Mosiacque Magazine September Final Edition

to illustrate the scale of its use in developing countries. It Spilling it on the skin can be equally as hazardous. Women is sold to you and me in a sealed bottle with \"caution\" and have proudly told me that they rub kerosene on their \"highly flammable liquid\" on the label. Oil companies and children’s heads rid them of lice. African governments do little to educate consumers on how to use it safely or warn of its perils. Controlled kerosene fires recently undertaken by South Africa’s Paraffin Association revealed that it takes just two It’s sold informally in market stalls and is bought and minutes for temperatures to reach 1000 degrees C and stored in disused Coke, water or liquor bottles. Women eight minutes for a corrugated tin shack to burn even buy it in flimsy plastic bags. completely. For shacks close together, it’s easy to understand why a fire spreads quickly. What chance do In South Africa, based on surveys and hospital records, emergency services have, even if they are available? between 1996 and 2001, it was estimated that 80,000 children ingested kerosene per year and 40,000 children With all the horrific outcomes caused by kerosene developed chemical pneumonia from drinking it. It’s perhaps the most heart-breaking are burn injuries. In further estimated that 4,000 children died. This number South Africa alone, an estimated 15,000 children survive has been reduced given South serious burn injuries every year. This figure does not include the many fatalities or anyone over the age of 12. Such statistics, however, are hard to come by even in South Africa. If data were collected over the whole of Africa, this number would surely be staggering. Africa’s aggressive electricity drive over the past 10 years. Burns are the worst type of injuries in terms of trauma That said, what about the rest of sub-Saharan Africa that because they are both excruciatingly painful and has nowhere near South Africa’s current 70% deforming. Severe burns cause major harm to motor skills electrification, the highest rate on the continent. The and development. At present South Africa is the only numbers could truly be staggering, but no one knows. No African country that can deal with large numbers of burn one is counting. injuries. Chris Hani Baragwaneth Hospital in Soweto, houses Africa’s most comprehensive burn unit with just Celestine, a 12-year-old girl in Rwanda told me that she 26-beds. According to the hospital, most children swallowed kerosene a few years ago believing it to be clean admitted to the burn unit are under the age of nine. water, something she’d never before seen. Further, she said that she worries what internal harm was caused by the The Johannesburg’s Institute for Social and Health incident. Sciences, claim injuries cost an estimated $US1 million in that city alone. Burn victims usually require multiple What I didn’t know at the time was that kerosene could surgeries. Add medical care to the cost of emergency leave her with lifelong heart problems and respiratory services, loss of time, loss of assets and loss of a house by ailments. She is lucky to be alive. Kerosene is a low- people who have no insurance, the true cost of kerosene viscosity hydrocarbon – which means that Celestine could use can never be calculated. have choked to death on the fluid or suffocated from the fumes emanating from her belly. According to the Hundreds of thousands of families have stories to tell like American Association of Poison Control Centers, those of Rose and Nyeri who have suffered heart- drinking kerosene can cause chemical pneumonitis, which breaking loss due to kerosene. They suffer in silence under requires several days or weeks on a respirator in a hospital the radar screen and no one is tracking them. These stories and can become a lifelong, debilitating condition. African should no longer be ignored or just accepted as mothers have told me that they give their children milk to unfortunate. They should be seen as an outrage to the drink, if they have some. dignity of the human person. Energy poverty and the gender bias Since 1999 I’ve headed a non-profit social enterprise called Lifeline Energy. Over the past five years while in the field in various African countries, I have spoken with hundreds of poor and vulnerable women and children about their household energy use and expenditure. What was reinforced with every group is that all technologies and the energies used to power them have a gender bias. 188

There are exceptions, but largely men are in charge of the non-communicable disease (NCD) category. Safe household security and buy batteries for their flashlights. I kerosene education receives woefully inadequate knew from years of distributing Lifeline’s solar and wind- attention from governments or the oil companies that sell up radios that men also buy batteries for radios and tend it. Comprehensive multi-media campaigns in local to control listening access. languages are needed to encourage women to take advantage of alternatives where they do exist and to teach In sub-Saharan Africa, kerosene (or paraffin as it’s also users ways to limit the health risks and exposure where known) is mostly a ‘woman’s fuel’. In rural areas a woman possible. School programmes should feature energy walks many miles to buy kerosene at the market. In urban safety as a mandatory part of the curriculum. settlements or slums, she buys it in as little as 10c increments or by the tablespoon - all that she may be able Education advances are severely hampered by the way to afford. Because of women’s work inside the home, they students must do their homework at night. Kerosene are constantly exposed to kerosene and its toxic fumes. burns the eyes and throat, making it impossible to study for more than a few minutes. A record number of children The result is that more than are entering or returning to school in sub-Saharan Africa, 1.6 million of the world’s poor yet an unintended consequence is that children are die each year from the effects potentially harming their eyes and lungs, and even risking of indoor air pollution, fires and burns, in an effort to earn good grades. according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This is Thrusting clean energy to the top of the caused from both cooking and international agenda lighting. This photo I took in Rwanda illustrates that if The health and economic consequences of prolonged kerosene from a tin can lamp exposure to kerosene are so grave that they infringe upon can blacken a wall, it is doing the basic human rights of women and children who have the same to lungs. no other viable energy alternatives. It is recognized in Article 25 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human All forms of non-renewable energy – kerosene, batteries, Rights that \"Everyone has a right to a standard of living candles, charcoal and firewood - constrain economic adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his development. When added to cell phone charging, fuels family.\" Access to clean water has been singled out as a key for lighting and cooking, energy can consume up to 60% factor that will determine the success of the Millennium of household incomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Women are Development Goals, which doesn’t even mention the subjected to a grinding cycle of abject poverty, one that is word „energy’. The United Nations General Assembly impossible to escape from if you’re spending big amounts has passed a resolution declaring water and sanitation a on non-renewables. While visiting rural homes I watched basic human right, but not access to clean energy. a mother nursing a baby next to a kerosene lamp. She To propel access to clean energy to the forefront of the didn’t realise that breathing international agenda, I believe that it must be declared a it is the equivalent of basic human right. Declaring access to energy a human smoking two packs of right reorganizes the lens through which the issue is cigarettes, or that two- viewed. It becomes not merely a goal or agenda item, but a thirds of all lung cancer substantial imperative to which every individual is victims in developing entitled. countries are non-smoking women according to WHO. The UN has declared 2012 as the International Year of One would think with its Sustainable Energy for All. By launching UN–Energy, the devastating consequences, UN states it is committed to ensuring universal access to modern energy services by 2030. It also aims to bring kerosene related illnesses, burns and deaths would be energy access innovation together with the correct policy tracked and monitored similar to HIV/AIDS, malaria and to reach a global scale, developing and deploying new and TB; however, this is not the case. Well-known illnesses appropriate solutions. These are important steps in the receive donor funding in poor countries whereas energy related illnesses are relegated to a footnote and fall into 189

right direction and many ground-breaking initiatives are Board of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, is a underway. Progress on grid and mini-grid electrification lifetime fellow of the World Technology Network and projects has commenced, but they often take years to received the 2005 James C. Morgan Global Humanitarian become operational with huge financial investments Award affiliated with the Tech Museum of Innovation in required. California. A graduate of the University of California, Pearson has attended Executive Education at Harvard Solutions already exist. Barriers to the effective delivery University and the Global Social Benefit Incubator at of modern energy services must be eliminated. Solar Santa Clara University. She has travelled to more than 90 LED lights and supporting energy services, as well as countries, 25 in Africa. energy-efficient cook stoves have already been developed for these markets. However, often steep duties, as much as 40%, and taxes or VAT varying between 12% in Botswana to 19.35% in Cameroon, making them unaffordable to the poorest.. With appropriate government oversight, reform of subsidies and duties, and equal gender participation in entrepreneurial initiatives transitioning from kerosene to renewable energy will create safer environments and economic opportunities. Kerosene and energy access are pressing human rights issues that governments and the international community are obligated to act upon with expediency to end the on- going struggle of women and children forced to use kerosene. There are many problems in the world that are extremely complex and difficult to solve. This is not one of them. With the right products, appropriate distribution and access to finance for the poor, the use of kerosene and the energy poverty that it perpetuates can become a thing of the past. Profile: by Kristine Pearson is the founding Kristine Pearson CEO of the award-winning Lifeline CEO, Chief Executive officer, Energy, a position she has held since 1999. An international social Lifeline Energy, Cape Town, enterprise based in London and Cape South Africa Town, Lifeline Energy provides technology solutions for off-grid learning. Pearson gives voice to women and girls by speaking about and advocating for pressing energy poverty and education issues at UN, World Economic Forum and other global conferences. Previously, Pearson held an executive with a South African banking group and was a consultant specializing in the development of women in business. Pearson is a Schwab Fellow of the World Economic Forum and served on the Forum’s Council for Disaster Mitigation and New Energy Architecture. Pearson was named by TIME magazine in 2007 as a Hero of the Environment. She serves on the Women's Leadership 190

The China Dream The China Dream, initiative will re-imagine prosperity World Economic Forum, says -there are two parts to and reshape consumerism in China. The goal is to catalyze sustainable consumption, the production and supply of a new aspirational lifestyle that is innately sustainable for sustainable products and services, and the consumption the emergent middle class in China. and demand for these services. So far most of the business focus tends to be on the supply side. The consuming class in China is exploding from 300 This is much more within their comfort =zone, and million today to 800 million in 2025. For This emerging within their control. The demand side of the equation is a middle class, the \"China Dream\" provides an alternative far more subtle play, yet promises the highest room for to the unsustainable conspicuous consumption lifestyle improvement for those that can influence and shape it.” of the West. The biggest levers towards reducing resource consumption are to drive radical increases in customer JUCCCE, an NGO accelerating the greening of China, is demand for sustainable products and to change the way the central convener of a growing cross---sector and products are used more efficiently. We need sustainable global coalition of contributors around a three---year plan consumerism. to reshape social norms through branding of a new A social movement that changes society's attitudes toward lifestyle story and to guide consumer behaviour through consumption requires, however, the largest levels of policies. collaboration of all the measures. The more types of stakeholders are required to collaborate, the harder it is to The Need for Sustainable Consumerism implement a change. In today's growing global marketplace, with it's ever--- To be successful in changing social norms, we need a diminishing resource stocks, one Danger is obvious: collaborative initiative such as China Dream and a demand is outstripping supply. convening platform such as JUCCCE. A worrisome statistic states that if all seven billion people Corporate thought leaders realize that the increasingly on earth lived like the average American, we would need constrained resources from Which their products are five planets to support us. derived reduces their profit margins. 2011 marked a step-increase in corporate interest to move Here's our conundrum: increases in living standards are tightly coupled with growth in resource consumption. beyond the supply chain to influencing consumer China's push out of poverty is creating double---digit behaviour. The China Dream, initiative is an actionable growth in Personal consumption and putting the world on path towards this goal. a path to resource devastation (let's call it what it is). Advertising and marketing agencies want to According to CLSA's China macro economist Andy demonstrate thought leadership about the ‘customer of Rothman, - Chinese consumers are spending freely. the future’ to their clients. Getting involved in visualizing Unprecedented income growth is the most important The China Dream gives them this advantage. factor supporting consumption. The Chinese Government has set numerical ambitious Over the past decade, real urban income rose 151%, while targets for reducing energy use and environmental real rural income rose 111%. During the period from protection. 2005 to 2010, retail sales increased at an average annual rate of 17.6%. China Dream Policy, recommendations offer a set of easily implementable nudges and guides that help meet Computer sales rose by a 15% Cagr during 2007---11. these targets. Fast---food sales rose 19% last year while sales of white goods rose 9% and cosmetics increased by 10%. China is Chinese Citizens are looking for a different path to the world’s fastest growing market for everything from harmonious happiness. China Dream allows everyone to carbonated soft drinks (14% last year) to SUVs (100%).” be a hero on the path to this aspirational harmonious lifestyle. As Group M’s video-U---holdable Chin” points out, every three days, two new Starbucks Open in China. In Beijing, The Plan: the sales at one shopping mall reached RMB 6B JUCCCE is simultaneously launching two efforts: (1) (~USD1B) in 2011. China is shifting from ‘made in China’ Shape social norms by creating and seeding a visual to ‘consumed in China’ and it is changing the world. lexicon for the new “China Dream”, & (2) Guide consumer behaviour by introducing local policies. Jonah Strategy to achieve Sustainable Consumption: Sachs, author of “Winning the Story Wars”7 explains why reimagining prosperity is needed. Randall Krantz, Head of Sustainability initiative at the 191

“Two of the biggest stories driving cultural development China’s 12th Five--Year Plan: Sustainability right now revolve around “nationalism” and initiatives “consumption”-these combine into the myth of the “citizen as consumer”, which was developed at a specific Energy: time for a specific purpose. Cut energy intensity by 16 percent per unit of GDP, increase non–fossil fuel energy sources from 8.3 percent In the post---War years, America was faced with an to 11.4 percent of primary energy consumption. economic crisis. We were all geared up to make lots of Pollution: stuff, too much, in fact. Yet thrifty, war---weary people Cut carbon intensity 17 percent per unit of GDP, reduce weren’t buying enough of the stuff we were making. sulphur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand by 8 Marketers were called in to solve the problem, and they percent, reduce ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxides by did, in a very clever way. 10 percent. Water: Consumption became the highest expression of Cut water intensity per unit of value---added industrial individual liberty and national pride. But, in the long run, output by 30 percent by 2015. this new cultural myth of the “citizen consumer” creates Forestry: deep anxiety and conflict. People end up building their Increase forests by 600 million cubic meters and forest identity and sense of self---worth around consumption. cover to 21.66 percent. The practical drawbacks are many-from out---of--- Profile: Peggy Liu control consumer debt, to declining levels of national happiness, to lack of environmental sustainability. But Peggy Liu, Chairperson and co- there are also big cultural conflicts as well. founder of JUCCCE, is an internationally recognized expert To solve big issues, like sustainability and climate change, on China's energy landscape. we have to give up part of our identity as the “citizen JUCCCE is a non-profit consumer” and find a new story. organization dedicated to changing the way China creates But that level of change is extremely difficult for people and uses energy, because a green on such a large scale, especially when the myth has been part of our national identity for so long… as long as we’re China is the key to a healthy world. JUCCCE is well- basing our sense of social progress and self---worth on a known for its effectiveness in carrying out system bad story, we’re going to keep facing problems in the changing programs and for fostering international future.” collaboration with China. In creating the China Dream, standard “sustainability” Time Magazine Hero of the Environment in 2008, a vocabulary such as “green”, “low carbon”, “eco- World Economic Forum Young Global Leader in 2009, friendly”, “environmentally friendly” is not used. the Hillary Laureate of 2010 for climate change Rather, the word “sustainability” is replaced by leadership, a Forbes \"Women to Watch in Asia\" in 2010, a “harmony”. Harmony is further defined by “balance” , Huffington Post \"Greatest Person of the Day\" in 2011, a “flow”, and “respect”. These word choices are important top 25 innovative business leaders of China Business because they resonate with Chinese culture and tap into News Weekly 2012. deep traditional Chinese values. In Chinese press, she has been recognized as a green consumer” myth by creating an entirely different myth leader on covers and in features such as Global Times for China's middle class to follow- the “Harmonious (“Green Goddess”), Beijing Tatler (“Green Miracle”), Happy Dream”. Vogue China (“4 Women Who Will Change the World”), Psychologies (“10 Green Handkerchiefs award”), The power of the China Dream initiative is that it is asking L'Officiel, Elle, Good Housekeeping, Rui Li, Southern people to make a change as a Matter of national identity, People Weekly, Shanghai Daily, The Bund, 21st Century rather than as a matter of environmental consequences. Herald, China Daily, QQ, Sohu.com. The “China Dream” is more than a sustainable lifestyle it by is creating a national identity that overlays a 5000 year old Peggy Liu culture on top of modern realities. It is giving voice to the Chairperson “China Dreamers”---the newly minted 800 million middle Joint US-China Collaboration on Clean Energy (JUCCCE) class. Beijing , China 192

Which future do we want ? There was a long expectation to the United Nations Since 1992, the world population has grown up 27% or Conference on Sustainable Development – the so-called 1.5 billion, from 5.5 billion to 7 billion of people, while the Rio+20. Preparatory negotiations had a sense of a real CO2 emissions raised up 36%, from 22 billion to 30 dialogue and willingness to find common ground. Few billion tonnes per year. Along the population growth, the key deliverables would make a difference: defining food and energy demand also intensified other social sustainable development goals (SDGs) as a central feature issues, such as equity, extreme poverty and lack of access of a post-2015 development framework, exploring green to basic resources, which enhanced the current economy policy options to advance sustainable Conference discussion on a sustainable development development and eradicate poverty, and to make perspective. The Rio+20 Conference aimed to renew the decisions on key elements of the international institutions political commitment to sustainable development, needed to support such governance. There was a vast analyse its progress, identify implementation gaps, and array of topics to be addressed under such umbrella: food address new challenges. In order, theses efforts envisage security and sustainable agriculture, energy, oceans, finding an alternative to overcome the damages imposed gender equality and women's empowerment, and by the consumption, the unrestrained development and education. The necessary means of implementing action the urbanizations, at least some of it, as most of the harm were on the table, including initiatives to strengthen is probably irreversible. Contributing to announce the financing, technology transfer and capacity building. UN urgency of this matter, the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urged as a priority for a Environnmntal Programme – UNEP - launched the new model that offers growth and social inclusion, also GEO-5 (Global Environmental Outlook), a report which more respectful of the planet's finite resources. assessed 90 of the most important environmental Stakeholders were encouraged to make and implement objectives around, pointing out the failure of the voluntary commitments at Rio+20 in order to get to what countries to reach goals and target established until that the main document stated in its title: The future we want. moment, since only 4 out of that total have made significant progress. The document was launched two However, as the conference started, the pace of the weeks before the Conference, the opportunity was also talks did not accelerate accordingly. Official negotiations used to consequently urge the government to create more could not match the demands from the civil society, as ambitious targets or even toughen the ones already in shown by the Rio Dialogues. An initiative of the hosting progress, which have been mostly not completed. Brazilian Government, supported by the United Nations, the Dialogues attempted to create a bridge between major The UNCSD was focused on two themes: (a) a green groups (social networks, the business community and economy in the context of sustainable development and other stakeholders) and the official proceedings of poverty eradication; and (b) the institutional framework Rio+20. for sustainable development. These two when unraveled could result in basically any topics related to development, The United Nations Conference for the Sustainable environment, economy or social aspects. Indeed one Development or Rio+20, celebrates the 20th anniversary common concern among experts in the preconference of the Earth Summit and the 40th of the Stockholm UN moment was that the ?poverty eradication? would be Conference on Human Environment. In 1972, applied as an excuse to avoid discussing the interrelated developing nations trumpeted their right to pollute, in consequences of the unsustainable development. order to catch up with levels of development of the OECD countries. In 1992, the major concern was to However, the controversy around the potential of the define the worldwide environmental status. Important so called “green economy” was actually one point that agreement aroused from this Conference, adopted by created great polemic. Synthesized as way to present a new over 178 governments: the Agenda 21 (an action plan to perspective to analyze the close relation between address human impacts on environment), the United economy and sustainability green economy is seen Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change differently when considered by the various segments. (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity Several governments and international organizations, as (CBD) and the Convention to Combat Desertification UN, present green economy as a tool to pursuit the intra (UNCCD). In 2002, governments agreed at the World and intergenerational equity, since it implies in attributing Summit for Sustainable Development in the relevance to all economic, social and environmental Johannesburg Plan of Implementation to reaffirm their objectives when deciding policies, in the both public and commitments on Agenda 21 efforts. private sectors. 193

