to help form better opinions. These events hope applied in society and the world\". The Academy, as it is to make science relevant in the ordinary persons life and lovingly called, recently moved from their Upper East showcase the flexibility of ideas in the scientific Side address to the newly built 7 World Trade Center. With community. The recent Science of Wine event features a membership of 20,000 from 150 countries, this now one of the world's foremost tannin chemists, James allows them to hold even more local & international Kennedy, who has spent most of his research on the events on cutting-edge topics. One such initiative is the subtle flavors and textures in red wine. The upcoming “New Vistas” lecture series which focuses on a discussion programs in this five-part series will focus on beer, cheese with young scientists developing fresh ideas and and the science of flavor. The premier event which approaches to research. The audience is allowed to ask featured Shirley Corriher in the Science of Cooking, drew questions and really delve into the theories behind the close to 300 attendees. At the old but beloved Italian Neo- science. After most events wine & cheese receptions are Renaissance building on the Upper East Side, the main provided to encourage networking among the group. The halls could not accommodate more than 170 and Academy also works with different organizations around attendees had to sit in different rooms. The new the world, most recently in Shanghai with the Chinese auditorium at 7WTC alone seats 300, and the smallest Academy of Sciences. With the success of that group, room seats 80 comfortably. Since the Academy's new which brought together eminent scientists from Europe, home is in an eco-friendly green building, Physical China and the US, the Academy is now reaching out to Sciences has launched the “Mixed Greens” lecture series. The Royal Society in London. As part of the continuing Featuring leading architects, engineers, and role of the Academy to promote science, members of the environmental consultants these focus on sustainable board initiated the Scientists Without Borders program to design and skyscraper urbanism. The series builds on the address problems in the developing world by bringing Skyscraper museums lectures on “Green Teams” and together innovators and visionaries in the field. A their 2006 exhibition of Green Towers. Starting in January collaboration between the Academy and the United of 2007, this series will continue to approach new ideas Nations Millenium Project, the new program plays an and directions in Green Science and environmental overarching role in global health, energy needs, systems all over the world. (The Academy also strives to agricultural processes and environmental issues. It aims to include and extend science to New York City Grade do so in two ways: by providing the intellectual and schools. Their science education department focuses on material resources to complimentary projects and aligning this with an annual science fair, lectures & conferences, volunteers with projects of their interest. As a scientist, and the Nobel Essay contest. In recent years, the latter has there is little relief to provide in times of disaster but the responded to astounding success with three lucky winners program aims to forward the long-term goals of the UN getting an all-expense paid trip to attend the world- Millenium Project. This project will remind the world that famous Nobel Prize Award Ceremony, Nobel Banquet bringing together the talents and research of leading and related activities in Stockholm. The competition is scientists will impact not only immediate needs in the open to all juniors attending New York City high schools, developing world but also stabilize the conditions that and looks to inspire budding scientists as well as give them create such needs. Initial outreach is towards Africa and recognition for their work. Student may submit essays in fosters connections between local, international and Physics, Chemisty or Medicine and must demonstrate governmental organizations to build research and literacy as well as their understanding of the above topics. capacity based programs. With continuing success ) Much of the Academy's outreach is within the States, Scientists Without Borders hopes to expand to the entire and many Science Alliance events, have been held at developing world. Here at home, the professional or universities and labs across the country. Science Alliance amateur science enthusiast can attend any lecture or view builds connections for students and postdocs armed with a summary of the proceedings online. Responding to advice from publishing papers to career development. feedback from its members, the Academy has also Working with different universities across the nation, this established Physical Sciences, Science Alliance and the program will further build relationships between Science of Food series. Inaugural events held this year had established scientists and the younger crop of talent. 62

The Academy strives to include any level of interest in science, from introducing cutting-edge researchers in specialized fields to the Annual Meeting where members can directly stress their outlook to the future. With these bold new initiatives, The New York Academy of Sciences has taken steps to build & follow the goals of its founding members. Nina Sen moved to the United States at the age of 12 from her home of Kolkatta, India. She attended high school in several states, and received her Bachelors in Business from Washington State University. She currently works at the New York Academy of Sciences in their programs department. In the fall she will be attending Middlesex University to study Politics & Policy for her Masters degree. She hopes to plan & work with new initiatives in the developing world integrating science, public policy and education. To contact her please email [email protected] by Nina Sen New York Academy of Sciences, New York 63

Youth Employment Summit Youth Employment Summit campaign was created to The summit was hosted by the Government of Kenya in implement a 10-year international campaign to ensure partnership with the Youth Employment Summit, a that youth throughout the world have access to the project of the Education Development Center (EDC), an education and training programs, skills development international, nonprofit research and development opportunities, resources, and credit that they need to build organization in Newton, Mass. productive, decent, and sustainable livelihoods. The first YES Summit was launched in Alexandria, Egypt in 2002 YES Campaign has launched following projects all over as part of a 10-year campaign to create strategies and the world: programs to provide productive and sustainable employment for youth. Promoting RE Innovation - The Global Environment Facility Program (GEF) The YES campaign had more than 2,000 youth and government leaders from civil society organizations from With an $800,000 grant from GEF, YES Headquarters over 100 countries participating in Alexandria. Today, selected five youth entrepreneurs for a two-year RE there are YES Country Networks with more than 400 Fellowship (2003-2005). The Fellows received technical youth employment projects now in more than 80 training and business management skills, as well as seed countries. grants to fund and technical support to implement their businesses. The winners and their projects included: YES Campaign just had a huge summit in Nairobi, Kenya, were 2,000 youth leaders, government officials, NGOs, Michelle Chawla of India who supplied rural households and private sector leaders from more than 100 countries with solar lanterns and cookers and provided local joined together earlier this month at its 3rd Global Youth orchards with solar fruit dryers Employment Summit (YES). President of Kenya was the patron of this summit. Emmanuel Korbla Edudzie of Ghana who installed a windmill-powered turbine in mountainous off-grid area The three-day summit featured effective practices and and trained local youth in their operation innovative strategies from development organizations, practitioners, international banks, and YES Country Levan Kobakhidze of Georgia who sold portable Networks -- the largest grassroots youth employment photovoltaic (solar) panels to small businesses as part of a initiative in the world. More than 84 countries were broader public awareness campaign about climate change participating, including India. and alternative sources of energy The summit's side event Creating Markets, Unleashing Jane Tawina Kopa of Malawi who introduced wind- Entrepreneurship-dealt with such issues as eco- powered pumps to provide water for a community's entrepreneurship, building trade capacity, attracting vegetable farm and organized a complimentary training foreign direct investment, building an entrepreneurial program for rural youth about alternative energy sources culture, and youth capacity building for employment and agricultural operations generation. They found that building an entrepreneurial culture is Ursula Carrascal Vizarreta of Peru who installed biomass essential in order to create employment opportunities, as gas power generators in semi-urban areas and introduced there are not nearly enough jobs in the public and private solar kitchens in locations with year-round radiation sectors to absorb the youth in the labor market. YES Kenya provided a unique venue for young leaders UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has and entrepreneurs from around the world to work been a key partner and funder of YES RE programs collaboratively with policymakers and researchers to create innovative, long term solutions to the critical India - $50,000 grant received problem of youth unemployment. • Created RE Center for Excellence and solar laboratory Without meaningful employment and career at the SRT Rural Institute opportunities, the thwarted expectations of youth create a • Trained over 100 young people as technicians and breeding ground for poverty, disease, crime, violence and civil unrest, undermining political stability, international entrepreneurs in RE security and the effectiveness of capital investment. • Worked with Shell Solar and other businesses on curriculum design • Nearly 40% of trainees hired by private business 64

Zambia - $65,000 grant received Pakistan has established 12 community-based skill • Created RE lab at the Elias Mutale Training Center in development centers for under-served and marginalized children and young people. These centers are being run by Kasama, Zambia local youth service volunteers. • Trained 50 Master Trainers and 250 youth in RE Business Plan Competitions - Dominican Republic, enterprise development Guyana, and Nicaragua • Developed a micro finance plan for the government • Started RE development network of institutions, YES networks in the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Nicaragua each organize business plan competitions experts, NGOs, and youth annually in order to promote entrepreneurship among local youth. The Dominican Ministry of Youth partnered Burundi with YES Dominican Republic to sponsor CONJE, a Trained youth in design, construction, and use of small national contest for youth entrepreneurs in which the hydropower plants (SHP) winner will receive $30,500 to implement his or her Constructed and delivered 3 SHPs and trained 96 project. In Guyana, the YES SPARK program offers youth in three rural areas intensive business training and acts as a loan guarantor for winning projects. This Mexico - Regional Initiative • Provided entrepreneurial training, technical assistance, program engages the micro finance and private banking sector as well as local businesses. The program has and mentoring partnered with the Guyana Youth Business Trust that will • Held seminars in Mexico, Central America, and the provide 200 collateral-free loans to YES-trained youth each year. YES Nicaragua is organizing its second annual Caribbean national competition of entrepreneurs, “Haz Realidad tu • Conducted research to match in-need areas with newly- Negocio,” and has already received over 100 proposals. Twenty projects will be selected for business plan trained specialists implementation support (up from six in 2005) and four projects will be given funding by the Secretary of Youth The Mentorship Program - Southern Africa Region of Nicaragua. In 2003, YES South Africa began The Mentorship Combining HIV/AIDS Prevention and Specialist Program. This innovative program matches young Training – Honduras entrepreneurs with businessmen in the private sector, providing youth with practical guidance and support. To Faced with one of Latin America's highest HIV infection date, 465 participants have received help writing business rates, YES Honduras has dedicated its efforts to the fight plans, managing basic operations, and securing funding. against HIV/AIDS. With four programs, YES has been Due to its remarkable success, YES replicated the able to diversify its methods and affect more youth. In program in Angola, Mauritius, the Democratic Republic partnership with the Alianza por la Niñez, Adolescencia y of Congo, and Zambia in 2005 with plans to expand to Juventud, YES targeted at-risk youth through in-school Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, and safe sex education programs. Second, YES began the Zimbabwe. Sexual Education Program that trains reproductive health professionals in order to increase access to safe sex Youth Service and Literacy Centers- Pakistan education. Third, YES facilitated the National Forum on HIV/AIDS that brought together at-risk youth with YES Pakistan, in collaboration with the American Jewish reproductive health specialists. Last, YES has targeted World Service, is implementing a wide-scale rehabilitation infected women through the HIV/AIDS Support Group program in earthquake-affected areas. Under this that provides a forum for discussion and support. initiative, YES Pakistan has launched the first youth service program in Kashmir to involve local youth in Poonam Ahluwalia, the founder and executive director of community-building activities. Currently, YES Pakistan is the Youth Employment Summit (YES) a program of the in the process of establishing youth service programs in Education Development Center (EDC), an international, eight locations, in order to provide a platform for local youth to learn life skills and to rebuild their communities. Further, YES Pakistan in partnership with the National Commission on Human Development has established 150 female adult literacy centers for over 5,000 socially excluded young girls and women. In addition, YES 65

