English and Grammar Grade 9 (2077)

VOICE VOICE Read the following description. This story is being written by me, the author. The events that happened last week are being analyzed by me. Most of the events are supposed to be true. But this story has to be written carefully. You can imagine that it is being written as a detective story by me. As my detective has just been killed, many things have to be discovered by us. When our hero went to bed in a guest room in the isolated house, he was murdered in the middle of the night there. His room had been entered at about one in the morning. The poor chap was hit over the head. He was killed with one almighty blow. It has been discovered so far that the deadly deed had been done with an enormous drumstick. The weapon had been stolen from a school guard by the murderer. I have been informed that the guard was in the toilet when his drumstick was being stolen. My story has been ruined now. How can a detective story be continued without its detective? My creativity has been murdered. My great novel will never be finished. My desires to write a novel will never be fulfilled. My novel would have been enjoyed by so many people if I had been able to write it. It has been a deep blow for me as well as for the detective. Do you In the description given above, the sentences in bold face are in passive Know? voice. Here, the use of verbs exhibit that the passive voice is the form of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb in a sentence. Thus, if the object is affected by the action of the verb, that is active voice and if the subject is affected by the action of the verb, that is in passive voice. Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given description. a. What is being done by the narrator? b. What are most of the events supposed to be? c. What type of story is being written by the narrator? d. What has to be done by us? e. What has been informed to the narrator? Listening Practice Repeat these short passives after your teacher eats v5 is eaten is+v3 is eating is+v4 is being eaten is +being+v3 eaten v2 was eaten was+v3 was eating was+v4 was being eaten was+ being +v3 have eaten have+v3 have been eaten have+ been +v3 had eaten had + v3 had been eaten had + been+ v3 will eat will +v1 will be eaten will +be +v3 would eat would +v1 would be eaten would + be + v3 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 101

would have would + have +v3 would have been would + have + eaten eaten been+v3 to eat to+v1 to have eaten to+ have+ v3 to be eaten to+ be+ v3 eating v4 to have been eaten to +have +been +v3 being eaten being+v3 The students should have prior knowledge of the following type before they start to change the active sentences into passive. a. Types of sentences Declarative I write a letter. Negative I do not write a letter. Interrogative Do I write a letter? Imperative Write a letter. Optative May I write a letter! b. Types of tenses and aspects Simple present He writes a story. Present continuous He is writing a story. Present perfect He has written a story. Simple past He wrote a story. Past continuous He was writing story. Past perfect He had written a story. Simple future He will write a story. Future perfect He will have written a story. Going to future He is going to write a story. c. Verb forms V1 play, haunt, frighten, invite, go, visit V2 played, haunted, frightened, invited, went, visited V3 played, haunted, frightened, invited, gone, visited V4 playing, haunting, frightening., inviting, going, visiting V5 plays, haunts, frightens, invites, goes, visits d. Subject pronouns I, we, you, she, he, it, they e. Object pronouns me, us, you, her, him, it, them 102 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Structure Active: He writes a story. Sub+ verb + object Passive: A story is written by me. Object + aux+ v3 +prep +sub Grammar Focus: Change in Passive Voice 1. Subject and object change We need to consider the following rules while changing the position of the subject and object: Active: He scolded me. Passive: I was scolded by him. Active: He gifted me a good watch. Passive: A good watch was gifted to me by him. 2. Pronoun Change Passive voice Me Active voice Us I You We Him You Her He It She Them It By Whom They Who Grammar Focus: Passive of Different Tenses Go through the following chart to know about the use of auxiliary verbs in different tenses: Tense Active Passive Simple Present I write an essay. S + v1/v5 +obj An essay is Obj +is/am/are + v3 + by written by me. + sub I do not write an S + do/does +not An essay is not Obj +is/am/are + not + v3 essay. +obj written by me. + by + sub Do I write an Do /Does +sub Is an essay Is/Am/Are + obj + v3 + by essay? +v1 + obj written by me? + sub) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 103

Present Perfect Tense Present Cont. Tense I am writing an S + is/am/are + An essay is being Obj +is/am/are + being + essay. v4 +obj written by me. v3 + by + sub I am not writing S + is/am/are + An essay is not Obj +is/am/are + not + an essay. not + v4 + obj being written by being + v3 + by + sub me. Am I writing an Is/Am/Are + sub Is an essay being Is/Am/Are + obj + being + essay? + v4 + obj written by me? v3 + by + sub I have written an S + have/has+ An essay has Obj + have/has + been + essay. v3+obj been written by v3 + by + sub me. Ihavenotwritten S + have/has + An essay has not Obj +have/has + not + an essay. not + v3 + obj been written by been + v3+ by + sub me. Have I written Have/Has + sub Has an essay Have/Has + obj + been + an essay? + v3+ obj been written by v3+ sub me? Simple Past Tense I wrote an essay. S + v2 + obj An essay was Obj + was/were + v3 + by written by me. + sub I did not write s + didn't + v1 + An essay was not Obj + was/were + not + v3 an essay. obj written by me. +by + sub Did I write an Did + sub +v1 + Was an essay Was/were + obj + v3 + by essay? obj written by me? + sub I was writing an S + was/were + An essay was Obj + was/were + being + essay. v4 + obj being written by v3 + sub Past Cont. Tense me. I was not writing S + was/were + An essay was not Obj + was/were + not + an essay. not + v4 + obj being written by being + v3 + sub me. Was I writing an Was/were + sub Was an essay Was/Were + obj + being + essay? + v4 + obj being written by v3 + by + sub me? I had written an S + had + v3 + An essay had Obj + had + been + v3 + by essay. obj been written by + sub Past Perfect Tense me. I had not written S + had + not + An essay had not Obj + had + not + been + an essay. v3 + obj been written by v3 + by + sub me. Had I written an Had + sub + v3 + Had an essay Had + obj + been + v3 + by essay? obj been written by + sub me? 104 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Future Perfect Tense Simple Future Tense I will write an S + will/shall + An essay will be Obj + will/shall + be + by essay. v1 + obj written by me. + sub I will not write S+ will/shall +not An essay will not Obj + will/shall + not + be an essay. + v1 + obj be written by + v3 + by + sub me. Will I write an Will/Shall + sub Will an essay be Will/Shall + obj + be + v3 + essay? + v1 + obj written by me? by + sub Iwillhavewritten S + w i l l / s h a l l + An essay will Obj + will/shall +have + an essay. have + v3 + obj have been been + v3 + by + sub written by me. I will not have Sub + will/shall + An essay will Obj + will/shall + not + written an not + have + v3 not have been have + been + v3 + sub essay. +obj written by me. Will I have Will/shall + sub + Will an essay Will/Shall + obj + have + written an have + v3 + obj have been been + v3 + by + sub essay? written by me? I am going to S + i s / a m / a r e / An essay is going Obj + is/am/are/was/were write an essay. w a s / w e r e + to be written by + going to + be + v3 + by Going to Future Tense going to + v1 + me. + sub obj I am not going to S + is/am/are/ An essay is not Obj + is/am/are/was/were write an essay. was/were + not going to be + not + going to + be + v3 + by + sub + going to + v1 written by me. + obj Am I going to Is/Am/Are/was/ Is an essay going Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + write an essay? were + s+ going to be written by obj + going to + be + v3 + to + v1 + obj me? by + sub Grammar Focus: Passive of Different Sentences 1. Passive of Modals Active Passive (S + modal + v1 + obj) (Obj + modal + be + v3 + sub) (S + modal +not+ v1 + obj) (Obj + modal +not+ be + v3 +by+ sub) (Aux + s + v1 + obj +?) (Aux + obj + be + v3 +by+sub +?) She can play the flute. The flute can be played by her. She cannot play the flute. The flute cannot be played by her. Can she play the flute? Can the flute be played by her? I may buy the computer. The computer may be bought by me. I may not buy the computer. The computer may not be bought by me. May I buy the computer? May the computer be bought by me? Nabin might play chess. Might chess be played by Nabin. Nabin might not play chess. Chess might not be played Nabin. Might Nabin play chess? Might chess be played by Nabin? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 105

We should study all units. All units should be studied by us. We should not study all units. All units should not be studied by us. Should we study all units? Should all units be studied by us? We must have started a job. A job must have been started by us. We must not have started a job. A job must not have been started by us. Musct we have started a job? Must a job have been started by us? 2. Passive of WH Question Passive WH word + aux + sub + be + v3 + obj +? Active Where has this book been bought? WH word + aux + sub + verb + obj +? When will the note be returned by Ribi? Where have you bought this book? How were you sent your message by her? When will Ribi return the note? Who was given my boot? How did she send your message? Who is/are being looked for? Whom did you give my boot? What is being eaten by you? Whom are you looking for? What was sold to you by Rina? What are you eating? What has been seen (by you)? What did Rina sell you? By whom + aux/be verb + sub + v3 +? What have you seen? By whom the laptop was broken? Who + verb + Obj +? Who/whom was the laptop broken by? Who broke the laptop? By whom can it be performed? Who/whom can it be performed by? Who can perform it? Passive Voice 3. Passive of Imperatives (Let + obj + be + v3) Let the parcel be opened. Active Voice Let the assignment be completed. (V+ obj)-order/command Let the computer be turned off. Open the parcel. Let your lesson be prepared. Complete the assignment. Let the snake be slain. Turn off the computer. Let her be punished. Prepare your lesson. Let the fact be spoken. Slay the snake. Let your lessons be revised. Punish her. Let your face be cleaned. Speak the fact. (Let + obj2 + be + v3 + by + obj1) Revise your lessons. Let a story be written by me. Clean your face. (Let + obj1 + verb + obj2)-double object Let me write a story. 106 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Let them sing a song. Let a song be sung by them. Let Saroj perform a play. Let a play be performed by Saroj. Let us play a match. Let a match be played by us. (Verb + obj)-advice/suggestion (Obj + should/must + be + v3) Do regular exercise. Regular exercise should/must be done. Drink plenty of water. Plenty of water should/must be drunk. Help the powerless. The powerless should/must be helped. Obey your elders. Your elders should/must be obeyed. (please, kindly, do+ verb +obj)-request You are requested to + verb +obj+ Do help them. You are requested to help them. Kindly help me. You are requested to help me. Please don't smoke. You are requested not to smoke. 4. Passive of Have to/Has to/Had to Active Voice Passive Voice (S + have to/has to/had to + v1 + (Obj + have to/has to/had to + be + v3 + by + sub) obj) I have to finish the project. The project has to be finished by me. Ram has to study French. French has to be studied by Ram. They had to cook food. Food had to be cooked by them. Verbs not used in the Passive voice Verbs referring to states of being like have, belong, be, seem, resemble, etc. do not usually have passive constructions. In that case we either choosing another verb or avoid using the passive. Active: Then we had breakfast. Passive: Then breakfast was eaten. (NOT Then breakfast was had.) Transitive and Intransitive verb A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object in sentence to give complete meaning while an intransitive verb does not need an object in sentence to give complete meaning. For example, Transitive verb: send Active: He sent an email. Passive: An email was sent by him. Here, send is a transitive verb and it needs an object i.e. email to express full meaning. Intransitive Verb: laugh, happen, die, agree, look, seem, arrive, fall, occur, sleep, be, go, rain, stay, become, recover, walk, come, live, remain, work, reach, sit, etc. Active: He giggles. Passive: He is giggled. Active: The accident happened at 3 o’clock. Passive: The accident was happened at 3 o’clock. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 107

