Sciences Subject (BS 21001)

51 Activity 3 Study the data from activity 2 and make a conclusion of the experiment in form of reporting according to the following issues 1) The name of the project……………………………………………………………………………………… 2) The persons in charge………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Advisor’s names………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 5) Contents……………………………………………………………………………………. 6) Lesson 1: Introduction - Cause and importance - Objectives - Studied variables - Hypothesis - Expected outcome 7) Lesson 2: Documents involved in the project 8) Lesson 3: Methods to study / experiment - Materials - Budget - Steps of carrying out the project - Plans for carrying out the project 9) Lesson 4: The result/experiment - What results obtained 10) Lesson 5: Making a conclusion/ suggestion - The conclusion of the experiment - Suggestion 11) Reference documents

52 Test Circle the best answer 1. What is the scientific project? a. Pattern of scientific skill b. A tiny research for any scientific subjects c. The nature of scientific subject 2. How many types of scientific projects? Are there? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 3. Which scientific project is most appropriate for high school students? a. Surveying project b. Theoretical project c. Experimental project 4. Which step does not need a surveying project? a. Setting a problem b. Making a conclusion c. Formulating hypothesis 5. What problem should be set from the following materials? 10 millimeters of pure water, syrup and salt water, alcohol lamp, thermometer, a beaker, a middle-sized test tube, a syringe a. All three liquids are the same weight b. All three liquids have different tastes c. All three liquid have different boiling points.

53 6. From question number 5, what is the first variable? a. The heat of alcohol lamp b. \\the purification of the three liquids c. The size of test tube 7. What must be a reliable result of a scientific experiment? a. Being able to clearly concluded by itself b. Getting the same result for every experiment c. Guaranteed the result by the advisor 8. Which indicated the worthiness of scientific project? a. The obtained benefit b. Suggestion c. Step of carrying out the project 9. What issue should be started with in doing scientific project? a. Present popular issue b. Strange, new issue not having been experimented before c. Useful issue around us 10. What must be a perfect scientific project? a. Using scientific skills b. Doing research in the library c. Finding the answer by asking the experts

54 Key to the test on lesson 2 4. d 5. b 9. b,a 10. D Topic: Scientific skills 1. c 2. b 3. d 6. d 7. a 8. d

55 Lesson 3 Cells Essence The characteristics and shapes of plants and animals’ cells, structural components and duties of plants and animals’ cells, the process which he substance pass through cells Expected learning outcome: 1. Being able to explain the characteristics, components, and duties of cells 2. Being able to compare the difference between plant’s cell and animal’s cells Scope of contents Topic 1: the characteristic of plants and animals’ cells Topic 2: structural components and duties of plants and animals’ cells Topic 3: the process which he substance pass through cells Topic 1 the characteristic of plants and animal’s cells Cell is the smallest unit of living things and it is the basic unit of every living thing. History of cell studying In 1665 A.D., Robert Hook, a British scientist, invented good quality microscope; he looked through it to see a thin-sliced cork and found plenty of small holes in it, so he called it ‚cell‛ which was dead when he found them but the holes still stayed there because of the cell wall. In 1824 AD Dutosche studied the tissue of plants and animals and found that they are also composed of cells but the characteristics may be different. In 1831 AD Robert Brown, a British botanist, studied the cells of hair and other cells of plants and found a small round lump in the middle so he named it ‚nucleus‛\\ In 1838 Musthius Yacob Schlieden, a German botanist, studied the tissue of different kind of plants and concluded that all types of tissues consisted of cells

56 In 1839 Theodor Schwann, a German zoologist studied aninals’tissues and concluded that all animals’ tissues were composed of cells, so in the same year both Schwann and Schlieden together set up ‚ Cell Theory‛ which stated that ‚all living things are composed of cells which are the basic units of all living things‛ Nowadays ‚Cell Theory‛ covers the following essence: 1. Living things may have one cell or many cells, in which there are hereditary substance and metabolism process causing them to be alive. 2. Cell is the smallest basic unit of living things with working systems inside it. 3. Cell originates from the first cell divided into other cells. Although the first living thing evolved from non-living things, biologists still believe that an increasing number of cells developed from the former cells. In 1839 A.D., Prukinye, zoologist from Czechoslovakia studied eggs and embryos of different kinds of animals and found that inside them, there was soft, clear liquid; he named it ‚Protoplasm‛’ In 1868 A.D., Thomas Henry Huxley, a British physician, studied protoplasm and found that it is the basis of life since all the reactions of cells took place at protoplasm. In 1880 A.D. Walther Fleming, a German biologist, found that there were chromosomes inside the nucleus of cells. The size and the shape of cells Most cells are small in size and cannot be seen with naked eyes except looking at them through a microscope. However, some cells are large and can be clearly seen such as cell from eggs. The shapes of each cell are different depending on the type, duty and position. Topic 3: Structural components and duties of plant and animals’ cells Basic structure of cells Basic structures of cells are divided into three main parts which are 1. The covering of cell 2. Nucleus 3. Cytoplasm

57 1. The covering of cell It is a part of cell which covers all the components within cells to stay in shape including: 1.1 Cell membrane is very thin tissue (about 10 nanometers) consisting of protein and fat. Protein is inserted between the layers of the fat. Cell membrane has small holes for limiting the size of molecule to pass through cell membrane. Therefore, its duty is to control the amount and type of substances passing in and out of the cell. Some molecules of certain substance such as water oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass through cell membrane, so it is deferentially permeable membrane. 1.2 Cell wall can be found in the cells of all types of plants like single-celled organism, fungus, and some bacteria covering around cell membrane to support strength and protect the cell from danger. Although cell wall is thick and flexible, it lets almost all substance pass through it. Cell wall of different living things has different components. The main component of plants’ cell wall is cellulose. However, animals’ cells have no cell wall, but there is a substance coating the skin consisting of a compound substance of protein and carbohydrate. This coating substance is useful for living things since it has strong tough structures which do not dissolve in water causing the cell stay in shape and also reducing the less of water. Moreover, it helps the cells attached together to be tissues and organs. 2. Nucleus Nucleus is the controlling center for the cell’s work in cooperation with cytoplasm. It is very important for the cell’s separation and reproduction. In a cell of living things unusually has one nucleus, but in some types of cell like red blood when fully growing, there is not a nucleus. Nucleuses are divided into three parts which are as below: 2.1 Nucleus membrane is thin tissue with two layers around nucleus of which its characteristics is like. differentially permeable membrane of cell membrane with small holes all over to be passages of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm; outside tissue is attached with Ribosome.