nonprofit research and development organization in Newton, Massachusetts, and managing director of the YES Academy International in Hyderabad, India. Ms. Ahluwalia traveling the world, supporting the Country Network teams, and meeting with government leaders, foundations, international aid agencies and others to generate awareness and raise money to fund the work. She has received significant support from the UN, NGOs government agencies, and others. Prior to starting YES in 2002, she was a project director at EDC where she planned and coordinate USAID funded global workshops on workforce development in Latin America, Asia, and Africa Ms. Ahluwalia is a native of India where she was a leader in the anti-dowry movement at Delhi University. She also was involved in developing a program for women in India as part of The Hunger Project called “Ending the Subjugation of Women as a Critical Step to Ending Hunger.” She holds an M.S. in mass communications from Boston University, Boston, Mass. and an M.A. in political science from Rajasthan University, Jaipur, India. For more information, please visit www.yesweb.org by Poonam Ahluwalia Executive Director Education Development Center Newton, Massachusetts 66

Low Power Embedded Systems Most people associate computers and computing with Whether such systems are deployed will depend on either the large-scale supercomputers that hold world whether the gains from monitoring will records in performance, or the more common desktop outweigh its cost. computers and terminals that allow users to connect to the Internet. However, for every such computer there are Profile. Rajit Manohar received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. over a hundred embedded systems that are invisible. They degrees in Computer Science from the California Institute work behind the scenes because they are hidden within of Technology. He is current on the faculty at Cornell other items that we use. Refrigerators, microwaves, cars, University, where his group investigates asynchronous cameras, calculators, mobile phones, televisions, VCRsthe VLSI systems. He is the recipient of two best paper list of appliances that contain simple computers that awards, an NSF CAREER award, MIT Technology control their operation is endless. Power consumption is a Review magazine's TR35 award, and five teaching awards major issue for battery-operated embedded systems. at Cornell. My research investigates ultra low power embedded systems. The goal is to reduce the power consumption to the point where the electronics in a device can operate for many years on a single battery. We are using asynchronous or clockless circuits to implement these systems, because they have some natural low power properties. A conventional digital circuit uses a clock signal for its operation. This global clock controls the flow of information, and is a continuously operating periodic signal that consumes power. A clockless circuit eliminates this signal, and instead only activates when it needs to perform a task. This matches the requirements of embedded systems very well, because they spend most of their time waiting for some activity to occur (e.g. pressing a button on a remote control). My group developed an embedded microprocessor for use in environmental monitoring applications. This microprocessor is completely asynchronous, and for the applications of interest requires 0.6μW of power. For comparison, common commercially available embedded microprocessors consume between ten and a thousand times as much power depending on how they are used. A reduction in battery requirements directly translates to reduced cost and weight, thereby making the technology more accessible. The primary application we are considering is the use of by such an embedded micro-controller for monitoring applications. For example, suppose we develop a low-cost Prof. Rajit Manohar monitor using such a micro-controller augmented with Computer Systems Laborator, sensors. A diabetic patient could wear one of these monitors to know when their blood sugar level need to be Cornell University, adjusted. Using a different set of sensors, a large number Stephen H. Weiss Presidential fellow, of monitors could be distributed to monitor air quality, ground water pollution, or safety in a factor (e.g. by NEW YORK monitoring equipment vibrations). These monitors could be used to ensure that soil used by farmers has the appropriate combination of nutrients. The cost of such systems will end up being dominated by the cost of the sensors and batteries, because the cost of the embedded micro-controller can be made very low (tens of rupees). 67

India in the Emerging Scientific Scenario Three key features will revolutionize science in the future- any cell type, and the goal is to harness this capability to integrative, fast and small. Scientists will need to think out generate specific organs for transplantation. An of the box and explore unknown domains. As science interesting question to ask is – why the same cell forms becomes more and more complicated they will need to neurons in the brain and cardiac cells in the heart? Is it that search for solutions in fields other than theirs. The biggest the microenvironment controls the outcome, and if so discoveries will be made through collaborations at the can we engineer artificial microenvironments that will interface of science. enable us to generate the desired tissue? These are some of the questions that we are asking in our laboratory at Though genomics caused the gold rush in the earlier half Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's of this decade, it fails to capture the complete picture. Hospital, and can be addressed by chemists and biologists Scientists have come to recognize that genetic working in tandem. information is not of much use unless one can understand the workhorses of the cells- the proteins. The proteins are Hybrid nanotechnology will revolutionize medicine. Our modified by sugars or the glycome, which forms the laboratory recently developed a novel nanoscale device microenvironment of the cells. To get to the root of a that packages multiple anticancer agents into a small disease and to develop newer and safer approaches of packet and releases these inside the tumor only when treatment it will be necessary to understand how the required, increasing their anticancer effect while reducing information flow between transcriptome, the proteome side effects. Another invention from Prof. Ajay Sood's and the glycome is altered during disease. Furthermore, laboratory at Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, this needs to be integrated with the clinics using a clinical shows that electricity is generated when liquids flow informatics approach. This will enable early diagnosis and through carbon nanotubes. The day is not far off when tailoring the therapy to the patient. This in turn will need these can be harnessed to generate implantable sensors more engineers, computer scientists, biologists, for early detection of diseases or to power a pacemaker mathematicians to enter the domains of biology and without the need for replacing a battery. medicine and work in tandem with biologists and clinicians. Together they will push the boundaries of an This is an exciting time for science. India, and we as emerging field called systems biology. Indians, have the capability but we needs to realise that revolutions in science or in any field cannot be brought Major developments, mainly in the training of excellent about by individual efforts but through working as a team. manpower and the accessibility to advanced technology We need to shake of the individualistic mentality and has defined that India can move to a position of strengths break down the boundaries between fields. Its only in this emerging area. Significant milestone are being through seamless transition of technology that we can achieved by Indian scientists in this field. For example, emerge as the leaders of innovation in science. Prof. Vijay Pande's group at Stanford is using a concept called distributed computing to figure out the three About the author: dimensional folding of a protein. The conformation of a protein is a vital element in its proper function, and Shiladitya Sengupta completed his undergraduate and alterations can often lead to diseases such as Alzheimers. Without his approach, it would have taken years to model postgraduate studies at the All India Institute of Medical the folding of a protein that happens in nanoseconds. However, there is still a need for faster computing Sciences, where he received the Geeta Mital Gold Medal capabilities, and this can again be achieved through the contributions of another Indian Scientist. and also the Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize for excellence Way back in the 1920s, Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose made in medical research from the Indian Council of Medical theoritical framework of what came to be known as the Bose-Einstein condensates. Recently, scientists at Research. He completed his PhD. at Trinity College, Harvard University are using this concept to demonstrate that ultra-cold atoms can be used to freeze and control University of Cambridge as a Nehru Scholar, and his light to form the core or the CPU of an optical computer, smashing the intrinsic speed limit of the silicon postdoctoral training at MIT. He has been awarded many technology. These technologies will help unravel the secrets of biology in the future. times by the American Society for Pharmacology and Another area that is emerging is regenerative medicine, Experimental Therapeutics, and recently was awarded the enabled by the advances in stem cell biology. These pluripotent cells have the capability to differentiate into Coulter Foundation Career Award in Bioengineering. He received the prestigious TR35 under 35 Innovator award from the Technology Review Magazine in 2005, and was selected as one of the Thought Leaders by India Today Magazine and the NRI of the Year by Hindustan Times in 2005. by Prof. Shiladitya Sengupta, Ph. D., Harvard Medical School Brigham And Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 68

The Public Health Foundation of India: Rallying the Troops The need for a fully-staffed, well-funded, and capable academia, the World Bank, the United Nations, the public health workforce in India is undeniable but Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, and even unfortunately unmet. Outdated curriculum, disrespectful the Google Corporation. Prime Minister Singh has named post-graduation salaries, and a lack of prestige all Dr. K Srinath Reddy as the first president of PHFI and a discourage potential candidates from pursuing careers in 15-17 member governing board, representative of public health in India. This diminished interest is reflected various constituencies, has been partially filled to assist the in the country's number of public health graduates. India foundation president. Eliciting assistance at the produces about 375 public health graduates a year, international level and across academic and private compared to over 6,000 public health graduates in the sectors will be useful for two reasons. First, an United States. Such a depleted workforce is in no way understanding of what has been successful and what has capable of dealing with the numerous public health failed in public health education endeavors (internships, challenges that face India today. curriculum, degree requirements) in other countries will facilitate the rapid development of effective institutions A public-private partnership has emerged as the potential of public health in India. Second, early relationships with solution to India's shortage of public health specialists. various partners may be useful for future collaborations The Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), with on public health initiatives outside of the classroom. support for the Indian government, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, McKinsey and Company, and the PHFI's work is moving full speed ahead as of its second Association of Schools of Public Health, has undertaken board meeting this August. In addition to a general the task of ramping up public health education in India. meeting, the board established five subcommittees: At the heart of PHFI are eight goals, the primary of these academic and research; finance; audit and investment; being establishing a network of five new schools of public fundraising; operations and project implementation; and health, building an infrastructure to train 10,000 public policy and advocacy. Among the topics discussed were health specialists yearly, and generating enthusiasm about financial sustainability, the workplan for 2006, and the the public health profession. Other goals, such as training of future faculty. This fall, eleven Indian students, standardizing public health education, securing selected out of 200 applicants, will be placed in schools of permanent faculty, playing a role in policy development public health throughout the United States and the United regarding current public health issues, and researching Kingdom to pursue masters degrees in public health. critical public health issues are activities carried out by These students, partially sponsored by their host similar organizations in other countries, such as the institution, are PHFI's first investment in a permanent Association of Schools of Public Health. Attaining these faculty. As of now, PHFI plans on opening two new goals will build the foundation for PHFI to reach its schools of public health in India within the next two years. ultimate objective of building a large scale human Hopefully, strict monitoring of these schools will create resource capacity in public health. an educational environment that is as rigorous and respected as the Indian Institutes of Technology, the While PHFI was officially launched in March 2006, Indian Institutes of Management, and the National Law planning and brainstorming for the foundation has been School. Thus far, it appears that PHFI is taking the proper occurring for over two years. At its formal inception last steps to create a comprehensive public health education fall, PHFI was conceived as an autonomously governed system that will produce dedicated professionals capable public-private partnership, indicating that while the of implementing cutting-edge techniques to alleviate the foundation would receive government support, it would country's public health crises. be managed independently. The Indian Government, including Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the Finance About the author: Sheila Viswanathan, MPH Minister, and the Health Minister, are committed to ([email protected]) PHFI's success, and have even contributed seed money for the organization. Financial support is crucial to PHFI, Sheila is a graduate of the Mailman School of Public as nearly $110 million dollars must be raised over the next Health (at Columbia University) and the Massachusetts five years to execute the foundation's mission. Multiple Institute of Technology. She is currently employed at the sources have been earmarked as potential donors, Mailman School of Public Health and is pursuing her including the Indian government, private foundations, doctoral degree in Nutrition and Public Health. Her Indian and international corporations, and individuals of primary interests are in school food policy and child Indian origin committed to supporting public health. nutrition in the United States. Initial expectations are that the majority of funds to carry out PHFI's projects will come from the private sector.In by general, both the Indian community and the international Sheila Vishwanathan community perceive PHFI as a step in the right direction, and thus are willing to support the effort. PHFI leaders Nutritionist, are soliciting advice and guidance from experts from Safeway, San Francisco bay area, CALIFORNIA 69