Following this pattern, each time more companies We have fully agreement that mandatory targets based on become adherents of this view. They noticed that it might specific and measurable objectives have a rather higher not only be a model of production that would take into rate of success, as indicated in GEO-5. However, the account the environmental limitations, it could be a way to document signed in the Conference did not establish increase the production and to produce more efficiently mandatory goals or specific commitments for the States with global support. In other words, it has finally been that is why many considered it insufficient in the ambit of realized that green economy can bring a refreshing boost People's Summit. in the development, which is great valued in such times of crisis. A more participative model would create new Several major groups engaged into side-events at investments, improved technologies and a renewed Rio+20. An important major group was present in the economic euphoria, all important factors in the attempt to event were the subnational governments. Not only taking restore the economic growth and control. part in the national delegation for the Conference, states, regions and cities participated in the whole process that Nevertheless, a great part of the civil society, reunited composed the Rio+20. It was incredible to notice how at the People's Summit, and some States tended to decline relevant these actors have become lately. During that the transition to the green economy as a miraculous short week, subnational governments articulated alternative to the world's situation. Many question the themselves in meetings and activities to discuss and efficacy of strategies based on the market, emphasizing exchange local practices, also discussing the very own that the human aspect should also be considered as an themes of the Conference. Under these circumstances, is integrated aspect to define the directions to be followed. increasing the theory of how these governmental unities They accused this solution of being only an alternative to outside the national level may contribute positively to the save the capitalism, representing the maintenance of the determination of effective instruments in the current patterns of consumption and the monetization composition of a new paradigm of development. There of the natural resources, therefore, claiming the are at least two fundamental roles that subnational persistence of accumulated wealth in the hands of the governmental must play in this context. First they are the corporations. Furthermore, internationally, they affirmed direct responsible for delivering concrete policies to be that it could affect negatively the low-development applied in their level, and in this sense they have been countries by the exposure to greater vulnerabilities. particularly important in institutionalizing the common expectations for cleaner and low-carbon actions. Besides, The main product of the Rio+20, through its subnational governments must induce and ensure that the institutional aspect was the document The Future We urban and regional development features are included in Want, signed by the States. It was a result of a series of the national agenda. This spirit for mobilization was negotiation between the UN members, also with attested in the encounters of international networks, such contributions sent by the civil society and other as the Climate Group, nrg4SD and ICLEI, where the organizations. Basically the declaration was celebrated for regions participated by promoting commitments among not bringing major regressions. The important decisions its members through the signature of declarations. to respond the situation that is confirmed at every moment by new scientific data were left for the future, A major piece in the Rio20 puzzle was the future of since the main resolution summarizes the process that will multilateralism and international governance, especially in still define the Sustainable Development Goals to replace the environmental area. There was no consensus on the the Millennium Development Goals after 2015. borderline between international law and national sovereignty. The tip of this iceberg was the discussion of The document was considered a victory to the how to strengthen the role of UNEP. The recognizably multilateralism by the organizers; it included the position low-funded and underpowered UN Program got a push at of the several parts that participated in the negotiation Rio+20, what might be considered a key accomplishment process and accordingly would have demonstrated the by some but yet a move falling short of upgrading to a inclination of States to consider the relevance of the specialized agency. The text drafted in Rio calls for theme. In the words of the Brazilian negotiator André UNEP's financial situation to be strengthened, although Corrêa do Lago, it represented “the consensus that the not specifying how. As a U.N. program, UNEP relies on world needs to change”, aside this obvious assertive, “voluntary” funding, while specialized agencies such as President Dilma Roussef called it a “starting point” from the World Health Organization, like the U.N. itself, are which we may demand progress from the nations. financed through “assessed contributions” from member 194

states. The promotion of Nairobi, Kenya-based UNEP up the U.N. hierarchy was long proposed by European countries but opposed by the United States. The official document of Rio+20, conversely to previous conferences, was political but not mandatory. Many heads of state did not attend the Conference, more concerned with the economic crisis, electoral campaigns and other topics that reinforce strong domestic hostility to action on climate and other environmental issues. Brazilian negotiators were accused of using strong-arm tactics at Rio+20 to secure a deal before heads of state start arrived. The ghost of the Copenhagen Climate Change talks — which ended with disappointment and recriminations — was still present, driving the attempt to force through an agreement, despite risks it could backfire. Other delegates were more sympathetic to Brazil’s efforts to reach a compromise. Europe, South Korea and Japan would like to see more concrete goals, timelines and measures to achieve a green economy, countering the risks posed by degrading ecosystems and diminishing resources that could be approaching a tipping point. New Zealand pushed for more ambition on issue like the removal of fossil fuel subsidies. In the end, consensus brought about some proposals to strengthen UNEP, manage the world's oceans and establish sustainable development goals, what appeared to mark progress after weeks of procedural wrangling and divisions between rich and developing nations. Civil society has criticized the watered-down final document, weak to lift people out of poverty and stop environmental degradation. Expected to advance in relation to previous commitments – especially those from Rio 92 - the recognition of these in the final text was considered a victory. Twenty years after Rio and Forty after Stockholm, it is still unclear what future we want. by Dr. Oswaldo Lucon in colbration with Rodrigo Messias And Ana Baccarin University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Brazil 195



Climate Change and Developing Countries In recent years, climate change has received significant Changes in extreme weather and Confidence in projected changes and increasing attention, in terms of, both, its possible climate events (during the 21st century) impacts on humans, ecosystems, and economies, and the Higher maximum temperatures and Very likely scale of efforts that will be needed to tackle and mitigate more hot days over nearly all land this problem. Climate change is driven by the areas Very likely accumulation in the Earth's atmosphere of heat trapping Higher minimum temperatures, fewer (“greenhouse”) gases (GHG) resulting from cold days and frost days over nearly Very likely anthropogenic activities. Carbon dioxide (CO2), mostly all land areas the product of the combustion of fossil fuels for energy Reduced diurnal temperature range Very likely, over most areas use, is the single largest contributor to the problem, over Very likely, over many areas accounting for about 60% of the direct radiative forcing most land areas Likely, over most mid -latitude of all greenhouse gases. (I) Thus, the climate issue is Increase of heat index over land areas continental interiors. (Lack of intimately linked to the energy sector. More intense precipitation events consistent projections in other areas) The most recent data indicates that CO2 levels in the Increased summer continental drying Likely, over some areas atmosphere now exceed 380 parts per million by volume and associated risk of drought (ppmv), a significant rise from the pre-industrial Likely, over some areas concentration of about 280 ppmv (and other greenhouse Increase in tropical cyclone peak wind gases have also shown significant rise in atmospheric intensities concentrations). Over the last century, global mean Increase in tropical cyclone mean and surface temperatures have risen by about 0.8 °C, with the peak precipitation intensities two hottest years on record, 1998 and 2005, having come in the last decade. (ii) At the same time, manifestations of Source: IPCC, Summary for Policymakers: A Report of a warming planet and changing climate have become Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on more apparent -- for example, the reduction of snow Climate Change (2001). cover and ice in the northern latitudes and changes in precipitation patterns. Such changes in the climate could have enormous human, ecological, and economic impacts. For example, more Scenarios developed by the International Panel on intense rainfall could lead to floods and landslides and Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that global mean surface also contribute to greater erosion. Rise in mean temperatures will increase anywhere between 1.4 to 5.8oC temperatures could change disease patterns and affect over the 21st century. (iii) This will be accompanied by an agricultural productivity. More frequent and intense estimated sea-level rise of about 0.1 to 0.9 meters, coastal storms could cause enormous damage to human increased variances in temperature and precipitation settlements, coastal ecosystems, and result in loss of life. patterns, further reductions in snow cover as well as polar and sea-ice in the Northern hemisphere. (iv) At the same A particularly important aspect of a changing climate is time, there are likely to be significant changes in extreme the geographic variability of the impacts. Northern climate and weather events (see Table 1). There is also the latitudes, for example, have seen an increase in potential for large-scale and possibly irreversible changes precipitation over the last century while many tropical such as a slowdown of the North Atlantic thermohaline areas, especially in Africa, have seen significant decreases. current, reductions in (or collapse of) the Greenland and (vi) Thus different countries (or areas within countries) West Antarctic Ice sheets, and release of carbon from will see different kinds of changes, and even for a permafrost regions. (v) particular category of change, different areas will see different magnitudes of changes. Table 1 Some possible changes in extreme weather and climate events over 21st century and confidence in Developing countries may experience particularly projections. problematic changes (such as reduced precipitation that could lead to droughts). At the same time, humans and natural systems in these countries are often already weak or under stress. This combined with a lack of adaptive capacity to respond proactively to reduce the potential for impacts or reactively to limit the damages from any specific events leads to significant vulnerability to climate change. As the IPCC states, “the impacts of climate change will fall disproportionately upon developing 196

countries and the poor persons within all countries…. Carbon Factor (tons CO2/toe)3.50 Populations in developing countries are generally exposed to relatively high risks of adverse impacts from climate 3.00 World 1975 change. In addition, poverty and other factors create OECD1977 conditions of low adaptive capacity in most developing 1979 countries.” (vii) The role of scientific research in 2.50 Japan 1981 understanding the global climate system, how it might United States1983 respond to increased GHG concentrations, and what of 1985 kind climate impacts might ensue cannot be understated. 2.00 Sub-Saharan Africa 1987 Such understanding is critical to try and understand what China1989 kind of adaptation activities should be undertaken. 1991 1.50 India 1993 At the same time, there is also an increasing recognition 1995 of the need to stabilize “greenhouse gas concentrations in 1.00 1997 the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous 1999 anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” [viii] Year Given that the emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels (mostly from the energy sector) are a major Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. contributor to climate change and that fossil fuels account for almost 80% of the global energy supply, stabilizing Meeting the challenge of stabilizing greenhouse gas levels GHG concentrations will require a significant in the atmosphere at levels commensurate with the goals reorientation of energy systems. of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will require accelerated There has already been a decline in the energy intensity improvements in the energy system. For example, it has (i.e., energy use per unit GDP) worldwide, although with been estimated that even if global energy intensity of significant differences among countries (as illustrated in GDP declined at 2 percent per year over the next century, Figure 1a). While energy intensity worldwide has stabilizing CO2 levels at 550 ppmv (the most discussed declined at over 1.3% per year over the last three decades number since it corresponds to a rough doubling from the (with the oil crises of the 1970s being a major driver of the pre-industrial concentration) would still require a 3-fold enhancement of the rates of these declines), [ix] the increase in carbon-free energy supply by 2100. [xi] carbon factor (i.e., carbon emissions per unit energy used) has declined by only 0.4% per year over the same period GHG mitigation will require the implementation of a (Figure 1b). [x] range of technologies and practices (e.g., more efficient conversion and use of energy, low GHG-emitting Figure 1a: Energy-intensity trends for key technologies, carbon capture and storage, and countries/groups, 1975-2000 improvements in land use, land-use change, and forestry practices), many of which currently exist. In fact it has been pointed out that appropriate use of currently available technologies could realize sufficient gains over the next half century to limit the global emissions trajectory consistent with the goal of avoiding the doubling of pre-industrial concentrations of carbon. [xii] 0.50 1.00 But the implementation of new, improved, or existing technologies with a lower climate impact is limited by a Energy intensity 0.40 0.80 World number of barriers: economic, political, technical, (ktoe/million 2000 PPP$) OECD institutional, financial, behavioral, etc. The economics of 0.30 0.60 Japan GHG mitigation are clearly the dominating issue, given United States that the costs of meeting the appropriate stabilization 0.20 0.40 Sub-Saharan Africa targets may be substantial (with the exact cost depending China on the specific pathway): reaching a stabilization target of 0.10 0.20 India 550 ppmv is estimated to be between 100 and 800 trillion dollars over the next century (1990US$, present value 0.00 0.00 discounted at 5% p.a. from 1990-2100); reaching a tighter 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 stabilization target of 450 ppmv, which many are Year suggesting will be the level required to avoid dangerous climate change, could cost between 350 and 1,750 trillion Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. dollars). [xiii] Figure 1b: Carbon-factor trends for key countries/groups, 1975-2000 197

These barriers could be overcome by a range of actions: can help tackle climate change, it must also be understood R&D to lower costs of low-climate-impact technologies that there are no simple fixes to this problem. Real and make them more competitive with existing options; progress on climate change will likely be impossible the development of suitable policies or incentives for without concomitant progress on sustainable adoption that could help lower costs through development. But that's the discussion for another time... technological learning; availability of financing options to make these technologies more accessible to consumers; [i] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), overcoming institutional barriers such as technology lock- Summary for Policymakers: A Report of Working Group in; efforts to change consumer attitudes and behavior I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change towards the use of energy require technologies; and (2001). appropriate political support for such activities. [] [ii] See http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/. Realizing the potential of technological options generally [iii] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change requires a number of actions and policies to be (IPCC), Summary for Policymakers: A Report of undertaken in concert, which is non-trivial in practice. Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Also, while much attention is paid to implementation of Climate Change (2001). new technologies and systems, modification of consumer [iv] Ibid. attitudes and behavior that guide their energy-use [v] IPCC, Summary for Policymakers: A Report of patterns has not received as much attention despite its Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on importance. For example, GHG emissions from Climate Change (2001). transport derive from the vehicle technologies in use as [vi] Ibid. well as the total vehicle-miles traveled. In the arena of [vii] IPCC, Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report: passenger cars (whose use dominates the GHG emission Summary for Policymakers (2001). from transport), technological improvements have been [viii] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate directed towards improving the performance of vehicles Change (UNFCCC, 1992). rather than their fuel efficiency, and at the same time the [ix] Changes in energy intensity in most countries can be number of vehicle-miles traveled has continued to attributed to a combination of two factors: one, structural increase, leading to continued increases in fuel changes in the economy (whereby a shift away from consumption and concomitantly GHG emissions in this energy-intensive activities, such as manufacturing, sector. towards the service sector reduces the energy intensity, as has been the case in most industrialized countries over the Unfortunately, for developing countries, the GHG- past few decades; conversely, an increase in the mitigation challenge comes at a time when there are contribution of energy-intensive activities such as already other more pressing challenges facing the energy manufacturing to the GDP increases the energy intensity sector. At the same time, a climate-based reorientation of of the economy, as in the case of South Korea in the 1970 the energy sector would require new technologies (such as and 1980s), and two, changes in the efficiency of energy those for clean-coal-based power generation, carbon conversion and end-use. capture and storage, and other non-GHG-emitting In the case of India and China, an increase in the carbon options such as solar photovoltaic) that will mostly be factor is due to the increasing share of fossil fuels (and developed in the industrialized countries, since decreasing share of biomass) in the energy mix of these developing countries do not have the appropriate countries. technological capabilities to do so. Transfer of [x] Holdren, J.P. U.S. Climate Policy Post-Kyoto: technologies from industrialized countries to developing Scientific Underpinnings, Policy History, and the Path countries also has to contend with issues such as poor Ahead. 18(3) Aspen Institute Congressional Program, 7- adaptation, higher costs, and further marginalization of 24 (2003). indigenous technology development. [xi] Pacala, S. and R. Socolow, Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Thus, even as the challenges posed by climate change are Current Technologies, 305 SCIENCE, 968-72 (2004). daunting, S&T can indeed play a role in helping us meet [xii] IPCC, Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report: them through better elucidation of the economic, social, Summary for Policymakers (2001). and human impacts that might result from a changing climate and through the development and deployment by oftechnologies that could help mitigate the build-up of GHGs in the atmosphere. But in the end, while S&T Dr. Ambuj Sagar IIT Delhi 198