Active: My grandmother died ten years ago. Passive: My grandmother was died ten years ago. Here, giggle, happen and die are intransitive verbs and they do not need object for expressing full meaning. Grammar Focus: Other Passive Constructions 1. Passive Combination with Preposition Active Passive Sub + verb + preposition + obj Obj + be + v3 + preposition + sub We must go into this topic. This topic must be gone into. He knocked at the door. The door was knocked at by him. They were looking for some useful journals. Some useful journals were being looked for. You must call to him. He must be called to. We must write to her. She must be written to. Some Verbs take Preposition Instead of `By' Know, oblige, marry-to Deal, please, displease, satisfy, dissatisfy, fill, cover-with Interest, consist, envelope, absorb, contain-in Surprise, astonish, alarm, amaze, frighten, shock-at Bury-in/under Active Passive Manu pleases me. I am pleased with Manu. The poem interests me. I am interested in the poem. His death shocks me. I am shocked at his death. He knows me. I am known to him. His death surprised us. We were surprised at his death. That bottle contains water. Water is contained in that bottle. 2. Get Passive Active Passive She helps us. We get helped by her. Manu married Sita. Manu got married to Sita. 3. Causative Verb Active Passive Bina makes Alisha cry. Alisha is made to cry. Bipul made me sing a song. I was made to sing a song. He made us dance. We were made to dance. She makes us recite a poem. We are made to recite a poem. 108 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

4. Passive of Infinitives and Gerund Active Passive S + like/dislike/love/hate + noun + v + ing S + like/dislike/love/hate + being + v3 I like people praising me. I like being praised. We don't like people laughing at us. We don't like being laughed at. They hate people looking at them. They hate being looked at. Sub + wish/want/love/like+obj1+ to + v1+ Sub+ wish/want/love/like+obj2+ to be+ obj2 v3+ by + obj1 I want Krishal to write a story. I want a story to be written by Krishal. Sub + decide, think, urge, propose, Sub+decide,think,urge,propose,determine, determine, agree+ to +V1+obj agree + that +obj+should+be+V3 She decided to buy a laptop. She decided that a laptop should be bought. 5. Passive Combination with Manner Adverb Active Passive S + verb + obj + manner adv S + be verb + manner adv + v3 We do the work very well. The work is very well done by us. I was doing the task slowly. The task was being slowly done by me. He always speaks to everyone politely. Everyone is always politely spoken by him. 6. Reflexive Passive Active: Don't let people insult you. Passive: Don't let yourself be insulted. 7. Verb+ Yourself Active: Prepare yourself for the test. Passive: Be prepared yourself for the test. 8. Impersonal Passive If we don’t want to identify a specific person as agent, but prefer not to use a passive form, we can use an impersonal subject. They, we, people, etc. are impersonal subjects. Active Passive They said he was a detective. It was said that he was a detective. He was said to be a detective. We think he is the leader. It is thought that he is the leader. He is thought be the leader. We believe that the sun is a star. It is believed that the sun is a star. The sun is believed to be a star. People believe that he hid in a house. It is believed that he hid in a house. He is believed to have hid in a house. They say that English is an international It is said that English is an international language. language. English is said to be an international language. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 109

People say that she is a clever person. She is said to be a clever person. People believed that she was an expert . It is said that she is a clever person. 9. Miscellaneous Sentences She was believed to have been an expert. It was believed that she was an expert. Active Passive A bus knocked down me. I was knocked down by a bus. Honey tastes the best. Honey is the best when it is tasted. I didn't eat anything. Nothing was eaten. You can believe in her. She can be believed in by you. A. Change these sentences into passive voice. 1. He was watching TV all this morning. 2. How did he send you the message? 3. How is Tarzan passing his time? 4. Nobody saw me at the party. 5. I hate students flattering me. 6. We have cut our hair. 7. They have to attend the meeting. 8. She must tell the truth. 9. I wrote a letter yesterday. 10. Was Ana going to write a letter? 11. Is anyone using this room today? 12. Was Kabila reading a book? 13. Jowl sings the songs sweetly. 14. Karan doesn’t read a book. 15. Risika has to do her work. 16. Let her not use the computer. 17. Alina performs a song on the stage. 18. The journalists are broadcasting the news. 19. Many people have cast vote in election. 20. Bipul defeated his opponent. 21. Kristina was painting the wall all morning. 22. Dip had written to her when he was in holiday. 23. Eliza had posted the letter on time. 24. What would you do if you lost your bag? 25. I can sing pop song. 26. He could eat ten eggs at a time. 27. What shall I do for you? 28. Why should I call her? 29. He might scold his son for this incident. 30. We ought to call her. 110 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

C. Change these sentences into passive voice. 1. A good salesperson has to have a good personality. 2. Adolescence brings about major changes in a young person's body. 3. Being tall gave him an advantage over the other players. 4. Check your receipts against the statement. 5. I don't need all this aggravation at work. 6. Let him write a poem. 7. Police are advising people to stay at home. 8. Pollution can aggravate asthma. 9. Put the piano against the wall. 10. She advises the government on environmental issues. 11. She needs more friends of her own age. 12. She never took a taxi. 13. The companies are seeking competitive advantage over their trading rivals. 14. The drug may cause an aggravation of the condition. 15. They must contact us as soon as possible. 16. We had to cancel the ticket. 17. The airline had cancelled the flight. 18. We are not writing the report. 19. I do not play basketball. 20. He has not called us till now. 21. Let him post this letter. 22. Let us tell you a detective story. 23. Let them convey their message. 24. Don’t threaten the poor beggar. 25. Don’t try to convince us. 26. My son pleased me. 27. The story interested me. 28. The death of Prakash Dahal shocked us. 29. Hamish knows me. 30. Kritinidi’s death surprised us. 31. That kettle contains milk. 32. People said she was a fraud. 33. People think he is the principal. 34. They believe that the sun is a star. 35. The public believe that he hid in a haunted house. 36. The group does not advocate the use of violence. 37. The legislation aims to afford protection to employees. 38. The narrow windows admit little light into the room. 39. The tree affords some shelter from the sun. 40. They have attracted strong adverse criticism. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 111

D. Change these sentences into active voice. 1. Two crash victims were admitted to the local hospital. 2. She was admonished for chewing gum in class. 3. The walls were adorned with paintings. 4. The water supply had been stopped by the authority. 5. Her health was adversely affected by the climate. 6. The decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeal. 7. The woods were aflamed with autumn colours. 8. She was forced to marry against her will. 9. The scores were aggregated by them. 10. We were ably assisted by a team of volunteers. 11. He was abetted in the deception by his wife. 12. The plan was aborted at the last minute. 13. He was arrested on charges of corruption by the police. 14. He was killed in an accident. 15. Abortion is thought to be a criminal activity. 16. The class is being taught now. 17. The wall has been painted by the students. 18. I am pleased with his personality. 19. I am shocked at his hairstyle. 20. The proposal will be reviewed soon by the governing body. 21. Were you scolded by the manager? 22. Were the students taught by them? 23. Was a pen bought by you? 24. The weak should not be dominated. 25. Are you helped by them? 26. English is spoken all over the world. 27. Cows are kept by the farmers. 28. The pen is to be found by you. 29. Game is not being played by them. 30. Had you been invited by them? 31. He has been caught by the cold. 32. How was food cooked by you? 33. I am given a book. 34. An essay had to be written by them. 35. A meeting has to be attended by me. 36. Rice will be eaten by me. 37. An essay would be written by them. 38. I was not callled. 39. She had not been invited by them. 40. We were not told about the party by him. 112 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

E. Change these sentences into passive voice. 1. We cannot afford any more delays. 2. We call him a liar. 3. We employ an expert to advise on new technology. 4. We took full advantage of the hotel facilities. 5. Wine affects our health. 6. You must weigh the benefits against the cost. 7. Your lawyer can advise you whether to take any action. 8. Drink plenty of water every day. 9. Please take a bath and do exercise. 10. Why don’t you visit the park yourself? 11. We did not call her at the party. 12. Karan has done his homework. 13. We are considering several new proposals. 14. Hunters are killing the wild animals. 15. A massive earthquake destroyed many houses. E. Read the following passage and write the verbs in passive. 1. Seven tablespoons of cocoa powder (measure) into a small bowl. Half a cup of boiling water (add). The mixture (stir) until it is smooth. It (leave) to cool down. A half cup of softened butter (put) in a large bowl. Two cups of white sugar (add). The mixture (stir) until it is smooth. Next, three eggs (add), and the mixture (stir) again. The dry ingredients (add) along with next - two cups of flour, 1 teaspoon of baking powder and 1 teaspoon of baking soda. The last additions that (make) to the batter is a cup of sour cream and all of the cocoa mixture. The batter (mix) well. The batter (pour) into two cake tins. The cakes (bake) in the oven for 45 minutes. After the cake has cooled, chocolate icing (spread) over them and the cakes (decorate). The best part (save) for last. Then, the cakes (eat)! 2. Last weekend my sister had a birthday party. There was a snowstorm that day and the traffic was horrible. I was so late I missed most of the party. By the time I arrived all the cake (eat) and most of the wine (drink). All the gifts (open) too. Songs (sing) and wishes (say). A good time (have) by everyone! I stayed long enough to finish the last of the wine and help my sister clean up after the party. The drive home was much easier because the roads (plow) by the time I left my sister’s apartment. Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. ebullient radiant, shining brilliantly 2. edacious ecstasy, delight, high spirit 3. effulgent to issue or originate 4. elation voracious, greedy 5. emanate cheerful, exuberant, high-spirited 6. epitome very bad, appalling 7. esculent scanty, small 8. execrable to destroy or root out completely 9. exiguous fit to eat, edible 10. extirpate a person embedding a quality; a typical example Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 113

CONNECTIVES Read the following description. Biddy, looking very neat and modest in her black dress, went quietly here and there and was very helpful. When I had spoken to Biddy, as I thought it not a time for talking, I went and sat down near Joe, and there began to wonder in what part of the house my sister was. The air of the parlour being faint with the smell of sweet cake, I looked about for the table of refreshments; it was scarcely visible until one had got accustomed to the gloom, but there was a cut up plum cake upon it, and there were cut up oranges and biscuits, and two decanters that I knew very well as ornaments, but had never seen used in all my life-one full of port and one full of sherry. Standing at this table, I became conscious of the servile Pumblechook in a black cloak and several yards of hatband, who was alternately stuffing himself, and making obsequious movements to catch my attention. Source: Mrs. Gargery’s funeral’, from Great expectations by Charles Dickens Do you Connectives are any words that connect two parts of a clause or a Know? sentence. The words and, when, what, but, that and who in the story given above are some of the examples of connectives used to join two clauses or sentences showing the relationship between the items. They can also be used to avoid repetition of grammatical phrases. Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given description. a. How did Biddy look? b. Where did Biddy go? c. How was the air of the parlour? d. What was there on the table of refreshments? e. What did he become standing at the table? Listening Practice Repeat these connectives after your teacher. as long as either…or neither…nor as.. as not only….but also even though despite in spite of how and but after because as for if unless why since so that so….that because of before than when while till so however yet until nor or though although 114 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Grammar Focus: Types of Conjunctions CONJUNCTIONS MEANINGS EXAMPLES For COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS And Nor because I must find a new job, for I am jobless. But Or in addition to He goes to school and attends the assembly. Yet So and not Neither these boys nor those girls study well. As however I like coffee but I don’t like black tea. Since Because either Do you have any uncles or aunts? Therefore Though but Raj is good person, yet you don’t trust him. Although therefore My sister is very smart, so everyone likes her. Despite SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS In spite of reason I did not go to office as I was sick. So that To because; as I will not speak to you since you speak to me. In order to If for the reason He did not eat anything because he was sick. Unless However logical result My study is poor therefore I am must study well. While despite the fact Though he is rich, he walks barefoot. that After despite the fact Although I tried my best, I could not get success. When that Before unexpected result Crops are not good despite good weather this year. unexpected result They went to picnic in spite of bad weather. the reason for sth I went to market so that I could do shopping. for the purpose of I bought a radio to listen to news. for the purpose of She went to library in order to read books. in that condition If you help me, I will help you in turn. if not You won’t succeed unless you follow time. to whatever He told me not to do it. I however did it anyway. degree Shows time order He was sleeping while I was singing. [same time] Shows time order I went home after we had decided to call it a day. [first action] Shows time order We dream when we sleep. [first action] Shows time order He drinks a glass of water before sleeping. [second action] Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 115