Towards Direct Democracy At a time, when people have lost faith in the political elections instead of standing in the sidelines and merely system in India, Lok Raj Sangathan (LRS) has been criticizing the system. making consistent efforts and is leading the way in involving people in discussions on the kind of political Jan Pratinidhi Manch was launched as a unifying political system we need. More than 50 years of representative platform, which whilst allowing different political democracy in the country has clearly shown that it has initiatives to retain their chosen long term identity, will failed. In fact, representative democracy has failed in the allow all to rally together under one banner for the countries of its origin; and has exposed that the system election campaign. The JPM is a political alliance of marginalizes people from the political processes and individuals and groups formed with the explicit aim of reduces their participation to periodically just choosing intervening in the political process of the country. Each between two or more parties. In actual fact, the system candidate whilst standing as an independent, worked does not allow for people to select and elect under a common 'core' manifesto, with the value of each representatives of their choice; they have no say in this effort multiplied through sharing, learning and support matter. More and more people are choosing not to from others under the banner. exercise their franchise because of disillusionment with the process. JPM was formed to show that mechanisms need to be worked out by which people can exercise their power, Hence it is time to look at developing a form of which is totally absent in the current regressive state of democracy, which works for the common person. It is representative democracy. Through JPM it was clearly time to look for mechanisms that will bring people into demonstrated that it is simply not just a case of choosing the political processes from which they have turned away. the right individuals to stand for elections; the issues here These mechanisms will have to be developed looking at are the process of selection and election by the people, the need of the polity, size of the country and other ensuring accountability of the elected representative to factors. Critics of this idea of changing the form and the constituency, the need to negate money and muscle structure of representative democracy have often argued power and to fight against the hegemony of a few parties against such a move, pointing to the diversity and size of and individuals over elections.. our country that apparently will not let it succeed or make it difficult to manage. However it is time to examine and The aim of Jan Pratinidhi Manch is to bring the concerns search for alternative mechanisms to enable people's role of the people of Delhi to the center-stage, by involving in decision-making the residents themselves directly in governance, through their own selected political representative. This is an Recently, LRS spearheaded the work for reform through a important step in challenging the domination of the small but vital beginning in the elections to the Municipal narrow partisan interests of the established political Council of Delhi (MCD) held in April 2007. It played an parties over the politics and lives of the people of Delhi, active role, along with Nagrik Shasan, in the formation of through the representatives selected by these political the Jan Pratinidhi Manch (JPM), a forum comprising of parties and imposed on the people. many local Sangharsh Samitis, Resident Welfare Associations [RWAs], and other g roups and The JPM placed before the people in different residential organizations. areas the need to select people's candidates, as opposed to candidates standing on party tickets. Several rounds of Bringing an end to marginalization and vesting power in meetings and discussions led to the development of the the hands of people means to actively participate in the manifesto, and guidelines governing the work of the political process, and expose its flaws in full view of the Manch and these had been taken widely across the length people, and to engage in building the mechanisms of and breadth of Delhi. people's power at the base. The Lok Raj Samitis, the Sangharsh Samitis which the organisation has been 15 people's candidates stood for the MCD election. All building and nurturing, are the mechanisms through candidates of the Jan Pratinidhi Manch agreed to abide by which people can exercise their political power. They will the standards set by the JPM and also took an oath that the learn to do so, both during elections, by selecting and candidate, if elected, will resign if the residents of the electing candidates, and supervising the election process, ward find his/ her work unsatisfactory. The absence of as well as in between elections, when they have to take up the right to recall an elected representative who fails the concerns of the people of the area and organise the his/her electorate is a glaring flaw in the current set up, It people to assert their claims. This is why LRS decided to was encouraging to see that these novice candidates could participate in the political process during the recent garner conscious votes in all the wards they stood and this 70

indeed made the political parties take notice of the emerging force of Lok Raj, of having a real “Jan Pratinidhi, not a Party Pratinidhi”. It took a lot of courage and determination for an individual to stand against the might of the powerful political parties, but the candidates of JPM proved that it is possible for ordinary citizens, acutely aware of the need to come together and challenge the system, which is not working for the common person. At a meeting organised by JPM after the elections, the candidates of varying backgrounds ranging from working class youth, housemaids, social workers, sales executives, teachers to retired army officers, shared their experience of standing in the elections. It was clear from their experience that the present system of representative democracy caters to a cliqué meant to keep people away from making decisions on processes that impact their lives. The most heartening experience of JPM was that despite the results, which went in favour of established political parties, there was a stronger conviction that it is only people who can bring in change and need to be organised towards establishing an alternative. Constituents of Jan Pratinidhi Manch Nagrik Shasan; Lok Raj Sangathan; Bharat Punarnirman Dal; Hind Naujawan Sabha; Khatra Kendra; Sahjahan Manch; Delhi, Shramik Sangathan; Rangbhumi Natak Samuh; Vyavastha Parivartan Party; Nagrik Ekta Manch; Azadi Bachao Andolan; Jamait-I-Islami. For more information, please log to: www.lokrajsangathan.org by Sudha Nair Senior Mindpool Consultants Hyderabad, INDIA 71

Translating grassroots work into Human Development Why Human Development Matters to a Nation, An Indian Analysis On 27th January 2006, Future Young Leaders Initiative • 2003 HDI 0.602; HDI rank 127 hosted a presentation on Translating Grassroots Work • Life expectancy at birth (2003) 63.3 into Human Development – Why Human Development • Adult literacy rate (2003) 61; Matters to a Nation, An Indian Analysis, given by Arunabha Ghosh, Policy Specialist and Co-author of combined gross enrolment ratio 60% Human Development Report 2004 & Human • GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2892 Development Report 2005, UNDP. The event took place • South Asia: 0.628 at United Nations Headquarters, General Assembly Building, GA-37 Club Room from 7pm - 8:30pm. It further highlighted, that economic growth in India has increased 6% since 1990. Although it was brought The presentation highlighted what development really attention to some poor performance on many other meant and how it was not just about income growth. It is fronts such as i.) Hunger and malnourishment, indicating highlighted below graphically: presence of largest number of malnourished people in the world, ii.) Education, indicating youth literacy has Enjoying a political increased, but primary enrollment ratio and completion freedom & participation rates still not high enough. There are wide regional and gender disparities, iii.) Mortality ratios are alarming Enjoy a decent For enhanced Human Being knowledgeable & identifying that 1.7 million children die before their first standard of living Development we enjoying good health birthday, iv.) Infant Mortality Ration declined from 127 to must focus on 63 (1970-2003), v.) Under five-child mortality rate decline inequalities from 202 to 87 (1970- 2003). It underscored the fact that India & China's globalization success stories have failed Enjoying cultural respect, their children. dignity, and cultural liberties The presentation included introduction to different Almost two-thirds of children in the top quintile are fully family of indices: 1) HDI (Human Development Index), immunized; only a fifth in the bottom quintile are that used to measure of human development; 2) GDI (Gender lucky, the presentation said, bringing to the attention that Development Index), its HDI but adjusted to gender Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh account for inequality; 3) GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure), 15% of global neonatal deaths. It identified child captures gender inequality; 4) HPI (Human Poverty immunization as critical measure in reducing infant and Index), captures the human poverty in a country; 5) TAI child mortality. It identified that India is off-track in terms (Technology Achievement Index), captures various of improving the proportions of girls to boys in primary dimensions of technological development. education. The provision of midday meals for school children has been seen as a key element in increasing It introduced, the constraints that persist in data enrolment and retention of students. collection, because i.) reliable cross-country data is not always available, ii.) Limited availability to time series data, It indicated that India is falling behind maternal mortality iii.) Sub-national estimates suffer from lack of rate; with an estimated 126,000 maternal deaths occurring disaggregated data. each year. Most common causes of these deaths were, hemorrahage, anemia, puerpetal sepsis, obstructed labor, Later, it distinguished the comparative analysis, between abortion, and hypertensive disease of pregnancy. There Human Development and Millennium Development are 665,639 hospital beds or 6.9 hospital beds per 10,000 Goals (MDGs), which are as follows: persons in India. It was brought to the attention that 13 percent of rural residents had access to a primary health Human Development has MDGs are human development indicators care center, 33 percent has access to a sub-center, and 9.6 many other dimensions MDGs highlight the glaring gaps had access to a dispensary or clinic. Problems with Human Development is the guiding facilities and health care service delivery were identified as MDGs are largely inequality neutral chronic. Issues such as paramedic absenteeism, poor paradigm physical infrastructure and cleanliness of the hospitals Human Development focuses on equity and centers need to be addressed giving access to the core problems of proliferation of different diseases in India. A and distribution staggering 421,000 deaths occur per year because of Tuberculosis in India, a disease that is completely curable The underlying context of this distinction is Millennium with proper interventions. It is predicted that with Declaration endorses the Human Development approach in broad terms. The presentation discussed where India stands in Human Development Index. 72

increasing number of HIV/AIDS cases TB cases will also rise, as people with HIV/AIDS are more susceptible to TB. It is estimated that according to 2003 census, 0.79 percent of adult population (age 15-49) is living with HIV/AIDS and that 170,000 children (age 0-14) are living with the disease as well. There are 2.09 percent malaria cases in India. In regards to environmental sustainability goal, India suffers from waterborne diseases and worst sanitary conditions. Diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis were more likely to be contracted under poor sanitary conditions, which abound when human excreta was not properly disposed of, particularly in city slums and rural regions – making it challenging for India to meet this goal by 2015. Access to safe drinking water was another challenge to address within this goal – a daunting task in rural regions. The presentation concluded by highlighting that 14 states in India – Assam, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal – have undertaken, developing their own Human Development Reports making its easier to track the progress of Millennium Development Goals within the states in India. It was brought to the attention that, of these fourteen reports, seven HDR's were prepared by non-governmental organizations. by Dr. Arunabha Ghosh CEO, Council On Energy, Environment And Water(CEEW), New Delhi, INDIA 73