Renewable Energy Development in Rural India: A Case Study of Wind Energy in Tamil Nadu India is one of the few developing nations in the world however, is that although the program is currently that is uniquely positioned to make a large impact on succeeding, it experienced a significant decline and then global climate change with its increasing energy demands had to overcome serious barriers in order to be beneficial and burgeoning middle class. Rather than following the to village communities. This is called the boom-bust cycle, western development model in providing energy access which is the most common failure in RE frameworks for its 1.1 billion people, India has the climatic resources (Mellon 57). This paper identifies the barriers to the necessary for renewable electrification of rural village success of renewable energy projects in these regions and communities. India is the only country in the world to what positive impacts the projects created even with the have a Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources; the barriers in place. domestic wind and solar industry is growing by leaps and bounds. However, there are significant barriers to the implementation and maintenance of renewable energy projects in village communities. One case study on the successes of and barriers to renewable energy project development is analyzed: the Tamil Nadu wind energy scheme. According to Maithili Iyer, a researcher at the U.S Figure 2. Megawatt Production by Year in Different Department of Energy, “Although having wind potential Indian States (courtesy of Maithili Iyer) would be a pre-requisite for investors to find a particular prospect lucrative to invest in, if appropriate policies are Tamil Nadu – Wind Power not in place, it would most likely not happen”. Figure 1 RE experts consider Tamil Nadu the best example of shows the current status of wind energy development successful regional wind farms in India; Tamil Nadu contrasted in different states of India to their potential. currently has the highest wind energy production and Tamil Nadu is the only state that has realized its maximum supply to the national power grid. Tamil Nadu presently potential, due to the policies that were already put into generates half of India’s wind power, which is about 2% place by the Tamil Nadu state government. The rest of of India’s entire energy supply, and has more than half of the states have low actual installations, although the all India’s wind turbine capacity (Ferrey 134). Since Tamil potential realized of Maharashtra is increasing. Nadu is currently dominating the Indian wind energy sector, other states are attempting to competitively start As Tamil Nadu was the first region to undergo a “boom”, wind farm sites. Tamil Nadu is state with an area of project outcomes and data are readily available whereas 130,058 sq. km on the southern tip of India, bordered by the other state projects are still in the financing stage in the states of Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the creating venture funds for wind developers. The mistakes northwest, and Andhra Pradesh to the north. made during the implementation of wind electrification of Tamil Nadu can serve as examples for other states Tamil Nadu is also home to Chennai, the fifth largest city seeking to follow Tamil Nadu. The graph in Figure 2 in India. As of 2006, more than 7,000 MW can be shows the decline of megawatts produced by wind in generated by the Tamil Nadu system, and under normal Tamil Nadu during the mid-nineties; the set of state-level conditions it can serve a daytime peak load of 6,800 MW. incentives and policy packages had a great impact on About 86% of villages have electricity, although less than investment in Tamil Nadu during the peak period of half of the households are electrified (Ferrey 134). The 1992-1995. climate of Tamil Nadu is perfectly situated for ample wind farm success. A consistent and steady wind is Figure 1.Wind Potential and Installed Capacity versus necessary for a successful wind site. As there is a highly Potential Realized of Indian States (courtesy of Maithili uneven distribution of wind speed over the country, wind Iyer) What is unique about the Tamil Nadu story, energy cannot be installed everywhere in India. Due to the limitations of available RE technologies, the only Indianlocations for flourishing wind sites are in the states of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andra-Pradesh, and Kerala (Wind Resource Prediction Project). 199

Tamil Nadu’s proximity to ideal wind conditions makes regressed. Reasons for this decline were the increasing the region the most successful site for wind in the entire cost of land for installing wind turbines and the addition country. Locations of wind farm sites are chosen of too many wind farms at existing sites. Thus, the according to latitude, altitude, and duration of the Government of India (GoI) reduced tax concessions, summer season, especially with respect to monsoon which led to a tax benefit reduction for investors. winds. However, a site cannot simply be chosen because it is very windy. Due to the highly uneven distribution of Lack of maintenance began “the shutting down of wind wind speed over the country, a balance between the turbines even during peak wind speed periods with loss of extremes of excessive winds and unproductive winds generation and hence revenue loss to the wind farm must be achieved for project success (Tapping the Wind- owners” (Jagadeesh 161). Maintenance problems and India). Wind prediction monitors and assessment must be especially rotor blade failures led to expensive repairs. In utilized before plans of harnessing wind energy are made addition, banks began tightening credit when the demand for implementation. for generated power did not rise as quickly as the supply and a disproportionate hike in interest rates was imposed Growth of Wind Farms by IREDA for loans (Jagadeesh 161). During 1995-1996, Tamil Nadu underwent a boom when wind farms with an installed capacity of 282 MW were set Barriers to Wind Energy Installation Development up. In 2000, the Tamil Nadu state had 770 MW of 992 Wind developers use the Geographical Information MW wind power capacity in the whole country. Some of System (GIS) to place wind farms. The GIS is a computer the initiatives that led to the wind farm boom in Tamil system tool for capturing, storing, analyzing and Nadu included strong wind sites, proximity to towns to managing data that are spatially referenced to the earth. bring labor, and highways, and a grid network that is well Wind productivity is based on terrain elevation, exposure, connected by Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency slope, and orientation to prevailing winds. The National (TEDA). The demand for textiles and cement increased Wind Energy Resource Assessment Program to provide materials for the building of wind farms. (NWERAP) provides industries and consultants As a result, the textile and cement industry developed information for site and wind farm layout. Since there are large profits. In addition, the textile and cement industry no specific guidelines for appropriate wind farm also created a demand for energy, as these industries need mapping, India has collaborated with wind farm pioneers abundant power that the wind farms could supply. such as Denmark and the Netherlands (Iyer 154). Wind energy may seem a less attractive investment to electric The wind farms provided a steady supply of energy to the utilities than power sources because the times of peak industries, where before power cuts were frequent. The availability of wind resources in a given location may not nearby availability of maintenance services also put coincide with the times of peak demand for electricity. investors at ease. Investors felt comfortable with the service of machines and the confidence of private wind There have been instances of maintenance scheduled for farm developers increased (Jagadeesh 158). The World the windiest months of the year, which leads to an overall Bank Indian Renewable Resources Development Project loss in energy generation (Iyer 165). There are many helped raise awareness among investors and banking different barriers toward implementing wind energy institutions, which led to more financing of RE projects. The GoI supported wind energy projects for technologies. their sustainability, social, and environmental benefits, without reference to economic benefits. When comparing Decline of Wind Farm Installation the life-cycle costs of wind and conventional power While the wind farm boom led to the intense systems, wind is competitive, though it is more costly in manufacturing of wind turbines in Tamil Nadu, during the short-term (Jagadeesh 162). Project financing is a the late nineties there began a steady decline of wind farm large constraint that wind energy developers face. installation, or the “bust” part of the cycle. A major Investment is less readily available for RE technology reason for this decline was the availability of land. than conventional energy, because it is cheaper and there According to Maithili Iyer, “If the process of acquisition is less risk involved. RE projects also “tend to be small and allotment of land is cumbersome with delays, wind transactions, require more time and effort to bring to developers who are looking to avail the tax benefits, lose investment quality than large conventional projects, and the key incentive to invest” (Personal communication). often involve less familiar technologies” (Flavin and Aeck There are other states in India that have great wind 37). The tariff is also a great concern; when the indirect potential, but due to the price of land, installation has subsidization of State Electricity Boards through lower tariff are corrected, a level playing field can make wind systems commercially viable and competitive (Jagadeesh 200

162). Many failures also come from very complex system of the technical knowledge and capital equipment in designs applied to early pilot projects, and a lack of India. Although India is fiercely competing in the wind sustainability in the smaller communities with limited energy market, it is slowing down compared to resources. “For example, if the technical estimates of the international competition. performance of a wind energy project prove overly optimistic, revenues may fall short of expectations and “Technologies are imported and put into production and the borrowers may be unable to service their debt” (Iyer if productivity is unable to keep pace with international 166). In order to compensate for the risk, lenders charge competition, advanced technologies are imported again. relatively high rates of interest and demand large amounts As a result, technology transfer costs always remain high of equity for projects and in turn, investors demand in proportion to production costs” (Iyer 74). higher rates of return on their equity. “How quickly Numerous wind manufacturing companies in India has investors want their loans repaid and what rate of return set up joint collaboration with wind manufacturers in they require can affect the feasibility of a wind project” Europe. As shown in the Table 1, many of the Indian (Iyer 174). companies have adopted the names of the foreign companies in part to pay give reference toward the The expensive costs of R&D of wind energy have kept international companies helping to boost the wind the prices of distribution high. The high cost of economy in India, but also in part for the Indian technology, subsidies, inadequate budgetary allocations, companies to be competitive themselves. and inadequate emphasis of R&D for technologies for the rural sector are reasons for the slow dissemination of India’s liberalized foreign investment policy has provided RE technologies (Neudoerffer et. al 372). Lack of positive for rapid technology transfer and the development of track records, detailed knowledge, project industrial capacity (Bakshi 207). However, wind power implementation models, financial sustainability, market, development remains dependent on government policies. funding for technology development, engineering tools Companies are liable for paying a minimum tax on profits, for customizing systems, and generalized reported which reduces the benefit from the tax shelter that experience are large barriers (Jagadeesh 162). This is investments provide. problematic for villages, as fossil fuel resources and the technology to harness wind are both limited, restricting Indian Company their access to energy. ------------------------------------------- Arul Mariamman Textiles Ltd. Generally, the GoI encourages large-scale private Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. investment, but operational efficiency has not been a Das Lagerway Wind Turbines primary goal. Incentives have been more geared toward Enercon (India) Ltd. increasing investments than the operation and NEPC-Micon Ltd. performance of existing wind farms (Iyer 154). The REPL Enegineering Ltd. decline in wind farm development can be attributed to Suzlon Energy Ltd. factors such as “inadequate capacity of substations, weak TTG Industries Ltd. distribution connections, poor maintenance, inadequate Textool Co. Ltd. facilities for repair, rotor blade failures due to RRB Vestas manufacturing defects and lightning, and control system Windia Power Ltd. failures due to disregard for grounding regulations” Control & Jacobs Wind Energy Ltd. (Martinot 4). Collaborator and Country --------------------------------------------- The Netherlands and Denmark (both of which are top Wind World, Denmark wind turbine producers), and the World Bank (loaned Nordex, Denmark through IREDA) financed many of the wind projects in Lagerway, The Netherlands Tamil Nadu (Jagadeesh 162). However, when the Danish Enercon GmbH, Germany International Development Agency (DANIDA) Micon, Denmark withdrew an offer of funding to finance wind turbines Bonus, Denmark through direct lending in 1997, wind farm targets were Sudwind GmbH, Germany scaled down. The transfer of technology from Husummer Schiffswerft, Germany industrialized countries to India has accounted for much Nordtank, Denmark Vestas, Denmark Nedwind, The Netherlands Jacobs Energie, Germany 201

Table 1. List of Wind Turbine Manufacturers (Iyer 167) for wind farms, and in the early 1990s, the price of land for a windmill has soared to US$6,620 from about “Subsidies offered by the Indian government through tax US$880 (Watts 4). These costs are huge barriers to rural breaks, lower import duties on equipment and cheap wind energy implementation. In the figure below (Figure loans keep prices competitive” (Watts 6). These subsidies 3), it is apparent that in the Kanyakumari district (near the and the market demanding energy attracted foreign firms village Muppandal) vast tracts of land are needed for a such as Danish NEG Micon (3rd largest turbine maker), handful of turbines. Germany’s Nordex, Enercon and General Electric’s wind unit. Positive Impacts in Tamil Nadu Wind farms positively affect rural economies through the An important business rule “know your customer” is employment of villagers. Surveys completed by the often neglected as well. Key issues affecting household Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency energy programs are limited outreach and poor (IREDA) show that about 4000-5000 people were performance. Often, RE businesses and government employed as operators and 3000-4000 were employed as view the rural poor as targeted beneficiaries. The lack of security for wind farms in Coimbatore, Tirunelveli and effective servicing and maintenance networks along with Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu (Srikanth 33). inadequate user training has resulted in a loss of Temporary employment is also offered for welding and confidence among both entrepreneurs and customers electrical works. In order to become an operator, villagers (Jagadeesh 162). Also according to Jagadeesh, a wind need to pass a school final exam, but educational energy specialist, communication between research and background is unimportant for a security position. private industry is not well coordinated (162). The performance of certain wind farms have been Dr. Pauchari at CSD-14 claims that wind installed capacity unsatisfactory because of the improper sitting, has grown 28% since 2004. He argues that the supply of installation, lack of user awareness, design problems, energy from wind is much more secure than conventional substandard material usage to bring down the cost and forms of energy, as the oil and gas markets have improper implementation strategy (165). fluctuated greatly in the past few decades. India’s conventional electricity is unsteady as much of it is Wind technologies must lead towards social participation imported and power cuts are quite frequent in electrified from within villages. A barrier to this, however, is that a rural communities. According to IREDA, people are large percentage of the rural population lives below the receiving a 24-hour continuous supply of energy through poverty line without the purchasing capability to articulate the wind farm grids, which are helpful for villagers who demands through the market. This distinguishes the have small businesses. An example of this success is commercialization of technologies in developing found in a Reuters article, where a villager from the once countries and implies that the market alone cannot be impoverished village of Muppandal says on wind energy, used to channel goods to the rural areas, and that public- ‘\"In 10 years, my daily income has gone up to 450 rupees sector decisions are necessary (Iyer 75). In addition, some ($10) from 45 ($1) rupees,\" says Koilpillai Gopal, a barber of the village residents of Tamil Nadu have mixed who has been able to convert his modest roadside kiosk feelings towards the wind farms in their relative into a glittering shop” (Watts 3). From this quote, it can be backyards. Wind farms are taking over agricultural lands, inferred that because the barber has been able to improve and that can cause significant problems for villagers his business profits, his customers are able to afford whose livelihood depends on farming. “There was haircuts because the village as a whole has benefited discontent over the fact that local people received no economically from the wind farm installments. perceived benefits, but the developers reaped huge profits” (Iyer 177). Some villagers even resent that Tamil Nadu: Lessons Learned although there were job opportunities provided by the Wind energy has become one of the most promising RE wind farms, jobs were taken away from those who used to technologies in India. According to IREDA, the net profit cultivate the lands on which wind farms now reside. of wind farms has steadily improved. Neighboring Although no civic action has taken place, the developers industry and entrepreneurs were brought in to meet the are aware of the villagers’ feelings on the matter, but are requirements of the power plant and personnel at the site, generally not responsive to them. which also led to local infrastructure growth. These developments led to wind energy expansion in Tamil Since the demand for land is high, prices are increasing. Nadu, which attracted investors. However, “wind farm Brokers have made a fortune in the sale of land for wind activity has only benefited a small proportion of the local farm activity (Srikanta 34). In Muppandal, lands once community and is not widespread” (Srikanth 36). Since used for agricultural purposes are being converted to land the main emphasis on wind projects was meeting targets 202

for deployment rather than consumer satisfaction, it is catalyze RE and promote private sector participation important for future developers to understand the needs (Ravindranath 225). of the rural community in building wind farms. Shifting away from a centralized approach to wind farms is crucial; Conclusion “A bureaucratic structure with a target-oriented approach Tamil Nadu presents an interesting case where projects has led to rigidity in instructions and a centralized have succeeded and failed. Overlapping problems planning process that is the opposite of the decentralized concern increasing the participation of villagers in the nature of wind energy” electrification process, the high initial cost of production, (Jagadeesh 164). Decision-making should be moved from inadequate R&D, and the need for RE to be competitive the central level to field agencies and grass roots with conventional energy. However, a promising institutions. viewpoint from these projects is that villages had access to electricity for the first time. An old Indian woman who has Employment generation at the local level was the most been gathering fuel wood to cook for most of her life can important social impact of RE in Tamil Nadu. It is now use RE instead. Health clinics that need electricity are estimated that wind farms provide four times more jobs in now are able to open in rural areas. All these positive operation and maintenance than the conventional power outcomes are the real successes to the story of Tamil sector (IREDA 41). The problem in the Tamil Nadu case Nadu. The issue at stake is being able to replicate these was that employment opportunities were temporary. In successes across rural India in an efficient and affordable support of this argument, Maithili Iyer, a researcher on manner. Indian RE development says, “My research revealed that there is only short-term employment opportunities, since Profile: the scale of operations is such that the wind installations Aneri Patel graduated the University of North Carolina do not require a huge pool of personnel to take care of the at Chapel Hill with honors and distinction, and with operations locally. And it is particularly true in the case of bachelors in International Studies with an environmental unskilled labor.” Long-term employment is needed to studies concentration. Starting in June, she will be better involve the village community, and this can occur working in Washington, D.C. as a Legal Assistant at through RE maintenance hiring. RE businesses claim that Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom LLP. She incentives such as depreciation, tax holiday and customs became interested in her research topic of renewable should continue until wind projects are able to stay afloat energy from interning in the office of Policy on their own (Jagadeesh 167). Coordination and Initiatives in the Oceans, Environmental and Scientific Affairs Bureau at the However, providing excessive use of tax breaks can result Department of State. Shortly after, she completed an in poorly located or operated wind turbines and poor international energy assessment program in the U.K at installation and performance standards. Generous Cambridge University. This past year she worked on her incentives may attract developers with unprecedented undergraduate honors thesis on renewable energy project enthusiasm, but a balance between reducing the barriers and successes in rural India. Her presentation commodity price and long-term incentives to force highlighted her case study chapter from her thesis. industries toward higher performance standards is necessary (Mellon 22). The GoI joint with the state Citizen Science, the science and technology program of government of Tamil Nadu can fix uniform incentives for SustainUS - a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization of wind farm growth. In this case, the creation of a wind young people advancing sustainable development and fund would halt the stagnation of wind activity. A youth empowerment in the United States. This program decentralized authority should determine who should mobilizes young people to advance scientific approaches gain from the wind fund; discussions between the state to sustainable development. They are committed to and national government have slowed the donor process raising awareness in the United States of existing and in the past. emerging technologies designed to improve economic, social, and environmental conditions for current and Jagadeesh, a wind energy expert, argues that accelerated future generations. Citizen Science attempts to bring depreciation on wind projects is merely a tax shelter plan together the many areas of science for a widely diverse, (reducing taxable income which reduces payments to state complex, and exciting arena to support the science behind and federal governments). He hopes that the Tamil Nadu Sustainable Development. government will introduce a third party sale in addition to sales tax benefit, which would help set up wind farms on a by large scale (164). Increasing the tariff should be fixed for Aneri Patel wind energy generated electricity in order to increase the growth of wind farms and encourage a profitable price. United Nations Foundation, The government can provide financial incentives that Washington DC 203

Investing in Women in India Parvathamma is a member of a sangam (self-help group) education, ensuring increased access to schools for run by Swayam Krishi Sangam, a micro finance institution children who are out of school, and increasing the quality in Andhra Pradesh. She recounts the hardships she faced of education to improve learning and reduce drop-out before she joined the Sangam four years ago. “We would rates. Since girls are less likely to be in school, and more go to money lenders and would ask them for loans maybe likely to drop out of school, AIF’ s education grant three or four times but they would ignore us. After a few partners pay close attention to overcoming the gender weeks, they would tell us that they are willing to lend us disparity in education. money but would charge us interest at fifty percent.” Further, AIF’ s Digital Equalizer program, that uses To
make
a
new
life
for
herself
and
her
family,
technology to enhance and enrich education and bridge Parvathamma
took
her
three
children
to
the digital divide, also provides girls increased educational Hyderabad
where
her
husband
was
employed
as
a
opportunities in school.

factory
worker.
The
family
was
forced
to
come
AIF establishes DE centers, consisting of computers, back
to
Dour
after
the
factory
closed
down.