58 2.2 Nucleolus is a small lump in nucleus. Its duty is to synthesize Ribonucleic acid or RNA with other substances which are components of Ribosome. These substances will be passed through nuclear membrane out to cytoplasm. 2.3 Chromatin consists of various fibers of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA which is a hereditary substance. While the cells are separating themselves, chromosome will be found. 3. Cytoplasm is everything in cell membrane except nucleus. It is a clear liquid with small structures called organelle spreading all over, most of which have covering tissues. The components within organelle are separated from other components in cytoplasm. Table comparing the differences between plants’ cells and animals’ cell Plants’ cells Animals’ cells 1. Cubed shapes 1. Round or oval shapes 2. Cell wall is outside 2. There is no cell wall except coating 3. Chloroplast is inside the cell substance outside 3. There is no chloroplast 4. There is no centrio 4. There is centrio for separating cell 5. Vacuole is big and clearly seen 5. Vacuole is small and cannot be 6. There is no licosome clearly seen 6. There is locosome

59 Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplast Animal’s cells Plants’ cells Picture showing basic structures of cells Topic 3: The process of the substance passing through cells Biologists have studied how the substance passed into cells. It was found that there are 2 forms which are as follow: 1. Diffusion is the movement of molecule from more condensed place to the place with less condensed. It means to different directions without certain directions. 2. Osmosis is the spread of liquid passing thin tissues which usually lets only water. The diffusion of water will be from less condensed areas (a lot of water) to cell membrane to a place which is more condensed (a little water) It can move in two directions. Briefly, it is said that osmosis is the diffusion of water from the place with more water to the place with less water

60 passing through cell membrane; the osmotic pressure will make the water diffuse from the place where there is a lot water (less condensed) into the place where is less water (more condensed). Differently condensed solutions affect the cell differently. 3. Exercise: Cells topic Fill in the blank with suitable answers 1. Cell is …………………………………………………………………..……………… 2. The duty of cell wall is…………………………………………………………………. 3. The part of cell which control the amount and type of the substance passing in and out of the cell is ……………………………………………………………………………… 4. What type of cell does not have a nucleus when fully grow………………………………. 5. Cell wall of plants consists of a substance is called………………………………………. 6. What can be found in plants’ cells, not in animals’ cells…………………………………. 7. Animals’ cells cannot create their own food because……………………………………... 8. The green substance in chloroplast is called……………………………………………… 9. The part of cell which control the growth and heredity is……………………………….. 10. Why can plants’ cells be still in shape, but animals’ cells will decay after being dead ………….………………………………………………………………………………

61 Mark in front of the correct answer 1. Which scientist named the word ‚cell‛ a. Newto b. Aristotle c. Robert Hook d. Galiao 2. The scientist who together established ‚cell theory‛ are a. Schliden and Charles Darwin b. Mendale and Charles Darwin c. Schawann and Schliden d. Schawann and Mendale 3. What are the different characteristics of plants’ cells and animals’ cells a. Plants’ cells are orally round, but animals’ cells are cubic. b. Plants’ cells are cubic, but animals’ cells are round. c. Plants’ cells and animals’ cells are almost similar. d. Plants’ cells and animals’ cells have different shapes of nucleus. 4. Which part of cell controls the substance passing in and out? a. Cell wall b. Cell membrane c. Controlling cell d. Lycosome 5. Which part of cell synthesizes protein? a. Golgicomplex b. Ribosome c. Lycosome d. Vacuole 6. Which part of cell helps plants’ cells stay in shapes although getting too much water in it? a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. nucleus d. cytoplasm 7. Which part of cell is like the brain of cell? a. nucleus b. chloroplast c. centriole d. Ribosome

62 8. Which part of cell is only in plants’cell? a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. nucleus d. cytoplasm 9. Why do plants’ cells not break when being put in solution less condensed than that in the cell? a. Plants’ cells are flexible. b. Plants’ cells have cell membranes passing the substance that are not needed out of the cells. c. Plants’ cells have strong cell wall. d. All are correct. 10. Which solution makes animals’ cells wrinkle? a. The solution that is more condensed than that inside the animals’ cells. b. The solution that is less condensed than that inside the animals’ cells. c. The solution that is as equally condensed as the animals’ cells. d. Distilled water

63 Key to the test for Lesson 3 Topic: Carrying out scientific project 1. b 2. a 3 c 4 c 5 c 6. b 7 b 8 a 9 c 10 a

64 Lesson 4 Plants and Animals’ Way of Living Essence Plans’ way of living consists of conveying water, food, and minerals, synthesis and reproductive systems. Animals’ way of living are composed of structures and the work of respiration system, digestion, expulsion and reproductive systems. Expected learning outcome 1. Be able to explain diffusion and osmosis process 2. Be able to explain the structures and the work of food conveying systems of plants 3. Be able to explain the importance and necessary factors for synthesis process 4. Be able to explain the structure and the work of reproductive system of the local plants 5. Be able to explain the work of animals’ different systems Scope of contents Topic 1: Plants’ ways of living Topic 2: Animls’ways of living Topic 1: plants’ ways of living 1.1 Systems of conveying water, food, and minerals of plants. This system is composed of vascular tissue system in which the tissues are connected to all the plant and convey water organic, inorganic, and solution substance needed for the plants to use for carrying out activities within the cells. The vascular tissue system consists of two main parts which are xylem for conveying water and minerals and phloem for conveying food. Phloem Xylem Epidermis Pit Cortex

65 Dicotyledon Phloem Pit Xylem Epidermis Cortex Single cotyledon Picture showing cross-section of dicotyledon and single cotyledon Epidermis Cortex Epidermis Paricycl e Dicotyledon’s root Pholem Single cotyledon’s root Xylem Root hair Picture showing cross sections of dicotyledon and single cotyledon’s roots Xylem is the tissue that conveys water and minerals both organic and inorganic substances through xylem consisting of four cells: 1. Tracheid is a single cell with a cylindrical shape and pointed end. Tracheid carry water and minerals at the side of the trunk through small holes called ‚pit‛ Tracheid has a strong wall, so it can support the trunk of the plant. There are liquin and small holes (pit) helping connect nearby