Implications of Fiscal Policy in India India encountered a serious macroeconomic crisis in the the opportunity to choose carefully how to go about early 1990s. A series of economic reforms, implemented getting its fiscal house in order, without constraints that in response, supported a higher growth rate and a more would be imposed in a crisis situation. There appears to be secure external payments situation. Decreased trade a reasonable technical consensus on needed reforms and barriers and modernization of regulatory institutions on how sufficient political support can be mobilized to characterized reforms in industry, trade and finance. implement these reforms. However, growth only marginally accelerated in the 1990s compared to the 1980s. At times, structural reforms seem In India, delivery of public services is often ineffective to have stopped and little progress has been made in labor due to high domestic debt, which remains a long-term markets and bankruptcy reforms. national concern. The delivery of health and education services in rural areas can be significantly improved The most striking aspect of reform is the lack of progress through restructuring government efforts and involving in restoring fiscal balance. A high fiscal deficit of around the private sector and NGOs. 9.5% of GDP contributed to the crisis of 1991. Containing this deficit was one of the key structural Current Situation-Tight Fiscal Policy isn't a solution adjustments undertaken by the Indian government at the time. Multilateral lenders and investors believe that fiscal consolidation should be the centerpiece of economic A key element to learn is how to control fiscal deficits. The policy changes implemented by India's current difficulty lies in not being able to accurately measure off government headed by Prime Minister, Manmohan budget elements. The uncertainty associated with this Singh. The call for fiscal consolidation is supported by the makes formulating budgetary policies more challenging. mistaken conviction that reduction of the fiscal deficit Fiscal policy cannot be analyzed in isolation. Other will accelerate long-term economic growth in India. As factors like monetar y policy, exchange rates, proven in Latin America since the early 1990s, fiscal microeconomic polices and institutional reforms have to consolidation in India will lead to slower economic be carefully studied in order to achieve the desired results growth and political and social instability. of growth and stability under realistic assumptions about sustainable capital inflows from abroad. If the current government intends to accelerate economic growth it must increase public sector investment and government subsidies. A more effective income based tax structure should also be aggressively pursued where substantially higher tax rates are imposed on the wealthiest. India should take advantage of the economic policy latitude it enjoys as a result of the limited leverage multilateral lenders hold over the country. Fiscal Policy and its impact on development Multilateral lenders, foreign analysts and investors expect changes on economic policy to include tighter fiscal policy implicit to which is further reduction of public sector investment, expenditure on subsidies and the decline of social development. A major concern with any fiscal adjustment is its potential Despite evidence to the contrary lenders, analysts and cost in slowing economic development, and its possible investors believe that tight fiscal policy will lead to adverse effects on the poor, whose dependence on public accelerated economic growth in India. Argentina and services is higher than the rich. There are two factors that Brazil, which have long followed IMF-directed suggest that such cost may not be high. First, India is in a adjustment policies, provide concrete examples of the position to implement some fiscal adjustment before a negative impact tight fiscal policy has on economic crisis possibly hits. This allows India's government growth and social and political stability. 74

Over the past 15 years the IMF has conditioned credit for Morocco, Senegal, Thailand, Venezuela and Zambia on Argentina and Brazil on the maintenance of tight fiscal enhancing and securing fiscal space for pro-poor policies policy. The IMF assumed that tight fiscal policy would and financing interventions to operationalize the MDGs. lead to steady decline of the debt burden in these countries, thus supporting accelerated economic growth Most policy research on fiscal reform has focused on and underpinning foreign and domestic investor efficiency issues, including effective tax administration, confidence. enhancing efficiency in tax collection, and debt sustainability. Relatively little attention has been paid to However, the outcome has been quite different. Tight the question of “fiscal space” – identifying concrete fiscal policy in both Argentina and Brazil undermined policy actions for enhancing domestic resource economic growth, leading to rapidly increasing debt mobilisation, and the reforms necessary to secure the burdens in both countries. enabling governance, institutional and economic policy environment for these policy actions to be effective. In comparison to Argentina and Brazil, fiscal policy has UNDP policy research at the country and regional level been easier in India over the last 15 years. Apart from the reveals that scope exists to enhance the “fiscal space” short period in the early 1990s following the country's available to governments to enhance domestic resource balance of payments crisis, India has not been subject to mobilisation, using both the above channels. However it is IMF-directed fiscal adjustment policies. important to identify and design modes of resource mobilisation that are pro-poor in nature, meaning that the Economic growth in India could have been even faster instruments chosen are such that the net incidence of over the past 15 years if public sector investment had not incremental domestic resource mobilisation on the been sharply reduced after the country's balance of disposable income of the poor is minimized. This payment crisis in 1991. involves designing a progressive tax system but also devising ways to access resources from the relatively well- The consolidation of public sector investment and off parts of the population through recourse to non-tax subsidy payments has had an enormous negative impact instruments, including public borrowing. Equity is on rural India. In addition, the steady reduction of import therefore central to the design of a pro-poor resource tariffs has further contributed to deteriorating social mobilisation strategy. conditions by subjecting both the agricultural and manufacturing sectors to imports that are often heavily It is now recognised that achieving the MDGs would subsidized. require countries to undertake a range of appropriate public investments. It has historically been the case that Increasing the rate of public sector investment, targeting domestic borrowing for public investment has been an agricultural infrastructure and consolidating a more important source of resource mobilisation for growth effective income based tax structure would significantly and development in many developing and, indeed, increase long-term growth of India. Investment in industrial countries. While domestic borrowing to finance agricultural infrastructure and increased food subsidies government consumption is widely recognised as would benefit a large proportion of people promoting undesirable, domestic borrowing for appropriate public political and social stability. investments with demonstrable returns in terms of socio- economic and human development are regarded as Role of UNDP perfectly acceptable in most developed countries. The 'rules' for fiscal deficits advocated by British Chancellor The Poverty Group at the Bureau for Development Policy Gordon Brown allow for borrowing for critical public at UNDP is currently working on a series of country investments. It is imperative that long term strategic studies entitled “Securing Fiscal Space for Millennium thinking on such issues be encouraged and a policy Development Goals (MDGs): Pro-Poor Domestic platform found to encourage such thinking in Resource Mobilization”. The objective of this project is macroeconomic documents like PRSPs, so that an to assess the “fiscal space” available to developing important potential source of development finance is not countries to mobilize domestic resources for overlooked by exclusively relying on short term doctrinal interventions to attain the MDGs. It presents evidence- evaluations of a countries domestic fiscal “sustainability”. based work drawing on country studies from Bangladesh, In partnership with a research institution, UNDP will present a conceptual and analytical review of the existing 75

challenges and opportunities with respect to pro poor domestic resource mobilization in the context of financing the MDGs. This assessment of the “fiscal space” available to developing countries to mobilise domestic resources for interventions to attain the MDGs will therefore be of high relevance for the deliberations of this ongoing work. This project will use this analytical work to present empirical evidence from Asia and Africa on enhancing and securing fiscal space for pro poor policies and financing interventions to operationalise the MDGs. If you have any questions regarding fiscal policy, please contact Dr. Rathin Roy, Public Resources Management Adviser at UNDP, Bureau for Development Policy at [email protected] by Dr. Rathin Roy Director And Chief Executive, National Institute Of Public Finance And Policy(NIPFP), New Delhi 76

Diabetes in both rural and urban India- What is going on? late Dr. James Van Gundia Neel. Simply stated, the If the argument is that being overweight is a necessary condition for diabetes, why do so many people in rural theory describes how thousands of years ago hunter- India have diabetes? The explanation for this comes from the “thrifty phenotype” hypothesis. Hales and Barker in gatherers were protected during periods of famine by 1992 proposed this theory to explain how a harsh intrauterine environment could set a system towards having metabolisms efficient enough to allow survival on altered regulation of blood sugars. Another intuitive theory, imagine that when an embryo sees poor food from small amounts of food. In other words, those who its mother it needs to conserve as much energy as possible. It becomes programmed to live as though in a survived were somehow wired to be able to use minimal state of chronic malnutrition. Take this person to a more affluent environment through rural to urban migration, amounts of energy, and store the rest (as fat) for the next and all of a sudden the body does not know how to handle the higher calories. Strong association studies have famine. Neel, noted as one of the fathers of modern shown that low weights at birth correlate with higher incidences of diabetes. genetics, posited that a specific “thrifty gene” existed in India has more diabetics than any other nation. And those who survived and has since proliferated through the diabetes in India is an epidemic with its rise from under 3% of the population in the 1970s to greater than 12% in gene pool. In today's societies where famines are rare and 2000. It is predicted that by 2025, one in five diabetics in the world will be Indian. And as described through the sedentary lives common, the efficient metabolism driven thrifty gene and thrifty phenotype hypothesis, the causes are multifactorial and will require further genetic and by the thrifty gene stores unused energy as fat to adversely nutritional studies along with active programs to educate the public on benefits of simple exercise and healthy diets. affect populations by tending them towards obesity, and To address diabetes in India, interventions have to range thereby diabetes. from reducing levels of food intake in the cities to improving maternal nutrition in the villages. Ultimately in This would explain, at least in part, why there is a rising the race for urbanization and material progress, it is epidemic of diabetes in urban India. With a density of important that resources be applied effectively to halt this approximately 29,000 people per square kilometer in rising epidemic of diabetes. The simple cost to the nation Mumbai, there simply isn't enough space for everyone to for managing a chronic disease such as diabetes is be anything but sedentary! The lack of activity coupled otherwise unbearable. In the US, diabetes cost an with the rising consumption of fast food doubles up to approximately $132 billion in medical expenditures and put on the pounds. Some critics argue that while scientists lost productivity in 2002. That is nearly India's total have been searching for the past 4 decades for the thrifty foreign reserves! Wonder what Mr. Chidambaram has to gene (some claim to have found it in an insulin sensitizer), say about that. we already know that obesity is the culprit and should direct efforts on ways to curb it. by But life is not that simple. A common sense in biomedical Vikram Sheel Kumar, MD science is that most diseases occur according to the “two Department of Clinical Pathology, hit” hypothesis. So everyone who is overweight does not Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA develop diabetes, however most who have diabetes (95% of Pima Indians for instance) are overweight. Thus being obese is necessary but not sufficient for the development of diabetes. The thrifty gene could explain the increased susceptibility that some populations have to develop diabetes when they are obese. That has more to do with insulin signaling and is yet being worked out. In a recent study by Dr. Yajnik from King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Center in Pune, Indian diabetics were considerably lighter than matched counterparts in the UK. He has also shown that Indians have thinner limbs and greater central obesity than those in the UK. It is this thin-fat body composition that is associated with greater levels of diabetes in Indians. Where fat is located becomes important as it has become clear that fat is not just a passive energy store, but active tissue that secrete various signals to regulate metabolism. And it turns out that fat around the belly is especially bad. Now let's move to rural India. One third of Indian babies are born malnourished with birth weights below 2.5 kg. 77

Sangli Community-led Sanitation Project: Another NGO/CBO Success Story With the experience gained through in its comprehensive society (communities and NGOs). The forum provided a past projects, Shelter Associates is able to draw valuable mode for continual cross-communication among conclusions from its work in the Sangli Community-led members during the project work, building transparency Toilet Project. For instance, when non-governmental and accountability in the project process. As a result of the (NGO) and community-based organizations (CBO) Forum structure, SA and the pivotal Baandhani, a coordinate with city government and international federation of slum dwellers, were able to build strong funding organizations, a transfer of ideas takes place that relationships with the local government. creates well-grounded solutions for urban slum areas. The NGO-CBO combination makes the communities Based on the sustainability of the pilot community themselves aware that a situation can be improved with managed toilet projects, SMKMC and SA decided to the active participation of all stakeholders. replicate this model citywide in Phase III. Mapping and surveys were carried out for slums that have been chosen Concerning the case of sanitation upgrading, not only do jointly by SA and the SMKMC. This information, which improvements make a marked difference to the health, built on the data collected in Phase I, developed a useful stress levels and quality of life, but it can also be an entry tool in planning and designing sanitation projects to point for other impacting slum improvements. This so- ensure that services are equitably distributed and reach called “Sangali model” is the successful product of out to the most vulnerable amongst the poor. collaborative work involving all stakeholders, starting from the authorities to the individuals within the affected In Phase IV, the Cities Alliance (CA) and USAID’s communities. Community Water and Sanitation Facility (CWSF) is currently supporting the \"Sangli Community-Led Toilet Project background and phases Project\" that involves creating the conditions for citywide, community-driven slum upgradation through community The Sangli Miraj Kupwad Corporation (SMKMC) is a mobilization, public-private cooperation, and expanded rapidly growing city in the state of Maharashtra, with a micro-credit savings plan. It is assisting about 3600 population of nearly a half a million citizens. Almost 15% households distributed over various slums in Sangli to of its citizens live in slum settlements and lack access to gain access to community toilets (about 35% of total slum basic infrastructure and civic amenities. The Sangli households of the city). CA supports the actual municipal government, with the assistance of Shelter construction and technical assistance for the project- Associates (SA), is undertaking the Community-Led bearing about 20% of construction costs, while together Toilet Project in 12 slum settlements (covering the Government of India, State Government and approximately 3500 households) that were pinpointed by SMKMC incur the remaining costs. Shelter Associates SA for sanitation upgrading and general improvements. provides technical assistance by building federations in slums through saving groups and enumeration, designing There are four phases to the current Sangli project. The the facilities, co-ordination with the local administration first involved the Indo US Financial Institutions Reform for effective implementation of the projects, as well as and Expansion Project (US/Indo FIRE), which has been assisting the local government to access funds for the working with SMKMC since 2001. Shelter Associates construction of toilets from the Central and State began work in Sangli with the Indo-US FIRE project in Governments. April of 2001. The role of SA was to identify all slums in the SMKMC and carry out preliminary surveys of SA Methods settlements in order to find out what kind of services already existed within these settlements, as a grounded Both physical and household data were collected in Phase approach to finding the future solutions. III. Physical data entails a detailed map of the settlement using plane table methods: marking houses, electric poles, Shelter Associates implemented the second phase of the common water points and other amenities, street lights, project in Sangli in 2001–02 with the assistance of the surface gutters, garbage containers, trees, etc. Individual Canadian based Institute on Governance (IOG). Though household data includes a breakdown of members, the project’s primary goal was to build two toilets in two employment records, poverty indicators, educational separate slum settlements in Sangli, the way in which this status and other relevant social data, like each member’s was accomplished proved the success and sustainability ration card and existence on the electoral roll. This two- of the project pilot model. The successful model project layered profile of the slum enables it to be examined on a worked together with a supervising Forum consisting of regional or individual household basis. One of my representatives from the government, media, and civil favorite evolutionary theories is the thrifty gene 78

hypothesis that was proposed back in 1962 by the Trained Some Particulars Shelter Associates staff then process this socio-economic data with the maps from plane table surveys using the GIS In 2005 April, five families of the Jatkar Samaj took the software, detailing an analysis of each settlement in initiative to build three toilets in their own homes on a individual reports. Field staff consisted of community shared basis and the households contributed 20% of cost. people trained by the Baandhani and SA social workers. The families not only contributed to this amount but also Through a master list and system of numbering houses, took responsibilities for their own material and provided door-to-door surveys were conducted. The results of unskilled help during construction. These five families these compiled surveys were integrated onto the GIS became change agents for this slum. software, also providing crucial comparative information and fact sheets regarding the twelve slums of Sangli and This was a result of intensive federation efforts by Shelter Miraj. Associates/Baadhani to get the people together to make decisions regarding sanitation issues. Micro-credit saving Federation Activities groups were started to encourage women to save and also as a tool for getting the people together. Initially there was Shelter Associates and Baandhani federation activities are hesitation on the part of the communities but after the a key part of project success and sustainability, and start pilot project there was a lot of interest generated simultaneously with the survey work. Federation activities especially after the exchange programme to Pune. SA was include meetings in small groups to create a better rapport willing to provide the remaining cost of construction and bonding with people, formation of saving groups, through the City Alliance funds. Necessary approvals and household enumeration. This is a good way to create were obtained in nine months trust before starting the surveying process, which normally creates apprehension within communities, as After the pilot scheme was completed in Jatkar Samaj, the they sometimes perceive it as a possible threat to their families showed great enthusiasm in coming together to existence. become part of the federation as well as putting aside 20% of the total cost of building their individual toilet unit. Strategies and Implementation Enthused by this, many more families came forward with their contributions. There are over 87 seats that have been With the advantage of information gained by the constructed and 90% of the slum has been covered by the mapping and the response to federation building efforts, project. Shelter Associates, in consultation with the Municipal Commissioner, was able to custom fit its strategies for the After the toilets were constructed, the local councilor project according to the prevailing local conditions. SA decided to pave internal roads of the settlement. This has offered to help undertake the responsibility of completely transformed the settlement. Based on the supervising construction of individual toilets in 3 slums- interaction of all the actors individual toilets came to be and extended technical support to the communities in built which was a decision the community took and agreed Sangli and Miraj. Settlements register themselves as trusts to. Now the community would like to upgrade their to qualify for implementation of their sanitation project houses. The project provided channels of according to the State Government of Maharashtra, communication between the people and the authorities which clearly states that NGO-CBOs should be involved and improved their situation. in implementing community toilet projects. Khaja Vasti, a small settlement with 107 structures, had Further, SA helped SMKMC to frame the rules and been the most vexing of all slums. Despite repeated conditions for the implementation and maintenance efforts, the families made it clear that they were not in a contract to be signed with the selected NGOs. SA’s role in position to contribute anything to the efforts here. The liaising between the selected NGOs and the community survey findings also showed that this was the poorest also crea settlement of selected slums. But sixteen families had individual or shared toilets. This was the beginning of In August 2006, over 300 individual/shared toilets had activity within Khaja. A few families came forward with been built covering approximately 550 families in three their contribution but by and large most families were settlements. Based on this experience, many slum unable to contribute. SA decided after consultation with households have expressed interest in individual toilets the community that here it would use its contribution to rather than community toilets. They also showed provide the basic pan and connection and three brick willingness to contribute for individual toilets. walls around. As and when the families could afford it, they would put the door and roof and other finishes 79