She
internet access, educational software and training in says,
“ I
heard
about
the
Sangam
when
I
came
under-resourced middle and high schools and provides back
but
I
didn’t
have
much
trust
in
it.
In
the
past,
funding, operational and management support for 3 years. a
lot
of
people
had
tried
to
take
advantage
of
us
According to Naperu Lakshmi, a 10th
grade student in the financially.”
Government Girls High School in Lalapet, Hyderabad, “I With
her
first
loan
from
the
sangam,
Parvathamma
used to be very scared of using computers and the built
a
teashop.
With
her
second
loan,
she
built
an
Internet. Through the DE program, I became aware of extra
room
attached
to
her
one-room
house,
which
how to grasp knowledge through the Internet. I have she
uses,
as
a
general
needs
store.
She
attributes
become very fearless by using the computer in my day to daylife.” the
dramatic
change
in
her
life
to
the
assistance
provided
by
the
sangam.

Bestowed
with
a
new
In
livelihoods,
AIF
makes
grants
to
NGOs
that
are
sense
of
empowerment,
Parvathamma
feels
improving
livelihoods,
particularly
of
women,
by
confident
about
her
plans
for
the
future,
which
increasing
access
to,
and
control
over,
water
and
include
increasing
the
capacity
of
her
general
forest
resources;
improving
savings
and
access
to
store
and
her
tea
hotel. credit;
and
providing
skills
and
entrepreneurship
training
and
employment
opportunities
to
the
Parvathamma is just one of the millions of women who urban
poor.

All
of
these
grants
focus
on
women,
as
are being empowered by the activities of non- research
shows
that
as
women
gain
independent
governmental organizations (NGOs) across India. incomes
they
invest
more
in
their
families,
and
this
Women and girls’ empowerment are at the heart of the creates
positive
effects
for
the
whole
family. American India Foundation’ s activities in India. AIF makes grants to organizations in India that are working in AIF’s League of Artisans program is creating sustainable the areas of education, livelihoods and public health. livelihoods and improving economic and living In
all
of
these
three
areas,
women
have
conditions for underprivileged artisans – particularly significantly
lower
development
indicators
than
tribal, rural and women artisans. LOA scales up men.

More
than
half
of
Indian
women
are
illiterate,
businesses of artisan groups through technical and girls
are
much
less
likely
to
attend
school,
and
marketing assistance to increase the number of even
if
they
do
attend,
they
are
more
likely
to
drop
livelihoods and income levels. For instance, LOA is out
of
school.

Women
have
fewer
opportunities
to
partnering with Dwaraka, a Bangalore-based NGO to earn
livelihoods,
and
their
wages
are
usually
far
scale up their products that utilize kalamkari artwork. less
than
those
paid
to
men.

Health
wise,
they
are
Women artisans do all the artwork, and this partnership is providing a steady and secure livelihood to the women in more
vulnerable
due
to
poor
nutrition,
high
the villages where the artwork is made. maternal
mortality,
and
increasingly
the
rapid
spread
of
HIV/AIDS
among
women. In public health, AIF aims to expand access to disease prevention, education and treatment services for the most According to Nobel Laureate Professor Amartya Sen, impoverished and marginalized groups in India. Because who is the chair of the AIF US Advisory Council, “ Women’ s empowerment is central to development. of the threat posed by the spread of HIV/AIDS, and the 204urgency to stop it,
AIF has chosen HIV/AIDS
as
its
Policies to advance that empowerment, through female

first focus
area
in
public
health.

Women
are

among
the
fastest
growing
group
of
victims
of
the
disease
and
there
is
also
a
rapidly
increasing
population
of
AIDS
orphans
with
estimates
ranging
from
2
to
4
million
children.

AIF’ s
public
health
grants
will
address
the
challenges
related
to
the
disease
facing
these
populations. As
UN
Secretary
General
Kofi
Annan
reminds
us,
“Only
by
investing
in
the
world’s
women
can
we
expect
to
get
there.

When
women
thrive,
all
of
society
benefits,
and
succeeding
generations
are
given
a
better
start
in
life.” AIF
provides
Americans
the
opportunity
to
invest
in
improving
the
lives
of
Indian
women.


In
addition
to
financial
contributions,
through
our
Service
Corps
Fellowship,
young
American
professionals
have
an
opportunity
to
work
with
Indian
NGOs
for
ten
months.

This
highly
successful
program
has
enabled
over
140
Americans
to
contribute
their
time
and
skills
to
build
capacity
among
NGOs,
while
gaining
the
first-hand
knowledge
of
on-the-ground
realities
facing
communities
in
India.
For
more
information
about
AIF
and
the
ways
in
which
it
is
impacting
communities
across
India,
and
ways
in
which
individuals
in
America
can
be
involved,
please
visit
AIF’ s
website
at
www.aifoundation.org.
About
the
author:
Azad
Oommen
is
the
Director
of
by Chapter
Development
for
the
American
India
Foundation.

The
American
India
Foundation
is
Azad Oommen, dedicated
to
accelerating
social
and
economic
American India Foundation change
in
India.

Azad
oversees
outreach
for
the
Director, Chapter Development Foundation
in
its
chapters
across
the
United
States.
He
also
directs
the
Service
Corps
Fellowship,
a
New York volunteer
program
for
young
American
professionals
to
work
with
Indian
NGOs.
Azad
has
a
Masters
in
Public
Policy
from
Princeton
University
and
could
be
reached
at [email protected]
205

Global Health Forum Nestled in the Washington Heights neighbourhood of It is the hope of the student body at Mailman School of upper Manhattan, the Mailman School of Public Health Public Health, that The Global Health Forum continues at Columbia University is home to graduate students in to successfully educate the students at Columbia the pursuit of life, happiness and above all, a good University about contemporary global health issues and education in Public Health. The only accredited school promote the idea of discussion and debate around these of Public Health in NYC, it attracts students from all over same topics. the world and offers them the opportunity to mingle and make, often, tremendous collaborations. At a school that Bidisha Sinha is a second-year graduate student, pursuing is part and parcel to international debates and worldly her Masters in Public Health (MPH) at Columbia conversations, the need for an avenue through which University's Mailman School of Public Health. With a these lively interactions can occur is vital; and The Global B.A. in Psychology and a minor in Biology, she plans to Health Forum (GHF), with a mission statement of attend medical school in hopes of practicing committing to building a community of students International Medicine under the auspices of the UN or interested in international health issues, is the other such organization. She is studying Health Policy and organization that provides them with that Management at Columbia and wishes to implement programs and write policies in countries with severe In addition to its core mission, and to serving its health problems as a practicing medical doctor. She is members, the Global Health Forum simultaneously aims also a singer/songwriter and a passionate dancer who to enrich the broader student community with events, already has won many awards; and hopes to continue speakers, and workshops that emphasize the importance performing and developing as an artist. of global health. Although the organization is based at Mailman, it actively seeks collaborations with other Columbia-based organizations, both on the undergraduate and graduate level. Along with the annual events such as World Aids Week, in which a host of events and workshops are planned around the issues of HIV/AIDS, there are other programs to introduce relevant and current global health concerns. In the academic year 2005-2006, some events that took center-stage through the organization were: Global Health Week, during which there was an advocacy workshop with a student activist, an event about cleft palate surgery abroad, a student-led discussion on malaria and a movie about trafficking in Nepal. GHF serves as the platform for lively student by discussions and for programs that bring global issues to the foreground at Mailman and I have been lucky to serve Bidisha Sinha as the co-presiding chair of GHF for the academic year of Department of Health Services 2005-2006. GHF has been an integral part of my education at Mailman and I have learned a lot as co- Chicago presiding chair. I am, however, most proud of the fact that I was the one who championed the idea of a general body meeting (GBM) in which members of the Columbia University Medical Campus could come to discuss global health issues. In my first semester as President (Fall 2005), I worked very closely with the student body to hold GBM's which were all extremely successful in that they brought many students to exchange their ideas about important global health issues. Some topics that were covered over the semester were: genital mutilation, Katrina, The Rx for Survival Series on PBS, etc. 206

Adaptive water resources management in a changing climate Across the world, managing water resources is becoming basins has resulted in expansive water resources stress. an increasingly contentious issue. Numerous natural and The observed trends have analogues in wintertime human-induced forces continue to reshape floodplains at atmospheric circulation regimes and ocean temperatures, an unprecedented rate—the regional expression of raising new questions on the detection, attribution, and climate variability and change, land-use changes, and projection of regional hydrologic change induced by water needs stemming from rapid development are some climat of the key drivers in this regard. While the ability to provide reliable water supplies is constrained by the quality and quantity of available water, developmental trajectories that stymie ecosystem services are on a path that is not only unsustainable but in some cases irreversible Through a variety of biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems Increased variability is accompanied by a tendency toward services support a habitable environment. In river synchronous extremes, wherein the four river basins systems, hydrologic alteration limits the natural range of simultaneously experience excesses or deficits in water seasonal and longer-term variations in river flow, thus supply. Statistical analysis of streamflow records reveals disrupting the natural rhythms of river and riparian sensitivity to tropical oceanic temperatures, and a ecosystems. Regulation of river flows for human use is correspondence between the trends in these two disparate primarily accomplished by dams, reservoir operations, regions. hydraulic structures that divert or withhold water. From the standpoint of adapting and possibly determining a One implication for water resources management is that sustainable path toward the management of water increased year-to-year variability in flows implies a larger resources, a first step involves understanding the climate- reservoir volume to meet the water demand. Thus, a induced changes in water supplies and clarifying the reassessment of the adequacy of the water resources linkages between weather and climate variations and river infrastructure will be an important step in determining the flows, especially ones that sensitively impact ecosystems systemic reliability. Furthermore, more frequent health. hydrologic extremes, especially over the entire region highlight the changing reality for resources allocation and Western North American river systems exemplify a response for disaster relief. unique blend of complexity—highly managed and dammed, heavy reliance on water supplies, climatic influences, increasing water demand, and at-risk ecosystems. Two examples from ongoing research are discussed briefly. In both cases, questions are derived from the analysis of the past and current adaptive management efforts in these basins. Adaptation to climate variability and change is being examined with a goal to understand the multiple time scales of hydroclimatic variability. As noted above, the identification of climate precursors and characterization of their potential predictability (and associated uncertainty) is likely to facilitate development of illustrative models (with a few variables) that are amenable to quick decision-analysis and promote an effective, iterative dialogue between decision-makers and scientists. Western North American River Basins Adaptive environmental management in the Grand A late-twentieth century emergent trend toward Canyon region of the Colorado River Basin increasing year-to-year variance (decreasing reliability) of stream flow across the major river basins in western Climatic drivers of episodic to multi-decadal variations to North America—Fraser, Columbia, Sacramento-San the observed changes in the flood magnitude, timing and Joaquin, and Upper Colorado—have been noted in recent spatial scales affect the sediment inputs to the Colorado studies. Simultaneously, a disproportionate increase in the River ecosystem. Since the 1963 closure of Glen Canyon incidence of synchronous high and low flows across these Dam, the dominant sole major supplier of sand to the 207

Colorado River in the upper portion of Grand Canyon is Towards integrative approaches with involvement of the Paria River, which supplies about 6% of the pre-dam the users of scientific information supply of sand at the upstream boundary of Grand Canyon National Park. Sand is delivered by the Paria River Resource management and planning concerns can be during short-duration (< 24 hours), large magnitude (up systematically studied within the context of users, to 300 m3/s) floods that occur primarily during the warm institutions, retrospective assessments of management season (July-October). and programmatic actions, and adaptive management programs. From such work, identified knowledge gaps The planning and decision processes in the Glen Canyon and translated research questions have a Dam Adaptive Management Program (GCD-AMP) disproportionately higher potential to hit the mark. strive to balance numerous, often competing, objectives, Furthermore, user-inspired applied and basic research on such as, water supply, hydropower generation, low flow problems such as hydroclimatic change, water and maintenance, maximizing conservation of the tributary ecosystems management is most likely to benefit from supplied sediment, endangered species recovery, and illustrative models and tools that allow users to explore cultural resources. A key concern identified by the AMP, and pursue “virtual” experiments with generated related to the timing and volume of sediment input into scientific information. This allows users to assess Grand Canyon. Adequate sediment inputs into the river incremental benefits, develop a revised set of questions ecosystem in the Canyon combined with active flow and knowledge gaps, and in the process impart native management (in the form of strategically timed bypass knowledge from the trenches of resource management, releases from Glen Canyon Dam) support the restoration ordinarily unavailable in the applied science realm. and maintenance of sand bars, habitat and in stream ecology. An improved understanding of the relative role Shaleen Jain is an Assistant Professor of Civil and of eastern North Pacific tropical storms, tropical Pacific Environmental Engineering and a Cooperating Assistant sea surface temperatures, and subtropical moisture Professor at the Climate Change Institute at the sources is allowing development of predictive tools for University of Maine. He completed undergraduate work flood forecasting (and related sediment supplies) to at the Indian Institute of Technology and graduate work support the AMP efforts. at Utah State University. His current research is broadly focused in the following area: Hydroclimatology, On longer time scales, structured variations in the Environmental Flows, Climate Variability and Change, sediment supply imply a changing baseline for mean Hydrosystems Modeling, Adaptive Management and ecological and geomorphological conditions in the Decision Analysis. Canyon, counter to the static view taken in the current environmental impact assessments. Better understanding Shaleen Jain gave a poster presentation on the similar of the coupled climate-hydrologic variations on multiple topic at the National Academies during its Sackler time scales is increasingly recognized as critical input for Colloquia. The Arthur Sackler Colloquia of the National adaptive management (both passive and active). In Academy of Sciences addresses scientific topics of broad collaboration with the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive andcurrent interest, cutting across the boundaries of Management Program (GCD-AMP), a deliberate effort is traditional disciplines. made to identify the entry-points for predictive hydroclimatic information at appropriate lead times. For the active adaptive management program, lead by climate information allows scientists and managers to anticipate geomorphic response from critical tributaries, Shaleen Jain  in turn triggering large-scale, experimental releases from Assistant Professor Glen Canyon Dam. Current studies are attempting to University of Maine, understand the ecosystem's sand supply and the spawning success and recruitment of endangered humpback chub. Main This is a collaborative work with scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey's Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center in Flagstaff, Arizona and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. 208

Prisoners and Preachers as Partners in Science Communication: A Forest Ecologist Reaches Upward and Outward Dangling in a harness on a rope no thicker than my thumb, What does this mean for those who value the forest in a and hanging 30 meters above the forest floor, I spend a broad sense? Such activities as forest harvesting, forest typical day of field work observing and collecting data on fragmentation (with its concommitant increase of light, the plants and animals that live in forest canopies. My heat, and wind at fragment edges), introduction of research projects have taken me to the treetops of forests invasive species, and increased temperatures and drought on four contintents, including the Western Ghats of due to global climate change, can all have negative effects India, the homeland of my father. As a researcher trained on canopy communities. One implication of this insight is in the discipline of forest ecology, I specialize in scientific that if natural or human-caused activities were to studies concerning forest canopies, an emerging area of negatively affect canopy communities, the whole forest the life sciences that is gaining increasing attention from also be harmed as well. This could reduce water and other scientists, policy makers, and the general public. nutrient availability, and decrease species diversity of Over the last two decades, researchers have explored the pollinators and seed dispersers, which could slow the tops of trees with modified mountain-climbing growth and reproductive capacity of the forest. techniques, walkways, construction cranes, and hot-air balloons, and have generated data and insights on pressing Research Communication to Non-Scientists environmental issues of our time: maintenance of biodiversity, global climate change, and sustainability of The communication of these research results is of key forest resources. importance, especially those that bear on issues of international social and economic concern. Because the Canopy Studies world of forest canopy research is very young, until recently, canopy researchers lacked formal ways to I first started studying the forest canopy in graduate communicate with each other. In 1994, I created a non- school in the early 1980's, learning from rock-climbers profitorganization, the International Canopy Network how to ascend trees that are as tall as 30-story buildings. I (ICAN), to fill this communication gap. We started an have since documented the ecological roles that canopy- email bulletin board, published a quarterly newsletter, and dwelling plants play in whole forests. Until recently, the instituted a canopy citations project, which now holds canopy was considered an inaccessible and rather over 6000 scientific references on canopy biology. We also unimportant part of the forest. Biologists collected plants sponsor symposia at international meetings, including a and animals that live in the canopy by gathering those that colloquium at the 2002 Association for Tropical Biology fell to the forest floor, which allowed them to name and and Conservation in Bangalore, in conjunction with the classify the organisms, but not to understand their Ashoka Trust for Research on Ecology and the interaction with the canopy microclimate (much hotter Environment. These efforts have helped canopy and windier than the forest floor), nor the living researchers share results, data, and ideas more easily, and interactions with other canopy biota. assisted the field to grow in size and apparency at a rapid rate. Since those early days, canopy researchers have found that a tremendous number of plant and animal species It is important to communicate results to non- live their entire life cycle high above the forest floor. Over scientists as well as other researchers. One critical group is 28,500 species of“epiphytes” – the so-called 'air plants' policy-makers, as they pose and pass legislation that affect live exclusively on branches and trunks of trees, deriving research funding, natural resource management, and support but not nutrients from their host tree. These plants and animals themselves, especially endangered and plants can get energy, water, and mineral elements from threatened species. In 2003, to explore communication of sunlight, rainfall, and the nutrients dissolved in rain. These canopy research to policy-makers, I invited 12 state epiphytes function to intercept and retain nutrients legislators and their aides to the canopy of a forest in a derived from outside sources and thus augment the local park. We installed canopy platforms in trees and nutrient cycles of the forest as a whole. When these taught them how to ascend with mountain-climbing gear. plants die and decompose on their arboreal perches, they Our discussions aloft included forest management issues, generate an 'arboreal soil', which provides habitats for a government funding of science, the reasons for high huge diversity of insects, earthworms, and spiders. Those biodiversity in the canopy, and the importance of mosses in turn provide a critical source of food for birds and tree- in forest nutrient cycles. Our post-session evaluation dwelling mammals. Thus, the seemingly small and documented that over 80% of the audience felt “positive” “disconnected” world of the forest canopy can actually about the experience and that they would be willing to perform keystone functions for the whole ecosystems. contact a forest ecologist in the future. 209