66 cells. When the cell fully grows and dies, cytoplasm and nucleus will decay causing the hole in the middle of the cell. Tracheid is most found in vascular plants like flerns, pine trees etc. 2. Vessel is rather a big cell but shorter than tracheid. It is a single cell which is sharp like a chisel. At the side and the end of the cell, there are a lot of holes. This cell is most found in multi- cellular palnt or flora acting as a xylem from the roots to the trunk and leaves.Tracheid and vessel have a lot of liquin attached to their walls with various thickness causing the cell to have different patterns for example, - Annular thickening is like a ring. - Spiral thickening is like a strand of spiral staircase. - Reticulate thickening has thickness dotted around and unorganized like a small net. - Scalari form thickening has thick layers like steps of staircase. - Pitted thickening has holes at the walls arranged in layers like steps of a staircase. 3. Xylem parenshyma has a cylindrical shape with round, oval or various-edged cross section. There are thin cells arranged along the trunk of the tree. When it is getting old, the cell wall will become thicker since there is liquin collected with existing small pits. Some xylem parenchyma will be arranged along with the trunk’s radius in order to convey water and minerals to the side of the trunk. Its duty is to collect starch oil and organic food including water and minerals to the trunk and leaves of the plants. 4. Xylem fiber is long in shape but shorter than other fibers. Normally this cell is pointed at the end with a thicker cell wall than that of a fiber. There are wall dividing the cell into rooms. Xylem fiber acts as supporting structures and strengthen the trunk of the tree. Pit Pit Tracheid Vesse Picture showing tissue comlpounds of a xylem

67 Phloem is the tissues that conveys food and strengthen the trunk of the tree. It consists of four types as follow: 1. Sieve tube member is a cylindrical shaped cell. It is a live cell with a large vacuole. When the cell fully grows, parts of nucleus will decay, but the cell is still alive. The cell wall of sieve tube member has a little collection of cellulose. Sieve tube member’s duty is to pass the food synthesized with the light to different parts of the plant. 2. Companion cell is a special cell originated from the same mother cell of sieve tube member. The original cell will divide itself along the length into 2 cells. One is large; the other is small. The big one will become sieve tube member when it fully grows; the small one will become companion cell which has a long thin shape with edges. The pointed end is a living thing which is composed of cytoplasm with condensed sun stance in which cellulose collected at the cell wall; it also has small holes connected with sieve tube member companion cell helping sieve tube member work better when the cell is getting older. The older sieve tube member is the less effectively it work since the nucleus will decay. 3. Phloem parenchyma is a living cell with thin walls including small holes. Phloem parenchyma’s duty is to collect synthesized food and convey to different parts of the plant and strengthen phloem. 4. Phloem fiber is similar to xylem fiber with a long round or oral shape. Phloem fiber helps strengthen phloem and collect food for the plant The end of sieve tube member’s wall Companion cell cell Cytoplasm Picture showing component tissues of phloem

68 How the plant conveys its minerals There are two principles for the plant’s conveying system which are as follow: 1. Conveying it through the xylem from the roots to the leaves in order to carry water and minerals for synthesis. 2. Conveying glucose through phloem from the leaves to different parts of the plants to get the energy. There are many processes involved to cooperatively work to convey the substance to its destination. The system starts from the root hair which consists of approximately 400 hairs per 1 square millimeter; the root hair will absorb water by osmosis and different diffusion. The water diffused in the plant well will move to xylem and carry it to different parts of the plant. When it reaches the leaves, the leaves will take water and minerals into synthesis until it produces sugar which will be carried to the phloem to different parts of the plant to feed it; some of the sugar will be kept in the leaves, roots and trunks. Flower Top Leaves fruit Trunk Root hair Phloem and xylem Root Root cap Picture showing plants ‘vascular system

69 Diffusion is the movement of substance from more condensed areas to less condensed areas. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from the area with more water (diluted solution) to the area with less water (condensed solution). The working system to convey plants’ minerals needs different kinds of diffusions through the xylem and the phloem in order to get to the trunk, leaves, and branches of the plant. 1.2 Structures and working system of conveying water in the plant Plants without a xylem like moss are small in size and grow in high humid areas with enough shade. Every cell gets water by diffusing from one cell to another. However, big plants must have vessels to carry water from the root to the cells at the top. Normally, the solution in the root hair is more condensed than outside, so the water in the soil will diffuse through the cell membrane into the cells at the root skin. The movement of the water in the soil to the root occurs by passing through the cortex of the root to endodermis; the water passes through one cell to another from the cell wall or the space between cells and this movement is called apoplast. The movement of water from one cell to another by cytoplasm is called plasmodesma which moves to endodermis cells before entering xylem. This movement is called symplast. When the water moves to the cell wall of endodermis barred by casparionstrip which prevents the water from passing to the cell wall into the xylem; therefore, the water has to pass through cytoplasm before entering the xylem. Trying cutting the trunk of some plants such as tomato, canna lily or banana which are grown in wet areas and leaving the trunk 4-5 centimeters high above the ground. We can see the cut areas of the trunk attaching to the root that there is liquid percolate out of it. This is because in the xylem of the root, there is root pressure causing from the movement of the water into the xylem of the root. In the area where plants get enough water and in high humid temperature like at night and at dawn, root pressure help dissolve air bubbles in the xylem, which may happen during daytime When the weather is hot and dry during daytime, plants let more water out causing the drawing force in the xylem, so there is no root pressure. The loss of the water in the leaves by letting the water occurs where there is the difference between the amount of steam in the air and the steam in the space within the leaves. The water in xylem can be conveyed because of the drawing force of the water in the xylem to replace the water the plant letting out into the air. This

70 drawing will be transferred to the root causing the root to draw water from the soil into the xylem because there is bond between molecules of water called ‚cohetion‛ which can continuously draw water in the xylem. Besides, there is a bond between molecules of water and xylem wall called ‚adhesion‛. When a lot of water transpires, a lot of water also evaporates, so the water in the xylem can be moved and carried to different parts of the plants; therefore, there will be tractive force from the soil to the xylem. The force existing when losing water is called ‚transpiration pull‛ 1.3 Structures and the working system of food conveying of plants The water which plants convey passes through the cortex of the root to the xylem. Since there are dissolved nutrients which are absorbed by the root from the soil, to convey nutrients is more complicated than to convey water because cells do not let nutrients pass in and out easily. The movement process of minerals to the root can be done with two ways: one is conveying food without using energy (passive transport). Nutrients will diffuse from outside cells which are more condensed to inside cells (less condensed). Active transport is the conveying of food with using energy to convey nutrients from outside cells which are less condensed to inside cells causing plants to keep some food elements. Nutrients which will go into the xylem can pass the cortex of the root by apoplast and symplast before entering endodermis cells and xylem. Nutrients conveyed to the xylem are inorganic substances which are essential for the life and the growth of the plants.