inside. Finally, a handicapped woman Lailabi paved way Gender and Slum Upgradation: It was decided that it for the sanitation programme. She wept after her toilet would be apt at this stage to get into issues related to was built as for the first time she was free from the trauma gender and hygiene in the project. Juntion Social (JS) a of queuing up in front of toilet blocks or defecating in the NGO carried out a rapid study of the project. JS noted open. Moreover, she is now not dependent upon others to lack of hygiene promotion in the project. Raising carry her out every time she needed to answer nature’s call. awareness on such behavioral practices must be an integral part of such project as it is women and girls, who Jatkar before…… are called upon to cope with the illness and morbidity resulting from poor hygiene and sanitation practices. In order to be able to respond effectively to gender and poverty concerns of poor communities, a workshop nized in last week of September 2006 . Women from Sangali low-income settlements participated to address various aspects of menstrual hygiene and management (MHM) through community toilet blocks and disposal issues on a community basis. …..and after Stakeholders Workshop: On July 7, 2006, the Sangli municipal government together with Shelter Associates Branching out and the Baandhani hosted a workshop to share the findings of this project with the stakeholders. Held in the Solid Waste Management Project: Based on the wishes of municipal hall, the mayor of Sangli, Mr. Kishor Jamdar, community members to address an additional acute inaugurated it in the presence of the 120 guests. The problem, Shelter Associates and the Baandhani decided to Municipal Commissioner, Mr. Mali, and Councillor Idris embark upon a new experiment in Sangliwadi and Jatkar Naikwadi were the guests of honour. Members from the Samaj for the integration of solid waste management with FIRE project, the Water Sanitation, and journalists from the sanitation projects. SA enlisted the support of Mrs. the local press also attended it, next to the many Lata Shrikhande, a vermiculture expert from Pune who representatives of several slums. made several trips to Sangli for this purpose. The difference between wet and dry garbage and the need for The Baandhani women gave a short presentation to garbage segregation was explained from door to door and describing the change that had been brought about in areas were earmarked within the settlement for their lives through the sanitation project in Sangli since composting the wet garbage. In some cases families were 2001, and their impact on health of the settlement encouraged to compost wet garbage in potted plants. The dwellers, particularly women and children. Mrs. Pratima results were visible within two months of starting this Joshi made a Power Point presentation from SA, in which process. There were green areas where none existed she reviewed the SA/Baandhani involvement in Sangli beforesome families were harvesting vegetables, less since 2001 up to 2006. Speeches by the Additional garbage in gutters and an overall reduction in litter and Commissioner Mr. Mali and the Mayor followed this, and garbage dumps that once dotted the place. In Sangliwadi both of them expressed their full support to the project. there is greening of the area around the toilet block with Mr. Idris Naikwadi, the councillor of Jatkar Samaj and flowering shrubs and plants making it very attractive. In Khwaja wasti, talked about the problems he faced with the Jatkar Vasahat a number of families have started local administration and the community members in segregating garbage. trying to provide individual toilets with SA’s help. He emphasised that it was the combined effort of SA, SMKMC, financial institutions, and political will that finally succeeded in implementing the project. This was followed by visits to the Sangliwadi, Jatkar and Khwaja slums. The Workshop was well covered by the local press. The Stakeholders Workshop also created interest amongst other slums that now aspire to have their own toilets. Lata Shrikhande demonstrating segregation & Greening of the area around toilet block. 80

This is one project that has demonstrated that a variety of effective solutions can be worked out in keeping with the ground realities. It also reaffirms that there can be no standard solution to slum sanitation. Participants in the workshop Honourable guests on the days by Replicability: The Sangli project model can be replicated Pratima Joshi in any city and at a much larger level. This approach can be NGO Shelter, PUNE, funded under the Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BUSP) or Integrated Housing and Slum Development INDIA Program (IHSDP) of the Jawahar Lal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission. (JNNURM). One of the key issues for such community toilet projects is maintenance. Wherever there is the willingness to build the capacity of the slum residents by way of extensive community-based federation activity, women’s federations can maintain the facilities. As a result, the community-run model is very replicable. Also, the Sangli model has shown that wherever possible if individual toilets are given, it leads to up-gradation of the facility by individual families and in the process completely frees the local bodies or NGO/CBO’s of the responsibility of maintenance. Outcomes The complexion of the project has changed tremendously due to a perceptible change in the attitude and understanding of the key stakeholders. The councillor/NGO/CBO partnership has been very strong in pushing for individual toilets, the project drew involvement from all levels of bureaucracy, from the State to the local government. As different issues needed to be addressed as they arose, local and State government personalities rose to into activation, instead of simply playing the passive role for disbursing funds. For example, the Vice-President of the MHADA supported SA/Baandhani to implement a pilot scheme with individual toilets in the project. Shelter Associates has stressed the need for the project process to be in place without laying undue emphasis on the end product. SA consciously decided not to become an NGO contractor in this project, because there was a conflict of interest since part of the construction funds were being routed through SA. This actually increased SA’s credibility with the Sangli municipal government. Now they have agreed to let SA assist them in liaising between the NGO that is selected to implement some projects, as well as draw up the maintenance contract between the SMKMC and the NGO. 81

The Ocean CleanUp Boyan Slat, a 19 yr old Dutch engineering student at Delft Q: What is this invention really and how costly is it for University of Technology, has invented a device that communities to apply it? claims could clean up some 20 billion tonnes of plastic waste from the world's oceans in next five years. He came A: Now we start the second phase of the project, in which up with the idea of a series of floating booms and through a series of up-scaled tests we work towards a processing platforms designed to collect floating plastic largescale and operational pilot in 3 years’ time. To help rubbish. The 'ocean cleanup' concept is designed to fund this next step, we have now launched a crowd capture the floating plastic but allowing life like fish and funding campaign, in which we hope to raise over 2 plankton to pass through unharmed, while saving the million USD in 100 days. To campaign, that is still on waste materials to be recycled. This is Boyan’s interview schedule, can be found www.theoceancleanup.com. regarding his invention: Q: What is your advice regarding Ocean's protection - can this invention help to protect the coral and fragile ecosystem in the world? A: Yes it does. Millions of tons of plastic have entered the oceans, damaging ecosystems and entering the food chain. Although it’s essential to prevent more plastic from entering the oceans, the plastic that’s already trapped in the currents of the oceans doesn’t go away by itself. Q: What is Boyan's advice to Young Entrepreneur's out there? Q: What made you to take on this research? A: Don’t be afraid to think big, and use your age to your advantage. A: I was 16 years old, and I was diving in Greece, and suddenly I realized I came across more plastic bags than fish. For a high school science project I then dedicated half a year to understanding the problem itself, and why it’s so difficult to clean up. I’d always been interested in engineering, and then came up with a concept on how I thought we could feasibly clean the ocean garbage patches. Q: Has it been applied already and what where the results? A: In the past there have been many concepts aimed at Fig: Boyan Slat with his invention Ocean Clean Array cleaning plastic from the oceans, but these were all based on vessels with nets, that would fish for plastic. Not only Interview with would this take billions of dollars and 79000 years, but it Boyan Slat, would also create by-catch and emissions. Not a very attractive proposal. Furthermore the plastic rotates in the Inventor - Founder, areas where the plastic concentrates, so it does not stay on The Ocean Cleanup, one spot. So I wondered; why move through the oceans, if the oceans can also move through you? I came up with a Netherlands passive system of floating barriers that is attached to the seabed, and oriented in a V-shape. The barriers first catch, and then concentrate the plastic, enabling a platform to efficiently extract the plastic once arrived in the center of t h e V. P l e a s e v i s i t http://www.theoceancleanup.com/press.html 82

Cognitive \"Locus Coeruleus\" Introduction: may be involved in the disease process. The ultimate goal of this project is to define some of the mechanisms With increasing life expectancy around the world, involved in the Alzheimer's disease process, in particular, dementia is a rapidly growing socioeconomic and medical axonal transport defects, which may eventually lead to problem. Over 35 million people currently live with development of new arrays of therapeutics with dementia and this number is expected to triple by 2050 as symptomatic effects or disease modifying potential. populations live longer, making the care burden on families and the economic burden on society a major On completion of her PhD, Adila plans to return to global problem. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently Sudan to have a teaching and research career in considered to be the most common cause of dementia. It neurodegenerative pathology. She hopes to raise is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized awareness of the need to develop her country's research by decline in cognitive function, progressive impairment capacity in this field, leading to the establishment of of activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric Sudan's first brain bank facility. In Sudan, traditional symptoms. It is a major cause of emotional and financial beliefs make it difficult for families to accept post-mortem problems the magnitude of which is predicted to increase organ donations. Encouraging brain donations will enable steeply in the next few decades if no cure is found. Sudanese researchers to progress more rapidly in understanding neurodegenerative disorders like Clinicians and researches in the AD field face great Alzheimer's disease. challenges including the fact that the pathophysiological processes causing AD are not well understood, and most Interview with Adila: of the therapeutic options are limited to treating the MOSAICQUE magazine symptoms rather than the cause of the disease. Never the less, new insights into the pathophysiological events that interviewed Adila on what lead to AD increase the hope that reliable diagnostics and influenced her choices and effective therapies may emerge. beliefs in life. Here is the transcript of the conversation: In The first part of my PhD research project, we reported that hyperphosphorylated tau pathology is actually noted 1. What influenced your at quite early age ranging between 38 to 50 years in \"Locus choices in doing this research I Coeruleus\" a nucleus located in a subtentorial regions, pons. The results of this work are published in Acta have always liked medicine as a subject and my mother has Neuropathologica,\"Hyperphosphrylated tau in young always supported me for getting educated. In fact she has and middle-aged subjects\". (Elobeid A, Soininen H, inspired all five siblings – 2 girls and 3 brothers, to get Alafuzoff I. 2012:123:97-104) educated. Her mother \"Suadabadri\" is her role model. I have been interested in neuropathology – molecular In the second part of the PhD project, we applied the new pathology, to understand how normal proteins can be neuropathological diagnostic criteria recommended used as a therapeutic treatment for Alzheimer's. recently by the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association. The emphasis in this work was 2. What do you plan to do in the future? to assess whether the new criteria could be implemented After I complete my Ph.D. in Sweden I plan to go back on aged non- home in Sudan and continue with her teaching career in medicine. Adila also plans to raise awareness of impaired individuals often displaying AD pathology in neurodegenerative disorder and develop a Brain Bank by various extent. We assessed 587 cognitively unimpaired encouraging Sudanese to donate brain. aged subjects. Interestingly 28 subjects showed intermediate level of AD pathology following the new 3. What advice you would like to give the Young in diagnostic criteria. This work is published in the Journal Sudan of Alzheimer's and dementia. Her advice to the young in Sudan, is to invest in research Future plans: fields of different systems of medicine. She believes this Given the critical role of axonal transport in maintaining will make Sudan & Africa more scientifically strong and a normal cellular function; it is not surprising that leader. Adila encourages the young to invest in science and perturbation of microtubule based transport can lead to education. Her message to the young is to \"work hard, diverse phenotypes in humans such as neurodegenerative believe in their goals, and go achieve them\". disorders. Using \"immunohistochemistry\" we will study levels of expression of an axonal transport protein in 4. What are you hobbies post-mortem human brain tissue of different Alzheimer's I love Sudanese music and our food. She introduces here disease stages and compare these with levels in normal the special bread \"Injera\" – known in the west as brains, to assess whether changing levels of this protein Ethiopian bread, but it is also made in Sudan, Somalia and Kenya. by Dr. Adila Elobeid, UNESCO L'Oreal Ph. D. Scholarship at Uppsala University (Sweden), Sudan 83