My deeper interest, however, is to communicate science fundamentalist to the progressive, including Unitarian to the general public. With the increasing dominance of Universalist groups, Zen Buddhist temples, Jewish technology, more frequent virtual rather than actual synagogues, Christian churches, and interfaith experiences, and media's increasing representation of organizations. nature solely as entertainment, humans are rapidly losing their sense of connection to nature and to the the science The major thrust of my sermons was that trees in all and scientists who seek to understand those links. religions have broad spiritual and symbolic importance, Traditionally, the media, rather than scientists, have and are linked closely to spiritual concepts: forged communication pathways between scientists and enlightenment, self-reflection, right behavior, and the public. However, media professionals are often mortality. Trees are symbols of divine knowledge, eternal hindered by fixed deadlines, lack of technical expertise in life, or life renewal, e.g., Buddha achieved enlightenment specialized subjects, and the perceived need to under the Bodhi tree. Their form, with ground-bound sensationalize research results. When scientists do roots and phototropic foliage, reminds us of the disseminate their research to the public, their audiences connection between the earth and non-earth. Trees link are almost always the scientifically active (e.g., visitors to humans to gods; e.g., the blooming of the Tulsi tree that is botanic gardens, readers of natural history magazines). planted in the backyards and alters of many Hindu homes These efforts do relatively little to change the minds of indicates the marriage season, and reminds us of the people who are not already convinced of the importance engagement of a mortal woman to Krishna, linking of conservation. humanity with gods. I end my sermons with a call to remember links of spirituality to trees whenever they are To help reverse these trends, scientists themselves can encountered. I offer handouts about specific become more effective than the the media in transmitting environmental actions. The discussions that followed research to public audiences because they have these sermons have revealed a deep sense of connection specialized, technical knowledge of the subject matter. that people have with trees within a religious context. Also, their passion about what they study is infectious and can inspire others to take an interest in science. The Prisons and Incarcerated Persons “Research Ambassador Program” I developed in 2004 has implemented outreach to such audiences as inner city One of the values that characterize plants is their ability to youth, artists and musicians, medical doctors and other inspire regeneration and renewal, which is of value to health care practitioners, pest exterminators, toy incarcerated persons. In 2004, I initiated a “Plants in manufacturers, retail clothing distributors, and others. Prisons” project to train prisoners to grow epiphytic These activities awaken awareness in the audience, which mosses for the horticulture trade and simultaneously reap constitutes the first step of conservation. Providing the documented emotional benefits of horticultural content and pathways for action is also critical, and so, therapy. This activity addresses the unsustainable ICAN has created a website (www.evergreen.edu/ican) harvesting of mosses from wild forests for the for researchers, educators, and conservationists. Below I commercial floral/horticulture industry. Our project describe outreach activities to two public audiences: involved 10 medium-security inmates at a local prison. people in places of worship, and incarcerated persons. Over 18 months, we developed new methods to grow mosses, and are now identifying markets for sustainably Religious and spiritual venues grown moss, so that inmates can make a living from this activity after their release. Two inmates enrolled in Because my own religious background is mixed (my horticulture training programs at the local community father, from Bombay, is a Hindu; my mother, from New college after release. We implemented a monthly science York City, is an Orthodox Jew), I believe in the lecture series at the prison for staff and convicts. I commonality of all religions. In 2003-2005, I engaged recruited 12 scientists who gave seminars about some people in their own places of worship to link trees with aspect of nature and sustainability. Based on those spirituality and world religions. I first simply attended and contacts, the prison has maintained projects to increase listened to the tone and content of services. I then sustainability of the prison itself, including a recycling introduced myself to the preacher or rabbi, and offered to program, bee-keeping, worm-composting, and an organic give sermon. I presented the sermons not as a scholar of garden. religion, nor as a religious person myself, but rather as a scientist interested in understanding trees and conserving How do academic scientists react to these non- forests. The 24 congregations I spoke to ranged from the traditional outreach activities? Based on reactions to my 210

invited seminars at research universities and keynote talks by at professional meetings, contrary to my fears that academics would deem these efforts a misguided waste of Dr. Nalini M. Nadkarni time, my colleagues corroborated the sense that outreach Professor of Environmental Studies is important, but acknowledge the obstacles within academia. Over 3 dozen unsolicited researchers at the University of Utah, junior and senior levels have contacted me to help them Utah replicate these outreach activities for their own studies. With the support of a research grant from the National Science Foundation, we are training a cadre of researchers to become \"Research Ambassadors\" and finding local contacts and venues for them to communicate their work (www. researchambassador.com). Four generalities emerged from these activities. First, non-scientists are open to contact with researchers when they are in non-scientific settings Second, non-scientists have have their own well-developed networks, to which they can easily link scientists for further contacts. Third, trees and other objects in nature remind humans of important spiritual and religious aspects of life, which can reinforce conservation messages. Last, non-scientists frequently generate observations and questions that are novel and useful to scientists because of their fresh perspective. Non-scientists are as passionate about their own interests as scientists are about scientific interests, and if the two can be linked, then there is a powerful potential for education in both directions. Profile: Nalini Nadkarni is a Professor of Environmental Studies at The Evergreen State College, in Olympia Washington. She shares a faculty position with her entomologist husband, Jack Longino. She holds a Bachelors degree from Brown University and a PhD from the University of Washington. Her research on forest canopies in tropical and temperate rainforests has led to over 80 scientific publications and two scholarly books. In 1994, she co- founded and became President of the International Canopy Network, a non-profit organization whose mission is to enhance communication among researchers, educators, and conservationists concerned with forest canopies. She currently carries outcience outreach projects to non-traditional public audiences and trains other researchers to integrate outreach into their research careers. Her work is supported by a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, and research grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society. 211

Exploring a career in science policy at the National Academies With a background in engineering, I have worked in the policy, and the National Academies. It provides an energy and environment field for more than a decade, in opportunity to interact with other fellows. Our fellowship research, consulting and design capacities. I couldn't help cohort included an impressive diversity of educational, but notice that the achievements and innovations in cultural and professional backgrounds ranging from California, where I was working as an energy engineer, is biologists, neural scientists, engineers and laywers, and a due in large part to good policy. The question of how to few international students. The daily breakfasts and translate anomalous success stories, such as California's, lunches, and frequent happy hours facilitated getting to more widely intrigued me. Surely, climate change know one another! A key fellowship activity is the group mitigation and sustainable development cannot be project, in which the fellows select a relevant science achieved without good policy? These questions and an policy subject and organize a public workshop. The interest in viewing research out from under the trenches, selection of the topic was conducted in typical National where I had spent the previous four years completing my Academies consensus-building style. Several ideas were doctorate, convinced me to pursue the Christine discussed thoroughly before selecting the topic. Three Mirzayan fellowship at the National Academies. groups were formed. Our group chose to organize a workshop on renewable energy, with the purpose of Based in Washington D.C., the National Academies exploring international lessons. mission is to “improve government decision making and public policy, increase public education and The core of the fellowship was the work I conducted with understanding” in matters involving science, engineering, the Science and Technology for Sustainability technology, and health. Due to its convening power, the Roundtable. I worked on two important issues, the National Academies attracts the world's top experts. sustainability aspects of biofuels and partnerships for Twenty-six of us arrived in Washington D.C. for the sustainability. For biofuels, I conducted a variety of tasks, winter 2007 fellowship program, passionate and eager to including research, attending and organizing workshops, learn about the world of science policy. The fellowship writing briefing memos, and interacting with experts. provides several graduate and post-graduate students With the global rise in food prices, concerns about climate with an opportunity to view their respective fields from a change impacts, and a federal mandate to increase biofuel bird's eye view and provides a unique opportunity to production, biofuels was a high-profile and important interact with the world's brightest and most influential policy topic to work on. For several years, the Science and leaders in the areas of science, technology and health. Technology for Sustainability Roundtable has been investigating how partnerships, such as between the The fellowship is offered three times a year and is typically public and private sectors, can facilitate the transition of ten weeks long. Some fellows, including myself, remained sustainability from concept to practice. With this project, for an additional ten weeks. The application process I had an opportunity to compose a white paper that consists of an on-line application and phone interview. I served as a primer for a Partnerships for Sustainability was selected by the Science and Technology for workshop that the Roundtable held in June. Sustainability (STS) Roundtable. STS is a unique entity within the National Academies. It refrains from making Beyond the project work, the interaction with Science and policy recommendations, Technology for Sustainability and National Academies colleagues provided a wonderful opportunity to hear but hosts workshops and generates reports and white firsthand about the world of science policy from those papers that address important issues that are cross-cutting that have been engaged with public policy for decades. to several different departments, or “boards” as they are called at the National Academies. The interdisciplinary The Christine Mirzayan fellowship was an invaluable nature of sustainability is reflected in the Roundtable learning experience that convinced me to return for more! composition. Experts across the private, public and Beginning in September I'll be a fellow with the American academic sectors participate in the Science and Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Technology for Sustainability Roundtable. working with the Climate Change Partnership Division on energy efficiency and renewable energy policy. With a The fellowship includes a one week orientation with a summer to cool off (literally) in northern California, comprehensive introduction to federal government, working at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, I 212

am ready to plunge back into the excitement, frustration and chaos. After all, who could resist an opportunity to work on energy policy at a time when the federal government is likely to take climate change action! Find out more about the Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellowship Program and many other career opportunities available from the National Academies at <national-ademies.org/grantprograms.html>. Author's Profile: Priya Sreedharan is a graduate from the University of California, Berkeley, with a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering. She is a AAAS fellow with the Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Change Partnerships Division. by Priya Sreedharan, Ph.D., P.E. American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow Washington DC 213

Ten Simple yet Powerful & Practical Solutions for Economic Transformation of a Nation Author of the bestseller Financial Gymnastics. org: 7 One key principle that will improve any habits to improve your economy in 7 days governments´ economy, is to be transparent with the use of every penny they have been given authority. Many observations are discussed about any economy´s When “citizens know where their money is being invested difficulties & its failures, but very little is actually done that wisely”, they feel more confident in really helps people. What you are about to find in this article are real, practical and useful solutions that are going the work that their public officials are delivering. This will to help to improve any country´s economy. One of the be a step forward towards recovering the lost trust. biggest assets that citizens or any economy can have is its sure trust - trust in themselves, trust in others 4. Leading by example, even when you do not want and trust in the people who are entrusted with power to run their country. But unfortunately trust is now one In recent years, as part of austerity efforts there are of the most endangered resources available. Many governments that have cut public employee salaries or governments have lost it and their economy is a direct a have frozen them. When a radical step like this one reflection of that fall out. happens, everybody expects that this exercise should also be applied to the ones who have been chosen to represent There is no game in existence, which only some can play them. The problem arises when the elected officials start and win. Nowadays it is a game where everybody plays. holding themselves high above others & actually does not George S. Clason said \"our prosperity as a nation depends apply the rules to them. This sense of unfairness has had a upon the personal financial prosperity of each of us as very negative impact in the community. individuals.\" Injustice, is one of the most deeply moving feelings My recommendations, the ten principles for financial that citizens have and can use it as a weapon to lead transformation, can be applied to any government who to a movement – a revolution, in which the entire wants to improve their economy – when applied will nation/communities come together to do something improve countries and citizens financial situation. against their elected officials – the politicians. 1. Loyalty to public´s pocket My recommendation here for governments is to lead by example and go even further. If you have impacted in There are people in the government who steal, demand some ways your employees´ economy, the least you can do bribes or take undue advantage of trust bestowed by the is show impartiality to your own. For e.g. if people´s citizens, manipulate their privileged positions to access salaries have been reduced 2%, the top people at the power, to gain benefits that they are not entitled to receive. government should reduce their own pay starting at 2%. These officials have lost a key perspective: they are not in the government to fill their pockets and Leading by example is one of the most powerful interests. They were elected or nominated to serve ways to create justice and community. Words sound the best interests of their citizens and their country. good but, examples move people. In these cases this is what needs to happen: 5. Empowering different sources of income 1. The elected official must be fired immediately Having just one source of income makes the same sense, as putting just a tomato plant in the kitchen garden. It is 2. The elected official ought to pay back any amount that necessary to have several vegetables in that garden to be he had aggrandized or received as a kickback able of make a living of it. If the tomato plant gets rotted, you can have cucumbers, or lettuce or any other vegetable 3. The right of this elected official to be a public servant that you planted in that garden to eat from. This is not should be revoked, until otherwise overturned by law different money wise. Having just one source of income is really dangerous because people can lose their jobs in any 1. Restoring Common Sense second, and then they find themselves not being able to pay their rent, mortgages or food. Sometimes government decisions are made that lack common sense and embarrassing actions have been Unfortunately there are governments that do not taken. For any countries economy to thrive, there are empower people in having different sources of income. sacred principles – when they are broken, it leads to a They increase taxes rates that demotivate people from dysfunctional economy. having other incomes. In some cases they even do not allow to have that, so that makes people get the money anyway i.e. “under the table”. When the governments lose 214

income and people get accustomed to an illegal way of
rampant, unchecked corruption in the government. living, it has negative impacts on both the nation and those people who have taken on manipulating the Putting end to these cases - one step at a time, is what it government system. This adds on to the stress and will take to start showing respect and appreciation to the unhealthy lifestyle to the economy, because now they are hard working citizens and restoring trust in the afraid of being found out, etc. government(s) machinery. I recommend that governments become more willing and A classic example connects to how Mayor Bloomberg of empowering in having their citizens create different City of New York, transformed N.Y. from being a sources of income to take care of their families and their dangerous to being the most amazing city in the world, future. that it is today. It started cleaning subway trains and repairing windows. Humans live by imitation. “They see 6. Educating citizens how to fish clean, they do clean”. They see respect, they are more likely to respect. As cleaning trains was crucial for a Schools teach a lot of things. Most people actually spend healthy and safe New York, cleaning parasites from the 20 years of their lives studying things. Around 40 years of system is crucial for a healthy and safe country. their lives working day in & day out. That's around 60 years studying and working to make a living, to make My recommendation is to start taking this seriously, and money to be able of sustain themselves and their families. get it done promoting behaviors, rather than abusing and But most of them have difficulties managing their money taking undue advantage of public resources. It has been because in 20 years studying, their schools never thought studied by researchers, that 'an attitude of gratitude' them how to save or balance money. brings respect and appreciation for the fair use of government resources. This is why the book Financial Gymnastics: 7 habits to improve your economy in 7 days has become quickly a 8. Pay fast bestseller and its being recommended in schools, colleges, universities. This is because it recommends that young Companies, who are vendors of the governments, often people and ofcourse adult citizens, participate in experience prolonged delays in their payments. There are educating themselves and others how to manage and cases where the vendors go bankrupt because they were improve their economies. When the citizen's economies not paid on time by a government client. Such acts against are healthy, the countries´ economies will be healthy. vendors have never been a corner stone for any economy and will boomerang at some point. My recommendation is that the educational systems start teaching practical classes that are useful for students to Around the world millions of vendors lost trust in their take control of their finances. So instead of having them governments because they were being paid too late. This lose, broke or asking for fish, we teach them how to fish. lack of respect is the core of the problem & needs to end. The best practice is to pay vendors on time. 7. Elimination of Parasites It is necessary to pay vendors at least within the month's We all know people take excessive advantage of public time of the work´s completion so they can pay to their services or resources. This maybe someone who is using a employees, and their employees can eat, live and pay taxes. disability parking permit from some else, or somebody All this is connected, so it is crucial to keep the flow who is receiving a pension that should not be receiving or running. an over charged bill to the government and so on. 9. Empowerment and Trust recovery When this is not addressed appropriately & in timely manner, people who know of these cases, see that as an The people who are mostly feeding the world are the example - that they can get away free by misappropriation entrepreneurs, the small and medium size companies. of government funds and also take advantage of Creating a company takes something, and unfortunately it resources that are bestowed upon the vulnerable citizens is taken for granted. I could not find so far any of a nation e.g. veterans, soilders, senior citizens, and government who send a communication to congratulate disabled. Allowing this kind of parasitic behavior to the people who create a company when they do that.But it proliferate has had a toll on thriving economies - the is very easy to find when the communication is about a primary cause being abuse of public services and fine for doing something late or incomplete. This creates a 215

sense of fear and injustice so many entrepreneurs – who – as a government - is using/investing well their money, are sustaining their countries – see their governments as your government becomes a hero. You, as a government - their enemies. This implies to avoid paying taxes as much a can now accomplish things that you could never have possible or not at all, using the under the table system, accomplished before. what leads to billions of dollars of lost money for the governments. In old days, when communication failed or was avoided, citizens used to look into ways to avoid paying taxes The actions that need to be taken about that are: because of the bad examples set by the government. But now things are different, if one of these days you want to 1. When someone creates a company, send then a create a project that is going to be good for the citizens & communication congratulating them and thanking them for the economy, you will have thousands of people for their courage. happily donating money/contributing to make that happen. They will see you, the government, as a great ship 2. Let them know that the government is there to support in which they are happily navigating with you and looking them; not only to take the taxes from them. forward to row for the benefit of everybody else.These 10 practical principles will improve the economy of any 3. This will transform the relationship of the business country and therefore, the world´s economy. In the era of owners with the governments and instead of fear and globalization, the balancing act between capitalism and distrust, will be created a closer collaboration in making good governance has become pivotal for an effective their countries a better place. government. These ten principles are easy and simple to practice. It just takes one person that is committed in a Experience government to implement these principles, and in return their country is better, than they found it. Many citizens do not believe in their leaders at the government because many of them did not lead or My deepest respect, admiration and gratitude to all of you manage a company first. Running a local, state or a federal who are going to make that happen. You can count my government it is one of the most complex activities than support and empowerment towards this venture. one can work on. Before running a government, citizens appreciate that those leaders had previous experience Profile: running companies, so they really know how things need to work to keep a country sustainable. From now on, we Professor Javier Rivero (www.JavierRivero.com) teaches are going to see how the leaders that are elected in at the Instituto de Empresa and Master in Business governments are the ones with the most reputation and Entrepreneurship at the University of Madrid. In 20 experience in running companies successfully. years, Rivero-Diaz has trained thousands of people in 30 countries and is a creator of highly effective programs. He All these principles will bring the trust back within the is the bestseller author of FinancialGymnastics.org: 7 community and this will have incredible benefits for habits to improve your economy in 7 days. everybody. The moment of truth is: “When people trust their government everything works better”. Officials Histwitter handle is www.javierrivero.com/twitter & can running the country will experience an unknown be contacted at [email protected] fulfillment because of the population´s recognition. A true sense of leaving a legacy for any Government official is “a healthy economy for the government and their citizens.” 'Trust is one of the most important things that by anybody can achieve. Now is the time to use it well, as a treasure.' Prof. Javier Rivero-Diaz 10. Crowd´s power Instituto de Empresa and Politecnica, When you have the citizen's trusting in your government, University of Madrid, unthinkable things will happen. When they know that you Spain 216

Infectious Diseases & Climate Change We live in a complex global village that faces both throughout the year. As a result of the effects of climate infectious diseases and climate change as the two most change combined with these vectors, the tropical regions challenging issues of our generation. This village we have are left to face much larger obstacles in intervening inhabited is one in which we have ourselves to blame for against malaria. “Tropical regions in general appear to the obstacles we face. Through industrialization and face larger obstacles in intervening against malaria, global interdependence, we are vulnerable to physical which these indices suggest may be due more to the changes in our surroundings and uncontrolled spread of intrinsic properties of their vectors and the effects of disease. HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis have been climate than to differences in health systems or anti- placed as the world's top infectious killer disease. In malaria interventions”. I wish to be able to teach and addition, as the levels of carbon emissions rises, the earth show symptoms of malaria and administer vaccinations has a shift in atmosphere, which has resulted in global one day. warming. The link between environmental changes and its affects on human health are indirectly connected. I As new technologies and research are advancing, there are wish for change in how we live, so that the pressing new vaccines that are also being developed. The major needs of today are met while creating a sustainable future. infectious diseases that were mentioned are HIV/AIDS, Maintaining a healthy environment is of crucial concern Malaria, and Tuberculosis, all of which are in the process to the youth, because we will be the ones to inherit it. of having vaccines developed as well as new methods of immunization delivery. The GAVI Alliance has made As HIV/AIDS has reached nearly every part of the incredible enhancements in making vaccines available in world, as a result of which sub-Saharan Africa has 12 low-income countries. I believe that immunizations will million orphaned children. When a mother is HIV- pave the way for reducing child mortality by combating positive her child has a much higher risk of dying because preventable diseases and improving maternal health. they could have been infected with HIV during birth or breastfeeding. Therefore, the high fertility rate in sub- ‘‘KISZEWSKI A. et al “A GLOBAL INDEX Saharan Africa is a result of a high child mortality rate. REPRESENTING THE STABILITY OF MALARIA Also, an opportunity of education for these children is TRANSMISSION”. The American Society of Tropical lost because their caregivers cannot afford the costs of Medicine and Hygiene. pg 4 schooling and the children may be needed at home to do chores such as going to fetch water. I believe that health The connection between health of young people and the promotion is the key to empowering women so that they environment is clear. The access to clean water, sanitation have control over their well being for themselves and their and housing in safe areas not contaminated by garbage children. I wish to educate people in developing countries dumps and factories has a tremendous impact on the on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of livelihood of youth. It is known that access to clean water HIV/AIDS. in or near the home affects access of female youth to education.. Also, access to basic cooking fuel and energy sources is vital, as indoor air pollution has become of great concern recently. Tuberculosis (TB) has been unable to be controlled due to These dimensions play a critical role in development of HIV/AIDS pandemic. According to the World Health young people, particularly in developing countries. Youth Organization, HIV/AIDS patients today in sub-Saharan have taken leadership in environment and sustainable Africa have the largest burden of the TB epidemic. There development projects throughout the world, promoting is the DOTS Strategy, which is an internationally accepted energy conservation, recycling and decreasing carbon tuberculosis treatment strategy made by WHO that is emissions. By spreading awareness of global health issues working to stop TB. MDR-TB is multi drug resistant and making lifestyle changes that reflect positive tuberculosis, which has become a public health threat environmental practices, there is a global youth today. It has come about because of the improper use of movement of creating a better world for tomorrow. antibiotics during a patient's chemotherapy treatment of TB. I hope to be able to administer drugs in health Profile: facilities and make training programs of proper medication dosing. Purvi Shah has graduated from the New York Institute of Malaria is a major trap in development for sub-Saharan Technology and has her Bachelors of Science degree in Africa. Africa suffers a disproportionate burden as it has the best vector for malaria. The parasite is the most lethal Life Sciences-Biology. She will begin graduate school at at the same time the mosquito is a human biter, as the temperatures increases and stays high all year round the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey mosquito is sporadic allowing malaria to strike all (UMDNJ) in fall 2007, pursuing a Masters in Physician Assistant Studies. by Purvi Shah University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey 217

Agents of Change If you are reading this article, and are Desi, then you Youth Alliance and youth from the countries that came, probably, like me have sat through an excruciating 6-hour we even read a statement at the Plenary Session reminding Organic Chemistry lab in college. You know what I mean, all of the delegates that youth involvement matters both the kind of lab where you are throwing together a bunch in America and throughout the world. of chemicals in some 25-step process, and are sitting and stirring for what seems ages, and yet nothing seems to be I think however, that most of the SustainUS delegates happening. That's when you wish you were on the Wonder were prompted to become Agents of Change within Years, and suddenly hear an explosion coming from your themselves, whether it was challenging their own neighbors' hood just to be reassured that something really stereotypes of the UN and its capacity, or the need for is going to happen. Then somewhere around your 14th documentation and bureaucracy, or even their own step you add something little, and quite ordinary, into the value as young people in making a difference. It was a mix, and POOF!!! Miraculously before your very eyes, good opportunity to reflect upon the fact that change, no your product has crystallized, shining and triumphant. All matter where or how it is sparked, takes a long time to because of a very ordinary substance that has the capacity create a self-sustained flame. This glimpse into the UN to do extraordinary things: a catalyst, an was in stark contrast to my recent experimenting and agent of change. experiencing development in India. It was only recently that I realized that I have become, This past August, I completed an Indicorps Fellowship, almost by accident, an Agent of Change. My most recent where I spent 15 months working on a project in opportunity to be a catalyst was through a program Ahmedabad Gujarat. Though a partnership between offered by the NGO SustainUS. SustainUS is completely Indicorps, Project Ahimsa [a music supporting NGO run by youth volunteers under the age of 26. Their based in San Francisco] and Manav Sadhna [an NGO mission is to help youth get involved in their communities for value based education at the Sabarmati Gandhi as a means to help sustain the development and growth of Ashram in Gujarat,] I worked to help use music as a tool to our world in the U.S. One such opportunity was to encourage creativity and communal harmony in children become an 'Agent of Change' and serve as a part of the and teens. I worked in two areas of Ahmedabad, the youth caucus in the 44th Annual Commission on Social “Ramapir no Tekre” the mainly Hindu slum that Manav Development (CSocD) at the United Nations this past Sadhna works with, and Juhapura an upper-middle class February. Muslim area on the opposite end of the city. I spent the year working to help 8 Hindu and 8 Muslim teens from these communities, to work together to create their own expression of their friendship and hopes for India. They worked to create a drama that they entitled 'Unekta ma Ekta' or 'All-in-One,' a play about friends of different religions helping their community to work together and to become a visible message for peace. Currently the teens are performing in various parts of Ahmedabad under the guidance of Anand Sirwani a drama student at Darpana Academy in Ahmedabad and Manav Sadhna. Even though the UN has many experienced delegates Through the Indicorps experience of initiating, from around the world attending this event, there are managing, and sustaining our projects, I learned about the actually very few young people involved in the sessions many challenges and joys of becoming a true agent of held by the UN. The Agents of Change program created change. How to survey and understand a community in a chance for youth to become more informed and active order to understand the ways in which you can best help. in the process of social development, and also to remind How to help others to try new ideas that seem the UN with our visibility and voice, that investment in the unconventional. How to continue to see progress in the youth of our world is truly the only way to build a more process. How to redefine success. How to help others to sustainable future. I along with 12 other talented, see that they too are part of the change. How to see that motivated and experienced agents from the age of 17 to there is little difference between helping others and 25 participated in discussions with delegates and NGO helping yourself. How to actively turn an idea into reality. members in side events, we networked with the World And how to truly become a catalyst, and have faith enough in the process to place it in the hands of those who can continue to sustain change. 218

One of the assignments that we had as an Indicorps She also helped form “All-in-One,” a Hindu and Muslim Fellow was to write a 'white paper,' or a culmination of our youth performance group. A 2004 graduate of the best practices encountered on the field. At first I University of Pennsylvania, Shivana founded ATMA, an grumbled about the idea of spending time creating 'just' all-female a cappella group at UPenn that sings music of another document. However after attending CSocD, I the South Asian Diaspora. Shivana has also attended the began to understand the value of this assignment. It Juilliard School Music Advancement Program, where she became clear from discussions between NGO's and UN played the cello. Shivana aspires to become a physician delegates that there is a significant disconnect between the and practice medicine that serves underprivileged and work being done on the field and the policies being multiculturally diverse communities both within the created at the UN level. There is not enough exchange United States and abroad. For more information about between these two very intertwined branches of Shivana Naidoo and her work please contact development. [email protected] for more information about UPenn's Atma, please contact http://beam.to/atma Thus research papers and academic work that documents case studies and experiences form a necessary bridge of For more information on SustainUS and the Agents of communication. This bridge is also similar to the mission Change program, please contact [email protected] of SustainUS Agents of Change, to allow an exchange of information and experience between American youth and delegations at the UN. All aspects of change must start from this fundamental point sharing of information, opening of minds, igniting ideas. The 10 days spend at CSocD were filled with exchanges of information, between the UN delegates, NGO's and youth. In addition to learning about the value of communication, I was also reminded about the power of initiation. I spent an afternoon speaking with a French translator from Quebec who helped push along the women's rights movement and strongly opposed the idea of marriage. The doors to an entirely new world opened before me simply because I shared a table with her and asked her why. The youth that gained the most out of the experience were those who had taken up every opportunity that they had to speak with delegates, to challenge other youth on the ideas of poverty and development and to observe the systems of progress of the UN. It reminded me again of how every day, we have the potential to be an agent of change. To speak to person sitting next to us on the subway, to pick by up a bit of trash form the street, to smile genuinely with the world. They may seem like little things. But really Shivana Naidoo they could just be just like step number 14 in Organic lab. SustainUS, CSocD reminded me that we all have this potential. Chicago Catalyze your world. Become your own agent of change. Shivana Naidoo is 23yrs old; recently spent 15 months in Ahmedabad, Gujarat India as an Indicorps Fellow working with Manav Sadhna and Project Ahimsa, helping to use music as a tool to cultivate creativity and communal harmony for impoverished children. She also helped Shivana Naidoo is 23yrs old; recently spent 15 months in Ahmedabad, Gujarat India as an Indicorps Fellow working with Manav Sadhna and Project Ahimsa, helping to use music as a tool to cultivate creativity and communal harmony for impoverished children. 219

The Bay Islands: An Outstanding Opportunity for Investment in Honduras Moving up the Development Curve: by cruise ships in Bay Islands grew to 430,000 in 2008 from 205,000 in 2006, an annual growth rate (CAGR) of The Bay Islands of Honduras are undergoing a 46%. transformation. As a result of a number of emerging macro and regional economic trends, the region is evolving from an economy based on fishing and agriculture into one based primarily on tourism. This transformation is evident in the significant tourism growth the region has been experiencing over the past 5 years, growing. Comparitive Analysis of Tourist Destinations Across Market Maturity Number of tourists that visited the islands as part of a Cruise and Marina Port Growing faster than it’s counter parts: The Bay Islands have been capturing a With its natural beauty and access to the Mesoamerican disproportionate share of global tourism Barrier Reef, the world's second longest coral barrier reef, growth over the past 5 years. While global Roatán, the largest of the Bay Islands, has become a tourism has grown considerably between 2004 popular destination for most of the major cruise ship and 2008 at a growth rate of 20%, with Central companies. American tourism growing more than twice as fast at 50% over the same period, tourism to the Bay Islands grew 60% over the same period. 1) Norwegian Cruise Line, 2) Holland American Cruise Line, 3) Royal Caribbean Source: Central American Tourism Integration System (SITCA), The number of hotel rooms currently available on Roatán is equivalent to the number of rooms available in Cancún Honduras Institute of Tourism The number of tourists brought approximately 30 years ago. FIDE, the Foundation for Investment and Development Exports, projects that Honduras will experience a deficit of 20,000 hotel rooms in the 10 years, much of which will spring from the Bay Islands. 220

Overview of Investment Strategy: Primary Objective is long‐term capital appreciation while endeavoring to minimize the risk of loss of capital. Comparative Beach View property prices US$ per square The Company will evaluate investment feet opportunities against the following criteria: 1. Is the investment case supported by To support this growth, Bay Islands Trust (BIT) Capital is underlying regional economic trends? going to launch a US$ 200MM Bay Islands Growth Fund, 2. Does GP have preferential access to the organized in association with the Bay Islands Trust opportunity? Company − the fastest growing local financial institution 3. Does the opportunity offer a reasonable in the Bay Islands, to take advantage of favorable market probability of exit over the investment horizon? dynamics in the Bay Islands of Honduras. There are 4. What are the critical risks that could lead to a ample opportunities for investment across multiple loss of capital and what are the Company’s sectors including hotels, ports, transportation, healthcare, protections against such issues? electricity, entertainment, and advertising. Total offering size of investment is US$ 50,000,000 ‐ US$ 200,000,000. Minimum investment size in the trust is US$ 1,000,000 (minimum subsequent investment of US$500,000). The GP, Joseph Miller, is a native to the Bay Islands with over 20 years of experience investing in the region. The Miller family has been active in the development of the Islands for generations, creating strong business relationships along the way. This network should give the fund preferential and early Broad Structure for Investment access to investment opportunities as well as an advantage in securing attractive terms. The Fund will follow a Taxation considerations for investors: disciplined investment strategy, choosing investments supported by underlying regional economic trends to The fund has been structured as a partnership for federal which the GP has preferential access, combined with a income tax purposes and will not be subjected to federal reasonable probability of exit and suitable collateral income tax. whenever possible. The fund will generally derive most of its gains from BIT, has proposed a macro‐economic fund that will securities held for more than one year, so U.S. partners help the community through this transformation, who are individuals are expected to be taxed on their share building a sustainable, environmentally friendly system. Expected IRR is 25% ‐ 30%. There is an opportunity to get early access to investments through this fund as the region undergoes an economic transformation to become a top tourist destination in the Caribbean. 221

of the fund’s gains at long‐term capital gains rates. There will be no double taxation. The fund shall be investing by way of Equity and Debt; hence the fund shall mainly have dividend, interest, and long term capital tax treatment. of the fund’s gains at long‐term capital gains rates. There will be no double taxation. Potential Investments Opportunities by Profile: Joseph Molina •President of the Bay Islands Trust Company, the fastest The Bay Islands growing local financial institution • Founder of BIT Capital Management, native to the Bay Honduras Islands of Honduras. • Over 20 years of international business experience ‐ active investor in the Bay Islands, the greater Caribbean region, the United States, and parts of Latin America. • Experience in tourism, real estate, transportation, banking, and business development. • Excellent access to the major business, financial, and government leaders across the Caribbean. • The fund’s investment program will draw substantially on Mr. Miller’s business relationships, regional experience, and record of identifying promising opportunities. 222

Secrets of Voice Over for Success Joan Baker, and her husband Rudy Gaskins, took an ambitious mission to transform entertainment industry with Voice Over technology and started Push Creative Advertising, an innovative marketing and promotion company that includes training the voice in 2001. We’re both grateful to be in business together. “Voice-over (also known as off-camera or off-stage commentary) is a production technique where a voice which is not part of the narrative (non-) is used in a , , , , or other . The voice-over may be spoken by someone who appears elsewhere in the production or by a specialist ”. What’s great about our careers is that it is part and parcel of the life we want to live. We are involved in everything from nuts to bolts and love to create for ourselves a powerful “present”. And that is in voiceover acting and voice coaching, operating our own business in the entertainment industry and being in a position to create anything we dare to dream. What makes it possible to do all this is being open to opportunities for giving, sharing and receiving the positive feedback. The second is a cultivate a totally new awareness of our personal power and the impact we can have by simply committing ourselves to a mission that’s bigger than ourselves – one that requires the energy and spirit of a community. To gain this awareness for your solve we recommend conferences such as Rio+20 to catapult you into another realm of living your life. Joan Baker is a Voice Actor, Voice coach, author of Secrets of Voiceover Success and spokesperson for Neumann Microphones. Rudy Gaskins is an Emmy award winning, Director, Producer and writer as well as Founder Push Creative. For training for Marketing and promotion work . by Joan Baker & Rudy Gaskins Executive Director & Co-Founder, Push Creative Advertising, New York 223

Mergers and Acquisitions in India Focus on - Pricing for Smaller Vs Mega deals 1. Executive Summary one business. Laws in India use the term 'amalgamation' 2. Overview for merger. The Income Tax Act, 1961 [Section 2(1A)] a. Mergers or Amalgamations defines amalgamation as the merger of one or more b. Acquisitions and Takeovers companies with another or the merger of two or more 3. Does M&A work in India? companies to form a new company, in such a way that all 4. Regulations for Mergers & Acquisitions assets and liabilities of the amalgamating companies a. The Companies Act, 1956 become assets and liabilities of the amalgamated b. The Competition Act, 2002 company and shareholders not less than nine-tenths in 5. M&A Valuation value of the shares in the amalgamating company or a. Proposal. companies become shareholders of the amalgamated b. Data company. c. Key Attribute details d. Testing Mechanism Mergers or amalgamations may take two forms:- 6. Results 7. Exhibits · Merger through Absorption: Absorption is a 8. Sources combination of two or more companies into an 'existing company'. All companies except one lose their identity in 1. Executive Summary such a merger. For example, absorption of Tata Fertilizers Ltd (TFL) by Tata Chemicals Ltd (TCL). TCL, an This paper aims to do a price comparison between acquiring company (a buyer), survived after merger while mergers and acquisition transactions in India. This TFL, an acquired company (a seller), ceased to exist. TFL section summarizes the results from a financial model transferred its assets, liabilities and shares to TCL. which compares valuations of the mega deals versus the small deals in India, by filtering through key factors. · Merger through Consolidation: A consolidation is a combination of two or more companies into a 'new Besides, this paper covers an overview on Indian company'. In this form of merger, all companies are perspective on mergers, amalgamations, takeovers and legally dissolved and a new entity is created. Here, the acquisitions, followed by a deeper dive into whether M&A acquired company transfers its assets, liabilities and shares works in India and the regulatory environment in India. to the acquiring company for cash or exchange of shares. These sections look into comparing M&A environment For example, merger of Hindustan Computers Ltd, in India versus the corresponding environment in the Hindustan Instruments Ltd, Indian Software Company developed world, especially the US. Ltd and Indian Reprographics Ltd into an entirely new company called HCL Ltd. Finally, the paper sums up various ideas from the financial model in the results section to give insights for future A fundamental characteristic of merger (either through work. This paper, by no means, is a complete analysis of absorption or consolidation) is M&A in India and should not be used as a that the acquiring company (existing or new) takes over recommendation for investing. Instead, this paper should the ownership of other be used as a basis for future work in this field. companies and combines their operations with its own operations. Note that, the overview section, regulatory environment section and the Indian M&A environment review section b. Acquisitions and Takeovers are based on my readings from various articles on the web. The analysis behind the M&A Valuation section is my An acquisition may be defined as an act of acquiring own and the model I have made from doing detailed study effective control by one company over assets or and application of financial and statistical models at my management of another company without any disposal. With this, I leave this paper to your enjoyment combination of companies. Thus, in an acquisition two or and critic. For any questions / comments, feel free to more companies may remain independent, separate legal email me at [email protected]. entities, but there may be a change in control of the companies. When an acquisition is 'forced' or 'unwilling', 2. Overview it is called a takeover. In an unwilling acquisition, the management of 'target' company would oppose a move a. Mergers or Amalgamations of being taken over. But, when managements of acquiring and target companies mutually and willingly A merger is a combination of two or more businesses into agree for the takeover, it is called acquisition or friendly 224

takeover. of close to 2% over and above the Sensex returns in the 10 days following the announcement. The median value was Under the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Act, above 1% with over 56% of the acquirers reporting gains. takeover meant acquisition of not less than 25 percent of Clearly the Indian markets like acquirers. the voting power in a company. While in the Companies Act (Section 372), a company's investment in the shares For further insights please refer to the Source section of another company in excess of 10 percent of the articles. subscribed capital can result in takeovers. An acquisition or takeover does not necessarily entail full legal control. A 4. Regulations for Mergers & Acquisitions company can also have effective control over another company by holding a minority ownership. This section takes a deep dive into explaining couple of regulatory provisions in India in detail. Mergers and 3. Does M&A work in India? acquisitions are regulated under various laws in India. The objective of the laws is to make these deals transparent In 2007 India attracted deals worth $68.32 billion, against and protect the interest of all shareholders. They are $28.16 billion in 2006 and $18.35 billion in 2005. The 661 regulated through the provisions of: M&A deals - slightly more than half of them cross-border - accounted for $51.17 billion and the remainder was a. The Companies Act, 1956 private equity investment. The Act lays down the legal procedures for mergers or It is generally established, mostly using developed country acquisitions: data, that the average acquirer experiences a dip in its stock prices with the announcement of a deal and that in · Permission for merger: Two or more companies can the long-run also the average acquirer under-performs the amalgamate only when the amalgamation is permitted relevant stock price index. In other words, the average under their memorandum of association. Also, the acquisition reduces shareholder value. In contrast, we find acquiring company should have the permission in its that the average Indian acquirer gains in value (relative to a object clause to carry on the business of the acquired national stock index) on announcement. For the relatively company. In the absence of these provisions in the small number of cases in which a three-year memorandum of association, it is necessary to seek the postacquisition window is available, even long-run gains permission of the shareholders, board of directors and are statistically significant. the Company Law Board before affecting the merger. The international evidence on the effect of M&A on · Information to the stock exchange: The acquiring and market returns is depressing indeed. Between 1961 and the acquired companies 1993, the three-year post-merger returns for over 2000 US should inform the stock exchanges (where they are listed) acquirers have trailed the market by a full 5% w hile for the about the merger. stock-financed acquisitions among them the figure has been 9%. · Approval of board of directors: The board ofdirectors of the individual companies should approve the draft Between 1980 and 1997 acquiring-firm shareholders lost proposal for amalgamation and authorize the about $32 billion in value on announcement of the managements of the companies to further pursue the acquisition. The merger wave during the late 1990s boom proposal. has been particularly harmful for shareholder wealth. Between 1998 and 2001, shareholders in acquiring firms · Application in the High Court: An application for lost around announcement the equivalent of 12% of the approving the draft amalgamation proposal duly total amount spent on acquisitions (a total loss of $240 approved by the board of directors of the individual billion) as compared to the 1.6% loss totaling $7 billion companies should be made to the High Court. during the merger wave of the 1980s. On an industry- adjusted basis, the return for these acquirers has fallen · Shareholders' and creators' meetings: The individual short of the market return by 14%. companies should hold separate meetings of their shareholders and creditors for approving the This general \"rule\" does not appear to be working in amalgamation scheme. At least, 75 percent of India. In close to 400 deals with Indian acquirers between shareholders and creditors in separate meeting, voting in late 2001 and mid-2007, 44% of them with foreign person or by proxy, must accord their approval to the targets, the acquirers experienced, on an average, a gain scheme. 225

· Sanction by the High Court: After the approval of the · nature and extent of vertical integration in the market; shareholders and creditors, on the petitions of the · nature and extent of innovation; companies, the High Court will pass an order, sanctioning · Whether the benefits of the combinations outweigh the the amalgamation scheme after it is satisfied that the adverse impact of the combination. scheme is fair and reasonable. The date of the court's hearing will be published in two newspapers, and also, the Thus, the Competition Act does not seek to eliminate regional director of the Company Law Board will be combinations and only aims to eliminate their harmful intimated. effects. · Filing of the Court order: After the Court order, its The other regulations are provided in The Foreign certified true copies will be filed with the Registrar of Exchange Management Act, 1999 and the Income Tax Companies. Act,1961. Besides, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has issued guidelines to regulate mergers and · Transfer of assets and liabilities: The assets and liabilities acquisitions. The SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares of the acquired company will be transferred to the and Takeovers) Regulations, 1997 and its subsequent acquiring company in accordance with the approved amendments aim at making the take-over process scheme, with effect from the specified date. transparent, and also protect the interests of minority shareholders. · Payment by cash or securities: As per the proposal, the acquiring company will exchange shares and debentures A US firm, in order to successfully expand and grow its and/or cash for the shares and debentures of the acquired business on a sustained basis, must take into account the company. These securities will be listed on the stock basic regulatory requirements of the country. These exchange. requirements are necessary for the functioning of its enterprise in the statutory framework of the country and b. The Competition Act, 2002 help the firm to know about its rights and responsibilities as well as the challenges that it may have to face. The most The Act regulates the various forms of business important regulation relates to the export and import of combinations through Competition Commission of goods and services that the firm undertakes for India. Under the Act, no person or enterprise shall enter expanding its business within India and abroad. For this, it into a combination, in the form of an acquisition, merger has to abide by the Foreign Trade (Development and or amalgamation, which causes or is likely to cause an Regulation) Act, 1992 and the EXIM policy announced by appreciable adverse effect on competition in the relevant the Government from time to time. The Ministry of market and such a combination shall be void. Enterprises Commerce and Industry is the most important organ intending to enter into a combination may give notice to concerned with the promotion and regulation of the the Commission, but this notification is voluntary. But, all foreign trade in India. The Ministry has an elaborate combinations do not call for scrutiny unless the resulting organizational set up to look after the various aspects of combination exceeds the threshold limits in terms of trade. Within the Ministry, the Department of Commerce assets or turnover as specified by the Competition is responsible for formulating and implementing the Commission of India. The Commission while regulating foreign trade policy. a 'combination' shall consider the following factors: Also, for a business to grow on a sustainable basis there · actual and potential competition through imports; has to be a healthy and fair competition in the market · extent of entry barriers into the market; economy. Accordingly, the Government of India has · level of combination in the market; taken several steps such as announcing competition · degree of countervailing power in the market; policy, enacting Competition Act, 2002 and setting up of · possibility of the combination to significantly and Competition Commission of India. These aim to prohibit substantially increase prices or profits; the anticompetitive business practices, abuse of · extent of effective competition likely to sustain in a dominance by an enterprise as well as regulate various market; business combinations like mergers and acquisitions. · availability of substitutes before and after the There is also an ATA Carnet system in place w hich allows combination; free movement of goods across frontiers and their · market share of the parties to the combination temporary admission into a customs territory with relief individually and as a combination; from duties and taxes. The goods under the system are · possibility of the combination to remove the vigorous covered by a single document known as the ATA carnet and effective competitor or competition in the market; which is secured by an international guarantee system. 226

It permits duty free temporary admission of goods into a understanding. member country without the need to raise customs bond and fulfillment of other customs formalities in one or a This brought my attention to the happening, still little number of foreign countries. Hence, a firm must make all attended area – Small deals with business decisions by considering all such regulatory transaction value less than $20M. requirements. 1Over 99% of deals in India are Friendly in nature. This The above two sections covered the upsides and some comes from the culture and the challenges a US firm must consider while acquiring firms values in built in the Indian traditions. Thus, consideration in India. Now, the next section will give a valuation of hostile deals would perspective to Non-Mega mergers and acquisitions. introduce undue noise in the data. Thus, hostile deals or Without giving away much here, let us move on to the next those whose status was not section. known have been filtered out. 5. M&A Valuation b. Data a. Proposal SDC Platinum is used as the source for data. The data consists of all the deals since 1985 until end of 2007. The Valuation of firms in India for M&A activity is under attributes of the data: Acquisition Technique, Date focus. This section summarizes the results from a model announced, Date effective, Date withdrawn, Target and which compares valuations of the mega deals versus the Acquirer details (Name and SIC code), Value of small deals in India, by filtering through key factors. My transaction, Enterprise Value, Target Book Value per definition of deals includes only mergers and acquisition share (LTM), Target Premium {over last (pre- transactions in India. The target audience is firms in US announcement) 1 day, 1 week and 1 month}, M&A type, which are looking forward to acquire small firms in India. Acquirer price {1 day, 1 week, 2 months after announcement}, Type of acquirer, The key factors mentioned above are: Attitude towards deal, Target and Acquirer nation and 1. Target is Indian firm. most importantly the Comps Ratio Transaction 2. Acquirer is US firm. Value/EBIT. 3. Attitude is friendly1. Why study only deals with focus on USacquiring firms in c. Key Attribute details India: India has become a hot bed of deals. The volume and size of deals in India has The original data consisted of 8872 M&A deals. Of these, gone up exponentially in post 2005. The deals between the deals, filtered on the basis of deals which actually went US and India have grown as the largest M&A deal with through, these were friendly deals, and target was India India as target has reached $850M. and with acquirer as US, were 705. Deals data was flaky and was corrected and filtered to get significant India has been on a spree of acquisitions as well. Mega information such as Comps ratio – Transaction deals like Tata-Chorus and Mittal-Arcelor have been in Value/EBIT. With this the deals reduced to 61. limelight. However, this is not where the action is! Smaller deals have been making a lot of buzz. A lot of evaluation, d. Testing Mechanism analysis and due diligence goes into mega deals. However, acquiring firms would not get much upside if lot of This data is pretty small to confirm any positive results. money is poured into transaction and due diligence costs. However the findings were quite interesting. I used v arious regression techniques, splitting data into various Thus, with this inbuilt risk due to lack of detailed due subsets based on the size of transaction and SIC (Sun diligence should factor into bidding industry codes) of target companies. Also, I used various price for the smaller deals. However, in a growth economy charting mechanisms using SPSS to find significant like India, the story is different. The smaller firm information from the data. acquisition acts as a gateway for large American firms into the huge and growing Indian markets. Thus, with The various regression techniques used were: Linear, abundant global attention, the top small companies Logarithmic, Inverse, Quadratic, Cubic, Compound(a), command higher multiples as compared to mega Power(a), S(a), Growth(a), Exponential(a). For details businesses. The model tries to verify / confirm this refer to Exhibit D. 227

6. Results prefer larger and more stable investments. · Mega deals: The mega deals have been observed lately. Thus there is significant dominance of Stake ownership This result indicates that buying firms in India has deals over complete ownership deals. become more expensive as the EBIT multiples have been higher in the recent years. · Regression: a. Overall Pricing between Smaller deals versus · Stake purchase in Mega deals: Also that the mega Larger deals: transactions, observed closely are all Stake purchases – i. No overall relation: The correlation between the size meaning foreign firms are only allowed to buy stakes in of deals overall is statistically insignificant. This is large Indian firms. However, an absence of these large observed from Exhibit D output of regression. deals in the past indicates that India has truly become open economy welcoming foreign direct investment into b. Correlation between Target Value/EBIT and the country. Observed in Exhibit A. Transaction Value: · Small deals: The small-size deals (valued from $1 to i. No overall relation: The correlation between the $50M) form the majority of multiple and the transaction value overall is statistically the deals between US and India. Over 200 of the 304 fall insignificant. This is observed from in this range. Observed Exhibit D output of regression. in Exhibit A. c. Sector-wise Pricing between Smaller deals versus · Proliferation of Financial buyers: India has grown Larger deals: into limelight in the past 4-5 years (since 2003) with record i. There seems to be a correlation: Only two target- GDP growths. Majority large transactions and large sectors SIC codes have significant volume to be volume of transactions have been observed during this considered for correlation. There are 7 to 9 firms in each period. This period also coincides with the boom in of these two sectors. private equity and other financial buyers. This connection can be observed from the dominance of financial buyers. ii. Size increases EBIT multiple decreases: It is Over 23% of buyers have been financial buyers, as observed from Exhibit D analysis observed in Exhibit B. that – · Deal Volume and Transaction $ per year: The data in Small deals with transaction value less than 20M Exhibit C and E show the deal volume and the dollar command high EBIT multiple in the range of 40s. amount of transactions since 1985. However in comparison deals larger than 20M up to 100M (as a statistically significant size) as command much · Disclosed Deal Value versus Stake Purchase: Firstly, lower multiples in lower 20s. these two are not the opposite of each other. Only these two appear due the small size of deal data between US and iii. Small sample size: India. There are three categories namely: Disclosed deal The sample size even though better than none is still value, undisclosed deal value and Stake purchase. pretty small to be statistically significant. One should consider this result just as a guideline and as India o Disclosed and undisclosed deal values represent deals develops further there should be an incremental study to when a target Indian firm was acquired wholly by a US confirm or disapprove this understanding. firm or its subsidiary. o Stake purchases represent US firm purchasing stake in an Indian firm. This is true US firm buying stake in large Indian firms. Indian Law forbids 100% foreign ownership of Navratna and other mega firms in key industry sectors in India. Also, as the Indian economy is still emerging and has lot of risk inherent in the economy, foreign firm tend to 228

Exhibit A Amount in Millions $ Total Deals 8872 Deals Withdrawn 307 Actual Deals 8565 Friendly Deals 7127 Acquirer is Not India 2768 Acquirer is US 705 Deals with Available Transaction value 304 Maximum deal value $ 850 Greater than or equal to 500M 5 Exhibit D: Regression result. 100 >= Deal Value > 500 25 50 >= Deal Value > 100 34 10 >= Deal Value > 50 107 1 >= Deal Value > 10 98 0 > Deal Value > 1 35 Total Deals (Deals with Available 304 Transaction value) Deals with Available Transaction value & 61 EBIT Exhibit B: Type of Acquirer: Financial or Corporate. Exhibit C: Deal Volume: 1985 to 2007 (Note 1985 to1993: For further results and models, please feel free to contact No reported deals between US me at and India). [email protected]. 229

Exhibit E: Deal Value from 1985 to 2007 (Note No Author’s Profile: reported deals from 1985 to 1993 between US and India). The author, Chirag Thakkar, is originally from Mumbai, India. He did his undergrad from Mumbai University and he just finished his MBA in Finance from Robert H. Smith School of Business at University of Maryland in May 2008. Last summer, Chirag interned with Capitol Partners, a private equity firm in Washington DC while doing his MBA. Post MBA, he has begun working with MedImmune as a Financial Analyst. Prior to MBA, he gained three years of experience with Infosys Technologies as Program Developer/ Analyst. Also, he is an active investor in Indian stock markets. Contact: [email protected] Exhibit F: M&A type: Disclosed deal Vs Stake Purchases. 7. Sources Special edition by: Takeovers in India Chirag Thakkar Global Mergers and Indian Tax Laws University of Maryland Employees Key to M&A Robert H. Smith School of Business M&A Blog Mckinsey Quarterly Mergers-Acquisitions Changing Indian Business E&Y Report SDC Platinum: For Deals Data. Indian government websites for regulation on M&A. 230

Interlinkages between Environmental Change and Development Environmentally sustainable development is one of the extraction for their sustenance, there are strong feedbacks most challenging problems facing the world today. Yet of environmental degradation on the lives of the poor. surprisingly, our understanding of the For instance, environmental deterioration may increase environmentdevelopment the demand for children to fetch water relationship is limited. For taking concrete steps towards and fuel wood or manage livestock, which plays a vital role sustainable development, the first step is to understand in providing economic support to a rural household. If how development and environmental change affect each rural population growth caused the environmental other, the second step is to assess the magnitude of these depletion to start with, then there may arise a reinforcing effects and the third step is to identify the institutions downward spiral wherein population growth depletes the through which effective interventions can be environment, spurring yet more population growth, and implemented. In spite of voluminous literature on so on. Similar argument goes with rural poverty as well. longstanding debates amongst academicians, substantial Since the rural poor in developing countries rely heavily research is still needed to answer the question at the very on natural resources like forest, water, pasture for their first step itself. sustenance they are extremely vulnerable to degradation of these resources. Financial and technological The empirical literature in the social sciences like constraints facing the poor combined with weak property economics have mostly assessed the effect of the rights can result in degradation of the natural resource economic development on environmental quality by base on which they rely so heavily and the resource treating the relationship as a unidirectional relation, degradation in turn can further impoverish them, which without considering any plausible effect of can again create a vicious negative circle. This negative environmental change on development. Lack of spiraling relationship between rural poverty and resource accounting for the other direction of the relationship, i.e. degradation the effect of environmental change on indicators of has been termed as the ‘poverty-environment nexus’. development, generates biased results that obscures our Intermediating forces may operate to break or lessen this understanding of the environment-development cycle, including migration and/or government and relationship and can generate misplaced policy priorities. community action to stem environmental decline. In the For example, it is often conjectured that rural poor light of anecdotal evidence of such strong interlinkages damage the environment due to lack of resources or between environment and development in rural areas of technological knowledge for adopting sustainable several developing countries academicians from varied technologies. At the same time, these poor people are disciplines are increasingly emphasizing the need for expected to be adversely affected due to damage to the technological constraints facing the poor combined with natural resource base as they rely upon these resources for weak property rights can result in degradation of the their sustenance. Hence it is tempting to infer 2 that natural resource base on which they rely so heavily and the interventions that can generate environmental resource degradation in turn can further impoverish improvement will help in poverty alleviations as well. them, which can again create a vicious negative circle. This However an improvement in the environmental quality negative spiraling relationship between rural poverty and may not benefit the poor if it occurs by excluding the poor resource degradation has been termed as the ‘poverty- from accessing the natural resource. Hence an analysis environment nexus’. Intermediating forces may operate that assesses the effect of poverty of poverty on to break or lessen this cycle, including migration and/or environment without accounting for the other side of the government and community action to stem relationship, will present us an incomplete picture of the environmental decline. In the light of anecdotal evidence relationship. of such strong interlinkages between environment and development in rural areas of several developing The economic development in the developed countries countries academicians from varied disciplines are might generate the impression that the environment- increasingly emphasizing the need for analyzing the development relationship is indeed a unidirectional interactive bi-directional relationship between relationship, where the development process affects the environment and development issues in a unified environment, but economic progress does not appear to framework. The lack of such analysis may be attributed to get affected by the environmental change. Although the the difficulty in obtaining adequate data especially data on long run implications of environmental change for the environmental quality and estimation challenges involved developed countries are difficult to predict and widely in estimating relationships involving bi-directional links. debated, we can see contemporaneous impact of environmental change in developing countries. In Technological advancements are aiding the limited developing countries,especially in the rural areas, where availability of traditional survey data from developing people are predominantly dependent on natural resource countries. For instance, if we want to focus on vegetative 231

resources we can use satellite image based vegetation The results from the poverty-environment analysis depict indices, like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index that rural poverty fuels vegetation degradation and (NDVI), as an indicator of environmental quality. The vegetation degradation has a reinforcing negative effect NDVI provides a pure biological measure of vegetation on severity of rural poverty. Hence the analysis provides quality. NDVI is gaining wider applications in social evidence in support of a downward spiraling 'poverty- sciences as there are several advantages of using satellite environment nexus' in the study region. These analyses imaging data as an indicator of environmental quality. highlight the use of technological advancement for First, satellite images provide more accurate and reliable overcoming traditional data limitations as well as utilizing data as they are free from the measurement errors the efficient estimation procedures for analyzing associated with the traditional survey 4 indicators like area bidirectional relationships, which provide us consistent under forest. Second, more frequent measures are estimate of how environment and development available from satellite images. NDVI is constructed from indicators affect each other. And most importantly, such 10-days composite images. In contrast, forest area surveys analyses help us in reiterating the urgent need for policy can be available on an annual basis at best. Third and the formulations that take into account the environment most important advantage of NDVI is its ability to development capture the difference in vegetative quality across space as inter-linkages in order to make progress towards well as time, which the widely used indicator, area under sustainable development. forest, fails to capture. For example, a measure of area under forest cannot help us in distinguishing between one Haimanti Bhattacharya is an assistant professor in square kilometer of evergreen tropical forest and Department of Economics at University of Utah. She vegetation on an equal area in a semi-arid region. However completed her graduate studies from University of NDVI would take a much higher value for the former Arizona and has been a post-doctoral research fellow at than the later. Similarly, if a designated forest area is the Earth Institute, Columbia University. Her research degraded over time or old growth forest is replaced by focuses on environment and development economics. new plantation, NDVI would reflect the change in form of a decline in vegetative index over time, while the traditional measure will not reflect any change, as the designated area under forest remains unchanged. Hence, NDVI is clearly a better indicator of variation of vegetation quality across space and time. Using NDVI data as indicators of environmental by: health and socio-economic indicators from districts of South, West and Central India, we have conducted Dr. Haimanti Bhattacharya systematic econometric analysis of the environment- Assistant Professor, population growth and environment-poverty relationship where we account for the bi-directional links using an Department Of Economics, estimation method called the generalized method of University Of Utah moments (GMM). India presents a great case to study the rural environment-development relationship. Despite the impressive growth in GDP in this decade, population growth and rural poverty remain two of the most contentious issues for India that needs to be addressed for improving overall human development and these development indicators are also intricately associated with rural natural resource extraction that shapes the trajectory of the environmental quality. Among key findings of the population-environment analysis are that environmental decline spurs increased ruralnatural growth and increased net rural in-migration, which in turn prompt further environmental decline; environmental improvement spurs increased urban natural growth and increased net urban in-migration; and environmental scarcity spurs environmental improvement. 232

Harnessing soil and water resources for increased rice productivity in Africa My research focus is in two major areas. The first focal purpose of recycling, re-use and discharge of effluents area is harnessing soil and water resources for ensuring which have been treated and harmless into water bodies. increase in food (rice) productivity in order to attain self- Waste, which is the bye-product of most human activities sufficiency. The choice of rice is due to its strategic daily are generated everywhere; cities and towns are importance to Nigeria and the huge amount of money commonly referred to as municipal solid waste (MSW). being used for its importation when adequate land and Dealing with wastes demand great attention because it water resources are available for its production at self- becomes harmful to man and animals when it becomes an sufficiency levels. Rice is ranked third globally after wheat environmental pollutant. Significant proportions of and maize in terms of production and it is the sixth major waste generated globally are from densely-populated crop in cultivated land area after sorghum, millet, cowpea, regions such as in Africa with poor sanitation, hygiene and cassava and yam in Nigeria. Although, Nigeria is West absence of efficient technology for recycling and reuse. Africa’slargest producer of rice, producing an average of 3.2 million tons of paddy rice for the past 5 years, it is also Several methods have been known to be used for treating the World’s second largest rice importer, spending over liquid wastes from stabilization ponds, trickling filter, US$300 million on rice imports annually which rose to activated sludge (aerobic) to anaerobic digesters. These US$1 billion in 2010. methods essentially reduce the high value of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), which is an indication of excess Recent statistics released by Nigeria’s Federal Bureau of amount of organic carbon but not designed to remove Statistics (FBS) and confirmed by the Governor of biodegradable organic pollutants and mineral nutrients Nigeria’s Apex bank, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) such as nitrogen and phosphorus salts and other toxic indicated that the country actually spent the sum of US$1 chemicals. Disinfection (chlorination) which is the final billion daily on rice importation alone and despite that, step in treatment process designed to kill bacteria and self-sufficiency has not been attained. Some of the factors viruses not eliminated during previous stages leave salt responsible for decline in yield apart from soil and water residue behind such as chlorinated hydrocarbons that are are climate change-related issues. Photosynthesis had toxic and difficult to mineralize. This makes the effluent slowed down as thermometer rises, rice yields are very harmful and injurious to human and aquatic lives in declining by 10% for every degree Celsius increase in discharging water bodies. night-time temperature while increased carbon dioxide (CO2) had reduce crops' protein content by 20%. Ozonation which is an alternative to chlorination uses ozone as oxidant is extremely expensive to use thereby Greenhouse gas (GHG) mainly produced from leaving Phytoremediation as the only healthy and viable agricultural fields have contributed to global warming alternative disinfection process in liquid waste treatment. and yield reduction by methane (CH4) emission has been Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses reported to be the strongest on rice fields. Upland rice various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize was specifically emission especially from rice fields and and/or destroy contaminants in leachate and soil. optimization of crop water use to reduce losses are under Summarily, Phytoremediation uses plants to clean –up the serious consideration in our on-going research. With the environment. This process of treating wastes gave rise to approval of research grant recently won under the use of plants (bioremediator) some of whom have COMSTECH-TWAS scheme, a study on the \"Spatial less economic value for the treatment. variability of methane emissions and yield from rice fields under different water management strategies in Nigeria\" From my study, Phytoremediation techniques have used will be carried out to ascertain the contribution of GHGs plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), from Agriculture and specifically from rice fields. water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and Cyperus Haspan on leachate with highly encouraging results. Work is on going The underlying factor here is to optimize all factors of on Kenaf as a phytoremediator and other indigenous production to increase rice production for food security plants with lesser economic importance. The interest is and self-sufficiency moreso now that Africa popluation to „clean-up wastes with most suitable environmentally- which as at 2011, was put at 1.03 billion, is expected to be friendly method and results so far achieved in the studies doubled by 2050 at a growth rate of 24 million per annum conducted in Malaysia indicated that given similar with Nigeria responsbile for one-third of the growth. If circumstance, it can work well, if not better in Nigeria due this is not done, the chances of reducing poverty and to similarities in settlement, disposal method, eating hunger by 2015 remained very slim. habits and lifestyle, behavioural pattern and climatic inclination. However, areas of further research interests The second part of my study is using biological include the response of the phytoremediator under techniques in the treatment of liquid wastes for the continuous loading, varying waste concentration points 233

and the seasonal variation (dry and wet) during the Biological Engineers (ASABE) and Fellow of African treatment. Technology Policy Strategy Network (ATPS) Essentially, these two are my research focus which in my based in Nairobi, Kenya. He has published over forty own opinion could have serious impact in Africa‟s socio- articles in international peer-reviewed journals and economic development. Producing more rice with less attended over 27 international conferences. He has won water helps Africa to save huge foreign exchange earnings several awards and fellowships at various times. He won that is being lost as a result of rice importation from the award of outstanding presentation at the first African Thailand, China, India and other Asian countries and Regional Conference on Drainage (ARCOD) in Egypt in conserve water that is being increasingly becoming scarce 2004, Our Common Future (OCF) fellow 2010 by and provide more jobs for Africans in Africa for self- Volkswagen Foundation, Germany for partaking in the sufficiency in food production and sustainable global discourse in the „facing climate change‟ and Third livelihoods. World Academy of Science (TWAS) post doctoral fellowship at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Penang, Also, biological treatment of Africa‟s liquid waste reduces Malaysia from August, 2010 through September, 2011. surface and groundwater pollution, injuries to aquatic lives in the receiving water bodies and eliminates the cost Dr. Akinbile also won the BiovisonNxt fellowship award of importation of chemicals which are harmful. Water re- for being among the 100 best young researchers globally use and recycling is also possible while it will serve as a which took place in Lyon, France in March, 2011 and was control for plants with less economic importance such as organized by the World Life Science Forum. He teaches water hyacinth which has taken over our waterways in several Agricultural Engineering courses such as Soil and Africa. Water Conservation Engineering, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, Engineer in Society, Basic Hydrology, Profile: Irrigation and Drainage and Fluid Mechanics all at Undergraduate levels. At postgraduate levels, courses Dr. Christopher Oluwakunmi such as Advanced Hydraulics, Ground water supply, Akinbile is senior lecturer in the Advanced drainage and operational research. He has department of Agricultural supervised several undergraduate and postgraduate Engineering, Federal University of project students and also member of supervisory team of Technology, Akure, Nigeria (FUTA) some doctoral students at the department of Biological and also the Associate Director, and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Entrepreneurship Programme, (UPM) in Malaysia. Dr. Akinbile is married with children. Centre for Entrepreneurship and by: Gender Issues in Science and Technology (CEGIST), FUTA. The Centre is saddled with the responsibility of ensuring skill acquisition and entrepreneurial advancement of staff, students and interested youth in the University community for development of small and medium scale enterprises. This is with a view to reducing unemployment, promoting the emergence of small enterprises and encouraging entrepreneurship development. He obtained his bachelor‟s degree in Agricultural Engineering from FUTA, while his Master‟s and doctoral degrees were obtained from Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, all in Nigeria. He is a member of many professional associations such as Engr. Christopher Oluwakunmi the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), registered AKINBILE Ph.D (Ibadan) member of Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Department of Agricultural Engineering, Engineers (NIAE), American Society of Agricultural and Federal University of Technology, NIGERIA 234

Igniting a Global Movement To Improve the Health of Girls and Women Today, fifteen years after I first joined the global health around HIV and AIDS. The funds raised from this community, I remain an impatient optimist. As Vice campaign would eventually be invested to develop and President of a global health organization, PSI, and as a deliver one of the most effective HIV prevention tools Young Global Leader for the World Economic Forum, I available. have seen what is possible when the global community works together to overcome seemingly impossible Unleashing the Power of the Private Investment in development challenges—particularly for girls and Health women. In 2007 the World Health Organization and UNAIDS Today, more than ever, private capital and creative recognized voluntary medical male circumcision as an partnerships among governments, the private and non- effective tool to reduce the risk of HIV infection among profit sectors, and civil society, are needed to test and men. Randomized control trials confirmed that develop promising health solutions for girls and women circumcised men are 60 percent less likely to acquire HIV that governments and businesses can't advance on their from their female partner. own. This exciting development clashed with an onslaught of We are standing on the threshold of a new era of skepticism by many global health experts who believed it collaboration in philanthropic giving. More women are would be impossible to convince men to undergo this breaking through gender barriers and achieving simple procedure. Even if demand for the service could unprecedented levels of power and influence, allowing be created, many believed it would be impractical and too them to ignite change and offer hope to women around costly to make it widely available, particularly across sub- the world who are shackled by the effects of poverty. Saharan Africa where the HIV epidemic maintains a stronghold. Companies are forming innovative partnerships with nonprofits and governments in the developing world to The health experts at PSI were more optimistic. With address pressing health needs, and we are seeing philanthropic contributions of $500,000 we launched a impressive results. Women are standing toe-to-toe with circumcision program in Zambia and later expanded the men Kate program in neighboring countries. We were able to prove, as philanthropists—working together to solve some of through communications campaigns, that we could create the world's most complex problems. The world has seen demand for circumcision among young males. The that progress is impossible without unlocking the program also demonstrated that the service could be potential that exists in every girl. Unlocking that potential offered safely and cost effectively. Armed with proof, that will require an inspired effort. initial investment has since leveraged more than $77 million from donors, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Harnessing Creative Energy for Social Causes Foundation, the United States Agency for International Development, and the UK Department for International Prior to joining PSI, I was managing director for the Development, to expand the program in other countries. international advertising firm Saatchi and Saatchi in Romania. Between 2007 and 2012, PSI was able to provide circumcision services to more than 400,000 men in 7 My life revolved around the relentless pursuit of finding countries – Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, new and creative ways to market cigarettes, soda, and Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Using the World other commodities that men, women, and youth \"had to Bank-approved DALY metric, PSI's circumcision have.\" interventions added 503,521 years of healthy life. Combined with efforts from other health organizations, My life changed courses when a remarkable man named local governments and with support from international Michael Holscher, who worked for PSI, convinced me donors, more than 1.1 million African men have been that I could use the same creative energy to market circumcised —moving us even closer to an AIDS-free products and services that have a health benefit and affect generation. social change. An Opportunity for Girls and Women Not long after I met Michael, I joined PSI and spearheaded the development of YouthAIDS, a cause If we can apply this leverage model to deliver health marketing campaign designed to create awareness and solutions for the 600 million girls and women across the raise private capital for high-impact health solutions developing world, we will change the course of humanity. 235

The effects of poor health prevent young girls and women from going to school, joining the workforce, and earning equal status with men—it prevents them from reaching their full potential. Today, 75 percent of HIV infections among 15- to 24-year-olds in sub-Saharan Africa are young women, and up to one-half of girls in developing countries become mothers before the age of 18, largely due to lack of access to modern family planning options. The burden of preventable disease and health complications is undeniable, and it impacts all aspects of a girl's life, as well as her family, and her community. So, why invest in girls and women? It's simple. Girls and women deliver for their families, communities and nations when they are healthy, educated and empowered to reach their full potential. It's time we deliver for them. Profile: Kate Roberts is the Vice President of Corporate Marketing, Communications and Advocacy at Population Services International (PSI). She is also the founder of YouthAIDS and Five & Alive, two marketing programs implemented by Population Services International (PSI). Kate produced the \"Staying Alive\" concert with MTV, began the multi-million dollar, celebrity-driven YouthAIDS cause marketing campaign with ALDO Shoes called \"See No Evil\", and led four award-winning documentaries aired on VH1, The Discovery Channel and National Geographic aimed at raising awareness about the global HIV/AIDS crisis. Roberts has been featured in The Washington Post, named \"Power Player of the Week\" by Fox News, one of the Vogue 100 women and celebrated as a \"CNN Hero.\" Kate speaks at The Aspen Ideas Festival, Google, by: Columbia University, Harvard Business School and Wharton and was awarded \"Young Global Leader 2007\" Kate Roberts by The Forum. Most recently, Roberts co-founded and Vice President, serves on the Board of the Global India Fund, serves on Corporate Marketing, Communications & the World Economic Forum's Global Health Advisory Board and is implementing a partnership with Nike to Advocacy, scale up efforts of the Girl Effect program. Population Services International (PSI) Washington D.C. 236