Sciences Subject (BS 21001)

151 4.3 Tropical Cyclone The Tropical Cyclone is the cyclone caused from the tropical area, 8 -12 degrees North and South of the equator.Most of them occur in the sea and the ocean when the temperature is higher than 27 degrees celcious. The nature of the Tropical Cyclone occurs at the low pressure area. The center of the Cyclone is the area of the lowest pressure, which is called ‚ Eye of the Strom‛. The Eye of the Strom is round or oval of which its diameter is from 50 – 200 kilometres and looks calm with there is no wind or rain. But the area around Eye of the Strom is very strong windy and cloudy with severe rainstorm. Tropical Cyclone is a very severe strom occurring from the center of the low pressure and the wind blows into the center of it. If it occures in the Northern Hemisphere, the wind will be in an anticlockwise direction but if occurs in the Southern Hemisphere, the wind will be in a clockwise direction. The speed of the wind moving into the center is between 120 -200 kilometres/hour and brings heavy rain. World Meteorological Organization divided the type of the Cyclone by the windspeed near the center of the strom according to their severity which are as follows. Depression is a strom with a windspeed which is less than 63 kilometres/hour. It’s a light strom from light rain to heavy rain. Tropical Storm is a strom with a windspeed of 64 – 115 kilometres/hour. It’s a modrate strom with heavy rain. Tropical Cyclone is a strom with the windspeed which is more than 115 kilometres/hour. This is the most severe strom with very heavy rain and sometimes there is a thunder strom. There are various names of the Tropical Cyclone depending on their origins as mentioned below: If it originates in the Pacific Ocean and South China sea, it’s called ‚ Typhoon‛ If it originates in the Bay of Bengal, it’s called ‚ Cyclone‛ If it originates in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, it’s called ‚ Hurricane‛ If it originates in the Phillippine Sea, it’s called ‚ Baguio‛ And if it originates in Australian Sea, it’s called ‚Willi-Willi‛

152 4.3.1 The cause of The Tropical Cyclone The Tropical Cyclone usually originates at 8 -15 degrees North and South of the Equator. There is no Tropical Cyclone at the equator because there is no Corioris Wind( The rate of the Centrifugal Force caused from the Earth Rotating itself is equal zero) The sequences of occurring the Tropical Cyclone are as follows.- 1. Formation. Always occurs at the sea or the ocean where the temperature is over 27 degree celcious 2. Growing strength state. It occurs at the center of the low air pressure and wind blow into the center and creates the cloud and rain in a large area. 3. Mature Stage. This will be the most powerful strom which can create the rain in the area. About 500 – 1,000 kilometres width. 4. Decaying Stage. The strom moves into the continental area and is reduces the windspeed because there is less humidity there and the landscape has different level so these make the strom attenuate and become the Depression and finally disintegrates. 4.3.2 Tropical Cyclone in Thailand Most of the Tropical Cyclones originate in the Pacific Ocean or the South China Sea and then move into Thailand. Besides, it also originates in the Indian Ocean. When we consider other factors and geographic conditions of Thailand’s site, it is found that this place does not always get much influence from Typhone because the direction of the strom move from the South China Sea to the Norteast or the North of Thailand between July and September. Most of them will be attenuated and become the Depression Strom or are disintegrated to be Low Pressure Trac before hitting Thailand. The stroms when getting into the land,they will be weaker than those in the sea because they have an impact on the high mountainous landscape in Vietnam, Cambodia and the mountains near the Thai border. The wind circulation is obstructed by such landscape making it attenuate. In the Southern part, the topography is like the peninsula outreach to the sea. There are mountain ranges in the West of the Southern part which can be a good strom barrior. In the East of the Southern part, there is no any strom barrio so it might be easily damaged from the strom. The strom usually occurs during Octerber and December such as the damage from The Typhoon Gay Strom which attacked the East part of the Southern of Thailand on the fourth of November 2532 causing massive damages to the the Southern part of Thailand. Generally, Thailand always has

153 approximately, 3 -4 depression storms in a year. The Tropical Cyclone in Thailand normally occurs in the rainy season, that is, from May to October. The Cyclone originates in the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and The South China Sea which may be classified as follows. There might be the Cyclone from the Gulf of Bengal which moves into the Western part of Thailand in May before the beginning of the rainy season..This affects the west of the country. There might be Taiphoon Strom in the Pacific Ocean coming from theUpper Northeast of Thailand between July and September. This affects the Northeast pand the Upper Northern parts of the country. There might be Tropical Cyclone in the South China Sea coming to the Lower Northeast from September to the end of October. This affects the Eastern, Central , the Lower Northern and the Lower Northeast including Bangkok and its vicinity. There is always low pressure from the lower part of the South China Sea coming to the Gulf of Thailand in the beginning of the Winter between November and January. This affects the East of the Southern part of the provinces from Chumporn Province. At present, we are able to know the occurring of the Tropical Cyclone in advance including the direction of the strom by using the modern weather checking instruments such as the Meteorological Satellite, or Weather Radar, etc. However, the effect on the damages caused by the Tropical Cyclone are continual heavy rain causing the cataract to flow and damage or cut the transportation routs including the electric lines and poles, agricultural area and even causing ships or boat to sink. 4.3.3 Naming the Cyclone The Meteorologists have called the Cyclone in the North and West Pacific Ocean and the South China sea to 5 sets of names and each set consists of 28 names. This comes from the cooperation of 14 nations in the areas for presenting the names of the tropical Cyclone. Using the names will be rotated by the row of the names, such as starting from the first row of the first column to the last row and then start the second column. For example, starting from Damray to Trami and then starting at Kong – Rey,etc. For Thailand, we gave the names such as Pra Pirun, Wibha, Mekhala, Nida, Kuhlab, Thurian, Hanu Marn, Chaba, and Kanoon

154 Table 1: The names of the cyclones occurring in the North West of the Pacific Ocean Countries Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Cambodia Domray Kongray Nakri Krowwan Sarika China Longwang Youtoo Fongchen Tujian Haima Dpr Korea Korochi Torachi Kamechi Memi Miari Hk.China Kaituk Manyee Fongwong Choywan Ma-ngorn Japan Tembin U-sa-ngi Kammuri Kobpu Toka-nge Loa Pdr. Bolawen Plabig Panfon Kesana Nokten Macau Chanchu Wuthip Wangfong Parma Mui-fa Malaysia Jerlawat Serpat Rusa Meeler Merbook Micronesia Ewinla Fitho Sinlakoo Nephatak Nanmadol Philippines Bilis Danus Hakupid Lupic Talus Ro Korea Kemee Naree Sungmee Sudal Noru Thailand Phraphirun Wipa Mekla Nida Kularp U.S.A. Maria Francisco Hegose Omes Roke Viet Nam Selmai Lekima Bawi Konson Sonka Cambodia Bopha Krosa Maisak Chantu Nesart China Wukong Haiyian Haichern Tiamu Haitang Dpr Korea Sonamu Podol Pongsona Mindonle Noke Hk.China Sansan Laenglaeng Yanyan Tengteng Banyan Japan Ya-ngi Kachiki Kuchira Compasi Washi Loa Pdr. Changsarn Fasai Chan-hom Namton Matsa Macau Bebinka Huamei Linfa Malao Sunwu Malaysia Lambeer Thapa Nanga Meranti Mawa Micronesia Sulic Mitek Sudelo Rananim Kuzo Philippines Simaron Hachibis Imbudo Malagus Thalim Ro Korea Sebi Nokuri Koni Meki Nabi Thailand Thurian Ramsoon Hanuman Chaba Kanun U.S.A. u-tho Sathan e-tho Kodo Winsente Viet Nam Trami Halong Wamko Songda Sella Source: The Northern Meteorology Center, Chieng Mai, 2544

155 5. Thunderstorm Thunderstrom means heavy rain with thunder strom. The rain occurring is from the convection, immediate strong wind and sudden stop. Thunderstrom occurs when the air is warmer and floating up and when getting enough steam and decreasing temperature, the steam is condensed then thunderstorm occurrs. A thunderstrom consists of plenty of aircells and in each aircell floats up and down, rotating. It often occurs in the tropical area because there is so much humidity and high temperature that it makes the weather unstable. This strom often occurs from the Cumulonimbus clouds. 5.1 Occurring procedures of the Thunderstrom 5.1.1 Cumulus Stage or forming stage occurs when the temperature at the surface is higher, the warm air mass is floating up, the steam is condensed to be the Cumulus cloud. The warm air mass floats up again and again making the air mass float up continuously and faster. 5.1.2 Mature Stage On this stage, the strom begins and the airflow dips down because of the rain. The warm air mass still floats up continuously. Therefore, the weather is unstable and there is a sudden high speed of wind due to the changing of air mass in the cloud. The airflow rotates up and down with the lightning, thunder and the hail fall. 5.1.3 Dissipating Stage This is the last stage when the center of the storm sinks beneath the ground. The shape of the cloud changes from the Cumuloimbus to Altostratus or Cirrocumulus. There is a light rain and finally disappears. However, the occurring of such thunderstorm if there are many storm centers, the thunderstorm takes longer time and the airflow is so severe that the hails fall. It might take about 1 -2 to last hours of the thunderstorm. 5.2 Types of Thunderstorm 5.2.1 Convectional Thunderstorm This type of the thunderstorm caused by convection when the warm air mass float 8 up and makes the air cooler. The steam will be condensed to the Cumulonimbus clouds and then create thunderstorm. This always occurs because the earth gets the heat from the sun which can

156 make the ground warmer. The air around the ground area will float up and become the Cumulonimbus clouds and cause the rain fall in the afternoon when it’s red- hot 5.2.2 Orographic Thunderstorm This type of the thunderstorm caused from the warm air mass having an impact with mountains. While the air mass moves along the slope, the air will be cool and the steam will be condensed to the Cumulonimbus clouds causing the rain to strike the cliff. This type of the storm occurs at the windward of the mountains because the vertical formation of the clouds is very high and can make the air change a lot. 5.2.3. Frontal Thunderstorm It occurs when there is a thunderstorm with lightning, thunder, thunderbolt, hails including strong wind. Warm and cool airmass cash each other at the mountains causing thunderstorm. 5.3 The Phenomena from the Thunder Storm While there is a thunder storm, there will be lightning, thunder, thunderbolt, hails, or sudden wind blow. There are about 16 million times of the thunder stroms a year especially in the high latitude area and in the city which is warm and humid with 80 – 160 days a year. In Thailand, it always occurs between April – June. It’s the time for the most frequent thunder storm 5.3.1 Causes of Lightning. It occurs at the same time of thunder but we can see the thunder before it. It is because light travels faster than sound ( the speed of light is 300,000 km./second but the speed of thousound is 1/3 of the light). The spark of 1 lightning, causes 200,000 ampere of the electricity with 30 million volt. Lightning is derived from the electricity moving from one cloud to another or from a cloud to the ground. The procedure is that the electricity moves from one cloud to another but but sometimes come off to the buildings on the ground or high tree. This takes less than 1 second and we can see the lightning which is sometimes 60 -90 metres long. 5.3.2 Causes of Thunder. The spark from lightning makes sudden high temperature of 25,000 degree celsious to the air around that area. This causes the air to severely and immediately, expand and produces ‚ thunder‛. Since thunder and lightning occure at the same time and if we see the thunder and count after that for 3 seconds, it means that we are 1 metre away from the thunder. The cause why we hear the continual sound of the thunder after it occurs because there is the difference between the time and the distance of the sound travelling which are overlapping.

157 5.3.3 Causes of Thunderbolt. Thunderbolt occurs at the same time as lightning, and thunder because the electricity comes out from the clouds and transmit to the ground, trees, buildings, as well as other living things. Thunderbolt may be dangerous to life because it has very high electric power. The severity of the electricity from the thunderbolt is enough to light up 600,000 light bulbs of 60 watts. 6. Monsoon Trough It is caused from low pressure path which can make the rain. The low pressure path will be in the west and east line. Monsoon Trough will change its position by the movement of the sun; for example, when the sun moves and encircle the North, the Monsoon Trough will move along as well. The movement of the Monsoon Trough affects the changing of the direction of the wind; for example, the Monsoon Trough moves to the North, the area gaining the fresh air from the North will immediatly change to gain the fresh air from the South. The Monsoon Trough affect the formation of the rain from the reason mentioned. That is, the air around that area floats up and expands to be raincloud so there are so many clouds and rain at this area. In Thailand, the Monsoon Trough occures from the impact of the Southwest Monsoon and the Northeast Monsoon causing to the rain in the wide area. If the impact path of the two Monsoons is narrowed, it is easily to create thunderstorm. The longer the Monsoon Trough lasts, the more rain and floods there are. Source: The Northern Meteorology Center, Chieng Mai, 2544

158 Cyclone Nagis Nagis is the name of a Muslim girl meaning flowers and is used to name the Cyclone strom called by Pakistan. Cyclone Nagis is the cyclone occurring in the Gulf of Bengal and is one of the Tropical Cyclones. Picture Cyclone Nagis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Nargis The Cyclone Nagis Information Issues Details 27 April 2551 Place Lower Gulf of Benga. The center is at Lat:15.9 North, Long: 93.7 East Wind Speed 215 kilometres/hour Low Pressure 962 milibar Storm Speed About 16 – 18 kilometres/hour Damaging Date 3 May 2551 Area Dammaged Erawadee Triangle and Rangoon, Myanmar

159 Cyclone Cyclone is the Tropical Cyclone occurring at the Equator between 23.5 degrees North and 23.5 degrees South. It starts from the track of the low pressure in the sea and develops to be Depression, Tropical Strom, and Tropical Cyclone. The Wind speed near the Strom Center Name of storms Depression Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Strength mild medium Severe Wind Speed near the Not more than 61 Between 62 -117 From 118 km./ Center km./hour km./hour hour and up naming No name named named Notes: Calling the Storms’ name may differ depending on the origin place, such as.  If occuring in the West of the North Pacificเ, South Pacific, and South China Sea, it is called Taiphoon.  If occuring in the Gulf of Bengal or the Indian Ocean, it is called Cyclone.  If occuring in the North Atlantic Ocean, Calibian Sea, Mexico Gulf, and in the West of Mexico, it is called The Hurricane  If occuring in the Phillippines Sea, it is called the Baguio.  If occuring in Australia, it is called Willi – Willi. The formation of Cyclone Cyclone is a strom occurring in the tropical area forming in the sea where there is a low pressure with temperature atleast 27 degree celsious of the water with high humidity. The hot air above the warm water will float up and the cool air around it will replace. Because of the earth’s rotation, the wind blow is also rotating. The tropical Cyclone in North of the equator rotates in anticlockwise direction but the one at South of the Equator rotates in the clockwise direction. The Tropical Cyclone when fully grow will be one of the most severe among the stroms on earth. Its diameter is 100 kilometres or more, occuring with a very strong wind.

160 Characteristic of Cyclone Forming each Cyclone comprises 3 essential factors as follows.  Eye. The eye of the storm is at the storm nucleus in low pressure area with, light wind no rain. Its diameter is 10 – 50 kilometres.  Eye Wall. Eye Wall is the area around the storm eye. It’s the strongest wind area.  Rainbands. This area comprises storm clouds and the cycles of the water condensation which changes to water causing the storm. The Characteristics of the Forming of the Tornado or Waterspout. There are 2 types of this kind of strom which are. 1.Tornado occurs above water( sea, lake, or any basin) when there is a severe thunder strom or what we call ‚the Supercell thunderstorm‛ together with an airflow system called Mesocyclone. We call this kind of strom, Tornado waterspout. 2. It occurs from the cool air mass moving through the warmer water surface in high humid area and with no or light wind. It causes the air beneath the water surface to lift up rapidly and severely and makes the air around move to replace it then twists up to the air which is called True waterspout. It always occure when the weather is fair( fair – weather waterspout) which is the same as the one occurs in Thailand. Sometimes, it comes with thunderstorm. The differences of these two types of Tornado are ‚Watersprout‛ caused from tornado will start from the air circulation (in the area of thunderstorm) and lower its sprout to touch the ground; that is, the air circulates from top of bottom. However, ‚watersprout‛ will start from the air circulates on the surface of water and hurtles upward; that is, the air will circulate from the bottom to the top. While the air hurtles and twists around, if the water in the air is in the form of stream, we cannot see anything, but if the air expands and cools down to one point, the steam will be distilled into a large number of drops of water causing us to see the tube or ‚elephant’s trunk‛ conneting the water and the clouds from which the name ‚Tonado waterspout‛ originates. Most of them are 10-100 meters long which its diameter is from 1 meter to move them 10 meters. In the tornado, there may be one or more tubes rotating, each of which will rotate at the speed of 20-80 meters per second; the windflow in the tornado may reach a speed of 100-190 kilometers per hour or even high uo to 225 kilometers per hour, which can easily overturn small boats. Therefore, seamen should not ice the movement direction and try to go to opposite direction.

161 This type of tornado can move fast about 3-130 kilometers per hour, but most of their speeds are rather slow about 18-28 kilometers per hour. This type of tornado does not last long; it takes 2-20 minutes before being disintegrated rapidly. Dr. Arnonth Sanitwong Na Ayuthaya, director of Research of Analysis Networks and Training about the world’s changes in South East Asia, has mentioned about the tornado waterspout that most of the time it occurs in the water, especially in the sea more often than in the fresh water. In Thailand, there used to be this phenomenon, but not too often and it is not harmful due to its size which is 1% of tornado. Acid rain. Burning fuel causes the Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide to float up to the stratum from the factories, power plants, or automobile plants and spread into water, which evaporates and becomes clouds before gathers together in form of acid rain falling to the ground. It may directly damage the plants if the water from the lake becomes acid, plants and animals cannot live any longer. Moreover, acid rain can also destroy buildings Picture: The Occurrence of Acid Rain

162 Disaster refers to a natural phenomenon or anything caused by human beings. It may happen immediately or gradually affecting communities or countries. The example of a natural disaster is floods, and a disaster caused by human being is the diffusion of chemical substance.

163 Chapter 4 Natural Resources and Environment There are living things and non-living things in the environment. Environment may comes from human or from the nature such as air, land, rock, mineral, water, pond, canal, sea, lake,ocean, plant, human, utencil,etc. Environment is always changed especially by human who is the most important persor for making the environment change both by supporting and by destroying it We can see that the meaning of the Natural Resources and the Environment has close relationship. The only difference is that the Environment includes everything around us but the Natural Resources concentrate only on the facilities for human. Types of the Natural Resources and Environment Natural Resources are divided into 2 types according to their uses as follows. 1. The Natural Resources which are never used up are as follows: 1) The type still remains in the same condition after being used such as the energy from the sun, wind air, and dust.These resources have never been used up. 2) The type which is changeable because of being misused such as land, water, and topography,etc. If we misuse them, they will cause problems; for example, growing plants the same type of at the same place can make the soil deteriorated and affect less production. If need the soil to be in good quality, fertilizer is needed or rotation planting. 2. The Natural Resources which can be used up. 1) The type that can all be used up but still being kept in the same condition such as forest, wild animal population, fertility of the soil, wasted water from the factories, underground water, some kind of fish, panoramic views,etc. All these can be renewable. 2) The type which cannot be renewable; for examples, the quality of nature soil, human’s gift, intelligence, human races, bushes, trees, wild frowers, terrestrial animals, equatic animals,etc. 3) The type which cannot be kept when being used up but able to reproduce such as metals, zinc, copper, silver,etc. 4) The type is used up and will never be reproduced or reused such as coal, pretolium, non-metal,etc. All these can be used or burnt once and cannot be reused again. The principal Nutural Resources of the world and of Thailand are soil, forest, wild animals, minerals, and population(human)

164 The Environment Environment is around us such as living things, non living things and the human’s deeds. There are 2 types of Environments as follows. 1. Nutural Environment. 2. Cultural Environment or Artificail Environment or Human’s Creation. Natural Environment can be divided to 2 types as follows. 1) Physical Environment such as air, soil, topography, weather, scenery, mountain, pond, swamp, lake, sea, ocean, and all natural resources. 2) Biological Environment or Biological Geography such as natural plants, wild animals, forest, living things around us and human. Cultural Environment or Artificial Environment or Human’s Creation are the social environments which human creates by using the modern strategies suitable for the society, economy, politics, religion such as mechine, engine, automobile, electric fan, television, radio, artificial rain, dam, house, historic site, antiquities, the others such as food, apparel, habitat, value, and health. The Usefulness of the Natural Resourses Natural Resources are greatly useful for human both directly and indirectly. Each of them is useful in the different ways as mentioned below: Water. We use water for consuming because water is the significant factor for other Natural Resources such as wild animal, forest, meadow, and soil. Soil. Most of the Natural Resources have soil to be the habitat or the resource. Human can create some of the Natural Resources to compensate by using soil to be the key factor. In addition, human also brings soil to be the major composition in building the habitat for the source of the livelihood, agriculture, industry, earthenware. If we lack soil or lack soil fertility, the resources which are the fourth requisites for human’s living will be less or used up. Forests. The usefulness of the forest is using the wood for building the habitat, the place for wild animals to live, being the wellhead, the sources of forest matters, the source of water cycle, source of fresh air, the place of soil conservation, and the source of recreation. In addition, forest can help creat many types of the industries helping people get jobs and it can be the source of the herbal medicine.

165 Wild Animals. Human gets food from wild animals. Some of them give skin, horns, ivories, bones,etc. and we use them for utensils, clothes, and the compound of medicine. Wild animals make nature beautiful and valuable and keep balance of nature. Minerals. Human brings various minerals to melt for metals which originates various industries giving jobs to people and export goods for the countries’ benefit all year round. In addition, they are the components of medicine, oil, cosmetics, and some of them are very useful for agriculture such as potasium for the fertilizers,etc. Natural Resources are supportive to one another; for eaxamples, the soil is the place for animals living, forests helps keep soil and natural fertilizer, water is the essential factor for the living of animals and plants, forests the water cycle which will cause the nature balance and good environment for human’s living. Problems of Natural Resources and Environment We inefficiently spent the high volume of Natural Resources especially land, forest, water, coastal resources for the past development. This affects to the natural resources which become less and less and very rapidly degenerative including the effect on people’s ways of living in the countryside. These are the natural resources which people in the countryside need for their living, which are. Forest Resources. The forest is now in the state of degeneration and potentially decreases because there are so many causes such as the illegal deforestation, burning forest, forest invasion, destroying forest for the habitat or for agriculture, shifting cultivation at the headwater, using forest for the Government Projects like the settlement area, irrigation, hydropower, road construction, and national stability,etc. The decreasing of the forest explicitly affect the total ecology control; for examples, the occurring of very sesious storm and flooding in the Southern part or the problem of the drough in various parts of the country.

166 Picture: Deforestration Soil. The problem of the soil erosion and the loss of topsoil by nature such as leaching the soil, soil erosion from wind and water,etc. The major problem is from human such as deforestation, burning forest, and wrong cultivation, etc. All these cause the loss of soil fertility which decreases its usefulness it affecting the decreasing of the agricultural products as well. These also the deposition of the sediment along the river, canal, dam, reservoir, which can make the water resources shallow. Land Resources. The problem of using land inappropriately to the capacity of land and not realizing the effect on the environment; for examples, using the land for agriculture not following theory, lacking soil maintenance, leaving the topsoil without plant covering and losing the soil moisture, soil degradation by using the chemical fertilizers and pesticides for speeding up the product , forest especially at the high slope terrain including expanding the city into the agricultural area, using for habitat or in factories or even keeping for speculation without using it. Water Resources. Using water for various activities is still in conflict depending on the purpose of the activities. This causes the difficulty to manage the water resources and water resource development. The conflict mentioned above has a tendency to increase. The quantity of water we keep is limited but the need is increasing all the time for agriculture, in factories, or for consuming so it is not enough for the need.

167 Coral. It is unfortunate that many places with beautiful coral in Thailand are now degenerated especially being detroyed by human; for example, using explosion for fish is the most serious coral destruction. This destroys the habitat of fish and plants around the area and also for the fishery in the future as well. The Natural Resources and Environment Conservation. The conservation of the natural resources and environment refers to making clever use of it by using only little of it, but getting most benefit; using it for a long period of time and causing less damage to the environment.besides, it should be distributed to all people in need. However, since at the present time natural resources and environment are deteriorating; therefore, natural resources and environment conservation must include the development of the environment quality as well. Natural resources and environment conservation can be done in many ways both directly and indirectly as follows. 1. Direct Natural Resources and Environment Conservation can be done by personal, organization and the country level from the following aspect: 1) Economical Usage is to make the most from using them so that we can use them for longer period of time and the most worthwhile. 2) Reusing means after we use them, we can bring them to reuse again such as plastic bags or paper,etc, or we can reuse them after passing the different processes such as bringing the used paper and passing some processes to make the cardboard, etc. This can decrease the quantity of using resources and avoid destroying the environment. 3) Renovations. Some which have been used for a long time may be damaged, if we can renovate them, they can be used for a period of time. 4) Treatment and recovery is the way to reduce the deterioration of the resources by treatment such as having a wastewater treatment from houses or factories before releasing it to the public water supply. For recovering, it is to restore the nature to be the same as the original condition planting the mangrove to keep the balance of the mangrove to become rich again. 5) Using the substitution is a method helping the usage of the natural resources less and not to destroy the environment such as using cloth bags instead of plastic bags, using banana

168 leaves instead of foam, using the solar energy instead of fuel, and using the organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer, etc. 6) Survillance and Preventive Care is a method helping the natural resources and environment not be destroyed such as the surveillance of littering, leaving garbages into rivers, canals, preparing the line to prevent the forest fire, etc. 2. Indirect Natural Resources and Environment Conservation can be done in many mthods as follow. 1)The Development of the Quality of the People by supporting the education of the natural resources and environment conservation correctly. This can be done in every age both in the formal school system or other educational institutions and non-formal schools through various mass medias to make the people realize of the importance and necessity of conservation and have a cherish feeling as well as giving serious cooperation. 2) Using Social and legal criteria. Setting up groups,communities, clubs, associations for the natural resources and environment conservation including giving cooperation physically, mentalling, and ideas realizing the value of the resources and environment. The examples of those one students, Wildlife Foundation and Flora of Thailand, The Foundation of Nakhasathien Successor, and Green World Foundation,etc. 3) Enhancing people in the local area to take part in the conservation to help take care of them and keep them to be in the original condition. They are kept not to be degenerated so that they will be useful for their livings in their own area. The cooperation for understanding and realization between the government agencies, local government, and people to take roles in protection and restoration for the worthwhile use of the resources. 4) Enhancing the study and research and technology development to make natural resources and environment management the highest useful, such as using the knowledge of technology information to manage the planning of development, developing equipment for more energy safe, conducting a research on the management method and improvement and development the environment to be efficient and sustainable.

169 5) Allocation policies and guideline of the Government in preserving and development the environment both in short and long terms to be the principle for the government agencies and the persons concerned bring to be in practice including publizing information of natural resources and environment conservation both directly and indirectly. Youth and Natural Resources and Environment Conservation Natural Resources and Environment Conservation means the usage of the resources effecienly by not damaging the environment both at the present and in the future. Conservation Concepts 1. Human is a part of the environment. 2. Since human cannot dispart to be independent from the environment, so the conservation processes should be shown how to manage with the resources effecienly. This is the only way for human to protect themselves to survive forever. Youth and Conservation (1) They must have a heart as conservationists. From the words saying; you’re called a singer because you sing sweetly, you’re called an artist because you create paintings and being accepted to the public. ‚Artists creat artwork‛ so the conservationists not only love conservation or love being an academic conservationist but also practice to be a real conservationist. (2) They must have a heart of sacrifice, that is, they must have realization of giving more for social benefits than for self benefits. (3) They must have a heart of loveand good wishes to fellowman together and should not be biased to others. The conservation can be success through the friendship and mutual understanding. Development and Conservation Development is to make everything more prosperous. Conservation is using the resources efficiently The appropriate development process is science management efficiency which is not harmful to the environment.

170 Picture: Protection line for coast erotion Natural Resources and Environment Conservation Processes - Natural resources and environment conservatio needs cooperations from all parties both from the public and private sectors from the following processed. - Modifying the concept and conscious mind of the people to understand that the environment is important for human surviving and all the living things, so everyone must take part in the responsibilities. - Changing people’s behavior in the local area; for example, consumimng and using it carefully to save the resources which are now limited. Making the most of every kind of the resources and keeping them to last longer. Global Warming Global warming means the weather changing caused by human activity making the average temperature of the earth increase. This is called Global Warming. The activities of human which can cause the global warming are the activities which causes the quantity of the greenhouse gasses increase; for example, burning fuel is the direct way to increase it or the deforestration is the indirect way to increase it. Greenhouse effect means the atmosphere of the earth is like glass which allows the shortwave radiation from the sun penetrate to the earth surface but will absorb the longwave radiation which the earth emitts, not to be released from the atmosphere and this makes the earth

171 not so cold at night. The atmosphere of the earth is like a large blanket covering the earth. The gasses that let the shortwave radiation from the sun come to the earth surface but block the long wave radiation not to go out. This phenomenon is called greenhouse gasses. The important greenhouse gasses are carbondioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide. 1. Carcondioxide results from the combustion fuel, from factories, and from deforest. 2. Methane is a result from the degradation of the fossil in the area with stored water 3. Nitrusoxide is a result from the factories which use nitric acid in the processes of producing nitrate fertilizer for agriculture. We can help protect and modify the global warming problem by some of the following methods: - Taking a bath with a shower can save more water than taking a bath in a bathtub.. This can save 151 litres of water a month. - Using less hot water. Consumers a lot of heat energy in making hot water. Adjusting the water heater for less temperature and less water can lower 159 kilograms of carbondioxide a year or even washing clothes with cool water can lower 227 kilograms of carbondioxide a year.it - Using fluorescent bulbs is four times more saving energy than the conventional bulbs and eight times longer in use. Each bulb can lower the emission of carbondioxide for 4,500 kilograms a year. For conventional blubs, they use less than 10 percents of the energy for light and the rest is change into heat which means that we waste more than 90 percents of energy. - Unpluging the electric appliances because they still consume the power even we turn off the switches. We should unplug television, radio, computer, microwave, etc. Whenerver we do not use the electric appliances, always turn off the swithes and unplug even from the cellphone charger when they are in full charge. - Using 2 door type refrigerator with the capacity of 400 litres and set temperature at 3 – 5 degree celsious and 17 – 15 degree celsious at the freezer. This would be the best electric saving - Setting the temperature of the airconditioner at 25 degree celsious, if it is lower than that it will consumer 5 -10 % of energy. - Using a flat screen laptop because it saves 5 times more of the electricity than desktop computer. Using screen server and standby mode do not help electric saving. The loss of the energy is equal to buying 1 set of computer. Laser printer is more saving than the inkjet printer.

172 - Bringing cloth bags for shopping instead of plastic bag. We leave thousands of millions of the plastic bags from sup per markets each year and do not forget that decreasing the garbage is reducing carbondioxide release. - Wearing organic cotton clothes and use the recycled or reused appliances. Avoid using the products which are in a large package. Reducing 10 % of the garbage means reducing 545 kilograms of carbondioxide a year. - Planting trees since only 1 tree can absorb 1 ton of carbondioxide in its lifespan and watering in the morning and at night can prevent transpiration. - Consuming less meat because meat production uses more energy and resources than 18 % of planting and grains. You do not have to be a vegetarian for this change but trying not to consume meat once a week, it will reduce releasing a large amount of greenhouse gasses. - Walking instead of driving. Vehicles consume a half of fuel of the world and release 1 out of 4 parts of the greenhouse gasses. Leaving a car for 1 day a week can save fuel and reduce releasing plenty of greenhouse gasses. Trying to walk, biking, using carpools or travelling by bus or skytrain or even trying to work at home with the conection of your computer to your company for once a week. - Checking the airtires for to be sure that the tires have a proper air from the car manual. Inproper airtires may waste 3 % of fuel. Saving every gallon of fuel will reduce 9 kilograms of carbondioxide. The inproper airtires will reduce 5 % of the normal distance. - Reducing, reusing, and recycling more appliances. Reducing the garbages in your house even only a half, can reduce 1 million kilograms of the carbondioxide a year. The most important is that trying to determine to help to stop global warming by using effective and clean energy.

173 Worksheet Topic: Earth, Atmosphere, Phenomena, Environment and Natural Resources 1. What is a ‚Big Bang‛ phenomenon? Answer………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. How many days does it take the earth to orbit round the sun? Answer………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. How many components of the earth are there? What are they? Answer………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What is crust composed of? Answer…............................................................................................................................................ 5. What is the characteristic of the earth’s mantle? Answer ............................................................................................................................................... 6. How many layers are there in the earth’s core? Answer …......................................................................................................................................... 7. What continents are covered with “Urasian Plates”? Answer….......................................................................................................................................... 8. What is the cause of the movement of the earth’s crust? Answer…......................................................................................................................................... 9. What are the atmosphere’s components? Answer…........................................................................................................................................ 10. Why is ‚Ozone‛ important for human being? Answer…........................................................................................................................................ 11. What types of industries is CFC used? What is its effect on the earth? Answer…….................................................................................................................................. 12. Briefly explain the Troposphere and Ionosphere in the atmosphere. Answer…….................................................................................................................................. 13. How many degrees Kelvin are equal to 40 degrees Celsius? Answer…...................................................................................................................................... 14. How many degrees Farenheit are equal to 20 degrees Celsius? Answer…......................................................................................................................................

174 15. Explain the importance of ‚warm stream‛ and ‚cold stream‛ to seasons? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 16. How many types of high clouds are there? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 17. Briefly explain the cause of the rain. Answer….................................................................................................................................... 18. What causes the wind? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 19. What types of gasses cause ‚Acid Rain‛? Which industrial areas result in ‚Acid Rain‛? What damages resulting from it? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 20. Explain the charecteristic of ‚Sea Breeze‛ and ‚Land Breeze‛ Answer….................................................................................................................................... 21. What types of winds are mountain breeze and valley breeze? What time do they occur? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 22. Which directions and places do ‚Trade Wind‛ flow to? And what months do they occur? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 23. Give 6 examples of natural resources that cannot be used up. Answer….................................................................................................................................... 24. Give 5 examples of important natural resources of the world and of Thailand. Answer….................................................................................................................................... 25. Give 10 examples of cultural environment or invention created by human being? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 26. Briefly explain the problems of natural resources an environment? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 27. Briefly explain the conservation of natural resources and environment? Answer….................................................................................................................................... 28. Explain the differences between population development and social and law criteria in order to conserve natural resources and environment? Answer…....................................................................................................................................

175 29. What is the difference between development and preservation? Answer….......................................................................................................................................

176 Key to exercise Topic: Earth, Atmosphere, Phenomena, Environment and Natural Resources 1. What is a ‚Big Bang‛ phenomenon? Answer ‚Big Bang‛ occurs when the dust in the space gathers together in a circle with high pressure causing higher temperature. When it reaches a certain point, it will explode in the center resulting in the existance of hundred million of planets 2. How many days does it take the earth to orbit round the sun? Answer 365.25 days 3. How many components of the earth are there? What are they? Answer There are 3, which are crust, mantle and core. 4. What is crust composed of? Answer Land and water 5. What is the characteristic of the earth’s mantle? Answer It is between the earth’s crust and core; some is melted called magma with high temperature 6. How many layers are there in the earth’s core? Answer 1. The outside layer consisting of iron and nikle which is melted and the temperature is very high 2. In the center there is a great amount of pressure 7. What continents are covered with “Urasian Plates”? Answer The Asia and Europe 8. What is the cause of the movement of the earth’s crust? Answer The continents gather together and disperse 9. What are the atmosphere’s components? Answer various gasses such as N2,O2 ,CO2 ,Ar, dust and other gasses 10. Why is ‚Ozone‛ important for human being? Answer It helps absorb UV radiation and other radiations making it fall down to the earth only in a small amount as it does not burn our skin. 11. What types of industries is CFC used? What is its effect on the earth? Answer In plastic industry, cooling, creating foam, etc. affect on earth causing a hole in the ozone layer and letting more UV radiation pass trough the earth. This results in greenhouse gass.

177 12. Briefly explain the Troposphere and Ionosphere in the atmosphere. Answer Troposphere is the atmosphere layer which is close to the earth surface with steam, clouds, fogs; Ionosohere is the fourth atmosphere layer from the earth surface. The air is very thin on this layer. 13. How many degrees Kelvin are equal to 40 degrees Celsius? Answer K = ℃+ 273.15 K = 40 + 273.15 K = 313.15 degrees Kelvin (K) …. 14. How many degrees Farenheit are equal to 20 degrees Celsius? Answer F = 9 (℃ + 32) 5 F = 9 (25 + 32) 5 F = 9 (57) 5 F = 9x57 5 F = 513 5 F = 102.6 ℉…. 15. Explain the importance of ‚warm stream‛ and ‚cold stream‛ to seasons? Answer Warm stream (or Gulf stream) and cold stream bringhot and cold weather resulting in season changing. If there is something wrong with the stream, it will affect the change of the world climates. 16. How many types of high clouds are there? Answer There are 3 types which are cirrocumulus, cirrus, and cirrostratus. 17. Briefly explain the cause of the rain. Answer Rain is caused from the spray in the clouds becoming cold and having a lot of spray gather together; when it is overweight, it falls to the earth due to the gravity force. 18. What causes the wind? Answer The differences of the temperatures and the air pressures.

178 19. What types of gasses cause ‚Acid Rain‛? Which industrial areas result in ‚Acid Rain‛? What damages resulting from it? Answer Acid rain is caused from sulpherdioxide and nitrogenoxide gasses from electrity generation and vehicle industries. When these gasses spread into water resource and evaporate into steam gathering with the clouds getting acid rain. It can destroy plants and animals including buildings. 20. Explain the charecteristic of ‚Sea Breeze‛ and ‚Land Breeze‛ Answer Sea breeze flows the coast at day time since the ground is hotter than the water resulting in the air lifting from the ground and the air from the sea replacing it. On the contrary, Land breeze flows from the coast to the sea at night because the water temperature is higher than that on the ground. The air from the ground replaces it. 21. What types of winds are mountain breeze and valley breeze? What time do they occur? Answer Mountain breeze and valley breeze occur daily: Mountain wind occurs at night, flowing from the top of the mountain to the valley, but valley breeze happens at day time, flowing from the bottom to the top of the mountain. 22. Which directions and places do ‚Trade Wind‛ flow to? And what months do they occur? Answer ‚Trade Wind‛ is the local wind in Thailand. It flows from the south to the north; that is, it flows from the Gulf of Thailand to the lower section of the central part from February to April which is called ‚Lom Waw‛. 23. Give 6 examples of natural resources that cannot be used up. Answer Sunlight,wind, dust, earth, water, air… 24. Give 5 examples of important natural resources of the world and of Thailand. Answer Water,earth, forest, wild animals, minerals 25. Give 10 examples of cultural environment or invention created by human being? Answer Machines, machinery, cars, fans, television sets, radios, antificial rain, housing, dams, ancient buildings… 26. Briefly explain the problems of natural resources an environment? Answer The problem of natural resources and environment are caused from the rapid development of technology. Some tachnologies are used by human being to search for natural resources such as forest, water, minerals in the soil, and water resource. There are extreamly used making the nature lose its balance.

179 27. Briefly explain the conservation of natural resources and environment? Answer Conservation of natural resources and environment is to effectively use the nature resources and environment; that is, using less quantity but making the most of it. 28. Explain the differences between population development and social and law criteria in order to conserve natural resources and environment? Answer Development of population is to push up, support people to know understand, and realize the value of natural resources and environment conservation. For social and legal criteria, people must obey the law according to the rules set. If they do not abide the law, their acts are against the law. 29. What is the difference between development and preservation? Answer Development is to make something more prosperous, but conservation is to effectively use natural resources.

180 Exercise chapter 6 Choose the best answer by marking X at the letter a, b, c, or d which is the right answer. 1. How many parts of the earth structure are there? A 2 parts b. 3 parts c. 4 parts d. 5 parts 2. Which is the outermost part of the earth. a. the earth crust b. the exis c. the mantle d. the poles 3. Which one is the phenomenon of the vibration of the plates caused from the movement of the plates? a. greenhouse effect b.volcanic eruption c.earthquake d.landslides 4. What is the cause of the air pollution in Bangkok? a.Traffic jams b.factories c.houses and high buildings d.using of foam and plastic bags

181 5. What is the instrument for air pressure measurement? a.thermometer b.hygrometer c.barometer d.arrow wind 6. What is the instrument for the speed of wind measurement? a.barometer b.hygrometer c.thermometer d.animometer 7. What event is the cause of the phenomena of lightning, thunder, and thunderbolt? a.rain b.floods c.earthquake d.greenhouse effect 8. What event is essential for human’s ways of living? a.rain b.thunderbolt c.thunder d.lightning 9. How can we treat the natural environment? a.Do not kill the animal on the Buddhist Day b.Do not use the water from the river or canal c.Do not keep pets within the house area d.No littering in the river or canal

182 10. Which one means the recycle process? a. Used materials --> sell b. Used materials -->burned c. Used materials --> cleaned --> reused d. Used materials --> producing process --> new materails Key to exercise : Chapter 6 Ecosystem 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. d

183 Chapter 7 Substances and Substance Classification Essence Physical properties and chemical properties, element classification and the difference, compounds, solution, mixture, classification by the matter of substances and the status as a criterion Expected Learning Outcome Explain about the physical and the chemical properties of the substances, classification of the substances acid, base, element, compound, solution, and mixture and the use of substances and substances product in daily life properly and safe for lives. Scope of Contents Toppic 1 Substances Properties and the criterion for substance classification. Topic 2 The Element Properties, Compounds, Solution, and Mixtures

184 Topic 1 Substances Properties and the Criterion for substance classification. Substance Properties mean the specific characteristics of the substances such as matter, colour, smell, taste, electrical conductivity, water solubility, boiling point, melting point, acidity and alkalinity,etc. Each substance has a different specific property which can be divided into 2 types as follows.- 1. Physical properties of the substances are the properties which can easily be noticeable for telling the characteristic of that substances roughly such as status, hardness, softness, colour, smell, kind ofclystal , density, or it can be experimented easily such as water solubility, finding out the boiling point, melting point, freezing point, electric conductivity, finding the specific gravity, finding the latent heat. 2. Chemical properties mean the specific properties of the substances relating to the chemical reactions such as new substances, disintegration for the new substances, burning, explosion, and corrosion of the metal,etc. The Criterion for Substance Classification In studying the substances, it is necessary to divide the substances to groups to easily memorize. Generally, we prefer to use either side of the physical properties of the substances to be the criterion of the classification. There are many criteria for classifying substances which are.- 1. Classification from the status can be divided into 3 groups which are.- 1.1 Solid means the substances of which their forms are unchanged with specific shapes. This is because the particles in the solid are arranged close together and systematically packed until they are not or less moveable.. They cannot be penetrated or forced to smaller particles such as wood, rock, iron, gold, soil, sand, plastic, paper,etc. 1.2 Liquid means the substance which is flowing freely and in the shape of the container in which it is placed. Since the particles in the liquid are farther from one another than those in the solid, the particles are not connected so they can move in a short range with the adhesive force among them. There is constant volume which can be penetrated such as water, alcohol, vegetable oil, and benzin,etc. 1.3 Gas means the substance which can spread all in the container because the particles of gas are very far from one another with energy for moving rapidly at all directions and all the time. The adhesive force among the particles is very slightly and can be penetrated easily and also can be pressed to become smaller such as air, oxygen, cooking gas,etc.

185 2.Classification from metallurgy can be divided to 3 groups as follows.- 2.1 metal 2.2 non-metal 2.3 metaliod 3.Classification from soluble condition can be divided to 2 groups as follows.- 3.1 soluble substances 3.2 non-soluble substances 4. Classification from the matter of the substances which can bedivided into 2 groups as follows.- 4.1 Homogeneous substance 4.2 Heterogeneous substance

186 Topic 2 The Properties of the Element, Compound, Solution, and Mixtures. Element means pure substance with single composition. Element cannot be disintegrated to become other element by the chemical method. The status of the element can be solid,liquid, and gas. Solids are zinc(Zn), lead(Pb), silver(Ag),and tin(Sn). Liquids are mercury(Hg). Gasses are nitrogen(N2), helium(He), oxygen(O2), and hydrogen(H2),etc. Compound means ‚pure substance of the single matter derived from components 2 substances‛. Compound is derived from the integration of the substance by the chemical method. They can be disintegrated to be new substance or to the original substance. The compound has different characteristics from the original substance such as water of which its chemical formular is H2O . Water is the compound derived from hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O) but has different property from hydrogen and oxygen. Granulated sugar consists of carbon(C), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O),etc. Solution means unpure single matter derived from the integration of two or more substances. Mixture means the substance with different internal elements or the mass of the substance which is not all the same such as salt and pepper, concrete, or soil or may be two kinds of substances are mixed but their properties are still the same as the original ones and can be disintegrated easily.

187 Exercise : Chapter 7 Choose the best answer for each question: 1) Which is not a substance a. sodium chloride b.. a dog’s howl c.. boiling soup d..electric wire made from plastic 2) Which type of the substance is brass ? a. element b. compound c..solution d. mixture 3) Which is the meaning of a compound ? a. Its molecule is composed of two or more atoms of element. b. the substance with the same element. c. the substance composed of two or more elements. d. the product obtained from the reaction of two substances 4) Which statement is correct ? a. All solutions are pure substances. b. some pure substances are homogenous substance. c. All pure substances are homogenous substance. d. Some elements are pure substances.. 5) If iron, syrup and sulphuric acid solution are frouped together, what criterion can be used. a. conduction b. dissolution c. homogenization d. acid – base properties

188 6) Which cannot suitably be used for common distillation ? a. sea water. b. canal water. c. water mixed with alcohol. d. potassium chloride solution. 7) What method is used to separate cruide oil ? a. combustion b. distillation c.silt d. disintregated with heat 8)Which of the following are all organic acids ? a. Tamarind juice, hydrochloric acid b. Lemon juice, Nitric acid c. Acitic acid, lemon juice d. Tamirind juice, sulphuric acid 9) Which of the following are bases ? a. Lemon juice, soda pop b. Tamarind juice, saline solution c. Washing powder solution, ash solution d. toothpaste solution, dishwasher liquid 10) What chemical reaction results in soap ? a. Shampoo and vegetable oil b. Acid and animals’fat c. Animals’fat and ash solution d. No correct answer

189 Kew to exercise chapter 7 : Substances and Substance classification. 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. d

190 Chapter 8 Elements and Compounds Essence Classification of the elements, compounds, metal, non-metal, and metal of semi-metal. Explain the effect occurring from the radioactive element and explain the formation of the compounds. Explain the elements and the compounds using in the daily life. Explain about the physical and chemical properties of the substances, the classification of substances, acid, base, elements, compounds, solution, mixture, and the use of the substances and their products in daily life properly and safe to lives. Scope of Contents Topic 1 The meaning and the properties of Radioactive. Topic 2 The properties of the metal, non-metal, and semi-metal. Topic 3 Radioactive Topic 4 Compound

191 Topic 1 The Meaning and theProperties of the Radioactive Elements Ionizing Radiation 1. Radioactivity means the ray which can spread out by itself from some of the elements. 2. Radioactive Elements mean the natural elements which can spread out on their own. 3. Henry Beckerel, a French physicist, discovered the radioactivity by chance while he was analyzing about x ray. The radioactivity has the different property from x ray that the intensity of the radioactivity is less than that of the X rays. The radiation is continuously active and all the time. 4. Rays are the natural phenomenon. Some of them are electromagnetic waves such as X- Rays, ultraviolet ray, infrared ray. Some of them are particles such as the radiations from the electron particles. There are 3 types of the radiations from the radioactive elements, alpha ray, beta ray, and gamma ray. Types of the Radioactivity. There are 3 types of the Radioactivity. 1) Alpha Ray (alpha, a) is a nucleus of helium atom which has the electric charge+2. With dense mass and low speed but having less penetrating power, very high energy. It can be disintegrated to be an ion. 2) Beta Ray (Beta, b). There are 2 types of this ray, Electron Oe-1 (negative charge)and Positron Oe+1( positive charge) which are very high speed near the light speed. 3) Gamma Ray (gamma, g)is the ray with no electric charge which means photon or the quantum of light. This type of ray has a high power of penetrating and not deviating in the magnetic and electric field. It is the electromagnetic wave which has higher frequency than X Rays The Property of the Radioactivity 1. It travels in the straight line. 2. Some will be deviated when travelling past the magnetic and the electric fields. 3.It has good power to penetrate various substances. 4. It will lose energy when travelling past the substancs and making the substances split to be ion. These ions can cause some of the phenomena such as chemical reaction make black scar on the photo film.

192 5. Changing the state of nucleus 5.1. The spreading of the radioactivity is the result from nucleus changing. When nucleus releases ray, the nucleus will be changed to be the nucleus of the new substance. 5.2. The spreading of the Alpha a, the nucleus of the original substance will be changed while the original mass and nucleus will be decreased equally to the mass of the Alpha particle. 5.3. The radiation of the Beta b, the electric charge of the new nucleus will be increase or decrease to 1 e unit 5.4. The Gamma Ray g is derived from the energy level of the nucleus and will not be changed the mass number and atomic number of the nucleus which radiate a gamma ray. Types and the dangers of the Radioactivity 1. The Gamma Ray has the high penetration power and can damage tissues in our body. 2. The Alpha and Beta Rays are the rays with their particles can damage the tissue of the the body. Though their penetration power is less than that of the Gamma Ray but if bringing them embedded into the body tissue, the penetration power will be the same as the Gamma Ray. 3. The X Rays can release the high voltage in the vacuum. The danger may occure if the X Rays leaks out of the instruments to the air. If touching too much as from the X Rays Tube, we may get it skin desease at hands making them rough and dry similar to wart. Finger nails are easily broken and if we contact it for a long time, bones will be destroyed. 4. The ray which can be seen is the Ultraviolet Ray. This ray cannot penetrate under the skin layer and is more severe than the Infrared Ray and can make skin burnt and endanger the eye’s lense. People generally get the Infrared Ray from the sun so the people who always work used the strong sunlight may have a chance to have tumors along the skin, which finally may become cancer. The Ultraviolet Ray will be more harmful to the skin if our skin contacts with some chemical substances such as Cresole which is very sensitive to the sunlight.

193 Topic 2 The Properties of the Metal, Non-Metal, and the Metalloids Metal is the solid substance( except mercury is liquid) with the sparkling surface. It’s a very good heat and electric conductor with the high boiling and melting point( thr gap between the melting point and the boiling point is much different) such as Sodium(Na), iron(Fe), Calcium(Ca), mercury(Hg), Aluminium(Al), Magnesium(Mg), Zinc(Zn), and Tin(Sn). Non – Metal can be in all 3 status. Most property of the Non – Metal is opposite to the Metal such as having unsparkling surface, not being an electric conductor, not being a heat conductor,having low boiling and melting point,etc.The examples of the Non-metal are carbon©, phosphorus(P), Sulphur(S), Bromene(Br), Oxygen(O2) ,Hydrogen(H2), Chlorine(Cl2), and Fluorine(F2), etc. 1. The three status of non – metals include : Solid such as Carbon ( C ), Sulphure ( S ) Liquid such as Bromine( ) Gas such as Hydrogen( ) , Oxygen( ) 2. They have low boiling and melting point except Graphite 3. Brittle and brickle and not ductile 4. Not an electric and thermal conductors except Graphite. 5. The different gaps of temperature between boiling point are and melting point are narrow. 6. No resonant sound when it is struck. 7. No glossy surface. 8. Low density. 9. High EN and easily receiving electron causing negative ion such as Metalloids are Boron( B ), and Silicon (Si),etc. Remark a. Metalloids. If the electrical conductivity is used to be a criterion, it means the substances with low electrical conductivity at the normal temperature. But at the higher temperature, it can conduct more electricity such as boron, silicon, germanium, and arcenic.

194 b. Metalloids. If use the property of the oxide is used to be a criterion, it means the substance which become the oxide and react to both the acid and base such as Barilium, Aluminium, gallium, tin,and lead. Topic 3 The Radioactive Elements Radioactive elements means the element with the property of the radiation and becomes atom of the other elements and gets 3 types of rays as follows.- 1. Alpha Ray, the nuclear symbal is and is sometime called Alpha Particle and the symbal is . The Alpha Ray is the nucleous of the Helium which is composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons so the electric charge is +2 and the mass is 4.00276 amu. The Alpha Ray has the low penetrating power so it cannot penetrate even into a piece of paper or thin metal. Because of positive electric charge when it is in the magnetic field, it will be deviated to the negative one. When it passes the air, the air will be splitted to be the ionize. 2. Beta Ray is sometimes called Beta Particle; the symbal is b or . The Beta Ray has the property like the electron, which has the electric charge – 1 and the mass is 0.000540 amu , equal to the mass of the electron. Beta Ray has a 100 times higher penetrating power than the Alpha Ray and the speed of the movement is nearly the same as the speed of light. Because of having negative charge, it will be deviated to the positive charge when it is in the electric field. 3. Gamma Ray the symbal is g . The Gamma Ray is the Electromagnetic wave with a very short wave length. Its wave length is 0.001 – 1.5 pm with no mass or charge and has the highest penetrating power which can penetrate the barrier very well. So any object which can block the Gamma Ray must be thick and dense enough to block the ray. Since it has no electric charge, it will not be deviated in the electric field. The Usefulness of the Radioactive Element 1. Creating reactors, nuclear power plants, and nuclear submarines. 2. Creating new elements after the Uranium by shooting nucleus of the heavy elements with the Alpha Particle or by other heavy and high energy nucleus. 3. Being used for the study of the mechanism of the chemical reaction such as the Ester Reaction. 4. Being used for finding the Quantitative Analysis.

195 5. Being used for finding the age of dead organisms. 6. Being used for medical therapy such as cancer. The Disadvantages of the Radioactive Elements If the body gets the Radiocative Elements, the molecule within cells will be changed and cannot perform well. If the cells are realted to the inheritance, mutation will occure. If getting into the body, it will be accumulated to the bones. The beam of the Alpha Particles will damage the cells relating to the production of the red blood cells. This causes leukemia. Topic 4 Compound Compound means ‚ Pure homogeneous occurring from 2 types or more of the substances to be the elements‛. Compound is derived from the aggregation of the substances by the chemical methods and can pyrolytic to be the new substances or returning to the original substances. Compound will have different characteristics from the original substances such as water in which the chemical formular is H2O. Water is the compound of the hydrogen(H) and the oxygen(O) but its property is different from the hydrogen and the oxygen. Sugar is composed of carbon(C) , hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O),etc. - The Formation of the Compound Compound is from the chemical bonds among the atom of different elements by exchanging the basic particles within the atom. The aggregation of the elements to be a compound can make it have totally different property from the original element such as.- Sugar is the compound substance which is derived from carbon ( C ), hydrogen ( H ), and oxygen (O) Water is the compound substance which is derived from hydrogen ( H ) and oxygen ( O ) as shown in the picture below.- Picture: The aggregation of elements into a substance( water )

196 - Elements and substances which are used in everyday life are.- 1. Food additives mean flavors putting in food for the better taste such as sugar,fishsauce, vinegar, lemonade, tomato sauce. All these can give different tastes such as.- - Sugar for sweet taste - Salt and fishsauce for salty taste - Vinegar, lemonade, tomato sauce for sour taste 2. Cleaning Agent. Types of the cleaning agents can be divided into 2 types by the origin as follows.- 1) From synthesis such as dish washer, soap, liquid soap, hair shampoo, detergent, floor cleaning substance,etc. 2) From the nature such as lime, tamarind, salt,etc. Picture: Natural cleaning agent ( lime, lemon, tamarind, salt) If dividing by the using purpose,,it can be divides into 4 types as follows.- 1. The substances for body cleaning such as soap,and hair champoo,etc. 2. The substances for clothes cleaning such as the various types of the detergents. 3. The substances for the utencil cleaning such as dish washer, etc. 4. The substances for bathroom cleaning such as powder and liquid substances for bathroom cleaning.

197 Exercise: chapter 8 Diredtion: There are ten items; choose only the best answer for each items. 1. What is the smallest particle called ? a.element b. atom c. molecule d. compound 2. Which is correct ?ขอ้ ใดถูกตอ้ ง a. In normal condition, elements have 3 status. b. Element can be divided into smaller particle. c. Element can be homogenus substance or mixed substance. d. If two elements are mixed, we always get a compound. 3. Which are all elements ? a. iron, air, gold b. hydrogen, carbon, nikle c. sulphur, potassium permanganate, mercury d. antimony, mercury, alcohol 4. Which are all elements ? a. CO2 NO2 O2 H2 b. Mg N2 Br2 O2 c. K Mg Be CO d. H2O He Na Cl2 5. Which is the symbal of gold ? a. Au b. Ag c. Cu d. Ga 6. Which are all metals ? a. Li Al P b. Al B Zi c. Zn Ag Na

198 d. Na Mg C surface. For questions 7 -8, consider the following information and answer the questions. A Element conducts electricity with glossy B Element cannot conduct electricity, fragile. C Element conducts electricity, fragile. D Element cannot conduct electricity, in gas status. 7. Which is metal ? a. A b. B c. C d. D 8. Which is semi – metal ? a. A b. B c. C d. D 9. In the molecules of H3PO4 and C2H6O, how many different atoms are there ? a. 1 atom b. 2 atom c. 3 atom d. 4 atom 10. What are elementary particle ? a. Proton and electron b. Proton and neutron c. Neutron and electron d. Protron, neutron,and electron

199 Key to exwercise : chapter 8 Elements and compounds 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. a 10. d

200 Lesson 9 Solution Essence The property and the elements of the solution, factors affect the solubility of the substance, finding the concentration of the solution, preparing some types of the solutions, acid base and salt classifying, able to check acidity and alkalaity, The Use of some types of acid and alkaline for life . Expected Learning Outcome Explain about the physical and chemical properties of the substances. Classify the substances, acid, alkaline, compound, solution, mixture and the use of the substance and the products in daily life properly and safely. Scope of contents Topic 1 Solution Topic 2 Acid -base