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Both …and not only...but also Both son and daughter are equally important. Either…or choice of two He either sings or dances in the class. Neither…nor true negative They neither have money nor land with them. statement Whether…or Choice Whether you go by bus or by train. Not only...but sth else is also true I not only visited the zoo but also took photos. also Additional Practice: Study these sentences. 1. All that preparation was for nothing because the visit was cancelled. 2. Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time. 3. Coursework is taken into account as well as exam results. 4. Nobody loves him despite his honesty. 5. Though he earns much, he is miser. 6. He is hardworking but he does not earn much. 7. He always turns up just when you least expect him. 8. He gets aggressive when he is drunk. 9. He is the best teacher, even though he has the least experience. 10. He is sleeping as he is sick today. 11. Her honesty is beyond question. 12. I have great admiration for her as a writer. 13. It's been an age since we've seen them. 14. I've known her at least as long as you have. 15. I've yet to see all the players in action. 16. She has the window open, however cold it is outside. 17. The argument continued until the chairman called them both to order. 18. The virus is still active in the blood. 19. They abandoned the match because of rain. 20. They accept the risks as a part of the job. 21. They went swimming in spite of all the danger signs. 22. He often gets scolded because he never does his work perfectly. 23. Neither he nor his children are labourious. 24. Either Nuka or her father is taking bath. 25. He not only sang a song but also danced at the party. A. Fill in the blank spaces with correct connective words. I like the book _____ you wrote called Caribbean dozen. I say one of the poems____ I am skipping. I’ve been saying that poem ___I was four ____ now I say the new version given in your book. I look at the book every day ____ I can learn the last verse. Mrs. Brinda reads us the poem ___ we finish our class work. Maya likes the one about the chocolate bars ____ it is only of five words. I like writing poems ____ I’m not as good at it as Shreya. I feel better ____ nobody bothers me. I could write you a poem or I could draw a picture of a cat for you. I like the picture of the rabbit ___I like the poem too. I want to have rabbit ____I am not allowed to have any. 116 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Choose the correct connectives to complete the following sentences. 1. My uncle____ (whom/who/where) lives in Kabul sent me a long letter. 2. Our hiking was filled with fun, ____ dangerous. (though/however/in spite of) 3. People liked him ____ he was generous.(because/so/why) 4. Rabin_____ (who/whose/whom) everyone loves is my best friend. 5. Raj, _____ (which/whose/whom/where) everyone likes, works in school. 6. _____ (In spite of/Because of/Because) his negligence, he passed the exam. 7. ____ (Although/Because of/In spite of) he is rich, he doesn’t organize any party. 8. ____ (Because of/Although/In spite of) his intelligence, Puskar failed the exam. 9. ____ (Because of/Although/So) Mohan is lazy, he is a very nice boy. 10. ____ (Because of/Because/However) his strength, he won race. 11. ____ (In order to/Because of/Because) his guilt, he was punished. 12. ____ he was in trouble, I helped him.(As/So/That) 13. ____ were his words that the listeners were hypnotized.(So/Such/As/That) 14. ____you are intelligent, you will learn programming in a few weeks.(If/Unless/until) 15. _____his overweight, he plays football well. (In spite of/Since/Beacuse of) 16. ____now on, I am going to go jogging every day.(From/Since/For) 17. ____she didn’t like the cutlet, I enjoyed it very much. (Though/Despite/However) 18. ____he had been alive today; he would have let to do it. (If/Whether/Unless) 19. Do you know ____ did this?(who/whom/that) 20. He could not go to Mumbai ____ he lacked money. (because/so/so that) 21. He did ____ he was told.(as/like/so) 22. He has been staying here ____ his childhood. (since/for/from) 23. He has not been keeping good health ____he moved to the city.(since/for/from) 24. He ran so fast ____ he became breathless. (as/that/to) 25. He rushed home ____ he heard the news.(at once/as soon as/as) 26. Kailas is honest, helpful_____ (but/and/so that) hardworking. 27. Labour hard _____ you die. (as/still/until) 28. Mahesh went to hospital ____he could visit the doctor. (to/because/so that) 29. Many people had gathered there ____no one could do anything. (but/when/after) 30. Many people of our country are the victim____ (for/by/of) poverty. 31. I like the pen____ (where/which/who) writes softly. 32. I looked around ____ I didn’t see anyone.(but/for/so) 33. I love the village_____ (that/when/where) I was born. 34. I met a girl____ (whom/whose/which) eyes were blue. 35. You cannot succeed ____ you study hard.(if /unless/however) 36. I donot let you go ____you tell me about the place you are going. (as/since/when) 37. They managed to do it, _____ I was not there. (although/however/despite) 38. This house is taller _____that building. (than/then/of) 39. We went out ____ the rain.(in spite of/because of/despite) 40. You are going to take that job ____ you like it or not.(whether/if/unless) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 117

C. Choose the correct connectives to complete the following sentences. 1. I read a novel____ (who/where/which) is interesting. 2. I should take an extra class____ (by/for/in order to) secure good mark in exam. 3. I talk to you _____a friend. (as/while/as if) 4. I was late; ____everybody else was on time. (although/however/despite) 5. I went there ____ I had not been invited. (although/however/because) 6. ____ (What/Because/Why) he said was true. 7. ____he was not feeling well; he decided to see his doctor. (Though/As/Because) 8. He is a good boy,____ a few person like him.(though/as/however) 9. ____ she is arrogant, I can’t help liking her.(Though/As/Despite) 10. ____ she is very young, she is capable of taking decisions on her own.(Though/As/ Despite) 11. I went there ____ (for/so that/because) I was invited at the party. 12. I went to school____ (though/through/thorough) the temple. 13. I will forgive you _____ you don’t repeat the offence.(on condition that/lest/as if/ though) 14. I will give you money ____ you return tomorrow. (so that/provided that/though) 15. I would like to return to the village ____ (where/which/while) is peaceful environment. 16. I’ll tell you the direction_____ (because/so that/for/however) you can find the way. 17. I’m hopeful ____ (for/to/of) his speedy recovery. 18. It became dark ____ (and/because/so) we could not play. 19. It was unfortunate____ (so/far/because/that) you were absent. 20. Mend your ways ____ it is too late.(before/when/after) 21. He wants to marry the girl_____ (whose/when/which) father is a teacher. 22. My heart leaps up_____ (when/where/which) I behold a rainbow in the sky. 23. Saturday was the day____ (which/where/when) it rained heavily. 24. Selma could not attend her school____ (because/because of/therefore) her illness. 25. Rima couldn’t solve it _____ (because of/as/in spite of/although) her weakness. 26. Naina did not believe me____ (because/for/so that/in spite of/because of) my maturity. 27. Mina did not finish her homework____ (because/for/so) she was punished. 28. He doesn’t drink tea____ (nor/but/either) coffee. 29. Lomu failed her exam _____her hard working habit. (despite/even/although) 30. He got up early____ (because/for/so that) he could go to the temple. 31. Mohan is more intelligent ____you are. (for/than/then) 32. Kina is not only intelligent ____friendly. (also/but also/but also) 33. Alina is the girl_____ (who/whom/which) always fails the exam. 34. Bipasa knows the value of time____ (since/because/that) she is a student. 35. Kripa sings and dances_____. (as well as/as well/as) 36. I went on working ____ it was raining. (although/despite/in spite of) 37. Sita went to work ____ the fact that it was a holiday. (despite/in spite of/because of) 38. She yelled for help ____ there was no one to hear her.(yet/but/and) 39. That house has been empty ____ several years.(since/from/for) 40. I had invited him; ____, he didn’t come. (although/despite/however) 118 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Choose the correct connectives to complete the following sentences: 1. I hate the girl_____ (that/which/whose) voice is loud. 2. I have known him ____our school days.(for/since/from) 3. I knew nothing____ (unless/after/until) you told me about it. 4. I know _____ (to/what/which) you are thinking about. 5. He had to buy another bull, _____the farm work was piling up.( because/for/unless) 6. Some robbers threatened to kill him ____ he didn’t give them his money.(if/ for/unless) 7. The shop was open ____ six in the morning.(from/since/for) 8. There will be no trouble____ you keep your mouth shut. (unless/whether/as long as) 9. I am going to my native place ____ the summer.(for/since/from) 10. We asked him ____ old he was.(how/how much/when) 11. I asked him ____ he was born.(where/which/that) 12. They don’t like you____ (when/however/because) you don’t love them. 13. I go to market____ (for/in order to/so) buy some clothes. 14. The old man _____ lived next door died yesterday. (who/which/when) 15. The dress ____ you bought last week is very lovely. (who/which/when) 16. The flowers ____I cut this morning are still fresh. (who/which/when) 17. The hotel ____ I’m staying has a swimming pool. (where/which/when) 18. The pencil _____ is lying on the table is mine.(who/which/when) 19. ____he came to house, he went to bathroom. (As soon as/While/As) 20. Children should play games ___their health may improve.(in order that/in order to/ that) 21. Raj can play football ____he cannot play basket ball. (though/but/as) 22. Sonam chooses biology ____he can become a doctor. (so that/so….that/that) 23. Pankaj held my hand, ____I should fall.(lest/because/to) 24. Tilak read the book ____copied important facts. (then/and/but) 25. Aman was ___ weak ___ he could hardly stand. (so that/so __that/that) 26. He went to China ____ business exhibition. (to/for/because) 27. I don't have enough money. ___ I can't afford this product. (so/since/from) 28. We have not seen him _____ we moved into this city. (for/since/from) 29. I met the boy ___ he was walking along the road. (when/while/that) 30. He telephoned her ____ sharing some ideas on project work. (to/for/so that) 31. I will not forget that incident___ I die. (till/since/for) 32. ____you meet me tomorrow, you will get some money. (If/Unless/For) 33. My father went to hospital ___ he had a bad headache. (for/since/from) 34. She scored highest mark ___her hard work. (despite/because/because of) 35. Rina spoke ___ she knew everything. (as/as if/if) 36. The football match was cancelled ____it was raining. (because of/because/despite) 37. They will help you _____ you tell them the truth.(for/provided/to) 38. They won’t help you ____ you tell them the truth. (if/unless/for) 39. You won't get your certificate ____ you pay fee. (if/unless/for) 40. I cannot admit you ____ you have a ticket.(even/ even if/if) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 119

E. Choose the correct connectives to complete the following sentences. 1. He was stupid______, he failed the exam. (therefore/because/as) 2. I went to doctor ____ some medicine. (to/in order to/for) 3. They played football _____ 4 Pm. (until/when/while) 4. My mother can read, ____she can't write. (though/but/since) 5. Sami couldn't attend her class____ her brother's wedding.( because of/ because/as) 6. ___ bad weather, they climbed the mountain.( Because/ Because of / In spite of) 7. The boy____ I like very much is good at football. ( whom/ whose/ what) 8. I met him yesterday,___ he didn't say anything to me.( though/ therefore/however) 9. Yesterday, I met the man ____ was singing a song. (who/ whose/ whom) 10. She got up early____ she could go for morning walk.(so/ however/ so that) 11. He lost his way___ his weak eyesight. (so that/ however/ due to) 12. She is happy ____she has lost her money bag.( however/ though/ even) 13. ____her cleverness, she couldn't present smartly. (Despite/ In order to/Because of) 14. My brother tried hard,_____ he couldn't finish the task in time.( though/however/ so) 15. The girl____ hair is curly is running a restaurant. (who/ whose/ whom) 16. I was born in Pokhara____ is a very beautiful city. (which/ where/ who) 17. The book____ is on the table is about the beauty of Nepal. (where/ which/ who) 18. The city____ we can see many temples is Kathmandu. (which/ where/ what) 19. The time____ I usually get up is 4:30 a. m. (what/ which/ when) 20. ________ I want to know is about her success. ( What/ Who/ Whom) 21. You will be punished for____ you have done.(what/ when / while) 22. I went to library___ read some story books.(because/ for /to) 23. My friend was lazy, ____he failed the exams.( however/ despite/therefore) 24. I never play volleyball____ my left hand is weak.(but /although/since) 25. She was not only a farmer____ an electrician. (but also/ as well as /along with) 26. He eats egg, ____, he never eats meat. ( but/ however/ therefore) 27. I went to market____ buy a grammar book.( for/ to / because of) 28. ____ he was late, he missed his school bus.( Before/ As/ Until) 29. Rabi often goes to river___ fetch water.( so that/ in order to/ because) 30. They are happy____ they go.(where/ wherever/ which) 31. We go to bank____ deposit our money.(to/ for/ because of) 32. The school was closed____ severe cold.( because of/ in spite of/ in order to) 33. Our flight was cancelled____ poor visibility.(in spite of/because / because of) 34. God helps those____ help other people.(which/ what/ who) 35. She is ____ weak____she cannot stand herself. (so/so that/so.....that) Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. bacchant senseless talk or writing, senseless 2. balderdash an enormous creature or thing 354... bbbeeehlnlieicsmoosnoe t h reaiaobgtloeersusstio;nrgfoigishtte;rwinagrlike 6. blatherskite wooded, bushy 7. bosky a foolish chatterer 8. brobdingnagian master; sir 19.0 . bbwruamnma agem chhuegaep, iamnmd esnhsoew, ygiagnadntpicerhaps counterfe it 120 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