Ambidextrous Innovation, Dexterous Prosthetics Introduction: According to Ananth there is no one answer to deciding This is an exclusive interview with Dr. Ananth Natarajan, what is right in research area, he believes its \"an who is the founder of Infinite Biomedical Technologies, exploration\" a random walk of life, persistence and LLC (IBT or i-biomed) a medical device company - an dodged execution just like Edison. His Ph.D. supervisor outcome of his MSE research in collaboration with his Dr. Nitish Thakor has also played a pivotal role in his guide Dr. Nitish Thakor. decisions and manifesting them. i-biomed, is dedicated to creating innovative and useful What services do Infinite Biomedical Technologies solutions in prosthetic technology, exclusively for upper provide? extremity amputees. Ananth's vision is to solve important prosthetic problems through first-hand feedback and by Infinite Biomedical Technologies has developed multiple translating our research discoveries into prosthetic products in service of humanity. According to Ananth, products through commercialization. It develops what they do is not an easy thing – they have worked hard prosthetic technologies for upper and lower limb over years to reach this fame & popularity, it has required amputees in order to make their prosthetics more team work, most importantly finding the right people on comfortable and more useful. Our solutions include Flex the team has been challenging, and having them work Cell, a flexible prosthetic battery in two sizes that can fit together. within the prosthetic's sleeve in order to provide a better distribution of weight. Is it easy to be an entrepreneur in the Healthcare sector in the U.S.? Dr. Natarajan has been recognized by MIT TR 100 awards for his IBT's research into technologies that are in various Ananth believe that Healthcare has become a commodity stages of development. These technologies are: in the U.S. and is under invested. The products or solutions they have marketed have not been easy for the a) A minimally invasive screening tool for endometrial first five years to make profits. There is less federal money cancer. for entrepreneurs and still less for healthcare innovations, which don't ring profits for first few years on their b) A non-surgical prosthesis to treat stress investments. This certainly has made it difficult for incontinence. healthcare innovators to thrive in U.S. c) A technology to equip pacemakers and implantable What do think about innovation challenges facing defibrillators with the ability to detect an impending India or Asia? heart attack and enable rapid therapy. Ananth understands that there are serious challenges d) A wireless monitor with advanced detection pertaining to innovation in India/Asia. Although these algorithms to evaluate neurological function are exciting times in India because of the emerging middle following brain trauma. class, particularly because of huge opportunities available in bigger markets. He believes though that anyone who e) An automated intraoperative monitor to improve has a desire to make a difference in the community spine surgery. through healthcare innovations, they should come up with a sustainable model but first; understand the markets These innovations hold the promise to solve pressing to receive return of revenue. clinical problems in the fields of cardiac, gynaecology and neurocrtical care. Interview with Dr. Natarajan: Who inspired you to take interest in this area of research? My parents – both of whom are physicians, influenced What challenges did you face to grow the firm? and inspired me to take interest in medical field. It was during my training at the College of Bio-Medical For the first five years of i-biomed was purely research Engineering in Duke University at its Pratt School of oriented, mostly geared towards getting the products in Engineering, I started to see technology as a means to the market and thriving them. These years were not solve health related challenges. philanthropic and the net impact on human health was 84

not that lasting. First few years i-biomed was federally by U.S. News and World Report. Over 20,000 patients funded by NIH and all products are cleared by USFDA. have been cared for using the Vigilant system. Currently Originally contribution to the research supervision was IBT is developing an advanced dexterous prosthetic done by Dr. Nitish Thakor who has worked in the health system for upper extremity amputees, and over 200 care system. There technology is primarily sold in U.S., amputees are currently using one or more components of Canada & Europe and the challenges present in these this system. For the past several years, Ananth has also countries or continents are completely different that been an active angel investor and has helped fund over a those in India or Asia. dozen early-stage technology companies, primarily outside the life sciences arena. What's his best product service that he is proud of giving it to the community? Ananth has several publications, presentations, and patents to his credit. He has received the TR35 award Serving 20,000 patients using their susbsidiary vigilant from Massachusetts Institute of Technology's medical solutions is something Ananth is proud of Technology Review and the Duke University Engineering providing to the community. The second in line product Distinguished Young Alumnus Award. He has been service that he is proud of is the prosthetic batteries & featured in the Red Herring magazine in a cover story as RFID that have restored human life. one of \"5 Technology Innovators Changing the World.\" He is a member of the California Club, the Athenaeum, Use of big data to improve lives of cancer patients – is a the Economic Round Table, the Pasadena Angels, and the project on i-biomed's radar, that will assist in ways of Life Science Angels. looking into molecular diagnostics from a larger population to provide a response to treatment or cure. He serves as the President of the Caltech Associates, and This is their FUTURE's investment. also serves on the Board of Directors of Innovate Pasadena, Ikona Medical, Vigilant Medical (Chairman), The advice Ananth gives to all innovators is \"Surround and Scalable Wind Solutions (Chairman). In the past he yourself with good advisors and mentors.\" He further has served on the Boards of the Duke University Alumni advices, that build things that are impactful but they Association of Southern California, HIVE Lighting, the should not become a burden to stakeholders in terms of Pasadena Angels (Secretary), and the Pasadena resources or finances that might have them create barriers Symphony. He is Past President of the Physicians' Wine & to deploying them. Food Society and continues to serve on its Executive Committee. Profile: Dr. Natarajan is a physician and engineer who specializes Dr. Natarajan received his BSE in Biomedical in utilization of advanced technology to solve pressing Engineering and Electrical Engineering from Duke clinical problems. He founded Infinite Biomedical University (at age 18, with Distinction). He received an Technologies (IBT) in 1997 and served as the Chief MSE in Biomedical Engineering from Johns Hopkins Executive Officer of the company for over ten years. University and his MD from the University Of Chicago Funding for the company was provided by the National Pritzker School Of Medicine. Additionally, he completed Institutes of Health, which committed substantial capital his residency training in Obstetrics & Gynecology at the to IBT for development of its high-risk, high-reward University of Southern California. technologies. The company has developed neurocritical care monitors by and also spun-out a software company in the endoscopy space, Ikona Medical. The spin-out developed the first Dr. Ananth Natarajan , mobile reader application for capsule endoscopy on the Founder, Infinite Biomedical Technologies (IBT), Apple iPad™ platform. IBT also launched a healthcare information technology company (Vigilant Medical) San Marino, which provides medical image sharing for clients, California including four of the \"Top 10 Heart Hospitals\" as ranked 85

The Power of Purpose in Leading Transformational Change We live in a truly transformative age. Technology difficult to answer. There are two primary reasons for this. continues to disrupt our lives, our work, and our systems Firstly, we all too often tend to get stuck on career of governance. There are few problems we don't have treadmills that others have defined. We become technical solutions for now. Traditional challenges in accustomed to going where others have suggested we go, global health are being tackled. Global poverty has been following the paths others have created. We have gotten reduced dramatically, giving rise to new challenges of used to aspirations that seem reasonable, allowable, and distribution, inclusion and intra-country inequity. True possible for us. We have been taught from an early age to democracy is becoming possible in a way it never was conform and not to push too hard at the boundaries before. Radical transparency is now no longer a choice – it around us. And we have inadvertently subscribed to the is a necessity. Intentionally or unintentionally causing cultural, familial and organizational stories that harm to people and the planet is no longer tolerable. perpetuate this mindset of limitation and scarcity. As a Sooner or later it will be found out and called out. result, when we find ourselves in leadership positions, we Opportunities abound now for people all over the world end up inadvertently pursuing the aims set out for us, to step away from traditional choices and the security of rather than defining our own purposes. their tribes, and instead to follow their calling and larger purpose, causing schisms for those in more traditional Secondly, we have become creatures of doing. This is a societies. particular challenge of the modern age, in which the protestant work ethic has taken over. We have come to Despite coming from a traditional society myself, I have believe that more doing and achieving will lead to success been lucky to have experienced many different cultures and fulfillment. However, when we get caught up in doing, and contexts from an early age. I have initiated, led and we don't take enough time to be, to reflect, or to connect worked on many large and small transformational change with our deeper selves. It is only from a place of being that projects across multiple countries and continents. From we can tap into our deepest \"why\", our purpose, and our my work, it is clear that the more hierarchical approaches unique potential and destiny. to change are no longer viable. Instead, leaders are being called to a new type of leadership – conscious and There is an additional purpose-limiting factor for transformational leadership. Leaders are being called to emerging leaders from around the world - especially those inspire more, engage more, and co-create more. There is of us from more traditional cultures. I have noticed that power in this, for it unleashes and harnesses the when I work in cultures that are still mired in survival knowledge, wisdom and collective power of the group. It mode, people don't stop to ask themselves or each other spurs people to greater responsibility and accountability why they do what they do. They don't take time to inquire for themselves and those around them. And it unleashes into their deepest motivations and passions. It seems like a greater creativity, energy and momentum for positive luxury. It seems selfish and self-centered. It seems human evolution and development. somehow superfluous. But I know from personal experience, that it is not a luxury, it is a necessity. It is This new kind of leadership that is being called for is not absolutely essential if we are to do our best work in the easy, but it is essential in this transitional age. There are world, and realize not just one, but multiple larger several elements of effective transformational leadership, purposes that we uniquely can serve. but perhaps none more important than purpose. Therefore, this article discusses the power of purpose for To lead effectively, you must get clear on the larger leaders of transformational change, and provides some purpose you are serving. You must know to what end you suggestions on how to define your purpose. are working. How will you make people's lives better? How will your work address major local or global 1. Get clear on your purpose challenges? How will your leadership change the world? This sounds obvious and easy, and yet everywhere I have worked, when I have asked leaders questions such as \"Definiteness of purpose is the starting point of all \"what larger purpose are you serving?\", \"what does achievement.\" ~ W. Clement Stone success look like?\", \"how will the world be different once you have realized your aim?\", etc. leaders have found it 86

2. Make sure your purpose is your own Don't get stuck in someone else's purpose, or sense of what's possible for you. Find and live your own dream. Clarity of purpose is key, but it must come from you – Take time to ask what you are doing here, why you are from deep within you. It will become your guiding light. It here, and what uniquely you have to contribute. Take time will enable you to inspire and align others to your goals. to explore what excites you and what brings you joy. When And it will keep you clear, focused and energized when the you find the answer and act on it, you will find that you going gets tough. come alive. You will more easily engage with your whole self in your work, with clarity and definiteness of purpose. How do you find your personal purpose? In America, it is not uncommon for people to ask themselves \"what is my \"Don't ask what the world needs, ask what makes you passion?\", \"what do I want to do with my life?\", \"how come alive and go do it. Because what the world needs is might I follow my bliss?'. There is a sense of freedom and people who have come alive.\" ~ Howard Thurman possibility in the US that allows people to pursue these questions, and to keep growing, evolving and expanding 3. Dare to dream big and fully commit to your dream themselves and their dreams. In traditional cultures, there tends to be much less freedom, much less hope and Have you heard people say that there is a lack of visionary possibility, and much less time or support for the deep leadership, or that we need more leaders with vision? I internal reflection from which a true sense of personal cannot tell you how many times I have heard this over my purpose can arise. Instead there is pressure to comply with career. It always irks me, for it usually comes from leaders duty, and to confirm with cultural expectations and who can't see or nurture the aspiring visionary leaders in obligations, such as 'settling down' and living stable, their own organizations and communities. Instead, they secure and acceptable lives. reinforce the culture of conforming that suppresses those with the potential to be powerful, visionary leaders, and In traditional cultures, we have been led to believe that they inadvertently teach people not to articulate or step up success is security and stability, success is following the to their larger dreams, their larger sense of purpose. So few established and acceptable routes that exist for us, too many people get used to thinking small, acting small, success is remaining safe within the cocoon of the tribe and dreaming small – if they continue to dream at all. And and all that is acceptable to the tribe. Even though as a result they plan and play at levels far below their migration has opened up new routes and new possibilities, potential. many – particularly women, are still expected to conform to traditional routes and roles. I have experienced this myself in several organizations, and especially in those places where the stated or unstated This was brought home to me during a recent trip to Sri mission of the organization did not resonate with me Lanka, during which I took time to travel, to connect to enough to stay and conform. As a result, when my people and place that felt important for me at this pivotal intrinsic desire to learn and grow and experience was point in my life. During one conversation about family satiated in those places, it was an easy choice to move on to and how our lives had evolved, an Aunt looked at me new challenges and growth experiences. Curiously I have quizzically and said: \"but you have achieved everything also experienced this in organizations whose larger stated you wanted to haven't you?\" I was stunned by her purposes have been akin to my own, but where the lived comment. Despite 20+ years of work, more than half of purpose and values were not aligned with the stated which has been focused on realizing a better world for all, purpose or values. The resulting schism was confusing, the answer for me is a resounding no! I have barely begun. painful, and difficult to get out of, but it also provided For until fairly recently, I have been serving other people's useful contrast. If you are in a situation like this, you can paths and other people's purposes – ones that were often use the experience to learn and grow, and to contribute as worthy, but not truly my own. best you can, while you clarify, expand and prepare for your own dream. My true work has only just begun. I know this because I have done a lot of hard work over the last few years to This is not just an organizational challenge. It can also play connect to my core 'why', my reason for being, the things out among communities and countries. Sri Lanka is an that most move me and excite me, the things I can't bear to interesting case in point. The country has been through see stay the same. It has been a long and arduous journey, tremendous turmoil over the last few decades. While there but it has been an invaluable one – which is perhaps why I is peace now, there continues to be numerous political, love helping people find and connect with their personal economic, social and environmental challenges. However, 'why'. 87

what saddens me most is the lack of hope and the lack of truly our own, the reality of work and life is messy. It is so larger purpose across the island. I was deeply struck to easy to get caught up in the doing, in the messiness of hear young people state that their aspirations were to leave managing people, and in the daily fires that crop up, that Sri Lanka and get jobs overseas. No one I spoke to seemed we can easily lose sight of our purpose. When we do, the to aspire for more. No one felt meaningful change was chances of getting off track increase. And if we aren't possible. Even though some things were getting better keeping our purpose front and center, then chances are, (e.g. the roads), there was an overwhelming sense of no else on our team or among our key stakeholders is hopelessness, resignation and powerlessness pervasive either. throughout the country. Pride was at an all time low. A larger sense of purpose was completely missing. At this So it imperative to find ways to keep purpose front and pivotal time, when visionary, purposeful leadership is center. It can be pretty simple. Place a sticky note with being called for in Sri Lanka, most people, are not able to your purpose on it on your computer. Write a daily move beyond years of conditioning, constriction and fear. reflection on progress made towards your purpose each day, and make this a daily ritual. Develop a visual By way of contrast, Martin Luther King rose to representation of purpose that becomes a formal or prominence at a similarly challenging and hopeless time informal logo or motto. Start each meeting with a for African Americans. He dared to dream big. He created restatement of purpose. Ask each member of your team hope when there was none. He inspired people to step up to report progress or challenges in terms of how it relates and act with boldness and courage, no matter what to purpose. These small steps can help ensure every action personal challenge they might face. He didn't just have a taken is in furtherance of your larger purpose. vision of an end to violence and a better life for African Americans. He had a vast and expansive dream of true \"Vision without action is a daydream. Action without equality for all. He had a dream that was deeply rooted in vision is a nightmare.\" ~ Japanese Proverb the American dream and founding story, a dream of true freedom, prosperity and virtue for all. With his expansive In summary, transformational leadership can be hard. dream he was able to inspire and instigate change and Whether you are leading change as an entrepreneur, an transformation. Because of his belief in and commitment intrapreneur or an innovator within a larger organization, to his dream, others were willing to step into their own or from a position of public service, you know it can be hopes and dreams. They dared to stand up for what was tough going. Often times those around you will not right and true. They were willing to give their lives for a understand what you are doing, why you are doing it, or larger purpose, for their shared dream. why you have decided to lead at this time. You may well encounter challenges and obstacles on a daily basis, Dreaming alone is not enough. You must dream big. And particularly where social, cultural and political resistance when you do, you must truly commit to your dream. You are strong. So getting and staying clear on your unique must wholeheartedly commit to your larger purpose. purpose every day, every moment, and with every action is key. Stay connected to and committed to your purpose \"Until one is committed, there is hesitancy, the chance to daily, and make sure you make progress each day – draw back, always ineffectiveness. Concerning all acts of however small that day's progress may be. initiative and creation, there is one elementary truth the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid \"A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.\" plans: that the moment one definitely commits oneself, ~ Lao Tzu then providence moves too. All sorts of things occur to help one that would never otherwise have occurred. A Profile: Rashmir loves to work at whole stream of events issues from the decision, raising in boundaries and intersections. She one's favor all manner of unforeseen incidents, meetings is a global advisor, strategist, and material assistance which no man could have dreamed facilitator, educator and coach would have come his way. Whatever you can do or dream with over 20 years of experience you can, begin it. Boldness has genius, power and magic in working on market-based and it. Begin it now.\" ~ attributed to Goethe, but more likely multi-stakeholder strategies for an amalgamation of quotes realizing large scale change and 4. Stay connected with purpose transformation. She is a passionate speaker and advocate on leadership and personal development, sustainable This is perhaps the hardest thing about purpose. For even development, creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship though we may have a clear, compelling purpose that is 88

and whole systems transformation. by She is the Founder of Nsansa, a firm that advises and Rashmir Balasubramaniam coaches funders, investors, entrepreneurs and Founder, Nsansa, intrapreneurs on creativity, innovation and market-based London, strategies for realizing transformational change. She is UK also the founder of LPD Coach.com, a startup that provides leadership and personal development services to global leaders and conscious ® evolutionaries. Rashmir always seeks to lift aspirations and build individual and group capabilities to realize important purposes. She has demonstrated the ability to build trust and consensus with diverse cultural and multidisciplinary teams, groups and organizations. And she is as comfortable working with the disenfranchised and the poor, as with politicians, investors, entrepreneurs and business leaders. Rashmir spent five years at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she led an initiative on private sector engagement and market-based solutions across the Global Health & Global Development programs. She drove strategy development and managed a diverse portfolio of grants for the foundation's Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Program. She has worked with a wide range of organizations at global and local levels, including: International Planned Parenthood Foundation, PATH, Technoserve, World Bank, Hub (Seattle), Fledge (a conscious company incubator), and Startup Washington. Her work has ranged across water, sanitation, malaria, reproductive health, human resources for health, nutrition, agriculture, institutional development & social innovation/entrepreneurship ecosystem building. Rashmir is an Adjunct Faculty member of the Foster School of Business, University of Washington and Bainbridge Graduate Institute. She has taught and mentored in a variety of other schools and programs, including Middlebury College, the Indian Institute of Sustainable Enterprise, and Fledge, a conscious company incubator. She is a Director of Sightline Institute, a sustainability think tank in the Pacific Northwest, and Humanosphere, a global health and development news blog. Rashmir holds an MBA from Yale School of Management, a Diploma in Development Studies from University of London, and a BSc in Mathematics & Computer Science from University of Durham. A qualified Chartered Accountant (ICAEW), Rashmir also spent the first six years of her career in investment banking and finance in London with Ernst & Young, and Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette. 89

Living a Life Beyond Code by Nobody can dispute the fact that technology is changing Rajesh Shetty at a breathtaking speed. This change is introducing further CEO, Silicon Valley changes in every other walk of life. Technology professionals know this better than anyone else. What was California hot yesterday is old-fashioned tomorrow. However, that has not stopped technology professionals from going after skills that are “short time” at best. Going purely after technology skills is a recipe for failure. With globalization in full-swing, anyone with just technology skills will face serious competition from across the world. As technology breaks more boundaries everyday, work, as you can expect will move to place where there is quality at a reasonable price. Technology professionals will have no choice but to fiercely work to distinguish themselves. The focus of the talk is to answer just one question – In this age of rapid technology commoditization and globalization, what can technology professionals do to distinguish themselves and succeed? Technology Professionals (you or someone working for you) have to win the “Inner Game” and “Outer Game” for enjoying long-term success Winning the “Inner Game” will involve mastering the following: • Learn • Laugh • Leave a lasting impression • Look • Love Winning the “Outer Game” will involve mastering the following: • Leverage • Likeability • Listen • Lead Living a Life Beyond Code is not same as living without “code.” Mastering code is almost a given and the differentiator now is what you do beyond code. 90