English and Grammar Grade 9 (2077)

18. In hot weather milk turns sour fast. 19. James, together with his friends, was present. 20. Kate, and not you, has won the prize. 21. One of the boys is very good in this class. 22. Mr. Mohan is an advocate, but neither of his two sons is good at studies. 23. My father joins the cavalry because he loves horses. 24. Neither the headmaster nor the teacher is responsible for this. 25. Neither the principal nor the teachers were able to give a satisfactory explanation. 26. No news is good news. 27. No one, besides James, knows it. 28. Oil and water do not mix. 29. Silver as well as gold is a precious metal. 30. Some economists believe that all is not well with the global economy. 31. Ten miles is a long distance to cover in an hour. 32. That woman has got two children. Both are girls. 33. The boy was actually waiting for school to reopen. 34. The consumption of beverages like tea and coffee is not without side effects. 35. The doting husband caters to his wife’s every wish. 36. The earth rotates on its own axis. 37. The father as well as his sons is industrious. 38. The girls are dancing merrily. 39. The introduction of computers in classrooms has improved the quality of education. 40. The king, with his ministers, is coming. 41. The leader, as well has his followers, was arrested. 42. The list of eligible students has been published. 43. The news is false. 44. The politician makes a categorical denial of the charges about bribes. 45. The quality of the mangoes was not very good. 46. The results of the examination have been announced. 47. The ship, with its crew, was saved. 48. The shop, with its articles, is burnt down. 49. The social services department has specialists for each welfare category. 50. The state of his affairs is a cause for concern. 51. The state of his affairs was sure to cause anxiety to his parents. 52. Neither of the two countries wants to agree to a ceasefire. 53. There are at least a few advantages to living alone. 54. Thousand dollars is a huge amount. 55. Time and tide waits for none. 56. Two thousand dollars is a large sum to lose. 57. Wool, as well as cotton, is exported from India. 58. None of them are coming home tonight. 59. One-third of the city is experiencing a blackout tonight. 60. Many a girl gets married at the age of 18. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 51

A. Select the correct form of the verb to complete the given sentences. 1. A group of students_____ playing outside. (is/am/are) 2. A herd of kangaroos_____(is/are/will) jumping. 3. All means of production_____been used.(has/is/have) 4. Come and _____ your (do/does/did) homework. 5. Dharma and I ______very busy today.(am/is/are) 6. Dip as well as Juna_____ (prefer/prefers/preferring) the coffee. 7. Each one of the people of this village _____ a fever.(have/has/is) 8. Either he or you _____ solved this problem. (has/have/having) 9. Even the school children _____ capable of thinking in abstract terms. (is/are/have) 10. Every child _____ a dream. (has/have/is) 11. Farina doesn’t like it but Ram _____ . (like/likes/liked) 12. I, who _____ your well wisher, help you. (Is/am/are) 13. Many people in a hall _____ (is/are/was) dancing. 14. Measles _____ broken out in this area. (has/have/having) 15. Mt. Everest ______ the highest peak in the world. (is/am/are) 16. Much paints _____ been taken.(has/have/had) 17. My scissors_____ (is/are/am) blunt. 18. Neither of the two men_____ (are/were/was) very strong. 19. Nepali, as well as Sanskrit _____ very interesting language. (is/am/are) 20. These boys _____ well behaved. (is/am/are) 21. Nobody _____ to be unsuccessful (want/wants) 22. Politics _____ (is/are/had) a dirty game. 23. All these boys______ honest.(is/am/are) 24. Ram and Sam_____ (has/have/had) not eaten yet. 25. Ram, but not Sita_____ attended the meeting.(have/has/is 26. Ravi as well as his friends_____ (is/am/are/have) present today. 27. Many a good teenager _____ selling drugs. (is/am/are) 28. Ten rupees_____ not enough for Tiffin. (is/am/are) 29. The effects of the cold_____ (is/are/were) very dangerous. 30. The leader, with his helpers_____ (were/has/was/had) sent for. 31. The police _____ going to arrest him. (is/am/are) 32. We don’t _____ (has/have/had) to listen to the music. 33. We need a bike. We_____ (needn’t/didn’t need/don’t need) a car. 34. Mohan drives a car but he _____ drive a bus.(doesn’t/ don’t) 35. My brother doesn’t _____ (try/tries/tried/trying) to pass. 36. Neither of them_____ there. (were/was/are) 37. She_____ eat (doesn’t/didn’t/don’t) for two days. 38. The actor and producer_____ (is/am/are/have) making a new film now. 39. The actress, along with her friends_____ going to the party tonight. (is/am/are) 40. The captain, with his players _____ (were/has/was/had) sent for. 52 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Select the correct form of the verb to complete the given sentences. 1. A minority of the group ______me.(support/supports/have support) 2. A number of students_____ their verdict.(show/shows/have shown) 3. All the car doors_____ (was/were/has/is) locked. 4. Each and every girl ______sewing here.(learning/learn/learns) 5. Either of the students_____ (want/wants/nothing) to play. 6. Every one of the students_____ happy. (is/am/are) 7. His father, along with his sons, _____ gone to Pokhara. (has/have/are) 8. Kristina _____ (don’t/didn’t/doesn’t) write letter yesterday. 9. Lela doesn’t_____ (fried/fry/fries/had fried) onion. 10. The cost of fruits_____ (has/have/had) risen at present. 11. The earth_____ (move/moves/moved) round the sun. 12. The effects of crimes _____ likely to be devastating. (is/are/have) 13. The given data _____incorrect. (is/am/are) 14. A letter of sympathy___ (is/are/were) sent to someone who has had an accident. 15. A lot of money_____ (has/have/are) been spent for the party. 16. Each door _____ of different colour. (is/are/were) 17. Either Ram or Mohan_____ (has/have/had) taken purse. 18. Everybody _____ to be victorious.(want / wants) 19. I knew him but he______. (don’t, doesn’t, didn’t) 20. I like tea but he_____ (don’t/doesn’t/didn’t) like it. 21. My sister works in a bank but I _____. (don’t, doesn’t, didn’t) 22. Neither of these students _____ (is/are/has) honest. 23. Never_____ (smoke/smokes/smoked) in this room. 24. Ram does not_____ (hear/heard/hears) the notice. 25. She likes oranges but she_____ (likes/doesn’t like/didn’t like/liked) apples. 26. She’d not_____ (meet/met/meets/meeting) you. 27. The government _____ announced free education. (has/have/will) 28. The jury_____ it.(have decided/has decided/have decided) 29. The leader with his workers _____ the village.(has visited/have visited/are visiting) 30. The majority of the people _____ against the decision. (is/are/was/were) 31. The poet and writer _____ busy in writing. (is/are/were) 32. The police _____ recently caught the criminals.(has/have/had) 33. The poor _____ given shelter. (is/are/am) 34. The price of all food items _____ increased in double.(has/have). 35. Why didn’t you_____ (buy/buys/buying) any gift? 36. Why_____ (doesn’t/isn’t/hasn’t/don’t) you call the police? 37. Acoustics _____ not taught here. (is/am/are) 38. All these tables_____ (looks/look/looking) very shiny. 39. Billiards _____ my best game. (is/am/are) 40. Haven’t you _____ (find/found/finds/finding) the answer yet? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 53

C. Select the correct form of the verb to complete the given sentences. 1. I bought some files yesterday but my friend did not_____ (buy/buys/bought) any. 2. I have not _____ (do/does/done) my homework. 3. I love music but my father_____. (don’t, doesn’t, didn’t) 4. Is she_____ (waits/wait/waiting) now? 5. Neither of them _____ hard. (study/studies) 6. Sudan plays the guitar but he_____ (do not /does not) play the piano. 7. The examination_____ (come/comes/is coming) nearer. 8. The old beggar_____ (dies/died/had died) yesterday. 9. The principal and the coordinator _____ coming. (is/are/have been) 10. The water of these rivers _____very dirty.( is/am/are/have) 11. There _____ a temple in the jungle. (is/are/was/were) 12. They have some money and so_____ (do/am/have) I. 13. They were good boys and so_____ (is/did/was) he. 14. Thirty dollars _____ not have much value for the rich. (do/does/is) 15. Thousands meters_____ (make/makes/have making) a kilometer. 16. Three parts of the business_____ (is/are/have been) left for me. 17. Twenty dollars_____ (is/am/are/have) too much to pay for an ordinary shirt. 18. Twenty rupees_____ enough for this pen. (is/are/was/were) 19. Twenty students in the room_____ (are/is/was/have) studying. 20. Two and two_____ (make/makes/making) four. 21. We_____ (are/is/were/was) not reading yesterday. 22. We_____ (reads/read/has read/are reading) at the moment. 23. You have not_____ (see/saw/seen) it before. 24. A golden retriever ___ one of those dogs that _____always faithful. (is/am/are) 25. Aman and Eroj _____ to the beach to surf with their friends. (go/goes) 26. All of my goals ___ being met and surpassed. (is/am/are) 27. Almost all of the newspaper ____ devoted to advertisements. (is/am/are) 28. At the end of the story, they ___ living happily ever after. (was/were/have) 29. Each of the vacation homes _____furnished with pots and pans. (is/am/are) 30. Either Gupta or I ___responsible for allocating the funds. (is/am/are) 31. Every one of the dancers ____very limber. (is/am/are) 32. Five dollars ____ all I have to my name. (is/am/are) 33. His dogs, which ___kept outside, bark all day long. (is/am/are) 34. Our staff members ____ very smart. (is/am/are) 35. Is it possible that John, as well as his family, ___ missing? (is/am/are) 36. My problem, which is minor, ____ a great significance. (has/have) 37. Neither of the lawyers _____willing to take the case. (is/am/are) 38. Neither she nor they ___ willing to predict the election results. (was/were) 39. None of them ___ coming home tonight. (is/am/are) 40. None of this ___ your business. (is/am/are) 54 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Select the correct form of the verb to complete the given sentences. 1. One-third of the city ____ experiencing a blackout tonight. (is/am/are) 2. Eating a lot ____ you fat. (make / makes) 3. Taxes on interest ____ still deferrable. (is/am/are) 4. The anguish of the victims ____ gone unnoticed. (have/has) 5. The folder, not the letters, ____ misplaced. (was/were) 6. The group of children from that school ____ never seen the ocean. (have/has) 7. The majority of the state ____ Republican. (is/am/are) 8. The mother duck, along with all her ducklings, ____ so gracefully. (swim/swims) 9. The original document, as well as subsequent copies, ___ lost. (was/were) 10. The teacher or student ____ going to appear on stage first. (is/am/are) 11. There ___ maps hanging on the walls. (is/am/are) 12. Three-fourths of the pies ____ been eaten. (has/have) 13. Does anyone else ___ to ask questions? (want/wants) 14. Everyone ___ a chance to be there. (has/have) 15. Someone ___ crying for help. (is/am/are) 16. No one ____ selected for the tournament. (is/am/are) 17. Everybody ___ that I am a teacher. (know/knows) 18. ____ there anybody who can solve this problem? (Is/Am/Are) 19. Nobody ___ the truth here. (speak/speaks) 20. Somebody _____been locked there inside the toilet. (has/have) 21. Everything ___ perishable. (is/am/are) 22. Nothing _____ to them apart from their work. (matter/matters) 23. There ___ something to communicate between us. (is/am/are) 24. Each day ___ a special day for him. (is/am/are) 25. Every student ___ to be punctual at their work. (has/have) Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. altimeter measurement of electrical resistance 2. calorimeter measurement of light 3. chronometer measurement of rainfall 4. clinometer measurement of body temperature 5. electrometer measurement of altitude 6. manometer measurement of heat 7. ohmmeter measurement of time 8. photometer measurement of slopes 9. pluviometer measurement of electrical potential 10. thermometer measurement of the pressure of gases and liquids Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 55

SENTESNENCTEENTCERTARANNSSFOORRMMATAIOTNION Read the following story. It wasn’t easy to take care of Nima. What a strange person she was! She was always doing strange things and the other children would laugh. I used to feel so ashamed of her. But it really wasn’t her fault. Although she is older than I am and taller, she can’t do many things. She can’t read or write. What she calls writing is just wild scribble across the page. Whenever I am with my friends she wants to be with us. My mother has to go out to work so that leaves just me and said, “Stay at home,” and “Look after her.” “She is your sister! Take care of her properly. If you don’t who will? I’ve got to go out to work, otherwise what are we going to eat?” Mother used to say. Well, that was true. Ever since Father died, life hadn’t been very easy for Mother and I guess I hadn’t made things any easier, grumbling about having to keep an eye on Nima and all that! What an awkward situation I was facing! She always wanted to join our games. Then, she’d make a mess of things because she really didn’t understand any of the games. She didn’t keep the rules because she really didn’t know them. We’d let her play to stop her from crying, but then she’d break a rule and if we said “go out” she’d begin to cry again. My friends, Rita, Mona and others used to get really mad, not just at her but at me as well. Then, I would lose my temper and walk off, with Nima crying and stumbling behind me in her attempt to keep up with my strides. And mother would be there, watching us from the kitchen window. “Haven’t you any feeling? Can’t you see she feels hurt and left out? It isn’t her fault!” Then mother would comfort her. And I would feel bad. A sentence is a set of words that expresses a complete thought. It must have a subject and a verb, but it may or may not have an Do you object. A sentence that makes a statement begins with a capital letter Know? and ends with a period. There are mainly four kinds of sentences in English language. They are declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative. Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given story. a. Was it easy to take care of Nima? b. What was she always doing? c. What can’t she do? d. What did her mother use to say? e. What did she always want to do? 56 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Listening Practice Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Assertive Negative Interrogative Do I help them? I help them. I do not help them. Do we cut grass? Do you clean your mouth? We cut grass. We do not cut grass. Does he drink water? Does she wash her clothes? You clean your mouth. You do not clean your mouth. Does it smell bad? Do they need a car? He drinks water. He does not drink water. She washes her clothes. She does not wash her clothes. It smells bad. It does not smell bad. They need a car. They do not need a car. Grammar Focus: Types of Sentences 1. A declarative or Affirmative sentence makes a statement. Narmada studies in the UK. The students are swimming. I will be there soon. 2. An interrogative sentence asks a question about person thing or reason. Are you going swimming today? What is the name of this school? Where are the players? 3. An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise or strong feeling or emotion of an individual. How stupid person he is! What a beautiful flower it is! What a lovely weather ! 4. An imperative sentence gives an order. Don’t go too near the forest. Let him compose a song. Never hurt your friends. Please have a sit. G ramTmellamr Feothceust:ruStehn.t enc e T ransformatWioanit for me, please. A sentence that has an auxiliary verb takes 'NOT' instantly after the auxiliary verb when it is changed into negative and auxiliary verb comes at the initial position of the sentence when it is changed into interrogative. He has learnt a grammar lesson. (Statement) He hasn’t learnt a grammar lesson. (Negative) Has he learnt a grammar lesson? (Interrogative) We are playing football. (Statement) We are not playing football. (Negative) Are we playing football? (Interrogative) They will visit temple tomorrow. (Statement) They won't visit temple tomorrow. (Negative) Will they visit temple tomorrow? (Interrogative) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 57

If there is a main verb in a sentence, auxiliary verbs DO, DID and DOES are used for V1, V2 and V5 respectively while changing them into negative and interrogative. They have their dance class at 12 am. (Statement) They don’t have their dance class at 12 am. (Negative) Do they have their dance class at 12 am? (Interrogative) I lost my bicycle yesterday. (Statement) I didn’t lose my bicycle yesterday. (Negative) Did I lose my bicycle yesterday? (Interrogative) Krish speaks English well. (Statement) Krish does not speak English well. (Negative) Does Krish speak English well? (Interrogative) When HAVE (Has, have and had) verb means possession, DO verb is used for transformation. Lalita has a beautiful daughter. (Statement) Lalit does not have a beautiful daughter. (Negative) Does Lalit have a beautiful daughter? (Interrogative) We have a beautiful swimming pool in our house. (Statement) We don’t have a beautiful swimming pool in our house. (Negative) Do we have a beautiful swimming pool in our house? (Interrogative) Guna had a beautiful car. (Statement) Guna did not have a beautiful car. (Negative) Did Guna have a beautiful car? (Interrogative) Sentences containing HAS TO / HAVE TO and HAD TO take DOES, DO and DID for transformation. A merchant has to be insistent in today's practical market.(Statement) A merchant doesn’t to be insistent in today's practical market. (Negative) Does a merchant have to be insistent in today's practical market? (Interrogative) We have to submit the report on time. (Statement) We don’t have to submit the report on time. (Negative) Do we have to submit the report on time? (Interrogative) You had to meet us. (Statement) You did not have to meet us. (Negative) Did you have to meet us? (Interrogative) Transformation of Imperative sentences Sing a song. (Imperative) Don’t sing a song. (Negative) Will you sing a song? (Interrogative) Let me tell you a story. (Imperative) Don’t let me tell you a story. (Negative) Will you let me tell you a story? (Interrogative) Let’s have a party tomorrow. (Imperative) Let’s not have a party tomorrow. (Negative) Shall we have a party tomorrow? (Interrogative) 58 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Grammar Focus: Transformation of sentences into negatives Affirmative Negative a few / very few not many a lot of/enough much (uncountable), any (elsewhere) all none already/just/lately/recently yet always/ever never and so and neither any of/some of/most of none of anyone no one/none-object as soon as no sooner…. than as … as …not so either ….or… neither …nor… everyone no one/none if unless must need not (necessity), must not (prohibition) often/usually seldom only/alone none but some no (in the beginning) somebody nobody someone no one something nothing sometimes never (negative), ever (question) still any longer/anymore too/also/as well either Examples Negative Not many students learn French now. Affirmative He didn’t buy any cakes. Very few students learn French now. None of them are well-dressed boys. He bought a lot of cakes. I haven’t passed my driving test yet. All of them are well-dressed boys. She never manages her hair. I have already passed my driving test. I didn’t write a story and neither did he. She always manages her hair. None of hem are naughty. I wrote a story and so did he. Noone can do it. Some of them are naughty. Anyone can do it. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 59

As soon as I saw her, she ran away. No sooner I saw her than she ran away. Nilam is as clever as Nisha. Nilam is not so clever as Nisha. Either he or his friends are good. Neither he nor his friends are good. Everyone is worried about you. No one is worried about you. If you there, you will see me. Unless you go there, you won’t see me. You must go there. You need not go there. They often/usually complain about him. They seldom complain about him. Only I solved that problem. None but I solved that problem. Some boys will go to the zoo next Friday. No boys will go to the zoo next Friday. Somebody was knocking at the door. Nobody was knocking at the door. Someone has called us. No one has called us. Something is required for us. Nothing is required for us. They sometimes go for movies. They never go for movies. They are still working. They are not working any longer. She likes mangoes, too. She doesn’t like mangoes, either. A. Change the following sentences into negative and affirmative. Affirmative Negative Interrogative He eats an apple. He is eating an apple. He has eaten an apple. He has been eating an apple. He ate an apple. He was eating an apple. He had eaten an apple. He had been eating an apple. He will eat an apple. He will be eating an apple. He will have eaten an apple. He will have been eating an apple. B. Change the following sentences into negative and affirmative. Affirmative Negative Interrogative I compose a song. I am composing a song. I have composed a song. 60 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

I have been composing a song. I composed a song. I was composing a song. I had composed a song. I had been composing a song. I will compose a song. I will be composing a song. I will have composed a song. I will have been composing a song. I am going to compose a song C. Change the following sentences into negative and affirmative. Affirmative Negative Interrogative The cat drinks milk. The cat is drinking milk. The cat has drunk milk. The cat has been drinking milk. The cat drank milk. The cat was drinking milk. The cat had drunk milk. The cat had been drinking milk. The cat will drink milk. The cat will be drinking milk. The cat will have drunk milk. The cat will have been drinking milk. D. Underline subject and predicate in the following sentences. 1. Cars and buses were set ablaze during the riot. 2. We were flying above the clouds. 3. He turned to her, his eyes ablaze with anger. 4. We were ably assisted by a team of volunteers. 5. They thought his behaviour was abnormal. 6. Close the window, please. 7. The ship was blown off. 8. He was already aboard the plane. 9. The plane crashed, killing all 157 passengers aboard. 10. We were served the most abominable coffee. 11. Smoking is injurious to our health. 12. Slow and steady wins the race. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 61

E. Change the following sentences into negative and affirmative. 1. Am I reading your paper? 2. Am I sitting in the right place? 3. Are Anne and Maria waiting for the bus? 4. Are the children playing football? 5. Are your parents staying here? 6. Can you enjoy yourself? 7. Could your brothers work all day? 8. Did he call you in the function? 9. Did they work in a factory? 10. Did we learn any lesson from that accident 11. Do you go to school on Saturdays? 12. Do you like this school? 13. Do you speak Italian? 14. Does he know London well? 15. Does Susan drive to work? 16. Does the dog sleep in your bedroom? 17. Does your brother miss you? 18. Had she told you anything? 19. Had the film started at six o’clock? 20. Has he driven you to school? 21. Has he finished reading poetry? 22. Have you come to work by bike? 23. Have you needed any money? 24. Is John watching television? 25. Is Mary listening to the CD player? 26. Is she coming now? 27. Is your mother watching television? 28. Might Paul swim for the school team? 29. Was he living in an apartment? 30. Was she swimming with you? 31. Were they planning to buy a computer? 32. Were you there in the party? 33. Does he study well? 34. Are you living in the village? 35. Can you type this email? 36. Was he singing a song? 37. Will you marry me? 38. Would he play cricket? 39. Are you ready for the party? 40. Could he dance? 62 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

F. Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative. 1. The new regulations will work to our advantage. 2. I can affirm that they may lose their job. 3. These medicines are safe to take. 4. The money goes the children. 5. Military intervention aggravates the conflict even further. 6. You want to go on the trip. 7. There is some hope that things will improve. 8. Students learn at different rates. 9. Forgive him for what he has done. 10. He will call you after he has spoken to them. 11. It will probably take ages to find a parking space. 12. You will have to abide by the rules of the club. 13. Warships accompany the convoy. 14. We must accomplish our objectives. 15. Clean your mouth. 16. The salary is fixed according to qualifications and experience. 17. Institutions that meet the standards will be accredited for teacher training. 18. Interest will accrue if you keep your money in a savings account. 19. All applications will be acknowledged. 20. Families will be better off under the new law. 21. They are meeting at the agreed time. 22. It is getting late to go to the party. 23. We shall be visiting the Taj Mahal at this time next week. 24. We will have completed our examination by next Friday this month. 25. He has just had his lunch with me. 26. He had had his medicine on time. 27. I have already submitted my project work. 28. He had been writing a story whole day yesterday. 29. Tony can sing a song like a professional singer. 30. I could suggest him if he asked me. 31. They used to go for morning walk every day. 32. She must go there at any cost. 33. It might affect the health of the villagers adversely. 34. You need to be very cautious about this problem. 35. I have been to the Alps many times before. 36. Nita does her every work without any fault. 37. Our school starts at 9 in the morning. 38. He always practices baseball for 2 hours. 39. Joe had his lunch in a very fine restaurant. 40. I have a lot of money at the moment. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 63

G. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. 1. Do it slowly and carefully. (negative) 2. Does he go to school every day? (affirmative) 3. Drink that dirty water. (negative) 4. Either Roman or his friends come here. (negative) 5. Either you or she is responsible for this accident. (negative) 6. He forgets my name. (negative) 7. He comes here every day. (interrogative) 8. He didn’t go to school. (affirmative) 9. She has fallen off her bike. (interrogative) 10. He has not visited India yet. (affirmative) 11. He has to come here. (negative) 12. He must answer the letter. (negative) 13. I bought no apples. (affirmative) 14. I fell off my bike. (interrogative) 15. I have my meal at eight. (interrogative) 16. I like mangoes too. (negative) 17. I visit my parents very often. (negative) 18. Let’s go home. (interrogative) 19. None of the boys has a copy. (affirmative) 20. Nothing has happened. (affirmative) 21. Rita had a car. (negative) 22. She always goes to school. (interrogative) 23. She comes from Germany. (interrogative) 24. She hasn’t passed the SLC yet. (affirmative) 25. She loves him too. (negative) 26. She wrote a letter. (interrogative) 27. Someone stole my book. (interrogative) 28. Sunita has a kite. (negative) 29. The car costs a lot. (interrogative) 30. The couple has a naughty son. (interrogative) 31. The curry tastes bitter. (interrogative) 32. There wasn’t much milk. (affirmative) 33. They have to run fast. (negative) 34. They seldom visit the zoo. (affirmative) 35. We do it well. (interrogative) 36. We have a very cooperative family in our locality. (interrogative) 37. We have solved the problem. (negative) 38. We need a box. (negative) 39. Will she be available this afternoon? (affirmative) 40. You need not go to bazaar. (affirmative) 64 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

H. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. 1. She goes to work by car. (interrogative ) 2. We watch television every night. (negative) 3. He doesn't walk to work every day. (affirmative) 4. She plays football every Saturday. (interrogative) 5. He washes his car every week. (interrogative) 6. They live in Australia. ( interrogative ) 7. They go to school by bus. (interrogative) 8. Does she finish her work at five o'clock? (affirmative) 9. He goes to the cinema on Fridays. (interrogative) 10. I am from Africa. (negative) 11. Does he live in this street? (affirmative) 12. He works in a restaurant. ( interrogative ) 13. She gets up at five o'clock. (interrogative ) 14. They eat a lot. (negative) 15. Does he work here? (affirmative) 16. She's watching television now. (interrogative) 17. He isn't staying at this hotel.(affirmative) 18. I have already read it. (negative) 19. They're working.(interrogative) 20. He's writing a letter. (interrogative) 21. He hasn't called me yet. (affirmative) 22. He won't call me. (affirmative) 23. She's studying at the moment. (interrogative) 24. They will have finished it by tomorrow. (negative) 25. You're reading my newspaper. (interrogative) 26. She's writing a letter.(interrogative) 27. They're not playing football. (affirmative) 28. He's listening to the radio. (interrogative) 29. You're playing football. (interrogative) 30. Did she help you yesterday? (affirmative) 31. Are you looking for me now? (affirmative) 32. Does he sing songs daily? (affirmative) 33. Do they work hard? (affirmative) 34. Anil generally drives a van. (negative) 35. He's talking to Mary. (interrogative) Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. acrophobia fear of women 2. claustrophobia fear of poisons 3. demophobia fear of strangers 4. entomophobia fear of animals 5. erotophobia fear of heights 6. gametophobia fear of confined spaces 7. gynophobia fear of crowds 8. iophobia fear of insects 9. xenophobia fear of sexual feelings 10. zoophobia fear of marriage Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 65

TENSE Read the following texts. Hand puppets fit over the hand, somewhat like a glove. People operate them by moving their wrist and fingers. The forefinger usually operates the head. The thumb and second finger operate the two arms. They are the easiest puppets to control. When these puppets appear on a stage, the puppeteers usually work below the stage. They lift the puppets up to the stage. The dummies of most ventriloquists are hand puppets. They generally fit over the ventriloquist’s hand and arm. Homeopathy started with a German physician named Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. Hahnemann did an experiment on himself with quinine, a medicine that had been used successfully to treat malaria. Hahnemann found that large doses of quinine gave him the symptoms of malaria, even though he did not have the disease. He then reasoned that any drug that produces symptoms of a disease in a healthy person might be used to treat that disease. He experimented with drugs on other healthy people to prove his finding. Maya will stay at home tomorrow. She will go to temple in the morning. She will take bath in the afternoon. She will do her homework and play with her brother. In the evening, she will go out with her father. She will have a nice time ahead tomorrow. Do you The given texts represent present, past and future tenses. Know? Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given texts. a. How many tenses are there in English? b. Which tense does the first text represent? c. Which tense does the second text represent? d. Which tense does the third text represent? e. What verbs in the text represent present tense? f. What verbs in the text represent past tense? g. What verbs in the text represent future tense? Listening Practice sub + v1/v5 + obj sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj Repeat these structures after your teacher. sub + has/have + v3 + obj Simple Present sub + has/have + been +v4 + obj Present Continuous sub + v2 + obj Present Perfect sub + was/were + v4 + obj Present Perfect Continuous sub + had + v3 + obj Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect 66 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Past Perfect Continuous sub + had + been v4 + obj Simple Future sub + will/shall +v1 + obj Future Continuous sub + will/shall +be + v4 + obj Future Perfect sub + will/shall +have + v3 + obj Future Perfect Continuous sub + will/shall +have + been + v4 + obj Grammar Focus: Simple Present Tense Read the following description. The moon spins on its axis like the earth. The earth takes a day to spin on its axis. The moon takes over 27 days to spin on its axis. It takes the same amount of time to circle the earth once. This is why we always see the moon from the same side. People say the craters look like a face. They call it ‘the man in the moon’. The moon has no light of its own. It reflects the light of the sun. The moon has a day and night side. We see the moon from different angles. We see the full day side of the moon for only part of each month. The rest of the time, we see part of the moon. We can only see the moon when the sky is reasonably clear of cloud. In the given description, the coloured words are in simple present tense. Simple present tense tells us about the things that are permanently true. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I, We, You, They like tea. He, She likes tea. I, We, You, They do not like tea. He, She does not like tea. Do I, we, you, they like tea? Does he, she like tea? Affirmative Sub+V1/V5+Obj Negative Sub+ do/does+not+ V1+ +obj Interrogative Do/Does +sub + obj +? SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS USED: a. to express universal, general truths. The earth rotates round the sun. The sun sets in the west. Water flows down. b. to express habitual actions, regular actions. I always go to temple. He never has wine. She takes a glass of milk every morning. c. to express scheduled future actions, future actions with present time table. I take 7 o'clock plane tomorrow. The bus leaves at 8 pm. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 67

d. to express English proverbs and quotations. All that glitters is not gold. Man is mortal. Honesty is the best policy. e. to explain events in the live commentaries. The caption catches the ball and throws it again. f. to express timetable and travel management. The show starts at 7:30 am. The programme beigns at 10 am. g. in the sentence beginning with ‘here’ and ‘there’. Here comes the Prime Minister. There the bus goes. h. with simple future tense, in the clauses of cause and effect. If you work hard, you’ll get good result. If he comes to the party, we'll see him. i. to tell about someone’s job or profession. He works in a school. Rohit is an engineer. j. to describe events, situations or actions described in stories, dramas, fictions, films, etc. In Muna Madan, Madan dies on the way to home. At last the hero accepts her proposal. k. with the following adverbs: always, seldom, daily, usually, occasionally, hardly, now-a-days, rarely, sometimes, never, generally, frequently, often, every day, every week, every month, every year, once a week, twice a day, trice a month, whenever, after, every time, etc. Aryan frequently visits the temple. Harke always sleeps in the day time. We can see that elephant everytime we visit the zoo. Nisha barely drinks alcohol. The staffs go for a picnic once a year. Whenever I need money, I memorize you. Grammar Focus: Present Continuous Tense Read the following description. It is Tiffin time in school. The students are coming out of their class. They are walking in line and going to the canteen. The canteen workers are distributing Tiffin for them. Now, they are taking their Tiffin together. The teachers are supervising them. The teachers are also having Tiffin together with the students. Some students are playing table tennis and some of them are reading books in the library. The bell rings and the students along with their teachers are going to their class. In the given description, the coloured words are in present continuous tense. Present continuous tense describes the things that are happening or existing for a period of time without interruption. Let’s observe the following table: 68 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I am drinking tea. We, You, They are drinking tea. He, She is drinking tea. I am not drinking tea. We, You, They are not drinking tea. Am I drinking tea? Are we, you, they drinking tea? Is he, she drinking tea? Affirmative Sub + is/am/are+ V4+obj Negative Sub + is/am/are + not+V4+obj Interrogative Is/Am/Are+sub+V4+obj+? PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE IS USED: a. for an action going on at the time of speaking. The students are playing in the ground. The cars are running on the way. b. for an action that is planned or arranged to take place in the near future. My sister is arriving on Saturday. They are going to Kathmandu next month. c. for a long- term process and development. The climate of the world is changing. The pollution in Kathmandu valley is growing day by day. d. for a changing situation. My health is getting poorer. He is getting grown-up. e. for a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking. We are reading a book of Devkota. Mr. Regmi is writing a book on grammar. The students are living in an apartment. I am taking tuition classes this month. f. after short expressions that draw attention like: Stop! Listen! Look! Don't disturb! