Sciences Subject (BS 21001)

201 Topic 1 Solution 1.1 The Property of the solution and the composition of the solution The Property of the solution When adding the solute to the solvent, we will get the solution. This will affect physical property of the pure solvent changed. The difference of the physical property of the solution and the pure solvent is called the colligative property. This kind of the property depends on the number of the particles or the number of the molecules of the solute in the solution, not depending on the type of the solute. The solution with the colligative property of colligative must be non-electrolite solution which does not split to be ions in the solution and the solute must be the substance which is difficult to evaporate. The colligative property of the solution is the property relating to the steam pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and the osmosis pressure as mentioned below: 1. the steam pressure of the solution is lower than the steam pressure of the pure solvent. 2. The boiling point of the solution is higher the boiling point of the pure solvent. 3. The freezing point of the solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent. 4. Showing the osmosis pressure. The Elements of the Solution 1. Solvent means the substances which are able to make the other substances soluted without any chemical reaction to that substances. 2. Solute means the substance which is soluted by the solvent spreading through the solvent without any chemical reaction to each others.t 1.2 The solubility of the substances. The solubility of substances with another substance can be found from the ratio between the solute and the solvent or the ratio between the solute and the solution in the condition saturated solution. This can also tell the highest density of the solution which depend on various factors; for example, the intermolecular force of the solvent and the solute, temperature, pressure and other factors.

202 1.3 Factors affect the solubility of the substances. Types of the Substances Temperature Pressure Solubility depend on.- Types of the substances such as sodiumchloride(Nacl) but when the temperature is higher, the solubility of some substances will be decreased such as all gas, calciumcromate () Pressure. In case of the dissolving of gas in the liquid, if it is a high pressure gas it will be dissolved well; for example, carbondioxide dissolves in the sparkling water. If we increase the pressure of the quantity of carbondioxide , it will increase the solubility of carbondioxide. But if we open the bottle cap( decrease the pressure), it will keep the carbondioxide away from the liquid. That is, it makes the solubility decrease. 1.4 The Intensity of the solution. The intensity of the solution is the rate showing that how much each solution has been dissolved. The intensity of the solution can be explained by many ways, as follows.- 1. By percentage with divided to 3 characteristics which are.- 1.1 The Percentage by mass per mass or in short, percentage by mass indicates the unit of the soluted mass in the solution in 100 units (gram,kilogram); for example, the concentrated uria solution 25 percents of concentrated uria solution by mass means 100 grams of uria solution has 25 grams of concentrated uria. If there are 100 kilograms of uria solution, there are 25 kilograms of saluted uria. percentage by mass solutes mass solution 1.2 The percentage by volume per volume or in short, the percentage by volume indicates the unit of the volume of the soluted mass in the solution in 100 units ( cubic centimeter - cm3, cubic decimeter- dm3 or litre); for example, Ethanol solution in the concentrated water 20 percents by volume means 100 cm3 of the solution has 20 cm3 of the Ethanol,etc. percentage by volume unit of volume Volume of Solution

203 1.3 The percentage by mass per volume is the unit indicating the soluted mass in 100 unit volume of the solution ( the unit of the mass and the volume must be consistent with each other such as gram/cubic centrimitre(g/cm3) or kilogram/cubic decimetre(kg/dm3),etc.; for example, 30 percents of the concentrated glucose solution by mass/volume means 100 cm3 of the solution has 30 grams of the soluted glucose or 100 dm3 of the solution has 30 kilograms of the diluted glucose percentage by volume solutes mass Volume of Solution 2. Mol per cubic decimeter or Molarity (mol/dm3 or Molarity) Because 1 cubic decimeter is equal to 1 litre, so it can be complied to use mol per litre (mol/litre) or Molar using the symbal ‚ M‛. This unit tells that how many moles of the soluted in 1 dm3solution such as 0.5 mol/dm3 of concentrated Sodium chloride solution means 1 dm3 solution has 0.5 mol of the Sodium chloride solution. 3. Mol per kilogram or molality( mol/kg molality) may be called Molal using ‚m‛. This is a concentrated unit showing how many mols of soluted in one kilogram of solvent such as 2 mol/kg of the concentrated glucose solution or 2 m means there are 2 mol of glucose dissolving in 1 kg of water. Note: Each solution if not identifying the type the solvent, it means that the water is the solvent. 4. Parts per million( ppm) is the concentrated unit telling how many one in a million of the solution have the soluted dissolve; for example, there is 0.1 ppm of carbon in the air means 1 million parts of the air have 0.1 part of carbondioxide ( for an example, there is 0.1 cubic centrimetre of carbon in 1 million cubic centrimetre of the air) 5. Mole fraction is the unit showing the number of moles of the substances which are the elements in the solution per the number of the total moles of every substances in the solution.

204 1.5 Preparing the solutions In most of the chemical experiments, liquid solution is usually used so we have to prepare the substances in the form of the solution. 1. The instruments using for preparing the solution. 1.1) substance scale. This type of scales are used for the solid substances which are very accurate to the forth decimal place. 1.2) Volume Measurement Instruments are cylinder, pipette, burette, rose apple shaped bottle, and volumetric flask. 2. How to prepare the solution. 2.1) prepare from pure substances,from the following steps.- 1. calculate the substance volume used for the preparation. 2. weigh the substances by the amount mentioned and put into beaker then put little distilled water and stir it. 3. bring the substances from the beaker and put it into the volumetric flask as needed. 4. pour the water little by little to clean the substance in the beaker then put in the volumetric flask. 5. use the dropper squeeze distilled water into the volumetric flask until getting the volume needed. 6. close the tap and shake it until the solution is thoroughly mixed. 7. keep the solution in the appropriate bottle and identify the type, concentration formulations, and the date preparing. 2.2) prepare from the solution, by the following steps.- 1. calculate the substance volume used for the preparation. 2. measure the substance with pipette by the volume needed , put a little water then pour it into the volumetric flask by the volume needed. 3. pour the distilled water little by little to clean the substance in the beaker then pour it into the volumetric flask. 4. use the straw to squeeze distilled water into the volumetic flask with the volume needed. 5. close the tap and shake it until the solution is thoroughly mixed.

205 6. keep the solution in the appropriate bottle and identify the type, concentration formulation, and the date preparing. Topic 2 Acid - Base 2.1 The meaning and the property of the acid –base - salt Acid is a compound with Hydrogen ( H ) as a component and hydrogen’s atom give metal of groups of elements equal to the metal obtained. When the acid is dissolves, it will split and give hydrogen ions. The Property of Acid 1. Having the hydrogen as a component. 2. Sour taste 3. reacting with the metal such as Zinc, Magnesium, copper, tin, and aluminium can get Hydrogen. 4. reacting with the limestone which is the calciumcarbonate compound, the limestone will be corrosive getting carbondioxide making the limewater turbid. 5. changing the colour of the litmus from blue to red. 6. reacting with base getting salt and water; for example, the salt acid reacts to Sodium hydroxide which is base getting sodium chloride or salt. 7. every type of the acid solution can be well conductive because the acid can split and giving the Hydrogen ions. 8. acid has a power of the eroding various substances especially living things’ tissue. If we touch the acid, it will make the skin burnt and painful and if it is dropped on the strand of clothes, the strand will be eroded and burn. In addition, the acid also destroy wood, paper, and some kind of plastic. Base is the substance when it dissolves in water and then splits and produce Hydroxide ionize ( OH-) and when it has the reaction with the acid it becomes salt and water or only salt.

206 The Property of Base 1. change the colour of the litmus paper from red to blue. 2. react with the ammonium nitrate and gains ammonium with pungent smell. 3. react to the oil or fat, gaining soap. 4. react to some metal 5. slipperly like soap. 6. react to the acid and becomes salt and water; for example, sodium hydroxide reacts to hydrochloric and becomes sodium chloride or salt for food additive. In addition, sodium hydroxide also reacts to fatty acid and becomes sodium salt of the fatty acid or it is called soap. Salt. General property of salt 1. Most of it is white chrystal such as NaCl but some of it has colour such as.- Purple such as potassium permangannate KMnO4 Blue such as copper sulphate CuSO4.5H2O Orange such as potassium cromate KCr2O7 Green such as ion(II) sulphate FeSO4.7H2O 2. Many flavours , such as.- Salty such as table salt ( sodium chloride) NaCl Acerbity such as alum K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O Bitter such as potassium chloride, magnecium sulphate KCl, Mg SO4.7H2O 3. Being conductive such as electrolyte 4. when it dissolves, it may become acid, base or neutral 5. Not damaging glass or ceramic erosive. 2.2 Acidity – Base of substance The acidity – base of substances when being tested with litmus, it results in the following changes. 1. If it changes the colour of litmus from blue to red but the red one is unchanged. The property of the substance is acid.

207 2.If it changes the colour of litmus from red to blue but the blue one is unchanged. The property of the substance is base. 3. If litmus of both colours are not changed, the properties of the substance are neutral The acidity – base of the substance whentest with the phenolfthaline, the changes are as follows.- 1. The phenolfthalene changes to be pink and purple, it means that the subsatance is base. 2. If the phenolfthalene is colourless, it means that the subsstance may be acid or neutral. The acidity – base of substances when being test with the universal indicator, the changes are as follows.- 1. If pH rate is less than 7, the substances will be acid. 2. If pH rate is more than 7, the substances will be base. 3. If pH rate is equal 7, the substances will be neutral. tomato juice purified water Laxative lye lemonade milk blood ammoni a acid rain rain acid central base 2.3 Acid – Base of the substance in daily life. There are many kinds of the acid – base used in daily life which can be classified as follows.-

208 1. Cleaning Substances - some are base such as soap, detergent, dishwasher. - some are acid such as bathroom cleaning and sanitary ware. 2. the substances used for agriculture such as fertilizers - some have base property such as urea. - some have acid property such as ammonium chloride. - some is neutral such as potassium nitrate 3. Food Additives - some have base property such as limewater,ashe water. - some have acid property such as vinegar, lemon juice, tamarind juice. - some are neutral such as monosodium glutamate, table salt, sugar,etc. 4.Medicine - some have base property such as aspirin, vitamin C. - some haveacid property such as antacids. 5. cosmetics - some are neutral such as perfume, hairspray, acne treatment medicine 2.4 Case study of acid – base which affects the property of soil. acidity-base of soil Acidity – base of soil means the amount of the hydrogen in the soil. The acidity – base is determined by numbers from 1 – 14. We call the numbers as pH values which are interpreted as follow.- Any solution has pH less than 7 pH, the solution has acid property. Any solution has the pH more than 7 pH, the solution has base property. Any solution has the pH equal 7 pH, the solution has neutral property. How to test the acidity – base. There are some methods of testing which are 1. Using the litmus, blue or red, and having it tested if there is any suspecious substance. If it is acid, litmus changes the colour from blue to red and if it is base, the colour of the litmus changes from red to blue. 2. Using the universal indicator paper for testing, to have the substance tested and compare it with the colour sheet at the side of box.

209 3. Using the solution like bromethymalblue to check acid – base property, the result obtained is that the colour in the solution with more than 7 pH is blue, and getting a yellow colour in the solution with less than 7 pH Picture shows litmus and universal indicator dark blue purple dark green red dark orange green colors will show within 30 seconds green yellow orange yellow yellow orange Picture shows the changing colours of universal indicator paper

210 The factors or the causes of acid soil are decomposition of organic substances in the soil, some fertilizers, some substances released from industry,etc. The factors of basesoil results from putting calcium hydroxide in the soil. Acid – base soil affect the plants’ growth since each plant can grow well in the soil with suitable pH for each plant. If the pH condition is not appropriate causing some plants not to absorb minerals needed for their own use. Soil improvement Acid soil can be improved by putting calcium hydroxide or marl in soil. Base soil can be improved by putting ammonia sulphate. Note: Natural indicator is a natural substance extracted from different parts of plants which can be used to check acid – base property of the solution. Table shows the change in colour of some natural indicators Types of plants pH intervals of the colour the colours changed changing butterfly pea 1-3 red -purple rose 3-4 pink- colourless roselle 6-7 red - green purple orchid 6-7 pink - green amaranth 8-9 red - purple marigold 9-10 colourless - yellow red sage 10-11 colourless - yellow Using indicator to find out pH value of the solution helps us know the approximate value. If we need the exact value, ‚pH meter‛ must be used. This instrument can check the value of pH in the solution for a long period of time making us estimate the change of acid – base in the solution. In addition, the values of pH obtained are more exhaustive than using indicator.

211 Exercise: Chapter 9 Direction: Choose the best answer from each of the following items. 1.Which is correct about solution ? a.substance with similar matters in every part. b. clear, colourless, tasteless substance without smell. c. impure substance results from two or more substances mixing together. d. substance with its melting point is below 100 degrees celsius. 2. Which is not correct about ‚ solvent‛ ? a. a greater amount of substance b. substance with the same status as solution c. substance with only liquid status. d. substance with solid, liquid, and gas status. 3.What is solute ? a. a less amount of substance b.substance with the same status as solution c.substance with only liquid status d.substance with less density than solution 4. Substance A can dissolve in water for 15 grams, when it is boiled, it can dissolve for 25 grams and cannot dissolve any more. What is this substance called ? a.satturated solution b.densed solution c.diluted solution d.unsaturated solution 5.Which process is called ‚ crystallized‛ ? a.soluted substance is separated from saturated solution b.soluted substance is separated from densed solution. c.solvent is separated from saturated solution d.solvent is separated from densed solution 6. What is the difference between solution and pure substance ? a.sulution has more volume than pure substance b.solution has unstable boiling point but pure substance has certain boiling point

212 c.solution has certain boiling point but pure substance has unstable boiling point d.solution has certain freezing point, but pure substance has unstable freezing point 7. Which item needs different solvent ? a.sugar b.shellac c.table salt d.colours for mixing in food 8. Which does not affect the ability of substance dissolving ? a.pressure b.temperature c.density d.the type of solvent ans solute 9. The volume of 80 % alcohol refers to a.the solution of 100 cm3 has 80 cm3 of ethyl alcohol. b.The solution of 100 grams has 80 grams of ethyl alcohol c.The solution of 100 cm3 has 80 grams of ethyl alcohol d.The solution of 100 grams has 80 cm3 of ethyl alcohol 10.Which statement can prove that substance X and substance Y have better capability in dissolving in liquid Z ? a.using the same amount of liquid Z at the same temperatur b. using the same amount of liquid Z but different temperature c.using the same amount of substance X and Y but different temperature d.using the same amount of substance X and Y at the same temperature

213 Key to exercise Chapter 9: Solution 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. d

214 Lesson 10 Substances and Daily Products Essence Study the definition of substance, daily products, and the properties of all substances i.e. nutrients, additives, contaminants, impurities, toxins, and synthetic substances; the benefits of substances and products in daily life; the safe use of substances and products; the effects of using substances and products on life and environment. Expectation Learning Outcomes 1. Describe substances and synthetic substance 2. Describe the use of substances and some products in daily life and able to choose. 3. Describe the effects of using substances and products on life and environment. Scope of Content 1. Substances and properties of substances 2. Synthetic substance 3. Substances and daily products 4. Selection of substances and daily products 5. Effects of using substances and products on life and environment

215 Lesson 1: Substances and Properties of Substances Essence Study the definition of substances, properties of all substances i.e. nutrients, additives, contaminants, impurities, toxins and synthetic substances; the properties and benefits of substances and products in daily life; the safe use of substances in every day life; and the effects of using substances on life and environment. Definition of Substances and Products A substance is matter which has mass or weight, occupies space, and is tangible i.e. soil, rocks, air, plants, and animal. Everything around you is considered as a substance. Each substance has specific properties, but can change from one state to another. The specific properties and the ability to change the state differently are considered as a particular kind of each substance. Therefore, there are the criteria and the explanation of properties of substances to classify the substances. Besides, there is the substance testing to identify types of substances because the substances are unable to be certainly identified on the basis of the observation or view alone. Product is anything that can be offered to a market and meets the needs of target market. The product can be classified as tangible or intangible including goods, service, locations, organizations, individual, or ideas. Figure: Products in Daily Life

216 1.1 Nutrients Venus and Thanomkwan (1998) defined nutrients as a chemical compound or minerals found in all type of foods that your body needs. Siriphan (1999) explained that nutrients are the chemical composition of foods human consumes and provides energy for body. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are nutrients of which our bodies need a large quantity and provide energy called ‚Macronutrients‛. Vitamins and minerals are nutrients for humans required in small quantities do not provide us energy called ‚Micronutrients‛. Saowanee (2001) described that nutrients are chemical substances in foods consisted of 6 types as follows; 1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein 3. Fat 4. Vitamin 5. Mineral 6. Water Each nutrient has a specific function or several. Winai and group (2002) defined nutrients as chemical substances found in foods which are essential to life process. Conclusion Nutrients are chemical substances in foods consisted of 6 types which are important to regulate body process separated nutrients needed in larger quantities or providing energy are called macronutrients comprise of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins which provide energy and build body tissue. In contrast, nutrients required by humans in small quantities or do not yield energy called micronutrients that are vitamins and minerals. Water does not provide energy but plays a crucial role in supporting body functions. Water is defined as a nutrient because of being one of chemical substances in foods whose quantities depend on types of foods. The Classifications of nutrients are as follows; (Venus and Thanomkwan, 1998) 1. Nutrients of which our bodies are required in large amount include carbohydrates, fats, and proteins providing energy and building body tissue. 2. Nutrients of which our bodies are required in small amount include vitamins and minerals. Body needs those nutrients to control and regulate body processes for the maintenance of life. 3. Water is an essential nutrient which supports the functions of all nutrients in living organisms.

217 1.2 Additives Food Additives are substance added to food to enhance its taste such as sugar, fish sauce, vinegar, lime sauce, and ketchup giving a specific taste, as illustrated below; Figure: Flavoring Agents

218 Activity 1 Monosodium Glutamate Examination Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is produced synthetically. The examination of MSG is visual its physical form. However, you may have difficulty noticing it. Therefore, the best way is that the chemical examination as follows; 1. Burn-testing: Place about 1 teaspoon of MSG on a metal spoon and heating it until burn. If it is pure MSG, the ash is black. On the contrary, if it is impurity MSG, the ash is white. 2. Curcuma paper-testing: Dissolve about 1 teaspoon of the curcuma in alcohol or 10 teaspoons of water. You will get a yellow substance. Then, to make curcuma paper by means of soaked paper or cloth in a curcumin solution and air dried. After that, dip the curcuma paper or cloth into the solution. If it is impurity MSG, the color of paper will change from yellow to red. But if it has the same color, it is pure MSG. 3. Hydrate lime mixed with Vinegar-testing: preparing the solution of hydrate lime by dissolving ½ teaspoon of hydrate lime into 1 teaspoon of vinegar. Then, stirring the solution till dissolved and leaving it until the precipitate is formed. You will get the clear water which is the solution of hydrate lime. Conduct the examination by dissolving 1 teaspoon of MSG into water, add 1 teaspoon of the hydrate lime solution. If it pure MSG, the white precipitate is not formed. However, if it is impurity MSG, there is the white precipitate.

219 Activity 2 Fish Sauce Examination 1. Add a few drops of fish sauce on the burning charcoal. If you can smell the burnt fish, it is pure fish sauce. In contrast, the fake one has no smell of it. 2. Leave the fish sauce to notice the precipitate. If fish sauce is pure, the precipitate is not formed, but the fake one is. 3. Use filter papers to filter fish sauce. If the filter papers have the same color, it is pure fish sauce. In contrast, the impurity one will change the color of the filter papers. Activity 3 Vinegar Examinations are as follows; 1. The real vinegar has a distinct odor made from fermented wheat or fruits. If it is a fake one, it is a pungent smell. 2. Examine vinegar with thin leaves like coriander by soaking it in vinegar for 30-45 minutes. If the coriander does not deteriorate, it is the real vinegar; on the other hand, the fake vinegar can deteriorate it. 3. Dilute gentian violet, also known as violet medicine, in water. Then, drop it in the real vinegar. If it turns to green or light blue, it is the fake vinegar. 1.3 Contaminants Contaminants are substances that have not been intentionally added to food resulting from its production processes, stages, factories or manufacturing facilities, and holding. There are 3 types of contaminants as a result of either nature or man-made based on the properties of substances that are - Living organisms (Bacteria, Fungi etc.) - Chemical Substances (Insecticide, Metals, Toxins generated by microbes etc.) - Radioactive contaminants

220 1.4 Impurities Impurities are substances added to food to enhance its taste and appearance to resemble a food’s natural flavor. The impurities may provide whether nutritious or not which are intentionally added to food i.e. food coloring agents, flavoring agents such as dyeing color. Figure: Impurities in Foods Cause the presence of impurities in foods is as a result of production technology, material preparation and food processing, packaging, transportation, and holding which is intention or side effect causing the substance or by-product of the substance become a part of that food or effects on the properties of the food not including contaminants or any substances added to improve nutrition. Besides, the impurities used in foods shall not be intended to deceive consumers or concealed the use of poor quality materials or the incorrect procedures for sanitizing food processing. Moreover, it shall keep nutrients in foods. 1.5 Toxins Toxin is a poisonous substance which is dangerous to living organisms and properties. The toxins in environment that contaminate foods and cause illness are divided into 3 types;

221 1. Natural toxins in foods are found in plants and animals. These toxins may be harmful to humans due to unknowing by consuming the toxin foods; namely, some poisonous mushrooms, djcnkol trce, the toxin eggs of horseshoe crabs, and the toxin in cassava roots etc. Figure: The Samples of natural toxins 2. Microbial toxins in foods are produced by microbes. There are 2 major types of microbial toxins that are the danger from microorganism itself and the toxins created by microbes. Microorganisms itself are toxins consisting of 5 kinds, that are, 1. Bacteria i.e. Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio 2. Fungi i.e. Aspergillus, Penicillin, Fusarum, Rhizopus 3. Protozoa i.e. Entamoeba, Histolytica 4. Parasites i.e. Trichinosis, Tapeworms 5. Viruses i.e. Poliovirus, Hepatitis Virus Figure: The sample of microbes The toxins are produced by microbes while they are growing and left in foods, including the toxins of bacteria and fungi. The serious toxins produced by Clostridium Botulinum can cause the toxins in home-canned food. Plus, the fungal toxins called Aflatoxin are always found in nuts, especially peanuts and other peanut products; such as, peanut toffees, ground-roasted peanuts, and peanut oil etc.

222 3. The chemical toxins contaminated in foods are arsenic and sodium fluoride in insecticides or herbicides. The overuse of insecticides or the crop collection, which is earlier than expected, can cause the accumulation of toxins in the body and cancer. The toxins of contaminants and food additives have been stated above. Figure: The samples of toxins in foods accumulate in the body. Table: The Example of Toxins in Foods and the Toxin Symptoms Types of Metal Symptoms - First stage includes fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, and anemia. Lead - Second stage includes paralysis in arms and legs, abnormal brain function, seizures, delirium, and unconsciousness. Cadmium - Diarrhea, whooping cough, fatigue, anemia, cancellous bone, liver disease, and kidney dysfunction. Mercury - Headache, dizziness, tremors, insomnia, psychotic symptoms, dysfunction of the digestive system and kidney. - Dizziness, damage to the nose, lung, and digestive system, loss of Chromium appetite, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, liver and kidney disease, and fatality due to the toxicity in urine. Arsenic - skin irritations, inflammation of the optic nerve, headache, dizziness, brain dysfunction, and lung and kidney diseases. Antimony - Frequent vomiting, loose stool, and causing severe liver damage. Selenium - Headache of the forehead area, being easily startled, paleness coated tongue, inflamed skin, fatigue, and liver damage.

223 Lesson 2 Synthetic Substances Synthetic Substance is a substance made artificially by chemical reactions in order to be used as a substitute for the natural substances which may be insufficient amount or improper quality. Figure: The synthesis of natural substances. Synthetic substance is a substance humans had done research from nature until they think they comprehended it clearly and were able to synthesize the substance replacing the natural substances. Moreover, they adapted some structures as their desire without realizing the impact on the balance of nature under the code of Buddhism relating to the dimension of time in nature which interfered with the natural order of the universe; for example, there are several kinds of polymer synthesis that re endure to breakdown naturally, there are genetically modified organism (GMO) and animals (GM animals) which are against the evolution without realizing the appropriateness and the balance of nature presently, yet serving their needs. Therefore, these led to the species extinction due to the natural interference, such as, the bacteria gene put in a cotton plant was granted a patent called Bacillus thuringiensis (BT cotton). Additionally, to prevent the patent infringement or intend to get rid of normal cotton plants in order to monopolize markets. As a result, the BT gene is male sterility in cotton without the insect and pollen protection or its gene may arouse BT cotton to produce the toxins which are harmful to insects having an effect on ecobalance and leading to the extinction of cotton plants and insects. As you can see the invention of synthetic substances or the inaccurate synthesis without realizing the complexities of nature may cause an impact on the nature and environment more that expected. Presently, the species extinction rate has increased astoundingly. In addition, reduced biodiversity has an impact on the mankind’s existence. Likewise, there is the new disease outbreak, such as, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Acquired Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and bird flu etc. Moreover, there are disease from loss of balance as a result of the synthetic substances

224 which effect on the environment and the balance of body; for instance, diabetes, cholesterol, renal and liver failure because of excreting harmful substances, especially allergy. All of these are the result of natural interference. Synthetic, Hormone-like substances The substances possessing auxin-like properties which are synthesized to use in the agriculture to proliferate the arising roots of buds, help to change sex of some flowers, and prevent premature fruit drop consist of - IBA (Indolebutyric Acid) - NAA (Naphthaleneacetic Acid) - 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid) 2, 4-D was used in the military during the Vietnam War by spraying it to defoliate the forests in order to see the land more clearly. The cytokinin-like substances used to arouse the growth of bud, maintain the freshness in fresh cut flowers are - BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) - PBA (Tetrahydropyranyl-benzyladenine) Ethylene-like substances are as follows; - Ethephon, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid used to improve the latex production of the rubber trees. - Tris substances used to increase the yields of plants, like, rice, oranges, and rubber trees.

225 Activity 1 Saponification Reaction (The preparation of soap) Objectives 1. Able to perform the experiment of the preparation of soap. 2. Able to describe and write the equation for the reaction of the vegetable oil and NaOH. Equipments 1. Chinaware bowl 8 cm. diameter 1 2. Erlenmeyer Flask (100 ml.) 1 3. Beaker (250 ml.) 1 4. Cylinder (10 ml.) 1 5. Stirring Rod 1 6. Rubber cock for Erlenmeyer flask (100 ml.) 1 7. Alcohol lamp with wind shield 1 Chemical Substances 1. Vegetable oil 3 cm3 (Olive oil or coconut oil) 2. NaOH solution 2.5 mod/dm3 amount of 5 cm3 3. Water 20 cm3 Experimental Procedures 1. Mix 3 cm3 of olive oil with 5 cm3 of NaOH solution 2.5 mod/dm3 in the chinaware bowl. Then, heat and stir until the substances almost dries out. Leave it to cool. Notice the change and record. 2. Put the little substance from No.1 in the Erlenmeyer flask and add 5 cm3 of water. Close it with the rubber cock, then shake the Erlenmeyer flask.

226 Experimental Record The substance is light yellow-brown. Its smell is like soap. When add water and shake found that there is bubble. Discussion and Conclusion The substance produced from the reaction of olive oil with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is soap.

227 Lesson 3 Substance and daily products Chemical substance in Daily life In our daily life, we always involve with various kind of substance that is difference, the substance in daily life has chemical substance as composition which can be divided as artificial substance and natural substance such as Monosodium glutamate, food coloring agents, cleaning agents, insecticide, and pesticide. Chemical substance can be classified regarding to propose of using as the following: Computer cleaners A computer cleaner is a mixture of various kind of aliphatic hydrocarbon 35 %. Aliphatic hydrocarbon is main composition of many products in our daily life for example; turpentine, gasoline and oil color. Aliphatic hydrocarbon is flammable, repeating touch can cause skin dryness because aliphatic hydrocarbon is well dissolve fat skin and this is leads to skin allergy such as rash, blister, bruise, scab. Moreover some kind of aliphatic hydrocarbon like hexane is toxicity substance that restrains or damage nervous tissue, if we sniff its fumigants and receiving the substance for long time continuously or short time in high level and continuously may cause health problem for example; central nervous system depressant, heart failure, lose conscious, coma, and cause death. Therefore the use of toxicity substance regularly needs respiratory protection equipment and use in airy area, avoid using in close area for example in air conditioning room or confined space area and wearing glove every time. Moisturizer Skin has normally protect natural water loss whereas skin, scurf which are transparent sheet cover all over skin. Moreover there is oil to nourish and restrain the skin’s moisture but for someone and cases like Epidermolysis Bullosa, over cleaning or dry weather in winter or working in air conditioning room, these all make water evaporate from skin, therefore moisturizer products become popular and necessary, you can find moisturizer in kind of milky lotion, clear lotion, gel, spray. Moisturizer helps to increase skin’s moisture. Moisturizer composes with water increasing substance such as amino acid; sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, polypeptide, urea, lactate. Water evaporation protection substance are oil, beeswax, silicone, grease while some products will add desiccant substance to protect water evaporation from cream such as glycerin, honey, lactic acid.

228 AHA and face beauty AHA is Alpha Hydroxyl Acids, it is well known qualify as reducing skin wrinkle, black spot, therefore it is used for mixing with cream and lotion. Cosmetic that consist of AHA is categorized in the same group with chemical peels, AHA that dermatologist, plastic surgeon usually use called glycolic acid and lactic acid, however there are others kind of AHA that is used. AHA that is found in market is concentration of 10% or less while dermatologist can use AHA concentration of 20-30% or higher. Regarding to US FDA AHA is not categorized as general cosmetics but it is cosmeceutical, AHA is different from general cosmetics and it can absorb into skin easily. If AHA is concentrate enough it will peel skin and cause skin deteriorate easily and cuticle will be thin. Some of AHA users found that it makes their skin more sensitive to sunburn. An experiment use glycolic acid with same concentration and continuously found red skin and less endure to UV. And organization that take care of consumer safety concluded that the safety use of AHA should have concentration not more than 10% and pH should be not less than 3.5% when it is mixed ready to use. Moreover the skin products should have ingredient that kelp to reduce level of sensitivity to sunlight or sunblock. You can check that the products you use have AHA or not by checking label or by the name of the following chemical substance: - Glycolic acid - Lactic acid - Glycolic acid and Ammonium glycolate - Alpha hydroxyl caprylic acid - Mixed fruit acid - Triple fruit acid - Tri-alpha hydroxyl fruit acid - Sugar cane extract

229 Drain cleaner Blocking sink drain occurs from grease, food scrapes that stick in drain. Substance that is normally used for unblocking is sodium hydroxide which can be found in powder or liquid, both type has different concretion, the concretion of powder is 50% of weight while the concretion of liquid is 25% of weight, sodium hydroxide will dissolve greases to be water soluble substance. Sodium hydroxide is toxicity and abrasive, if it contacts with skin will cause chemical burn, if contacts with eyes, it will cause permanent blindness. Respiration of the substance dust or powder cause minor irritation or severe of upper respiratory tract but it depends on level of receiving this substance. The symptom are sneezing, sore throat, runny nose, spasm, edema of air pocket, swallow or eat cause severe burn of mouth, throat and abdomen because it will destroy tissue and deadly wound including hem peritoneum, vomit, low blood pressure. The standard first aid measures when the substance spills on skin is wash out with large quantities of water for at least ten to fifteen minutes. When sodium hydroxide dissolve into water will result heat and might spill out and cause danger, it is also generate dust which is pungent and serious irritate. Sodium hydroxide cannot be mixed or use with bathroom cleaner which is acidity while sodium hydroxide is base, it will cause severe reaction and have no effect. The base of sodium hydroxide effect to pH of an environmental, it cause aquatic creature dead, do not dispose into river, wastewater and soil or it is better not to use the drain cleaner, if necessary should use with care, should wear glove when using it, try to finish the products in one time, keep it completely and its cover should be closed tightly because Sodium hydroxide is good at absorbing carbon dioxide from atmosphere and its efficiency will be decreased. Insect Repellents Insect repellents that usually is used is an active substance called DEET, dimethyl phthalate and ethyl butylacetylamino propionate. There are many types of insect repellents; roll on, lotion and talc powder. DEET, dimethyl phthalate is well known active substance, it is acute toxicity, it cause skin and eyes irritation, in case of inhale it cause mucosa and upper respiratory

230 tract irritation. Long term receiving the substance leads to allergic. An experiment with mice, chronic receiving the substance cause mutation and effect to fetus. The concentration of DEET in insect repellents product is 5-25% of weight whereas the increasing of percentage doesn’t effect to act against mosquito, but it effects to the period of protection for example 6% concentration is effective for 2 hours while 20% concentration is effective for 4 hours. Dimethyl phthalate has medium level of toxic that may cause irritation as well as DEET and it is also depressant to central nervous system, interrupts alimentary system, danger to kidney and causes birth defects and minor toxic to marine creature especially fish. Ethyl butylacetylamino propionate has medium level of toxic, it cause eyes irritation. Ethyl butylacetylamino propionate not only acts against mosquitoes but also ant, fly, spider, tick and fleas. Most of insect repellents cause mutation if it is used continuously. Therefore insect repellents should be used when is necessary and use with care. Use suggestion - shouldn’t apply on covered skin. - do not apply on wound or rash - do not apply around eyes, mouth. If it is spray product you should spray it on your hand before apply on face, do not directly spray on your face. - do not let children use the product themselves, you should apply product on your hand before apply on children’s skin - Use in sufficient quantity for skin, it is not necessary to use too much since it doesn’t make any different of acting against mosquito. - If there is a rash or side effect, wash it out with suds and go to see doctor and bring the package of product. - do not use with pregnant women. Mothball Mothballs that are familiar are a white ball with 1 cm diameter, it is used for wardrobe or shoes rack to stop odor and protect moth. Mothball generate odorous vapor from solid by sublimation (if vapor come from liquid called evaporation). An odor substance and sublimable is made as mothball such as Naphthalenewhich which is hard white crystal and easy sublime, eating or swallowing cause headache, nauseate, vomit, vertiginous, irritate to stomach and intestine, receiving in a lot of amount will damage red blood cell, breathing cause sore throat, cough,

231 headache and nauseate, skin contact cause chemical burn. This substance can be absorbed into skin and danger; contacting eyes cause eyes pain and astigmatism. There is another substance that is used instead of Naphthalene called p-dichlorobenzene (1,4- Dichlorobenzene or p-DCB) which is able to sublimate slowly and its vapor will deodorize or act against moths. p-dichlorobenzeneis is high toxicity as well as Naphthalene. There is another kind of chemical substance that is made as mothballs called camphor (Camphor; 1,7,7-trimethylnocamphor), inhaling this substance it cause irritate to respiratory system, coughing, hyper ventilation and it is effective to nervous system, it cause dullness or convulse but it depends on quantity and time of receiving the substance, eating or swallowing may cause irritation to digestive tract, nauseate, vomit, stomachache, diarrhea, headache, faint, skin contact cause flares, itchy and pain because this substance is able to absorb quickly into skin . Receiving the substance for long time may cause damage to liver and kidney. Person who has a problem with nervous system or liver disease is easy to get effect from this substance. However, using of mothball in general is not danger as mentioned above since it is slowly sublimate and we did not strongly inhaul or contact it for long time. You should keep it away from children in order to protect them from playing and accidently eat it. Floor cleaner and furniture cleaner Floor cleaner and furniture cleaner consist of 2-3 main chemical substances which are Diethylene Glycol, Petroleum and Nitrobenzine, all of these substances are flammable and vaporize. Diethylene Glycol and petroleum act as solvent, toxicity of these two substances are not severe and no acute toxicity unless eating or swallowing. The danger of the substances is flammability and its vapor that you may inhale for long time. When it is used in household, it should be kept away from children. Eating or swallowing may cause nauseate, vomit, diarrhea. If eating or swallow should drink a lot of water and vomit out then should go to see a doctor immediately. For Nitrobenzine that may consisted in the product, Nitrobenzine itself has more toxicity, this is because inhaling or skin contact for long time may cause effect to blood cell, it can be severe symptom like headache, missing pulse beat, blood pressure decrease, choke, hypoxia and central nervous system disorder. When fire occur, should use fire fighting foam, dry chemical or Carbon dioxide but if there is not much of the substance you can use water. There is not much danger for skin contact but it needs to be immediately washed out with a lot of water. The most importance is do not release Nitrobenzile to environment.

232 We should realize that is it necessary to use many kind of chemical substance; toilet cleaner both acid and base also furniture polish, can we reduce usage of these substances or use substitute products for example; mixture of oil and lemonade (2:1) to polish furniture or use hot water when drain is blogged instead of using Sodium Hydroxide or use mixture of water and watching power or use Sodium bicarbonate to clean toilet instead of toilet cleaner which is acid. Therefore you should think about environment before buy any cleaning agent and also decrease any risk that may occur. Plastic Foam Plastic form that is used extensively called Polystyrene foam or Styrofoam, it has inflated feature strong and flexible, it can be decorated with knife, low weight, and inexpensive, therefore Polystyrene is one of the most widely use for protective packaging, heat protect, food containers. Light and low-density polystyrene is widely used for stage decoration and wreath. Even though foam make our life is more convenient but it can cause environmental problem because it is non - biodegradable, used foam will be thrown away to rubbish bin, having big size, light weight and taking up space cause a problem of collecting, it will block up drain and destroy the scenery, moreover it need to use specified incinerator for elimination. However, elimination process generates CFC gas. The CFC is added in manufacturing process, this gas destroys OZONE which is the cause of global warming crisis, and therefore we should help by using less foam for our environment. (www.chemtrack.org).

233 Learning activity No.1 How does Soap, Washing powder and Shampoo clean? Purpose 1. Experiment, compare and conclude about dissolution of oil into water before and after adding some kind of detergent. 2. Explain why Soap, Washing powder and Shampoo are able to use for cleaning. Equipments 1. Vegetable Oil 5 cm3 2. Suds 3 cm3 3. Washing powder solution 3 cm3 4. Shampoo solution 3 cm3 5. Distilled water 50 cm2 6. Test tube 4 tubes 7. Test tube rack 1 rack 8.5 cm3 syringe 1 unit 9. Dropper 1 unit 10. 50 cm3Beaker 1 beaker Experiment 1. Use syringe to draw the prepared distilled water and drop into 4 test tubes, 3 drop each tube. 2. Use dropper to drew vegetable oil and drop into 4 test tubes, 3 drop each tube, monitor and record 3. Shake test tube no.1 for 20 minutes and leave in the tube rack, monitor and record. 4. Use syringe to draw the prepared suds add into the test tube no.2 for 1 cm3then shake the test tube for 20 minutes after that leave it in the tube rack, monitor and record. 5. Do the same as 4. But use washing powder solution and shampoo solution instead of suds respectively.

234 Result of the experiment Experiment Result of the experiment 1. Adding vegetable oil into water There is small drop of oil push through water and when leave it for awhile oil separated from 2. Adding suds into water that mixed with water obviously vegetable oil Unclear white solution, there is no oil left 3. Adding washing powder solution into water Unclear white solution, there is no oil left that mixed with vegetable oil 4. Adding shampoo solution into water that Unclear white solution, there is no oil left mixed with vegetable oil Conclusion of the experiment When add vegetable oil into water, after shake and left it, there was little oil drop push through water and when left it for a while oil obviously separated from water, but when suds, washing powder solution and shampoo solution was added into water that was mixed with vegetable oil, after shake and left it, there was unclear white solution and no oil left. This experiment can be concluded that suds, washing power solution, shampoo solution help oil to dissolve into water.

235 Lesson 4 How to choose substance in daily life Chemical substance in daily life In every household is necessary to use products that have chemical substance as ingredient such as toilet cleaner product, kitchen product, personnel product or even insecticide. Have you ever though that all products that are used in household consist of some kind of chemical substance that is danger to family’s member and pets? If it is not properly use, keep, or eliminate, it may cause danger to your health and environment, moreover chemical substance is flammable it may damage your properties. However, if we know how to use, keep and eliminate these products in proper way it will keep us away from danger that may occur from using these products. Why does the household chemical danger Chemical product which is used in household has at least one of its quality that is toxicity, abrasive, flammable or severe reaction. Products that consist of danger chemical substance such as general detergent, insecticide, spray, dispersant, fuel, color and colored products, battery and ink. If we receive or contact these products and chemical substances in a small amount it will is not cause any serious danger but receiving in a large amount or any accident occurred for example chemical substance spill on body or leaking from container, these may cause fatal danger. What should you do to keep your house safe? 1. Keep all products in dry and cool area away from heat; it should be kept on the floor or strong shelf. The products should be kept symmetrically by keeping dispersant substance, flammable, severe reaction substance or toxicity in the separated shelf, you should try to be familiar with each product, and you should remember where it is kept and what purpose of each product is. Every time after finish using, it should be put back in the same place immediately. It should be ensuring that products cover close tightly. Some products may cause severe danger more than you think. These products are: - household cleaning product such as window cleaner, Ammonia, antiseptic solution, carpet cleaner, furniture polish and air refresher. - Washing products such as washing powder, softener, bleach - Health and beauty products such as hair spray nail varnish, nail polish, and depilatory, hair dyes and other cosmetics. - Garden products such as fertilizer, feticide, insecticide. - House maintenance products such as house painting color, glue, color cleaner.

236 - Car products such as fuel, brake fluid, engine oil, car wash cleaner, varnish. 2. All chemical substance products must have label and we always need to read before use. For dangerous products, it should be used with care, read and abide by instruction carefully especially if the label mentioned ‚DANGER‛, ‚POISON‛, ‚WARNING‛ or ‚CAUTION‛, these words can be explained as following: - DANGER means you should use the product with special care, the chemical substance is not diluted if it accidentally contact with eyes or skin it will corrode the tissue, moreover some kind of substance is flammable when contact with flame. - POISON means substance that can cause danger or death, if it is absorbed into body through skin, eat or inhale. The word ‚POISON‛ is the most dangerous warning. - TOXIC means danger, if it is absorbed into body through skin, it cause dysfunction or death. - IRRITANT means the substance cause irritation or cause eye’s skin swollen, eyes conjunctiva or respiratory system. - FLAMMABLE or COMBUSTIBLE means the substance is flammable and it is likely to burn increasingly. - CORROSIVE means substance or fumigant of the substance can corrode and damage living thing. 3. You should buy only substance that you need to use, if you buy products that you do not need to use, it can be said that keeping toxicity substance close to you without necessary, and try to finish the old product before buy new product. In case there is still have the old products that you don’t need to use, it should be given away to someone who need it or keep it properly with clear label especially if the label is almost rip off or damage. The old products should be thrown away. 4. Cleaning substance or household chemical substance may cause danger to death, therefore it should be kept away from children where they cannot reach and locked. Children should be educated about the danger of chemical substance. Moreover you should have an emergency telephone number such as an ambulance or nearest hospital, fire station, police station, an organization that related to toxicity substance controlling and also your personnel doctor. 5. Chemical substance should be kept separately from food because chemical substance may spill out or its vapor may contaminate to food. Wash your hands every time after use chemical product.

237 6. Flammable liquid or gas such as petrol or gas container shouldn’t be kept in a house; gas container should be kept under shade or airy area and shouldn’t be kept near heat or fire. Moreover it should be kept in its original container which is certified. 7. Chemical substance should be kept in its original container. Household Chemical substance shouldn’t be transferred to other containers unless the containers has a proper label and be compatible with that chemical substance without any leaking, moreover it shouldn’t be transferred to food container such as soft drink bottle, milk can, milk bottle in order to protect from misunderstand and eat it. 8. Many kind of products can be recycled in order to decrease quantity of toxicity substance in environment. 9. It is better to use other products that are less toxic for general house work such as use baking powder and vinegar to protect blocking. 10. Products and its containers should be disposed properly; it shouldn’t be poured on soil or drain. Many kind of product shouldn’t be disposed in a bin or toilet, you should read the label to learn about what is a proper way of disposal regarding to the manufacturer’s suggestion. How to be safe when using chemical substance 1. Use non toxicity substance. 2. Always follow an instruction 3. If such product can cause danger by skin contact, you should wear gloves and cloak 4. If such product can cause danger by eyes contact, you should wear eye protection. 5. Shouldn’t wear contact lens while using organic solvent such as thinner 6. Stop using the product immediately if you feel dizzy, stomachache, nausea, vomit or headache. 7. Use chemical substance in airy area, it is better to use it outdoor. 8. Do not smoke when using flammable products. 9. Do not mix chemical substance by yourself because some kind of chemical substance may cause reaction and generate vapor or explore. 10. If wondering that you might receive toxicity substance or danger from contacting household chemical substance, you should see a doctor immediately.

238 Learning activity No.1 Experiment of acid – base of substance in daily life. Purpose of experiment 1. To classify household substance regarding to qualification of acid-base. 2. To examine and conclude qualification of substance when it react with litmus. Equipments 1. Soft drink 5 cm3 2. Vinegar 5 cm3 3. Suds 5 cm3 4. Toothpaste substance 5 cm3 5. Sodium Chloride (Salt) 5 cm3 6. Test tube 5 tubes 7. Stirring Rod 5 units 8. Test tube rack 1 rack 9. Red litmus paper and blue litmus paper 10 sheets Experiment methods 1. Cut red litmus and blue litmus papers to 1 cm X 0.5 cm then put it on the top of white paper put red and blue in parallel with proper gap. 2. Use stirring rod dip into soft drink then touch it with red and blue litmus that is on top of white paper, monitor the change and record. 3. Do the same as method no.2 but use vinegar, suds, toothpaste substance and sodium chloride, monitor the change and record Note 1. Stirring rod need to be wash and dry it before use with each substance. 2. All substance need to be left till it precipitate and pour only clear substance to the test tube.

239 Record of the experiment Experiment with litmus papers Substance Blue Red Soft drink Changed to red - Vinegar Changed to red - Suds Changed to blue Toothpaste substance - Changed to blue Sodium Chloride - - - Result of the experiment Substance can be classified by qualification that can change the color of litmus paper as the following regulation: 1. The substance that can change the blue litmus paper to be red means that substance is acid which are soft drink and vinegar. 2. The substance that can change the red litmus paper to be blue means that substance is base which is suds and toothpaste substance. 3. The substance that did not change the color of litmus paper is neutral. Topic 5 Effect of substance using to life and environment Environmental pollution problem that we are facing at the moment are natural resources reduction problem, toxicity substance problem, ecosystem problem whereas these problem are from many kind of minor problems such as water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, solid wastes and garbage. If we ignore and do not solve these problems, it will be effective to living thing evolution. Environment problem protection and problem solving is our duty and need everyone corporation. Environmental pollution Water, air, soil are necessary to human being living, we deeply need to use these resources, but without realizing about effect that may occurred will lead to environmental pollution.

240 Environmental pollution means the condition that environment is contaminated with dirtiness, contaminant or pollutant which can make change of quality and character from original whereas the change in a bad way, less applicative and bad effect to health. The main environmental pollution is water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and pollution that generated from solid wastes and garbage. Water pollution Water pollution is one of an important environmental problem of the country when compare with other pollution problems. Water pollution problem always happens with the big city. The main water resource of the country cannot be applicative much because it is contaminated with dirtiness and toxicity substance and it is effective to health quality, social and economic development. Most of water pollution are wastewater of household that is contaminated with organic substance, this contaminated always make water has black color and malodor, the contaminated water such as waste water from agricultural area that contained fertilizer and pesticide, wastewater from industrial area that contained metals, these substances will be accumulated in food chain of aquatic animal then effect to human being. Effect of water pollution Wastewater has obvious feature which are thick muddy sediment, dark color, malodor that irritate community and having a lot of floating bubble. However, sometimes feature of wastewater cannot be noticed if the water is contaminated with toxicity substance such as pesticide or insecticide and mineral. Polluted water will be more effective to human being living than other environmental problems obviously because polluted water will cause a lot of damages which can be concluded as the following 1. Effect to public health 2. Effect to economy 3. Effect to Social

241 Guideline of water pollution protection and solution 1. Wastewater management 2. Wastes and garbage elimination 3. To educate people and understanding about water pollution problem. 4. Application of Law, measure and regulation. 5. Water quality research and wastewater releasing area. Learning activity 1 Order: Answer the questions below 1. What is ‚Water pollution‛? Answer:_____________________________________________________________ 2. What is the main reason of water pollution of the big city like Bangkok, Chiang Mai? Answer:______________________________________________________________ 3. What are the main causes of water pollution? Answer:______________________________________________________________ 4. What kind of most substance of community wastes are? Answer: _____________________________________________________________ 5. Wastes that release from industry have different feature depend on? Answer: _____________________________________________________________ 6. What is an obvious feature of polluted water? Answer: _____________________________________________________________ 7. Wastewater is direct effective to food consumption and cause health problem to human being; this is deemed as an effect to Answer: _____________________________________________________________ 8. What is the best solution of water pollution and it solve at the root cause. Answer: _____________________________________________________________

242 Answer guideline of learning activity 1 Question 1 water resource that is contaminated with dirtiness and polluted substance and it cannot be applicative extremely Question 2 Most are from household wastewater. Question 3 1. Wastes from community 2. Wastes from industry 3. Wastes from agricultural activity 4. Other polluted substance with no ……. Question 4 organic substances such as food scraps, soap, washing powder, ordure, urine. Question 5 type and category of industrial factory. Question 6 thick muddy sediment, dark color, and malodor Question 7 Effect to public health Question 8 To educate people and understanding about water pollution problem Air pollution Most are from smoke of vehicle and industrial factory, such smoke directly effect to human being health. Smoke from some industrial factory contain with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide which when gather together with steam in the atmosphere will become sulfuric acid substance or nitric acid and then become acid rain, acid rain is danger to creature and also cause corrosion to building. The people in the air pollution area will get effect to their health such as effect to respiratory system, cause of allergy, thoracic diseases, conjunctivitis and it is danger till death to fetus. Green house effect This phenomenon make the earth has high temperature that effect to climate all over the world as it has not happened before. Scientist has estimated that winter of the area above equator will shorter and high humidity while summer will be longer , moreover some ground area will become dessert and in the hot climate will have storm more often and severe. The heat directly effect to snow meltage which cause an increasing of seawater level and also cause flood. Moreover it will be effective to plants, animals for example it causes change to plant’s stoma, the stoma will

243 close and it will not able to receive carbon dioxide and steam, photosynthesis will decrease. Some kinds of animals have an effect with their eyes tissue, skin and also cause extinction. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or commercial name is Freon which is used in many kind of industry for example used as refrigerant for refrigerator, air conditioner, used as propellant gas in spray products, used as ingredient in foam manufacturing, use with cosmetic, use with alcohol products, used as solvent and cleaning, used as electric insulators and extinguishing agent. Learning activity 2 Order: answer the questions below 1. Air pollution is ________________________________________________________ 2. What is polluted thing that is released from vehicle smoke ________________________________________________________ 3. What is sudden effect of air pollution to human being _________________________________________________________ 4. Example of effect of air pollution to plants _________________________________________________________ 5. What are the name of the gas that cause rain acid __________________________________________________________ 6. When the gas from question no.5 contact with sunlight, it will gather together with oxygen in atmosphere, conducting chemical reaction then become _________________________________________________________ 7. What is effect of rain acid to creature __________________________________________________________ 8. What gas is acting as the world’s cover that can be compared as mirror of green house? __________________________________ if this gas increase in atmosphere, it will cause ___________________________________________________

244 Answer guideline of learning activity 2 Question 1 The condition that natural atmosphere is contaminated or mixed with foreign matter that make change to any element or degenerate and effect to human being, animals and other environments. Question 2 Dust, smoke, carbon dioxide, lead, Nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, hydro carbon and carbon dioxide, Question 3 Inhaling intense toxicity substance in the air may cause bad effect to respiratory system, heart, lung, and death. Question 4 stop growing, less production, color of tree and leave is change, cause degeneration of plant’s respiration and photosynthesis. Question 5 Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide Question 6 Sulfuric acid and nitric acid Question 7 it will damage natural food chain of human being which are tress and forest. Question 8 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), Nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, ozone and steam. Noise pollution There are many cause of noise that danger to human being such as noise from car engine on road especially where there is a traffic jam, noise of airplane, noise in disco, music from earphone, noise of machine, noise from amplifier besides there are noise from other place in environment which is unfavorable noise and too loud. The noise level that not cause danger to human being’s hearing is between 80-85 decibel and the normal noise level is not over 50-70 decibel but an average noise in disco is between 90-100 decibel which is danger to health especially earphone, when using earphone an ears will attach with music all the time and if there is any interrupted noise, you will turn volume up which is increasing of sound wave and it will directly effect to ear nervous, moreover it cause hearing loss, danger to eardrum and it can lead to deafness and when you are getting older it may cause being hard of hearing. Solid wastes and garbage Almost of wastes and garbage are from human being such as throwing garbage on road, river, cannel, beach or other public places. Building, billboard, disorderly electric wiring, releasing wastewater or smoke from industrial factory, these are all activities that cause scenic pollution because it destroy beauty of places.

245 Learning activity 3 Order: answer the questions or fill the blank below 1. What is the condition of having too noisy that we do not desire to hear and cause irritation or danger to human being ____________________________________________________________ 2. The danger level of noise to human being hearing is ____________________________________________________________ 3. Almost of disturbance noise in community is from ____________________________________________________________ 4. What is natural cause of noise pollution ____________________________________________________________ 5. What is effect of noise pollution to health and sanitation ____________________________________________________________ 6. What is the important solution guideline of noise pollution ____________________________________________________________ 7. Wastes and garbage is environmental pollution that always happen in ____________________________________________________________ 8. All problems that occurred from wastes and garbage problem such as ____________________________________________________________ Answer guideline of learning activity 3 Question 1 Noise pollution Question 2 85 decibel Question 3 Activities or action of human being such as noise from amplifier, noise from garage, noise from machine, car engine, Question 4 lighter, thunderbolts, thunder. Question 5 Cause high blood pressure, stomachache, and some kind of heart disease. Question 6 1. Public relation and education 2. Application of Law, measure and regulation 3. Define area of land using or city plan

246 4. Change of manufacturing process or use modern machine 5. Use noise protection equipment Question 7 In a big community ot big city such as Bangkok, Chiang Mai Nakornrathchasrima Question 8 1. Cause malodor 2. Being as breeding place for disease vector such as mosquito, fly and cockroach. 3. Make that area dirty, lack of beauty and tidiness 4. Cause dirtiness to water recourse and decompose. 5. Cause dirtiness to atmosphere.

247 Lesson 11 Force and Utilization Essence Force is a quantity required magnitude and directions, any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change, and able to be applied in daily life. Expectation Learning Outcomes 1. Identify types and definitions of forces. 2. Describe an action force and the moment of a force. 3. Identify advantages of forces in daily life. 4. Calculate the force and moment of impact. 5. Apply the knowledge of the moment of a force. Scope of Content Lesson 1 Forces Lesson 2 Moment Lesson 1 Force Force is any influence that causes or attemptively causes an object to undergo a certain change. Force is a vector quantity and its unit is Newton (N). The effect of force causes an object to; 1. Change shape 2. Change motion; for example, to accelerate, to decelerate, to stop moving, or to change direction. There are 2 types of quantities in science as follows; 1. A vector quantity is described by a magnitude and a direction such as weight, force, and velocity etc. 2. A scalar quantity is described by a magnitude alone such as temperature, time, speed, and mass etc.

248 A vector diagram depicts a vector by use of an arrow drawn to scale in a specific direction. In addition, there are several ways to depict a vector diagram i.e. Vector A is drawn A as a symbol, for instance, A) Vector A pointing its arrowhead to East is drawn as A B) Vector A pointing its arrowhead to West is drawn as A Resultant force (or net force) is a force which is the result of two or more forced acting upon an object. The calculation of resultant force comprises of 2 methods; 1. When the individual forces act upon an object in the same direction, the net force is the result of adding up all the forces 30 N F1 20 N F2 Figure: A net force (F) = F1 + F2 = 30 + 20 = 50 Newton 2. When the individual forces act upon an object in the opposite directions, the net force is the result of summing up all the forces acting upon that object. In addition, the direction is pointing to the direction of more amount of force. 20 N 30 N Figure: The net force is 30 – 20 = 10 Newton

249 Example 1 The individual force has a magnitude of 5 Newton and the other one has a magnitude of 7 Newton acting upon an object in the same direction. How much is the net force determined? 7N A 5N (5) + (7) = 12 Newton Answer The net force has a magnitude of 12 Newton, pointing to the right. Example 2 The individual force has a magnitude of 4 Newton and the other one has a magnitude of 6 Newton, acting upon an object in the opposite direction. How much is the net force determined? 4 Newton 6 Newton (+6) + (-4) = 6 – 4 = 2 Newton Answer The net force has a magnitude of 2 Newton, pointing to the right. Exercise Answer the questions below 1. What is the meaning of force? 2. What is vector quantity? 3. The individual force has a magnitude of 6 Newton and the other one has a magnitude of 10 Newton acting upon an object in the same direction. How much is the net force determined? 4. The individual force has a magnitude of 2 Newton and the other one has a magnitude of 4 Newton acting upon an object in the opposite direction. How much is the net force determined? 5. According to the figure shown,

250 4 N 6N How much is the net force determined? What direction does the net force go? The effect of the net force on the object motion 1. When 2 forces of the same magnitude act on an object in the same direction, a car will move to direction of both forces. 2. If two forces have the equal magnitude acting on an object but opposite in direction. Their sum has a magnitude of zero (0). The object will stop moving due to the balanced forces. 3. If two forces have the different magnitudes acting upon an object to the opposite direction, the result will make the object move to the direction of more magnitude of force. Types of Forces There are many types of forces existing in nature such as mechanical force, repulsive force, and gravitational force. In Physics, however, the forces are divided into 4 types; 1. Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses nearby; for example, the gravity which the earth attracts all objects directed downward toward the center of itself, or the force of large object attracting another object toward it etc. 2. Magnetic force is a forced exerted between magnetic poles in a short distance which act upon each other. 3. Electric Force will exist mutually between two electrical charges that are positive (+) and negative (-) electric charges. If the charges are of the same sign, then the force is repulsive. If they are of opposite signs, the force is attractive. 4. Nuclear force is the force binding the particles in atom’s nucleus conjointly which is the strong interaction.