CCOONDNITDIOINTAILOSNENATLENSCEE NTENCES Read the following description. Recent scientific research has shown that if people practiced just five simple behaviors, they could not only prolong their lives but also make them healthier as well. If you are willing to commit to leading a longer, healthier life, read on. First, eat the right foods in the right amounts. Three-fourths of your plate should be filled with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. If you cannot give up eating meat, choose lean meats. Eat poultry, fish, beans, and foods that are low in saturated fats, cholesterol, salt, and sugar. Next, exercise at least 30 minutes a day at least three days a week. If you exercise five or more days a week or at least 75 minutes each time, the results will be even better for you. Choose the type of exercise you enjoy. If you don’t have 30 consecutive minutes, then you can break it into three 10-minute periods and get some of the same benefits. Exercise helps increase muscle, strengthen bones, and improve balance. If you haven’t exercised in a while, you should see your doctor before you begin a programme. Not only will exercise improve your physical health, it also relieves stress and fosters good mental health. Third, find time to volunteer in your community. If you volunteer even just a few hours a month, you will still get the benefits that helping others give you. People who volunteer suffer less from depression and are less likely to have heart disease than those who do not volunteer. In addition, if you want to live longer and be healthier, be sure to get sufficient sleep. If you are over the age of 18, you will probably need seven to nine hours of sleep each night. If you cannot get that much sleep, take a short nap of 20–30 minutes per day. Finally, it’s important to drink water. The body is between 55 percent and 75 percent water, and water helps it metabolize fat and maintain muscle tone. You can get water through fruits and vegetables, but if you really want to be good to your body, you can simply drink lots of water! These five behaviours are the keys to living a longer and healthier life. Imagine, if you had started these behaviors years ago, you would have been ahead of the game! Do you In the above given description, the coloured words represent different Know? types of conditionals. Conditional sentences have two parts: the if- clause and the main-clause. Clauses beginning with words such as if, unless, provided, even if, but for, suppose, etc. are called if clause and clauses that begin with the subject are called main clause. Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given description. a. What could they do if people practiced five simple behaviours? b. What can you do if cannot give up eating meat? c. What will be results if you exercise five or more days a week? d. What would have happened if you had started these behaviours years ago? e. What should you do if you haven’t exercised in a while? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 121

Listening Practice Repeat these structures after your teacher. Type If Clause Main Clause Zero s+v1+v5+obj s+v1+v5+obj One s+v1+v5+obj s+will/may/can+v1+obj Two s+v2+obj s+would/might/could+v1+obj Three s+had+v3+obj s+would/might/could+have+v3+obj Had+s+v3+obj s+would/might/could+have+v3+obj Consider the following things in conditionals. The order of the clauses is not fixed – the if clause can be first or second. We never use will or won’t in the if clause. We never use would or wouldn’t in the if clause. We never use would have or wouldn’t have in the if clause. If the if clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the if clause comes second, there is no need to use a comma. Grammar Focus: Structure of Conditionals ZERO PRESENT SIMPLE + PRESENT SIMPLE CONDITIONAL If you heat iron, it becomes hot. USES: Facts which are generally true or the scientific facts. The condition always has the same result. FIRST PRESENT SIMPLE + WILL/CAN/MAY/SHALL+VERB CONDITIONAL If you labour hard, you can get success. USES: A situation which is possible in the future. Predicting the likely result in future is possible. SECOND SIMPLE PAST + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT+VERB CONDITIONAL If you laboured hard, you could get success. USES: A situation which is hypothetical or unlikely to happen. Unreal or improbable situation now or in the future. THIRD PAST PERFECT+WOULD/COULD/MIGHT+HAVE+V3 CONDITIONALS If you had laboured hard, you could have got success. USES: An imiginary situation in which one is regreting about the past. A hypothetical situation that did not happen. Grammar Focus: Miscellaneous Conditionals 1. Zero conditional simple present+ simple present for universal truths If you cut your finger, it bleeds. If you heat ice, it melts. If you heat water, it evaporates. Wood floats if you throw it in water. Oil floats if you pour it into water. 2. Instructions for the future simple present + imperatives If she beats you, call me instantly. If somebody comes here, please tell them I am out. If your parents rebuke you, don't feel bad. If you are fine, go to work today. 122 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

If you see my brother, tell him to go home. Don’t waste your time if you want to pass exam. 3. Suggestion/ warning for the future simple present+subject+should+v1 If he cannot run fast, he should quit his race. You should study hard if you are weak at English. If you have to catch the early train, you should wake up early. If you need fee concession, you have to meet the principal. If you want to decrease weight, you must keep fit. If you want to be first, you should take extra class. 4. First real conditional simple present+s+will/may/can+v1 for possible things If you exercise daily, you will be healthy. If you practise more, your pronunciation will be good. If he earns much, his life will be easy. If she helps other, others will help her too. If they invite us, we may go to them. If we work day and night, we can earn much. 5. Second unreal conditional simple past +would/could/might+v1 If you exercised daily, you would be healthy. If you practised more, your pronunciation would be good. If he earned much, his life would be easy. If she helped other, others would help her too. If they invited us, we might go to them. If we worked day and night, we could earn much. 6. Third hypothetical conditional past perfect +would/could/might+ have+v3 for hypothetical things If you had exercised daily, you would have been healthy. If you had practised more, your pronunciation would have been good. If he had earned much, his life would have been easy. If she had helped other, others would have helped her too. If they had invited us, we might have gone to them. If we had worked day and night, we could have earned much. Grammar Focus: Common Errors. Incorrect Correct If I was there, I would help you. If I were there, I would help you. If you will study hard, you may succeed. If you study hard, you may succeed. If you would have a flat, you wouldn’t have If you had a flat, you wouldn’t have problem. problem. If they would have played well, they would If they had played well, they would have won have won the match. the match. If you heat water, it will boil. If you heat water, it boils. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 123

A. Use the correct form of verbs to complete each of the following sentences. 1. If he were here, he ____ (help) us. 2. If I knew her, I ____ (speak) to her. 3. If he came to class more often, he____ (learn) more. 4. She ____ (make) more progress if she studied more. 5. She ____ (speak) English better if she had had more practice. 6. If he came to class on time, he ____ (be) a better student. 7. If he went to bed earlier, he ____ (feel) better. 8. If he had more money, he ____ (take) trip to Japan. 9. She ____ (go) with us if she were not so busy. 10. If he were stronger, he ____ (work) harder. 11. If today were a holiday, we ____ (go) to the park. 12. If I were free tomorrow, I ______ (visit) the museum 13. If I____ (have) your address, I would have called you. 14. If the weather ____ (be) nice yesterday, they would have gone to the park. 15. If you ____ (call) me, I would have been glad to go. 16. If he ____ (wear) his overcoat, he would not have caught cold. 17. I would have visited you if I____ (know) you were living in Kathmandu. 18. If I____ (be) in your place, I would have told him. 19. He would have gotten sick if he ____ (go) out in the rain. 20. If he____ (tell) me the truth, I would not have been so angry. 21. If yesterday ____ (be) a holiday, we would have gone to the show. 22. If he had studied more, he ___ (succeed). 23. If he had not worn his overcoat, he ____ (catch) cold. 24. I ____ (help) him if he had asked me. 25. He ____ (be) angry if he had learned the truth. 26. We ____ (come) earlier if we had known about it. 27. We ____ (be) glad to meet you if you had invited us. 28. He____ (write) to you if he had had your address. 29. William never comes to class on time unless he___ (punish). 30. If he has very little practice in speaking, he____ (be) good. 31. If I had been in New York now, I ____ (visit) many places. 32. What would you do if you_______ (be) the Prime Minister? 33. What would you have done if you _____ (be) in prison? 34. What will you do if you____ (get) a bag full of money? 35. Had I had an umbrella, I _____ (not be) wet. 36. Had I woken up earlier, I _____ (catch) the first train. 37. We would go to the cinema if there_____ (be) holiday yesterday. 38. Your uniform would look better if you ____ (wash) them. 39. She will pay the grand piano for you if you ____ (request) her. 40. Come before seven o’clock if you ___ (want) to meet me. 124 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Use the correct form of verbs to complete each of the following sentences. 1. Do you believe that if you ____ (walk) under a ladder, you’ll have bad luck? 2. Do you ever wish you ____ (be) someone famous? 3. Had he been a resident of the state, he _____there. (learn) 4. Had I not played so badly, I______ that match this afternoon. (win) 5. Had I studied more, I _____ a higher score on the test. (get) 6. Had they known about the fundraiser, they ____ a donation. (make) 7. I get nervous if I _____ in front of a group. (stand) 8. I think you would regret it if you ___to stay here in karnali. (decide) 9. If Alex had time, he ____you pack for your move.(help) 10. If he were here, he _____ the discussion skillfully. (lead) 11. If he’d had more time, he____ a new sport.(take up) 12. If I knew the answer right now, I ___ you. (tell) 13. If I had studied more, I ___better on this morning’s test.(do) 14. If I were you, I ___ the job. (accept) 15. If I were you, I ____ this rule about unreal conditions. (memorize) 16. If I weren’t planning about a party, I ____you pack, too.(help) 17. If I worked at two jobs, I _____ a much better salary. (have) 18. If it rains, it _____ down. (pour) 19. If I had a more flexible schedule, I __in later and leave later. (come) 20. If plants are covered with mulch, diseases ___ them so easily. (not infect) 21. If they had known about our condition, they ____a donation. (make) 22. If today _____ (be) Friday, we could sleep late. 23. If we get many applications, we___ the best students for admission. (select) 24. If weeds are not picked, the plants ___ for water and nutrients. (compete) 25. If wishes ____ (be) horses, the beggars would ride them. 26. If you choose the wrong plants for your garden, the plants _____.( not grow) 27. If you had filled out your form sooner, you ____ from them earlier. (hear) 28. If you had offered them more, they____ it. (take) 29. If you had talked to an advisor, he ______you. (suggest) 30. If you liked small houses, I _____ you to look at houses in my area. (invite) 31. If you park in a restricted area, you _____ pay fine.(need to) 32. If you research your options, you ___ the right choice. (make) 33. If you skip the open house, you ____ the chance to meet estate agent. (miss) 34. If you sleep more, you _____ so tired all of the time. (be) 35. Imagine that if money ____ (grow) on trees, we’d all be rich! 36. The plants may not need fertilizer if the soil ____ rich.(be) 37. They would have bought the house if they ____ able to afford it. (be) 38. They would have known about it if they ___ for an inspection. (arrange) 39. We’d all miss you if you ___this company. (leave) 40. Had I had some money, I___you.(help) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 125

C . Complete the following sentences with the appropriate conditional clauses. 1. If you like to come to me you ___. 2. You might be able to save some money if ___. 3. You will fail the SEE if ___. 4. You will see rhinos and tigers if ___. 5. I’d build a hospital if ___. 6. I’d fly in the sky if ___. 7. I’d have joined a medicine course if ___. 8. I’d have recognized her if ___. 9. Be prepared if ___. 10. Come before seven o’clock if ___. 11. Had I gone to bed earlier, I ___. 12. Had I known the answer, I ___. 13. Had it not been a hot day, I ___. 14. Had she not moved out the wrong way, she ___. 15. Had the cinema not been full, we ___. 16. Hurry up if ___. 17. If he could sing, he ___. 18. If he had more time, he ___. 19. If he liked me, he ___. 20. If he has time, he ___. 21. If he studied more, he ___. 22. If he were a film star, he___. 23. If I bought a car, I ___. 24. If I had lived in America, I ___. 25. If I were the Prime Minister of Nepal, I ___. 26. If I were you, I ___. 27. If John were here, he ___. 28. If l were in Florida now, I ___. 29. If someone does not tell me the way, I ___. 30. If the weather is cold, we ___. 31. If you go to India, you ___. 32. If you had worked harder, you ___. 33. If you learn English, you ___. 34. If you smoke a lot, you ___. 35. If you want to be a doctor, you ___. 36. She could live more cheaply if ___. 37. She will play the piano for you if ___. 38. You will get into trouble if ___. 39. You would be very angry with us if ___. 40. Your dress would look better if ___. 126 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Answer the following questions with the appropriate conditional clauses. 1. Would you be pleased or sorry to hear if your friend was sick? 2. Would you be pleased or sorry to hear if you had won a large prize? 3. What would you do if you were poor? 4. What would you have done, if you had got one million money? 5. What would you do if a beautiful girl proposed you? 6. What will you say if someone scolds you without any reason? 7. How would your father have reacted if you had married at an early age? 8. Where would you have gone, if you had had one month holiday? 9. How would you have controlled corruption, if you had been the PM of the country? 10. Would John have gone to the stadium with you if he had not been sick? 11. Would the party have been better if Mina had been present? 12. Would you be pleased or sorry to hear if you had failed your examination? 13. Would you be pleased or sorry to hear if you were not going to graduate? 14. Would Rajesh speak English better if he spent more time on his lessons? 15. If you knew English perfectly, what other language would you begin to study? Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. cabal conviction, absolute certainty 2. cachinnate a universal remedy, a panacea 3. cadaver to rebuke or criticize severely 4. calumny the drawing of maps 5. cantankerous stanza, verse 6. canto bad tempered, quarrelsome 7. cartography dead body, a corpse 8. castigate hateful misrepresentation, 9. catholicon to laugh loudly 10. certitude a secret intrigue Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 127

CAUSATIVE VERBS Read the following dialogue. SON: Please don’t get upset, but I have a decision made to stop attending art classes. MOTHER: So, why should that get me to feel upset? SON: Well, I have decided to get into a really different course this time. I am getting really fed up with this one. I think it makes me look really cherish. MOTHER: Oh! What are you thinking of getting done? SON: Well, I thought I would join pottery classes so that I get to participate in the pottery fair. MOTHER: Your friend Saurav had done that last month. I don’t think he’s going to get any good experience by taking that up! SON: I knew you’d get annoyed about it. I don’t have to attend any camp for ages, so I thought I wouldn’t get to try something new for quite a while. Anyway, I have got to go. I said I’d get there at 3:00. MOTHER: Have you got the money paid for it? SON: No. I thought I’d have sister Amrita pay for it. What do you think? Do you In the above dialogue, the coloured words are causatives. The causative Know? verbs are those verbs that are used to show that someone causes something to happen. There are three verbs used as causative verbs in English. They are get, make and have. Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given dialogue. a. Who are the speakers? b. What are they talking about? c. What verbs are causative verbs? d. What is son thinking of getting done? e. What did son think he wouldn’t get to try? Listening Practice Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Get with Agent Get with Object I get him to sing a song. I get my shoes polished. We got them to work for us. We got our homework checked. You will get me to write a poem. You will get your coat washed. He gets his brother to polish his shoes. He gets his uniform ironed. She has got her sister to prepare tea. She is getting her mouth washed. They had got us to write a report. They were getting their room cleaned. Father is getting me to clean his room. Father gets his shorts stitched. Make/Have with Agent Have with Object I have/make Raj clean my room. I have my house painted. We have/make them work for us. We have our garden managed. 128 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

You had/made me write a poem. You have your eyes tested. He has/makes his sister cook food. He has his hair trimmed. She has/makes her mother carry her bag. She had her eye glasses changed. They had/made Hem play the flute. They will have their uniform washed. Grammar Focus: Make Active: Subject +make +agent +V1+ Object Passive: Agent + aux. +made + to + V1 + (by agent) Riya made me sing a song. The story made me laugh. The tracher always makes us work hard. Did he make you write a poem? He was made to dance. Roman is made to stand in class. They were made to pay the fine. Grammar Focus: Get Subject + get + agent + to + V1 + Object Subject + get+ Object + V3 I got him to sing a song. Rita gets me to call a taxi. They get me to bring a cup of tea for them. I get my hair dyed. I got my car repaired. Get this letter posted. He gets his house painted. Grammar Focus: Have Subject + have + agent + V1 + (Object) Subject + have + Object + V3 I had my teacher check my home work. She always has me sleep with her. I must have Sonam translate this text. We have him work for us. Did you have your father pay for the suit? I didn't have him trim my hair. I had my room cleaned. She has her house painted. G ramGmoaarnFdohcauvse: your bicycle exchanged. Common Errors Incorrect Correct I am made study hard. I am made to study hard. We are made study hard. We are made to study hard. They were made study hard. They were made to study hard. He was made study hard. He was made to study hard. I have him to work hard. I have him work hard. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 129

A. Choose the best answer and fill in the gaps of the following sentences. 1. Anaya _____her house painted. (has, make ,get) 2. Get it _____at any cost. (do, to do, done) 3. Get this letter_____ .(to translate, translate, translated) 4. Have your hair_____.(trim, to trim, trimmed) 5. Gopi has his watch_____ .(to mend, mend, mended) 6. Gems _____his father to buy a book. (has, makes, gets) 7. Aryan makes her _____him. (follow, to follow, followed) 8. Get your car_____ .(wash, to wash, washed) 9. Please get your homework _____. (check, to check, checked) 10. Binod gets his cycle_____.(mend, to mend, mended) 11. Chameli gets her eyes_____ .(cure, to cure, cured) 12. Durga got a book_____. (open, to open, opened) 13. Elisha got her bicycle_____ .(repair, to repair, repaired) 14. Fulmati got me_____ her son on the way to her home. (carry, to carry, carried) 15. Guru had journalist _____ about him. (write, to write, written) 16. He has a helper_____ (to clean, clean, cleaned) the house. 17. Imran has his shoes _____. (polish, to polish, polished) 18. Jimmy has my property _____ in the bank. (deposit, to deposit, deposited) 19. Kaman has my car _____. (wash, to wash, washed) 20. Lobsang has the picture _____ .(paint, to paint, painted) 21. Sonam made me _____the chair to his room. (bring, to bring, brought) 22. Niruta made me _____angry. (feel, to feel, felt) 23. Oman made us _____ a song yesterday. (sang, to sang, sing, singing) 24. Pemba will get the driver _____ his car. (stop, stopped, to stop) 25. Rashmi will have to have a suit _____before leaving. (leave, left, to leave) 26. She _____ (get, has, make) the letter written. 27. Tashi has his teeth_____. (restore, to restore, restored) 28. Yam had his mother _____water from the nearest tap. (fetch, to fetch, fetched) 29. His mother made him _____ his medicine. (to take, take, taken) 30. Mr. Thapa is going to get him_____ a letter. (write, to write, written) 31. Sailendra gets my servant _____a newspaper for me. (to bring, bring, brought) 32. I get my windows _____. (paint, to paint, painted) 33. Niten gets the cobbler _____ his hair. (cut, to cut, cutting) 34. I have the man _____my hair. (to cut, cut, cuts) 35. They made me _____for them. (work, worked, to work). 36. I make her _____hard. (labour, to labour, laboured) 37. Hem makes her _____him. (follow, to follow, followed) 38. She made them_____ homework. (do, to do, done) 39. The teacher made them _____instruction. (read, reads, to read 40. She has the house _____ .(repair, to repair, repaired) 130 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Choose the best answer and fill in the gaps of the following sentences. 1. I get a coat_____ .(stitch, to stitch, stitched) 2. He has his cycle_____.(mend, to mend, mended) 3. They got their case _____.(decided, to decide, decide) 4. Peeling onions always makes me _____. (cry, to cry, cried) 5. We had a professional photographer _____pictures of everyone.(to take, taken take) 6. I need to get my suit _____. (clean, to clean, cleaned) 7. She had the beautician _____ her hair. (design, to design, designed) 8. They have their sheets _____.(clean, to clean, cleaned) 9. I have my teeth _____.(fill, to fill, filled) 10. People have drivers_____their cars. (drive, to drive, driven) 11. She had the mechanic _____her car. (repair, repaired, to repair) 12. I had the plumber _____the pipes. (mend, to mend, mended) 13. They have the waiter _____food. (serve, to serve, served) 14. Have your homework _____.(check, to check, checked) 15. They got the cook _____food for them. (cook, to cook, cooked) 16. She gets her servant _____household works. (do, to do, done) 17. He gets his eyes_____. (cure, to cure, cured) 18. Manu got her dress_____.(makes, to make, made) 19. I get my windows _____.(paint, to paint, painted) 20. We get our seats_____.(book, to book, booked) 21. I got my roof_____ (repair, to repair, repaired) yesterday. 22. People get cobblers_____ their shoes. (make, to make, made) 23. She gets her tea_____.(serve, to serve, served) 24. They got the government_____some programme for them.(bring, to bring, brought) 25. The students were made _____hard. (to study, study, studied) 26. She has me_____these dishes. (clean, to clean, cleaned) 27. Get your hair_____.(trim, to trim, trimmed) 28. Please get the house _____. (paint, to paint, painted) 29. Have your car _____(wash, to wash, washed) 30. I get the cobbler _____my hair. (cut, to cut, cutting) 31. Alice stopped at the service station to have the tank _____.(fill, to fill, filled) 32. I got Mary _____ me some money. (lend, to lend, lent) 33. I went to a doctor to have the spot on my nose _____. (remove, to remove, removed) 34. Please have me _____you. (help, to help, helped) 35. My teacher makes me _____at the front. (stand, to stand, stood) 36. I am going to get him _____a letter. (write, to write, written) 37. My wife is making me _____a game. (play, to play, played) 38. I had an engineer_____ (to design, design, designed) the building. 39. Sumina has me_____ (to write, write, written) a letter. 40. She_____ (get, make, has) me solve the problem. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 131

C. Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. The teacher had the class_____ (speak) on Children’s Day. 2. He got the cobbler _____his shoes. (polish) 3. They will get their work _____soon. (complete) 4. The teacher had his speech _____ for the conference. (write) 5. Arun had his house _____last week. (paint) 6. Who made you _____such stupid joke? (crack) 7. He made his father _____a new motorbike. (buy) 8. Kim was _____sing a song. (make) 9. Dip has got many books_____ .(publish) 10. She made the baby _____ a nap. (take) 11. Do you think we can get him _____the work? (do) 12. The Finance Minister made everyone _____the tax. (pay) 13. I am getting my brother _____me. (help) 14. My father always gets me_____ market to buy things. (go) 15. They have me _____a song. (sing) 16. He has his task_____ .(complete) 17. She has me _____for her. (work) 18. Get your pen _____ .(refill) 19. Have your bicycle _____. (mend) 20. The students were _____sing in the programme. (make) 21. The people have the leaders_____ their promise. (keep) 22. The government gets the public _____in the sanitation programme. (participate) 23. He has already had his message_____ .(deliver) 24. A student is _____labour hard in school. (make) 25. Our class teacher always makes us _____in the assembly. (stand) 26. The boss gets his servant _____the floor. (sweep) 27. Get these plants _____ (water) every day. 28. Have your notebook _____ (cover) by now. 29. I got a teacher _____ (teach) him a grammar lesson. 30. I have my friends_____ (wash) the clothes. 31. He_____ (have) the letter written. 32. I made my son _____ the windows before he could go outside to play. (wash) 33. Mrs. Rai had her house _____. (decorate) 34. The teacher had the class _____ a 3000 word research paper. (write) 35. Diya got some kids in the neighbourhood _____ out her garage. (clean) 36. I went to the bank to have a cheque _____. (cash) 37. After I had the sleeves _____, the jacket I bought fit me perfectly. (shorten) 38. My boss made me _____ my report because he wasn't satisfied with it. (redo) 39. I have my hair _____.(dye) 40. The wise king had the stone_____. (remove/to remove/removed) 132 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs given in the brackets. 1. I washed my car. (have) 2. He cuts my hair. (get) 3. She typed the documents. (have) 4. The mechanic fixed my washing machine. (get) 5. Abiral cuts grass for his cow. (have) 6. Bibas decorated his bedroom. (get) 7. I repaired my fridge. (have) 8. Dharma tidied his garden. (get) 9. The editor edited the article. (have) 10. The washman cleaned the carpets. (get) 11. One of the photographers printed my photo. (have) 12. Puran checked my teeth. (get) 13. Mr. Neupane applied for TOEFL test. (have) 14. Garima cleaned the windows. (have) 15. Bandana collected homework copies. (get) 16. Kishor delivered the furniture. (have) 17. Mihang repaired the roof. (get) 18. Niraj wrote the report. (have) 19. She revised that book. (have) 20. I dyed my hair. (get) 21. He sent the money. (have) 22. My father built the shed. (get) 23. I cut the paper into two pieces. (get) 24. We prepared delicious food for the party. (get) 25. Mr. Pyakuryal completed his M Phil. (have) Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. kedgeree unnecessary excitement or activity 2. kleptomania a hot dish of rice, fish and eggs cooked together 3. kerfuffle a mental illness causing of stealing things 4. kibbled a person who likes to destroy other’s enjoyment 5. killjoy crushed into rough pieces 6. kinsfolk destiny, fate 7. kismet a person’s relatives 8. kitsch a small hill 9. koppie to complain about something all the time 10. kvetch tastelessness Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 133

GRAMMAR TYPE I 1. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. I put some sugar in tea. (Into Interrogative) b. Nobody is perfect. (Into Affirmative) c. He said to me, \"Write carefully!\" (Into Indirect Speech) d. I have to write a letter. (Into Passive Voice) e. I _____ (eat) all the guavas you gave me. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. Let’s go there, ______________? (Supply the correct tag) 2. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. It has some meaning. (Into Negative) b. He speaks well. (Into Interrogative) c. I said to him, “How are you?” (Into Indirect Speech) d. Help the poor. (Into Passive Voice) e. I _____ (go) to school tomorrow. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. Let him sing a song, _____________? (Supply the correct tag) 3. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. They won the match yesterday. (Into Negative) b. She has to take the exam. (Into Interrogative) c. Our teachers said to us, “Don’t follow that bad company”. (Into Indirect Speech) d. Let me write a letter. (Into Passive Voice) e. I ____ (sing) a song at present. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. Everyone is unique, ________? (Supply the correct tag) 4. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Shut the door. (Into Negative) b. They had to go there. (Into Interrogative) c. “You had better hurry Ashok” she said. (Into Indirect Speech) d. Where do you post this letter? (Into Passive Voice) e. It _______ (rain) heavily yesterday. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. Everybody has slept now, ________________? (Supply the correct tag) 5. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Does he owe any money? (Into Affirmative) b. He found something in the room. (Into Negative) c. She said, “Please help me.” (Into Indirect Speech) d. What are you writing? (Into Passive Voice) e. I ______ (visit) India last year. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. Neither of them is good, ________? (Supply the correct tag) 134 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

6. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. We don’t like playing, either. (Into Affirmative) b. I bought some fruits yesterday. (Into Negative) c. She said, “Please lend a hand to me.” (Into Indirect Speech) d. What will you give me? (Into Passive Voice) e. I ______ (travel) India last year. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. None of them are good, ________? (Supply the correct tag) 7. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. He has a wallet. (Into Interrogative) b. We rarely call them. (Into Affirmative) c. He said, “I will have finished the work” (Into Indirect Speech) d. A committee chooses the winner. (Into Passive) e. He ______ (study) English when he got a part in a movie. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. One has to respect others, _______? (Supply the correct tag) 8. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. I love reading stories as well. (Into Negative) b. They had many problems. (Into Interrogative) c. He said, “The Sun rises in east” ( Into Indirect Speech) d. They are presenting an award now. (Into Passive) e. He cracked a rib while he_____ (play) golf. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. You haven’t got a car, _______? (Supply the correct tag) 9. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. He didn’t have any books. (Into Interrogative) b. I haven’t seen him yet. ((Into Affirmative) c. \"Forgive the boy for his first mistake,\" said the mother to her husband. ( Into Indirect Speech) d. They announced the winner’s name. (Into Passive) e. When he ____ (hear) the news, he stood up. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. They don’t like fish _____? (Supply the correct tag) 10. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. The ship was unloaded at the dock. (Into Negative) b. Susan dropped the computer on the floor. (Into Interrogative) c. The gentleman ordered his servant not to stay there (Into Direct Speech) d. The winners were being interviewed. (Into Active Voice) e. Before telling the police, he____ (call) the fire department. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. You have tea at 4, ______? (Supply the correct tags) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 135

11. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. The collection of antique shoes and costumes was for sale. (Into Interrogative) b. Jeffrey often forgets his girlfriend's birthday. (Into Negative) c. He said, “please give me a glass of water” (Into Indirect Speech) d. They have chosen the best movie. (Into Passive Voice) e. How often_____ ( you go) to the movies? (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. I am not disturbing you, ____________ ?(Supply the correct tag) 12. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. The thief took my new watch. (Into Negative) b. Bale remembered his birthday at the last moment. (Into Interrogative) c. The teacher said to him, “Get out.” (Into Indirect Speech) d. Old movies were filmed in black and white. (Into Active voice) e. How long_____ (you know) Sam? (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) f. Tourists used to come here, ______________?(Supply the correct tag) 13. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. He takes vitamins every day. (Into Negative) b. How do you pronounce the word? (Into Affirmative) c. I was watching TV when I_____ (hear) a bang. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) d. The master said to the servant, \"Where do you come from?\" (Into Indirect Speech) e. Someone will send you an invitation. (Into Passive) f. He has to fill a form, ____________?(Supply the correct Tag) 14. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. The students remembered to take the quiz. (Into Negative) b. The fire department went to the house. (Into Interrogative) c. After he_____ (see) the movie, he bought the DVD. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) d. She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam. (Into direct Speech) e. They have shown us the movie. (Into Passive) f. You don’t have to follow him, ______________?(Supply the correct tag) 15. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. One of the boys broke his leg. (Into Negative) b. Someone did something brave. (Into Interrogative) c. Renu arrived while we_____ (have) lunch. (Put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) d. John exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice shirt. (Into Direct Speech) e. Someone told the students the answers. (Into Passive) f. He didn’t have to choose one, _____________? (Supply the correct tag) 136 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

GRAMMAR TYPE II 1. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. We were losing the battle. Our king was old. He was hiding just outside the castle walls. Of the three soldiers who ______ (had appointed, had been appointed, appointed) to protect him, two had been killed and I was left alone. Fortunately for us, our queen was ______ (a, an, the) young and active woman. She had fought ______ (in, on, with) great courage and already killed two enemy officers herself. ______ (Since, Of, For) we had a list of so many men it was difficult for her to attack. She ______ (for, since, therefore) decided to defend the king at any cost. A great number of enemies attacked and finally she was also killed. The king said that we ___ (must, had to, have to) run away from the castle. But it was too late. I imagined, \"If we had to run away, we ______ (would be, would have been, will be) killed.\" ______ (A, An, The) enemy came up and led us into the ring of enemies. They had us ____ (tell, to tell, told) everything about us. The situation made us ______ (say, to say, said) everything. 2. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. Water is___ (a, an, the) very common thing but it is quite essential to us. We can't live without water,______? (can’t we, can we, don’t we) Water has no taste, color, or smell. It ______ (take, takes, took) the shape and colour of the vessel if it is put into it Water can dissolve many substances. So it is difficult to get pure water. Scientists say______ (that, what, if) water is a compound made up of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. Waters is found in wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, and seas. Water is plentiful on the earth but there is shortage of water in deserts. Water___(has, had, have) many uses. It is used for drinking and washing. It helps us to get food. We get our food from plants and animals. Plants can't grow without water and animals cannot live without it. If we boil water, it ___ (change, will change, changes) into steam. Steam is used to drive engines. Running water ___ (be used, is used, was used) to produce electricity. We should drink pure water. Water ___(can make, can be made, can be made) pure by boiling. Impure water contains germs___ (and, but, also) disease which makes us___ (fall, to fall, fallen) sick. 3. Choose the best word from the brackets to complete the passage below. There ___ (was, were, is) a small brother and small sister. They had a stepmother. They____ (maltreated, was treated, were maltreated) by their stepmother. They fled away from home. After running for a while, the brother said: \"I'm so thirsty. Let's find a spring and have___ (a, an, the) drink.\" ______ (Although, however, In spite of), as the brother bent down to drink, his sister heard a voice:\" Who drinks from me will turn___ (in, to, into) a fawn.\" It was the witch. Too late, the sister tried to prevent her brother from drinking. The boy changed into a fawn. The fawn ran off into the forest and the sister followed him. There they found ______ (a, an, the) abandoned collage and lived together. One day a king, along with his haunters ___ (saw, sees, seen) the fawn. The fawn went to the girl. She was so much beautiful. The King fell in love and asked her if she ___ (could be, can be, may be) his wife. He further said, \"If you accepted my proposal, you______ (will be, would be, can be) rich and happy.\" She wept Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 137

with happiness. The tears dropped upon the fawn and changed into a man again. This made them___ (become, to become, became) very happy. 4. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. Many years ago, there was___ (a, an, the) woodcutter who___ (lives, lived, has lived) in a small hut___ (in, on, at) a village. He went to the woods to gather firewood___ (in order to, because, because of) survive. He did not have any property except an iron axe. One day his axe fell into the water when he was cutting some firewood near a lake. The axe ___ (was lost, lost, has lost) and it made him______ (feel, felt, to feel) unhappy. The water god heard his cry and came up to him. The god___ (has, have, had) an axe made of gold in his hand. \"______ (Is this, Are these, Do they) your axe?’’ he asked. He replied that he had an iron axe. His answer had the god take pity on him. He thought if he had told a lie he___ (would not ask, would not have asked, will not have asked) for an iron axe. So he gave him both the golden axe and his own iron axe. The woodcutter was really honest, ___(was, wasn't, was not) he? 5. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. There are innumerable realities and myths about music. Music is a composition of different musical instruments. No one dislikes music, ___ (will they, do they, does he)? It is said that music ______ (attracts, attracted, had attracted) not only everybody___ (but also, also, but) everything. It is said that even stone starts moving with music. It is said in the history that even in the war music could stop the enemies. Music is ______ (a, an, the) means of entertainment. ______ (A, An, The) entertainment provides us ______ (of, with, for) pleasure. If we listen ______ (in, on, to) the music, we feel relieved. Music makes us___ (forget, to forget, forgot) the tension and worry. _____ (Therefore, And, But) music is lovely to all. I listen to the music and feel light. I think I will be interested in music____ (unless, until, still) I die. 6. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below: It was years since I had visited my home town and I was determined to enjoy my stay. I went to see my old friend Suman____ (who, whom, which) was a member of the local council. ___ (On, In, At) that time Suman was managing for a writer to give ___ (a, an, the) talk _____ (in, on, off) modern literature at the town library. Suman was going to introduce the guest speaker and that evening we went to meet him. Since he had not yet arrived, I ___ (leave, leaves, left)him and went in reading room where _____(a, an, the) large audience______ (has already gathered, have already gathered, had already gathered). Suman called me. He seemed worried. He explained that he_____ (received, receives, had received)a message that the writer couldn't come. Suman asked me if I ______ (will mind, would mind, would have minded) acting as the speaker. Without making my mind up, I ___ (led, was led, lead) to Hall to address the audience. 7. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below: The cause of all this______ (was, were, had) a very strange noise. It sounded ___ (as if, though, if) thousands and thousands of birds were singing together. The noise was quite frightening 138 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

and many people looked disturbed. ___(A, An, The) extraordinary thing was that, apart from one or two pigeons, there was not a bird in sight. No one ___ (was, were, had) able to solve the mystery, until two policemen arrived. They noticed a large addressed advertisement for a film high up ___ (on, in, at) a wall as the noise seemed to be coming from all the direction. The noise made by birds singing ___ (being broadcast, was being broadcast, were being broadcast) over powerful loudspeakers. The police asked the advertisers ___ (take, to take, taken) the recorder away because the advertisement had attracted so much attention. It was very sure that if the crowd was not controlled, no bus ___ (can run, could run, may run) on the street. Common people had policeman___ (control, to control, controlled) the crowd___ (scatter, scattered, to scatter) in a minute. 8. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. It was very hot___ (in, on, at) the small court room and everybody ___ (were, had, was) feeling sleepy. After ___ (a, an, the) tiring morning, the clerks were anxious to get off to lunch and even the judge must felt relieved when the last case___ (came, come, comes) up before the court. A short, middle man with grey hair and small blue eyes was now standing before him. The man was accused of breaking____ (in, into. of) a house and stealing a cheap watch. The witness ___ (that, which, who) was called did not find a very clear account of what had happened. He claimed to have seen a man outside the house one night, but on being questioned further, he got confused that he ____ (was, where, is) not sure whether this was the man. The judge considered the matter for a short time and then declared that as there was no real proof, the man___ (can't be found, couldn't be found, couldn't found) guilty of any crime. The Judge, along with the jury ______ (was, were, had) about to leave the court. The accused man looked puzzled. Noticing this judge paused for a while. The man said, \"Excuse me, sir, but do I have to give the watch box or not?\" This made all the people __ (got, get, to get) surprised. 9. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. Culture provides people ___ (in, for, with) identity. One of the identities ___ (is, are, have) culture among the many other means of identities. Every man and woman___ (love, loved, loves) the culture where they are born. Culture shapes everything of the people like their feelings, thoughts, and activities. Culture gives the way of life style, ___ (don't they, doesn't it, didn't it)? People ___ (can’t adjust, can’t be adjusted, can’t be adjusted) themselves in the culture that is totally different from his own. It is said that we__ (learned, learn, would learn) culture on the family and society, from the childhood that never changes on life. We learn culture automatically and gradually. If we live in a society culturally different from our own, we ____ (find, found, would found) ourselves uncomfortable to live ___, (although, however, as) educated people can adjust in any culture more than uneducated people. Anyway, culture provides ___ (a, an, the) ownness to live with. Culture makes us ____ (unite, to united, united) each other. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 139

10. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. It was ___ (a, an, the) mystery. Every evening, the king's beautiful daughter___ (locked, was locked, were locked) in her room, and every morning her shoes were worn out___ (of, by, from) dancing too much. The king offered a great reward to whoever ___ (can solve, may solve, could solve) his mystery. The king said, \"I can give you even more if you ___ (find, found, will found) out the reality.\" At last a young man came who had a magic coat that could make him ____ (not see, not sees, not seen). He ___ (had given, had been, had been given) this coat by his grandmother. With the help of the magic coat, he could be invisible ___ (though, however, in spite of) he was near there. In the night, she used to wake up and go to the castle. There was a dance party. One of the dancers___ (were, was, had) a prince with whom she danced. After a dance of whole night, she returned home. The young man found this out. This reality made the king___ (be, to be, been) much angry. 11. Choose the correct words from the brackets to complete the passage below. He was born in___ (a/an/the) United States at the run___ (of/from/in)the century. As a young man, he ___ (is/was/will be) very active, and spent a lot of time hunting and fishing. He started working as journalist, __(and/but/though) during the First World War he was an ambulance driver in Italy, where he ___ (was wounded/had wounded/wounded) in 1917. Had he not been to battle field he____ (did not injure/would not injure/ would not have injured). After he lost his leg in the war, he said___ (that he would leave the job/that I leave the job/that he will leave the job). In 1945, he got his resignation ___ (to approve/approved/ approve) and went to live in Cuba. For 10 years, he ___ (was enjoying/has been enjoying/ had been enjoying) his life with his daughter since 1955 before he ___ (had died/died/would die) in 1956. 12. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. It was very late when an old beggar man came to a rich farmyard. He ____ (had travelled, travelled, will have travelled) far that day, he was tired and hungry. He said to himself, ‘I must get someone ____ (to help, help, helped) me because it is snowing. I will go up here; maybe the farmer will help me. He could probably give me somewhere to lie down.’ ____ (So, When, Since) the old beggar man walked up to the farmhouse and he knocked at the door. The farmer was just finishing his tea, and his wife said, ‘There’s someone ____ (for, on, at) the door. You heard the knock, ___ (did, didn’t, wouldn’t) you? The farmer said, ‘Well, I’ll go and see who’s there.’ He walked out and there at his door stood an old beggar man with his old gray hair and his old ragged coat. And the farmer said, ‘____ (What do you want, what he wanted, what did you want), old man?’ He said, ‘Please, sir. I’m just ___ (a, an, the) old beggar. It’s a cold night and it’s snowing. I’m hungry and tired. I ____ (would get, will get, get) some rest if you provide me a place to lie down for the night.’ And the farmer said, ‘You’re a beggar! Old man, I need my barns for my cattle. The woods ___ (is, are, was) fit for you. Go and sleep in the woods, old man, we shelter no beggars here.’ The old beggar just turned round. He said, ‘I’m sorry, sir’ and he walked away. And the door ____ (was closed, closed, will close) by the farmer. 140 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

13. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. One summer day, two men ___ (walked/were walking/have walked) along. Soon, it became too hot to go any further and, seeing ___ (a/an/the) large pine tree nearby, they threw themselves on the ground _____ (so that/because/to) rest in its shade. Gazing ____ (up/ off/on) into the branches, one man said to the other: \"What a useless tree this is. It ___ (does/do/did) not have fruits or nuts that we can eat. \"___ (Don't be/Not to be/Not be) so ungrateful,\" rustled the tree in reply. \"I am being extremely useful to you at this very moment, sheltering you from the hot Sun. And you call me a good-for-nothing!\" They had not thought in that way, _____? (did they/had they/hadn't they) The tree ___ (provided/was provided/ was being provided) them with the shade in such a hot summer day. The event made them _____ (to think/thought/think) broadly. If we think broadly, we ______ (would realize/would have realized/will realize) that all creations have a good purpose. 14. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. One hot day, ___ (a/an/the) ant was searching some water. After walking around for some time, she ___ (came/was coming/has come) to a spring. She had to climb ___ (up/on/in) a blade of grass to reach the spring While making her way up, she ___ (was fallen/is fallen/ fell) into the water. She ___ (could have drowned/could drown/may drown) if a dove had not seen her. The ant was in trouble, ___? (isn't it/wasn't it/was it). The dove plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the struggling ant. The ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Soon it ___ (was/were/has) carried safely to dry ground. Just at that time, a hunter nearby was throwing out his net towards the dove ___ (because/to/so that) he could trap it. Guessing what he was about to do, the ant quickly bit the hunter on the heel. The pain made him ___ (drop/to drop/dropped) his net. The dove flew away to safety. Thus it is said that one good turn ___ (deserves/deserved/had deserved) another good turn. 15. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the passage below. Once, ___ (a/an/the) wise woman who was travelling in the mountains found a precious stone ___ (on/at/in) a stream. The next day, she met another traveller ___ (who/whom/ whose) was hungry, and the wise woman opened her bag to share her food. The hungry traveller ___ (sees/saw/has seen) the precious stone and asked the woman to give it to him. She did so without hesitation, ___? (didn't she/doesn't she/hadn't she) He knew the stone ___ (were/was/had been) worth enough to give him security for a lifetime. But a few days later he came back to return the stone to the wise woman. \"___ (I've been/He's been/He'd been) thinking,\" He said, \"I know how valuable the stone is, but I give it back in the hope that you can give me something even more precious.\" This way the woman ___ (was asked/has been asked/had been asked) to give him some more precious thing. This made the woman ___ (feel/to feel/felt) angry. She took the stone and chased the man away. If the man had not been so greedy, he____ (could keep/could have kept/can keep) the stone with him. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 141

Chapter II GUIDED WRITING INSTRUCTIONS Instructions are the ways of getting something done in an orderly way. These are a set of instructions telling us how to cook something and what items of food we require for the preparation of it. Tips for Writing Instructions  List out the ingredients required for the preparation of a particular item you want.  Think of the method or ideas about the item of food you are going to prepare.  Use imperative sentences as far as possible.  Remember that you should be orderly. That is to say, don’t try to go beyond a series of steps.  Use the time linkers like, first, first of all, then, after that, next, penultimately, finally, etc.  Use simple and understandable language and write the instructions clearly Cooking Recipe for Vegetable Momo Quantity Ingredients 50 gram Carrots 90 gram Cabbage 25 gram Potatoes 15 gram Onions ½ tea spoon Soy sauce ½ tea spoon Tasting powder ½ tea spoon Momo Masala 2 gram Garlic and ginger paste 5 gram Spring onions as per requirement Salt and pepper 15 gram Butter 20 millilitre Vegetable oil 120 gram Flour Cooking Recipe 1. Take a bowl; prepare the dough by mixing flour, water and salt. 2. Make sure the dough rests for about 15 minutes. 3. Wash all the vegetables. 4. Chop cabbage, onions, and spring onions finely. 5. Boil potatoes; grate them and grate carrots as well. 6. Take a bowl and mix chopped cabbage, onion and spring onion, grated potato and carrot, soy sauce, Momo spices, ginger, garlic paste, melted butter, salt and pepper. 7. Portion out the dough into small pieces. 8. Roll out the pieces. 9. Place the vegetable stuffing on to the pieces and seal them. 10. Grease Momo perforated container with oil. 11. Lay Momo into container. 12. Heat the steamer by adding water. 13. Place the sealed Momo on to the steamer. 14. Steam Momo over the pot of boiling water for about 10 minutes. 15. Serve hot Momo with suitable accompaniment or sauce. 142 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Instructions for making a kite What you need: 1. A light piece of square paper or plastic (about 40x40CM) 2. Twothinbamboosplints.Oneisthesamelength of the diagonal of the paper. The other is a little longer. 3. Small pieces of paper 4. Glue 5. String How you make it: 1. Take a piece of paper and the shorter bamboo splint. Stick the splint along the diagonal with the help of glue and small pieces of paper. 2. Now take a longer bamboo splint. Bend it and stick it across the other diagonal with the help of glue and pieces paper. 3. Make two tiny holes on both sides of the splint at the centre of the paper. Choose the diagonal where the straight bamboo splint is. 4. Now make two similar holes where the two bamboo splints meet. 5. Then, cut a piece of the string about 40 cm long. Insert it through the holes that you have made and tie it. The string should now make a triangle shape when you hold it up. This is called the bridle of the kite. Tie the spool of string to it. 6. Finally, add a small fin to the tail of your kite. Take two pieces of triangle-shaped paper. Take two small thin pieces of bamboo sticks and paste it to make a fin. The fin should be at straight bamboo splint. Practice Questions 1. List out the ingredients required and write a set of instructions for preparing Haluwa. 2. List out the ingredients required and write a set of instructions for preparing Sel Roti. 3. List out the ingredients required and write a set of instructions for preparing a cup of Coffee. 4. List out the ingredients required and write a set of instructions for preparing Paneer Momo. 5. List out the ingredients required and write a set of instructions for preparing Curd Fish. 6. List out the ingredients required and write a set of insrructions for preparing a Pancake. 7. List out the ingredients required and write a set of instructions for preparing Alu Paratha. 8. Write a stepwise procedure to charge a mobile phone. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 143

OBLIGATIONS AND PROHIBITIONS Obligations and prohibitions are a set of rules or codes of behaviour that you must follow and cannot go against it. Tips for Writing Obligations and Prohibitions a. We all are abided by certain obligations and prohibitions in different places and parts of the country. b. There are different obligations and prohibitions in public places like zoo, school, hospital, library, supermarket, street, hostel, bus park, temple, bank, museum, community, etc. c. You should have a good knowledge of how to prepare and understand such obligations and prohibitions. d. For writing appropriate obligations and prohibitions, you must read the given clues carefully. e. After that, you must prepare a set of obligations and prohibitions on the basis of the outlines given. f. You’d better make a list of such obligations and prohibitions. g. You should write complete sentences while writing obligations and prohibitions. h. Use present and future tenses. Passive sentences are extremely favored. Structures: S + is/are + supposed to/allowed to + v1+obj- (for positive meaning) S + is/are + not + supposed to/allowed to + v1+obj-(for negative meaning) S + should/shouldn’t/ must/mustn’t/can/can't+ v1+obj S + should /shouldn’t/must/mustn’t/can/can’t+be+ v3+obj Gerund (v4) + is/are/will/shall (not) + v3+obj It is restricted/prohibited/not allowed/forbidden + to + v1+obj S + is/are + discouraged/encouraged/expected/suggested + to + v1+obj 1. Public Park a. Organizing Picnic is not allowed in the park. b. Smoking is strictly prohibited there. c. Garbage must be disposed to the designated place. d. Plucking flowers must not be done there. e. No entrance fee is charged for children below 10 years. f. You are not allowed to litter inside the park premises. 2. Library a. Only the members are permitted to enter into the library. b. Making noise inside the library is strictly prohibited. c. You are not allowed to bring books inside the library. d. No chewing gums is allowed in the library. e. Books lost/damaged will be fined as per the cost of the book. 144 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

f. Library remains closed on Saturdays and public holidays. g. Late delivery of the books shall be fined Rs. 5/-per day. 3. Hostel a. Students must enter the hostel before 6 p.m. b. Smoking and drinking are strictly forbidden. c. Students are supposed to clean their room everyday by themselves. d. Students are not allowed to go out after 6 p.m. e. No gusts are allowed in student’s room after 10 p.m. f. All bills are to be settled within 15 days of presentation. g. Students are strictly prohibited to interfere with the electricity. 4. Bus a. Passengers must not disturb the driver while he is driving. b. Passengers are not allowed to stand at the door. c. Children under 5 can travel without paying the fare. d. Passengers are supposed to arrive at the bus stop 30 minutes earlier. e. Smoking and drinking are strictly restricted in the bus. f. Passengers are expected to take care of their luggage themselves. g. Pet animals are not allowed unless carried by the passengers themselves. 5. Bus Park a. Smokiing and drinking are stricity prohibited there. b. Travelling with pets is forbidden. c. You are to be aware of the pickpockets. d. You must take care of your belongings by yourself. f. You are not supposed to throw waste everywhere. g. Travelling without ticket is not acceptable unless other serious reasons. Practice Questions 1. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions for a Public Relation Officer in an office. 2. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions for passengers at the airport. 3. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions for students in play ground. 4. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions for visitors in temple 5. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions in a house for its family members. 6. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions for soldiers of Nepal Police. 7. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions for school/college teachers. 8. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions for doctors in hospital. 9. Write a set of five rules and regulations to be followed in an examination hall using the given clues. time (8 am)…….admit card…….cheating…..essential materials….leaving the hall 10. Write a set of five rules and regulations to be followed in school by students using the given clues. arrival time 9:30 am….wear uniform…..obey teachers…..do not fight…..preserve school property, etc. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 145

POSTERS A poster is a large notice, often with a picture on it, which is often put in a public place to advertise something. Some instructions for students to design a poster • Think of the topic in which you are to design a poster. • Take an A4 size paper or newsprint. • Decide the place to keep the content and photograph • Write a suitable title for your poster. For example: \"Why Drink Water?\" • Consider the clarity and appropriateness of borders, letter size, colour, picture for illustration, etc. • You are to use different colour to decorate the picture. • Label the pictures if required. • The message, colour combination, clarity, and attractiveness, etc. will be observed while evaluating your poster. • Edit if there is any language or layout problem in your poster before you publish it. Practice Questions 1. Design an attractive poster to advertise a brand of pen. 2. Design an elegant poster showing the importance of meditation. 3. Design a beautiful poster reflecting the importance of personal hygiene. 4. Design a gorgeous poster showing some tips to balance blood pressure. 5. Design a striking poster to advertise one of your local products. 6. Design an eye-catching poster reflecting the significance of first-aid. 7. Design a good-looking poster making people aware about the effects of alcoholic drinks. 8. Design a lovely poster making people aware about the effects of drugs. 9. Design a pretty poster about the ways of being healthy. 10. Design a fine-looking poster to depict the significance of healthy mind. 146 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

POSTCARDS Used for communicating message, a postcard is a card that is generally used for sending messages without an envelope. It has a picture on one side and message on the other side. Here are some guidelines for students to write postcards appropriately:  Divide your postcard into two parts. The right hand side part should have the stamp box and address of the receiver who gets it and the left hand side part is the message area.  Write date on the top of the left hand side part which is followed by greeting. While writing greeting write Dear + Name, Hi + Name or directly address the recipient.  Just below the salutation area, your message should be written in an attractive way.  Your message can be written either in Simple Present Tense (The weather is great here.), Present Continuous Tense (The sun is shining perfectly.) and Going to Future Tense (We are going to Pashupatinath Temple today.)  Ending of a postcard can be done with these expressions: “Wish you were here!” “Hope to see you soon!” “Love from ____!” “See you soon!”  Conclude your postcard with a subscription Love+ Name or sign on it.  Add a stamp on the stamp box; write the address of the receiver.  Edit any language error or a picture that does not match. Specimen-1 A postcard sent by a friend to his friend Sundar Khanal January 10, 2018 Hi Sundar, Place How are you? I hope you are well. We’re in Stamp Kathmandu on holiday. Here The weather is great here. The sun is shining perfectly. We are going to Pashupatinath Temple today. Can we come and see you in December? Please write or phone and tell us whether you will Sundar Khanal be available or not at that time. Baseri, Gangajamuna-6, Dhading Hope to see you soon! Love Anmol and Aayushree Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 147

A postcard sent by a friend to his friend in Kathmandu Place Specimen-2 Stamp January 12, 2018 Here Dear Dinesh, How are you and your family? It is summer now. There are a lot of things to do! It is hot and bright. The sun is shining. My brother Dinesh Regmi and I love to go to the river and swim together. Budhathum, Dhading We have fun making sand castle. We love fishing too. We are also going for hiking for 3 days in the countryside. I hope you can visit us now. Wish you were here! Anish Anish Practice Questions 1. Write an attractive postcard to your sister who has just got an accident wishing her a good health. 2. Write a beautiful postcard to your aunt who is visiting the USA wishing her a nice time there. 3. Write a lovely postcard to your class teacher wishing him/her happy teacher’s day. 4. Write an eye catching postcard to your friend wishing him/her a happy born day. 5. Write a good looking postcard to your maternal uncle wishing him happy anniversary day. 6. Write a gorgeous postcard to your brother/sister who is away from home on vacation wishing him/her a good time there. 148 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisement is a notice giving information about a job a company or an organization offers. It is the section in a newspaper with small advertisements arranged in groups according to their subject, that are placed by people or small companies who want to buy or sell something, find or offer a job, etc. Here are some tips to students for writing an advertisement for different posts:  Think of the nature of advertisement headline you are supposed to write.  The headline should be written in bold and capital letters. The common headlines found practiced so far are: VACANCY, VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT, WANTED, WANTED IMMEDIATELY, WANTED URGENTLY, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY, CAREER OPPORTUNITY, JOB OPPORTUNITY, EXPRESSION OF INTEREST, URGENTLY REQUIRED, etc.  Write a brief introduction of the organization.  State the vacant post(s) required.  Cite the qualification required for the post(s).  Declare the experiences and requirements required for the post(s).  Point out the major duties and responsibilities to be fulfilled by the selected candidate(s).  Talk about the salary and allowances facilities for the selected candidate(s).  State the required documents that need to be submitted along with the candidature.  Indicate the cutoff date to submit the application.  Write the address to submit the candidature.  Write who are encouraged to apply for the post.  Write when will be the written test and interview.  Mention how should the candidate(s) apply for the post. Specimen-1 A Vacancy Announcement for the post of Mathematics Teacher VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT A well established English medium school is seeking dynamic, energetic, and well qualified Secondary Level Teacher for the following posts: Post: Secondary Level Mathematics Teacher (Full Timer) Qualification: M.A/ M. Ed in mathematics Experience: At least 3 years experience in the related field. Remuneration: Negotiable Fluency in English speaking is a must. Eligible, enthusiastic, and passionate Nepali individuals are requested to send their scanned hand written application. A copy of academic qualification, CV, and supporting documents, and a recent pp size photograph must be sent by 20 March 2017 to the following address: Greenfield National Higher Secondary School Bafal, Sitapaila, Kathmandu Telephone enquiry will not be entertained. Only short listed applicants will be called for an interview. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 149

Specimen-2 An announcement for the post of a typist cum receptionist Wanted A well established national organization operating in Kathmandu is seeking energetic, qualified, and self-motivated personnel for the following post: Position: Typist cum Receptionist Qualification: Intermediate or equivalent Experience: 2 years Salary and allowance: As per the company rules. Candidates may apply along with full bio-data with the copies of citizenship certificate and passport size photographs within 7 days of the publication of this notice to the following address: The Manager ABC Company Kathmandu, Nepal Only short-listed candidates will be called for the interview. Practice Questions 1. A leading private sector bank is in need of a trainee assistant. Write an advertisement for the post of a Trainee Assistant. 2. Budhigandaki Hydroelectricity Project is in need of a Public Relation Officer. Write an advertisement for the post of a Public Relation Officer. 3. Deep Jyoti Academy is in need of a Secondary Level Social studies Teacher. Write an advertisement for the post of a Secondary Level Social studies Teacher. 4. Kapan Multiple Campus is in need of an assistant lecturer in its campus. Write an advertisement for the post of an Assistant Lecturer. 5. Nepal Police School is in need of a driver. Write an advertisement for the post of a Driver. 6. Shree Badri Bishal Higher Secondary School is in need of a an accountant in its school. Write an advertisement for the post of a Senior Accountant. 7. Sunrise Apartment is searching for a Civil Engineer in its company. Write an advertisement for the post of a Civil Engineer. 8. Suppose that you are the manager of a hydropower company. You are in need of an Overseer in your hydropower company. Write an advertisement for the post of an Overseer. 9. Tilganga Institute of Opthalmology is seeking an Optometrist. Write an advertisement for the post of an Optometrist. 10. Unity Air Pvt. Ltd is in need of a Marketing Manager in its company. Write an advertisement for the post of a Marketing Manager. 150 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9