71 Table showing nutrients essential for plants’ living and the amount of each nutrient found in plants Percentage of Elements Chemical symbols Useful nutrients for Elements found in plants plants’ tissue (dry weight) Molybdenum Mo MoO42- 0.00001 Copper Cu Cu+, Cu2+ 0.0006 Manganese Mn Mn2+ 0.005 Nickel Ni Ni2+ 0.003 Zinc Zn Zn2+ 0.002 Boron B H2BO3- 0.002 Iron Fe Fe2+ 0.01 Chlorine Cl Cl- 0.01 Sulfur S So42- 0.1 Phosphorus Magnesium P H2PO4- , HPO42- 0.2 Mg Mg2+ 0.2 Calcium Ca Ca2+ 0.5 Potassium K K+ 1.0 Nitrogen N NO3- , NH4+ 1.5 Oxygen H H2O 6 Carbon O O2 , H2O , CO2 45 C CO2 45 From the table, it shows that each plant needs different amount of nutrients. Not giving too much fertilizer may cost a lot and sometimes make plants die. It can be prevented by checking the nutrients in the soil and analyze the symptom of plants which can let us know what food elements they need.

72 According to the table, there are nine elements plants need in a large amount (macronutrients) which are C H O N P K Ca Mg and S but the elements they need in a small amount (micronutrients) are B Fe Cu Zn Mn Mo Cl and Ni. Both groups of nutrients are equally essential for the plants’ growth, but the amount they need is different. 96 percent of dry plants’ compounds consist of C H O; all of them are adequately obtained from water and air. The two principles scientists use to arrange which elements are essential for the plants’ growth are as follow: 1. If plants lack those elements, they cannot live; their growth and reproduction are not in perfect cycles. 2. No other elements can replace the nutrients the plants need for the growth. Besides, the nutrients are divided into three groups that are consistent with anatomy and chemical biology. Group 1: This is a component of organic elements within the plant which are as follow: 1.1 a component of organic compound such as C H O N. 1.2 a component of organic compound working on metabolism such as P in ATP element and Mg which is a component of chlorophyll. Group 2: this group is divided in accordance with the stimulation of enzyme such as Fe Cu Zn Mn Cl. Group 3: this group is divided according to the control osmotic pressure such as K helps keep controlling cells distended.

73 Activity on the structures of plants’ conveying water and food Objectives 1. Be able to identify parts of the plant for conveying water and food 2. Be able to explain the process of plants’ conveying water and food Material 1 tree \\ 1. Henna tree with 20 cm. in height 15 cm3 1 liter 2. Red ink 1 bottle 3. Water 1 blade 4. Wide mouthed bottle with 10-15 cm in height 1 set 5. Shaving blade 1 microscope 6. Slide and its glass cover 1 tube 7. Microscope 8. Tube for dropping liquid Procedures 1. Put red ink into the bottle of water 2. Put a clean henna tree in the bottle of red ink and place it under the sunlight. Leave it for 20-30 minutes. Observe the changes and record it. 3. Clean the henna tree with water , cut the trunk about 3 cm long at thickest point without branches using the shaving blade 4. Take he cut part out and slice it as thinly as possible and put it on the slide, drop 1-2 drops of water, cover the slide with the slide cover, look it through the microscope, observe and draw its position with the red point and record it 5. Take the part out and cut it along the length about 0.5 cm, and do the same procedure like that in number 4

74 Note 1. When pulling the henna out of the soil, all the trees should be pulled including its root. Clean the soil that attaches the root by swaying it slightly before putting in the red ink 2. The learner must carefully notice the changes in the root trunk and leaves. Experiment Recoding Table Noticeable characteristic 1.Put the henna tree in the red ink Pictures 2. when looking Cross-section through the part microscope The trunk cut in length 1.4 Synthesis 1,4,1 The importance of synthesis: plants can take energy from light to bind carbon dioxide and keep it in form of organic food by way of synthesis. Besides, it is known that there is chlorophyll in leaves which is necessary for synthesis from. Its products are carbohydrate, water and oxygen causing us to know the plants’ structures which are appropriate to work. Synthesis: There are two main types of synthesis in plants: light reaction and the action of binding carbon dioxide. Structure of chloroplast According to the study with electron microscope and various techniques, the detailed structures and the duty of chloroplasts are more clearly known. Most chloroplasts of plants are egg- shaped round about 5 micrometers long, 2 micrometers wide, and 1-2 micrometers thick. In the cell of each leaf, there is a lot of chloroplast or a little chloroplast depending on the types of the cell. Chloroplast consists o two layers of tissue membrane in which there is a liquid called stroma with essential enzyme for binding carbon dioxide in synthesis. Moreover, inside chloroplast, there is thylakoid tissue and some folded parts called ‚granum‛ ,the parts which are not folded are called

75 ‚Stroma lamella‛ All colored substance and chlorophyll are on thylakoid tissue. There is a hole called ‚lumen‛ with liquid inside it. Beside those, within chloroplast, there are DNA, RNA and Ribosome which can help chloroplast build itself and produce enzyme to use in it. Chloroplast is like ‚mitochondria‛ 1.4.2 Essential factors for synthesis process: The factor for controlling synthesis can be divided into inside factors and outside factors. Inside factors are related to the products of plants’ heredity; outside factors are related to the environment. 1. Inside factors 1,1 The structure of a leaf Carbon dioxide can more or less enter the leaf depending on the size and the amount of it including the position of the leaf’s mouth which is different in each type of plants. Besides that, the amount of space between cells caused by the arrangement of Mesophyll in the leaf can affect the exchange of carbon dioxide. The thickness of cuticle, epidermis, and hair of leaf will cause carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf with unequal amount since if it is too thick, the light will fall to the chloroplast less. 1.2 The age of the leaf When considering each leaf of the plant, we will find that a young leaf can synthesize until becoming an old leaf. However, when a leaf is old and decays, it can less synthesize. A yellow leaf cannot synthesize because there is no chlorophyll. 1.3 The movement of carbohydrate Generally, sucrose will move from source to sink, it is always found that when the head, seed or growing fruit are taken out of the tree, synthesis will decrease for two or three days since the sucrose from the leaf cannot move. The plant with most effective synthesis can move sucrose more too. If the leaf gets infected, the ability to synthesize will be less because the leaf will become more sink than source. However, the leaves nearby without infection or disease can synthesize more. If sink is increased for the trunk, such as to increase the number of corns, fruits, or bulbs, it can lead to more synthesis.

76 1,4 Protoplast The rates of synthesis are related to the work of protoplast. When the plant lacks water, the colloid of protoplast will be in the waterless condition causing the enzyme involving synthesis to work ineffectively. In each type of plants, protoplast cannot equally work which makes the rates of synthesis change differently. 2. Outside Factors 2.1 Normally, the amount of CO2is 0.03%; plants can synthesize more if the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases except when the mouth of the leaf closes because of lacking water. The difference between C3 plant and C4 plant concerning CO2 is that if the amount of CO2 decreases lower than normal atmosphere, but the light is still in the intense level above light compensation point, it is found that C3 plant will have 0 synthesis of the concentration of CO2 has a ratio of 50-100 per million. However, C4 plant can keep on synthesizing even if CO2 is low at a ratio 0-5 per million. CO2 concentration in which the ratio of synthesis is equal to the ratio of breathing is called CO2 compensation point. CO2 compensation point of the corn has a ratio of 0 per million, while the sunflower has a ratio of 50 per million. To continually increase the concentration of carbon dioxide will cause more synthesis. If it is 0.5% increase, the plant will synthesize more, but the plant can tolerate for a while (10-15 days); afterward it will stop growing. In general, C4 plant can better stand in the concentration of carbon dioxide than C3 plant. 2.2 The concentration of light; the leaves of C4 plant react to the concentration of light in straight lines. The more concentrated the light is, the more increasingly the ratio of synthesis becomes. Generally, the top of C4 plant can get more light than the bottom leaves,, so the top leaves may get enough light while the bottom leaves will not get enough light because they are under the shades of the top leaves. When considering the whole parts of the plants cannot get enough light to synthesize since there are shades in the bushes. The most appropriate quality of light should have 400-700 mm wave length.

77 The concentration of light or the amount of light energy per an area unit is called ‚Lux‛ (10.76 lux = 1 ft-c). In each area, the concentration of light is not equal, which makes plants’ heretical adjustment differ. Usually, plants can synthesize better if getting more concentrated light. If they do not get enough light for their needs, their synthesis is lower, but the breathing rate will be the same. When the ratio of synthesis is low until the ratio of food creating is equal to the ratio of food consuming from breathing. In this case, the amount of carbon dioxide bound is equal to the released amount. At this point, the value of the exchange of gas is 0 or can be called Light or CO2 compensation point; the plant will not grow but can be alive. If the concentration is lower than this, the plant will lack food and finally die. However, to increase the light concentration does not always cause the synthesis ratio to be high since plants have light saturation point. If the concentration increases, it will burn the leaves. Usually, C4 plants are more efficient in using light than C3 plant. Light duration: When plants get light in a longer time, the synthesis ratio will also increase with direct ratio to the length of the clay; therefore, to make plants grow rapidly in cold weather areas which have short time in a day must have the plants in the glass house get more light. Light quality: the light of each color differs in qualities, photon sizes or energy. The size of photon must be suitable for the structure of chlorophyll molecules. If not, there must be ‚accessory pigment‛ helping get the light by the energy panel (Antenna system) and pass the energy to chlorophyll. In the nature such as in the forest or the deep sea, the light for synthesis is usually filtered by a taller tree or that light cannot throw a light to it. These types of plants usually get only green light. Various plants will develop chromatic substance which can take energy from green light to use. 2.3 Temperature: the interval temperature for plants’ synthesis is rather wide; for example, bacteria and greenish blue weed can synthesize at 70 degrees Celsius, while pine trees can slowly synthesize at -6 degrees Celsius. Some plants in Antarctic areas can synthesize at -18 degree Celsius and appropriate temperature the synthesis process is 0 degree Celsius. The leaves of common multicellurlar plants can be 35 degree Celsius if getting light but this has no effect on synthesis. The effect of temperatures on synthesis depends on the type of plants and the environment for the plants’ growth; for example. Sandy plants have a suitable higher temperature than Antarctic plants. The plants which grow well in high temperature such as corns, millet, cotton

78 and yellow beans need suitable, higher temperature than that in low temperature areas such as potato, wheat and oat. In general, suitable temperature for each plant’s synthesis differs but is almost like those in the environment at daytime in the areas. Usually, the suitable temperature for synthesis of C4 plants is higher than C3 plant. Q10 of synthesis about 2-3 and the temperature will have so little effect on‛ Light reaction‛ when compare with ‚Enzymatic Reaction‛ 2.4 Water: water is involved in closing and opening of the mouth of the leaf and giving electron. When in need of water, plants will let water out faster than taking in and carrying water of the root causing the plants to rapidly lose water which make the enzyme work disorderly. Afterwards, the mount of the leaf will close; if the plant looks lower than 15% of water, it may not affect synthesis. 2.5 Nutrients: Since there are magnesium and nitrogen in chlorophyll which are in molecules, so if it lacks both elements, it will reduce synthesizing.

79 Activity: Chlorophyll and Synthesis Objective: Being able to make a conclusion on the importance chlorophyll on plants’ synthesis Materials 1. Spotted Chinese rose’s leaf (picked on the experiment day) 1 leaf 2. Iodine solution 1 cm3 3. Powder water 5 cm3 4. Alcohol 15 cm3 5. Water 100 cm3 6. A box of matches 1 box 7. A beaker sized 250 cm3 1 tube 8. Big test tube 1 tube 9. Small test tube 1 tube 10. Dropper 1 tube 11. Porcelain cup 1 cup 12. Pincers 1 piece 13. Alcoholic lamp with wind shield and a wiring screen 1 set Experiment 1. Draw the spotted Chinese rose’s leaf (after having been under sunlight for 3 hours) showing white and green parts. 2. Put 40 cm3 of water into the beaker and boil it. Put the leaf in the beaker with boiling water. 3. Grip the boiled leaf with pincers and put it in the big test tube with alcohol and boil for 1-2 minutes until the color becomes pale. Observe the change (alcohol is inflammable; it has to be boiled through water. 4. Wash the leaf (from 3) with cold water. Observe the change 5. Place the leaf on the cup and drop iodine solution all over the leaf and leave it for 30 seconds

80 6. Wash the leaf with water. Observe the change and draw its picture comparing with the one before the experiment and then write the result 7. Put 5 cm3 of powder water in the small test tube and drop a few drop of iodine solutions in the tube. Observe the change and write down the result. Recording table The observed result Experimented materials The green parts of the spotted Chinese rose’s leaf The white parts of the spotted Chinese rose’s leaf Powder water 1.5 Plants’ Reproductive system 1.5.1 Working patterns of flowerless plants’ reproductive system Reproductive system of flowerless plants: it is the reproductive system without sexual organs since it is unicellular plants without flowers or perfect organs. This type of reproductive system consists of many methods such as budding, spore formulation, and fission. 1. Ferns: Fern’s reproduction is to create spores which are in up spores under the leaf or at a stem of a leaf. When it fully grows, the up spores which are small sacks will explode and flow in the wind. When it falls at the right place, it will sprout to be a new plant. 2. Weeds: One cell weeds’ reproduction is to divide themselves, multi-cell weeds’ reproduction forming spore or breeding between male’s cells and female’s cells.

81 3. Mushroom: Mushrooms’ reproduction by creating spores which are in the groove under the head (like a cap); its duty is to create spores. Mushroom’s stalks have white lines in them. When the spores are old, they will spread to different places. When there are enough humid, food and suitable sunlight. They will sprout and become mushrooms. 4. Fungus: Fungus’ reproduction by creating spores. Their stems are like fibers. Fungus are varied in colors such as orange, black, yellow and green. 5. Yeast: Yeast has two ways of reproduction: when there is plenty of food, it will bud, but it will form spores in the place where there is not enough food. 1.5.2 Working structures of flower plants’ reproduction. Different kinds of flowers have different colors, shapes, sizes and structures. Some have not many petals arranged in different layers. Some have not many petals, and have only one layer. Some are big; others are small like a round headed pin. Besides,, some flowers are sweet fragrance; others are acrid or odorless. These verities have been evolved for a long time so they are various colors, shapes, structures, smell etc. However, the flowers act as reproductive organs of plants. Flowers’ structures Pistil Anther Ovary Receptacle

82 Pistil Receptacle Ovary Although flowers’ structures differ, they have the same duty for reproduction. Their structures may consist of four parts which are sepals, petals, anthers, and pistils. They are called complete flowers, but if they lack any one of this, they are called incomplete flowers. If there are a pistil and an anthe4r in the same flowers, it is called a ‚perfect flower‛ However, if there is either a pistil or an anther in the flower, it is called ‚imperfect flower‛ Besides different structures, flower can be divided according to the ovary position when compared with the receptacle such as the flower with ovary above a receptacle like eggplant flower, White Champaka, Yee-hoop, Lotus, Purple Bignonia, chili, bean, papaya, and orange. The flowers with an ovary under a receptacle are pumpkin’s flower, cucumber, luffa, guava, pomegranate, banana, crinum lily etc. The number of flower on the stem of each flower is not the same. The flower can be divided into two types: solitary flower and inflorescence flower. Solitary flower is a flower developed from a bud, there is a solitary flower on a stem such as eggplant flower, White Champaka and lotus. Inflorescence flower is a bunch of flowers in one stem such as ixora, morning glory, jasmine, basil, banana, orchid and rice. However, the patterns and branching are various; scientists use these arrangements of flowers to design different things. Some inflorescence flowers are like solitary flower; they come out from the same bunch without stems on the receptacle which curves like a bulb such as sunflower, marigold, zinnia elegant, globe amaranth and cosmos. These types of bunches consist of two minor flowers: the ones outside the flower ring, and the others are in the middle of flower. The flowers from outside the ring may be arranged in one layer or many layers either perfect or imperfect flowers. Most of them are females; the flowers outside the ring are usually perfect flowers with petals connected in cylindrical shapes above the ovary.

83 Creating reproductive cells of flowery plants Reproductive cells of flowery plants are created within anther. Microspore mother cell divides by way of meiosis into four microspores. Each cell has chromosome equal to ‚n‛. Afterwards, the nucleus of microspore will divide by way of meiosis in two nuclei which are generative nucleus and tube nucleus. At this point, these cells are called pollen grain or make gametophyte. Pollen grain has thick walls; the outside wall may have smooth skin or tiny thorn depending on each type of plants. When the pollen grain is old enough, the anther will split and spread out ready to reproduce the new ones. Creating female reproductive cells of plants occurs in the ovary in which there are one or more ovules. In the ovule, there are a lot of cells, but there is one big cell called microspore mother cell with 2n chromosome. Afterwards, the cells are divided by way of meiosis into four cells,; three of them vanish. There is only one cell left called megaspore. Then the molecules of megaspore will divide three times by way of meiosis and get eight nucleuses and there is cytoplasm around them. There are seven cells: three cells are opposite to micropyle called antipodals; one cell in the middile with two nucleuses called polar nuclei cell. Micropyle has three cells; in the middle is an egg cell and the other two at both sides are called synergids. During this time, megaspore has developed to be gametophyte called embryo sac or female gametophyte. Pollination In each flowery plant, there are pollen grain and ovary which differ in shape and numbers when the pollen grain is old enough, its wall will split making the pollen grain diffuse and fall at the top of pistil by the wind, water, flies, animals as well as human beings. This occurrence is call ‚pollination‛ Some are economic plants or consuming plants; if there is only natural pollination, there may not be many products; for example, milkweed durians can produce only 3%, henna durians can produce 10%. Some plants like zalacca have only a few anthers, so pollination occur less. Besides, a lot of factors affecting less pollination such as the number of flies to help reproduction, the period of time of the pistil’s full growth and the immature anther. Nowadays, human beings help pollination more effectively; for example, raising bees to help breeding, studying about the growth of the pollen grain and ovule and bring the knowledge to help reproduction; for instance, durians’ anther fully grow at 7.00 pm – 7.30 pm. Fruit gardener will keep the spitted anther waiting

84 until the pistils fully grow at 7.30 pm by using the paintbrush to touch the pollen grain and place it on the top of the pistil or after cutting the anther, put it in a plastic bag, cover the pistil. When the pistil full grows, it helps pollination work more effectively. In other types of fruits such as zalacca can use the same method. Double fertilization When the pollen grain falls on the top of the pistils; each tube nucleus of the pollen grain will create the pollen grain tube by sprouting its tube to the stem of the pistil through the hole of ovule’s microphyle. At this point, generative nucleus will divide the nucleus by meiosis and gets two sperm nuclei. The sperm of nucleus will mix with egg cell and get a zygote. Another sperm nucleus will mix with polar nuclei and get endosperm. These two procedures are called double fertilization. The output: after double fertilization, each ovule will become seeds. The ovary will grow and become fruits. Some types of fruits can grow from the receptacle such as rose apples, apples, Chinese pears, guavas. Some fruits may grow from the ovary without fertilization, or with fertilization but the ovule will not grow up to seeds; however, the ovary can grow up to be fruits such as bananas and grapes with no seeds. The botanist has divided the fruits according to the characteristic of flowers and the fruits according to the characteristic of flowers and the fruits into three types which are as below: 1. Simple fruit comes from one flower or one bunch of flowers with only one ovary such as rambutan, longan, durian, calabur etc. 2. Aggregate fruit comes from one flower with various separated or attached ovaries on the same receptacles such as custard apple, cananga, strawberry, magnolia etc. 3. Multiple fruit comes from the ovary of each minor flower of a bunch of flowers gathers together to become big fruits like noni, jackfruit, mulberry, pineapple etc.

85 Activity: Plants’ Reproduction Students are divided into groups doing the activity concerning plants’ reproduction from the following materials 1. Water 10 cm3 2. Morning glory’s flower 1 flower 3. Lotus flower 1 flower 4. Orchid 1 flower 5. A flower of gourd 1 flower 6. Shaving blade 1 blade 7. Glue (Latex) 1 bottle 8. A piece of drawing paper sized 20 cm x 30 cm 1 piece 9. Magnifying glass 1 10. Microscope 1 11.Slide and glass covering slide 1 set 12.Round headed pin 1 13.A bar of glass 1 14. Dropper 1 Note: Flowers from no 2-5 should be put in a plastic bag, sprinkle them with water and tighten the mouth of the plastic bag to keep the flowers fresh Experiment 1. Take the flowers out from the plastic bag and take each layer of the flowers out which are sepals, petals, anthers and pistils. Observe and compare the characteristics and write them down 2. Consider the characteristics of each flower’s anther and flick the anther with the tip of the pin onto a slide and drop one drop of water. Crush the anther with a bar of glass to split it, and look at it through the microscope. 3. Cut the pistil in length with a knife. Observe the ovary and ovule inside using the magnifying glass. Then draw a picture of what can be observed Note: while talking each parts of flower off, try not to split each part, keep it in a circular shape

86 Recording Table Parts of a flower Morning Lotus Orchid Gourd’s flower glory’s Sepal flower Petal Anther Pollen grain (From microscope)

87 Topic 2: Animals’ way of living 2,1 Structure of animals’ working systems 2.1.1 Animals’ respiratory system Animals exchange gas with the environment by way of diffusion. Each animal has different structures for exchanging gas suitable for their living and the environment. Starfish’s gill Gill Starfish Trachea Water in Fly Blood with little Blood wOith2 a lot of O2 Fish Lung Book Lung Spider Snail Lung Rat

88 Picture showing the respiratory system of different animals Type of animals Structure used for exchanging gas 1. Low aquatic animals such as -Have no respiratory organs, exchange gas through cell’s hydra, jelly fish, sponge, covering tissue or wet skin planarea 2. High aquatic animals such as - Have gills with different complications but have the same fish, shrimp, crab, starfish, duty (except amphibians) when they are tadpoles living in squid, mollusk water and breathing with gills before, but when they grow up, they are on land and breath with lung 3. Low vertebrates like -Have wet skin with blood circulation system to make gas earthworms exchanging more rapidly 4. High vertebrates consists of -Have the lungs or lung book with lines jutting out of the three types skin causing the loss of humidity 4.1 spider -Have trachea connected with outside body through 4.2 insects breathing and in filtrating to every part of body 4.3 vertebrates -Have lungs like sacs and have related to blood circular systems

89 2.1.2 Digestion Animals’ digestion 1.1 Spinal animals’ digestion All spinal animals such as fish, frogs, lizards, cats have perfect food passages consisting of mouth gullet stomach small intestine anus Small intestine Stomach Gullet Intestine Picture showing food passage of cows

90 Gullet Intestine Liver Stomach Food passage of birds 1.2 Digestive system of spineless animal 1.2.1 Digestion of spineless animals with imperfect food passage Spicules Cavity to let water Tiny food Food vacuole out collar Cavity to Flagellum let water Collar cell of sponge in Mouth and anus Sponge mouth Tentacle Larynx Food passage Food passage Food Larynx Parasite Gastro vascular Mouth and anus Hydra Planaria

91 Types of animals Characteristic of food passage and digestion 1. Sponge Have no food passage but there is a special cell at the inside wall of sponge called ‚collar cell‛ of which its duty to grasp 2. Hydra, jelly fish, food and create ‚Food Vacuole‛ to digest food. seaanimony Have imperfect food passage with a mouth and anus. The food will pass through the mouth to the body called ‚ Gastro 3. Flat worm such as vascular cavity‛ which will digest the food at this area and the planaria, trematoda waste will be excreted through the same passage, the mouth Have imperfect food passage; only one cavity open is a mouth. Food will pass through the mouth and digested in the food passage and excrete the waste out of the same passage, the mouth 1.2.2 Digestive system spineless animals with perfect food passage Anus Mulphigian Stomach Anus Stomach Intestine Gastric juice gland Gut Direct Larynx Intestine intestine Mouth Mouth Picture showing food passage Picture showing food passage of of insects earthworm

92 Types of animals Characteristic of food passage and digestion 1. Roundworms such as They are the first groups which have project food passage with earthworm, threadworm separating mouth cavity from anus 2. Roundworms with joints Have perfect food passage and structures of food passage like earthworms, fresh which have special characteristic in each part water leeches, and insects Animal’s excretion system In the cells or animals’ bodies, there are a lot of chemical reactions existing all the time causing useful products for living things and wastes to be excreted. Each type of animals has organs and excreting process differently. Low vertebrates which have simple structures; their cells excrete the waste directly to the environment. However, high vertebrates which have complicated structures excrete the waste by special organs. Mouth Nephridium Flame cell Spread through Kidneys Planaria Earthworm cell wall Mulphigian Tubule Hydra Insects Kidney’s tubes Urinary bladder Rat Picture showing animals’ excretion system

93 Types of animals Structures of excreting system 1. Sponge Excrete the waste through cell membrane 2. Hydra, jelly fish The waste will be kept in the body’s cavity and excreted through the mouth; some of them will diffused through the wall of the body 3. Flatworms like planaria, The waste will be filtered in flame cells which spread along parasite the length of the body and excreted through the tube with opening hole at the side of the body 4. Roundworms with The waste will pass through nephridium and the tube with joints like earthworms opening hole at the side of the body 5. Insets The waste from blood will be drawn and passed to the food passage by mulphigian tubule which is small tubes between stomach and intestine. Then the waste will be excreted outside the body together with food fibers through anus. 6. Vertebrates Both kidneys and tubes including bladder are used for excretion Animals’ Reproductive system 6.1 There are two types of animals’ reproductive system. 1. Asexual Reproduction: it is to produce living units from original cells by different processes which are not reproductive cells like budding, regeneration, fragmentation and parthenogenesis. 2. Sexual Reproduction: it is to breed by anther cell and pistil cells causing new living creatures such as low vertebrates and all types of high vertebrates. Some animals can breed with asexual reproduction such as hydra’s breeding by budding. 6.2 There are various types of asexual reproduction, which are as follow:

94 1. Budding is to reproduce new living things outside original cells called ‚bud‛. This will grow up until getting new living things with the same characteristic but smaller than it, which later come off its original and grows up or may be attached to its original body. Animals which use this kind of reproduction are hydra, sponge, and coral. Picture showing hydra’s budding 2. Regeneration is to reproduce new living things from the parts that come out of the body or the parts that lose to create new living things causing more number of living creatures. These types of animals are planaria, freshwater leeches. Split mark Picture showing regeneration of planaria and starfish

95 3. Fragmentation is to reproduce from the split parts of the original body and grow up to be new living creatures such as flatworms. 4. Parthenogenesis is the reproduction of some insects which the female can produce eggs that can be hatched without fertilization. In normal condition, eggs will hatch out and are always females, but if it is dry, cold or lacking food, female will produce both males and females from their eggs. Afterwards, they will fertilize, then females’ eggs will hatch and can tolerate unsuitable situation as mentioned. These types of fertilization are seen in grasshoppers, aphids, mites, and in social insets like bees, ants, hornets, wasps. In normal condition, when they hatch out, they are often females.\\ 6.3 Sexual reproduction of animals can be divided into two types as mentioned below 1. Monoecious: There are two sex organs in one body. Generally, it cannot breed in the body; it has to breed with another body since the egg and sperm do not simultaneously grow such as hydra, planaria, earthworms. Penis Sperm Ovary Receptacle Receptacle Picture showing sexual reproduction of hydra’s embryo comes off the ovary and grow 2. Dioeciously its sexual organs: male and female are in different bodies. There are two types of breeding which are: 2.1 Internal Fertilization sperms and eggs are in female’s body when fertilizing; these animals lay eggs on land, mammals, and fish like wrestling half beak, guppy, and sharks. 2.2 External fertilization sperms and eggs are outside female’s body when fertilizing. This kind of fertilization needs water to move sperms to eggs. These types of animals are fish, amphibians, and all animals laying egg in water.

96 Activity on the structures of plants’ conveying water and food Objectives 3. Be able to identify parts of the plant for conveying water and food 4. Be able to explain the process of plants’ conveying water and food Material 1. Henna tree with 20 cm. in height 1 tree 2. Red ink 15 cm3 3. Water 1 liter 4. Wide mouthed bottle with 10-15 cm in height 1 bottle 5. Shaving blade 1 blade 6. Slide and its glass cover 1 set 7. Microscope 1 microscope 8. Tube for dropping liquid 1 tube Procedures 1. Put red ink into the bottle of water 2. Put a clean henna tree in the bottle of red ink and place it under the sunlight. Leave it for 20-30 minutes. Observe the changes and record it. 3. Clean the henna tree with water , cut the trunk about 3 cm long at thickest point without branches using the shaving blade 4. Take he cut part out and slice it as thinly as possible and put it on the slide, drop 1-2 drops of water, cover the slide with the slide cover, look it through the microscope, observe and draw its position with the red point and record it 5. Take the part out and cut it along the length about 0.5 cm, and do the same procedure like that in number 4 Note 1. When pulling the henna out of the soil, all the trees should be pulled including its root. Clean the soil that attaches the root by swaying it slightly before putting in the red ink.

97 2. The learner must carefully notice the changes in the root trunk and leaves. Experiment Recoding Table Noticeable characteristic 1.Put the henna tree in the red ink Pictures 2. when looking Cross-section through the part microscope The trunk cut in length

98 Exercise: Lesson 4 1. What are the differences between plants’ cells and animals’ cells? a. Plants’ cells have cell walls, but animals’ cells have not. b. Plants’ cells have no walls, but animals’ cells have. c. Plants’ cells have cell membranes, but animals’ cells have not. d. Plants’ cells have no cell membranes, but animals’ cells have. 2. Which part of the body can be compared with cell membranes? a. Skin b. Fat layers c. Blood vessel d. Heart 3. Which cell has the most ribosome? a. Liver cell b. Cell around nephron units c. White blood cell d. Cell of endocrine glands 4. Where can plants transpire most? a. The front of the leaf b. The tip of the leaf c. The back of the leaf d. The edge of the leaf 5. Why the upper side of mango leaf darker than the bottom side? a. It gets more light. b. Palisade cells are crowdedly arranged than sponge cells. c. Palisade cells have more chloroplasts than sponge cells. d. Sponge cells have more chloroplasts than palisade cells.

99 6. What process is directly used to move minerals in the soil to the root of plant? a. Respiration b. Synthesis c. Transpiration d. Guttation 7. Why it is necessary to cut off some leaves when moving the tree to plant in other places? a. Convenient to move b. Reduce transpiration c. Convenient to get some shades d. Reduce the weight of the plant about the ground 8. What do plants get from synthesis? a. Starch and carbon dioxide b. Sugar and carbon dioxide c. Starch and oxygen d. Carbohydrate and oxygen 9. Which statement is not related to synthesis? a. Be able to synthesize organic matters most in the world b. Tree are lifelong friends who take polluted air for us c. Help keep balancing the level of carbon dioxide in the air d. Plants can use carbon monoxide in the air for their benefit 10. What will happen if there is only green light shone on the earth? a. The amount of oxygen in the air will increase. b. The amount of carbon dioxide in the air will decrease. c. The amount of food kept in plants will increase. d. The amount of food which is useful for animals.

100 11. Which mineral can plants directly obtain from the air? a. Nitrogen b. Hydrogen c. Carbon d. Phosphorus 12. Which condition is not necessary for most seeds to sprout? a. There is enough oxygen for respiration. b. There is enough water for enzyme reaction. c. There is right temperature for enzyme reaction. d. There is enough light for a cotyledon. 13. What is an embryo of flowery plant? a. Growing tissues within the seed b. Growing tissues in seed membrane except cotyledon c. Growing tissues in seed membrane except endosperm d. Growing tissues within seed membrane except cotyledon and endosperm 14. While the beans are sprouting, where can embryo get most of the food? a. From a cotyledon b. From endosperm c. From epicotyl d. From water and minerals in the soil 15. What is in the petal which helps the flower bloom? a. Nutation movement b. Turgor movement c. Nastic movement d. Pulvinus which is sensitive to temperature changing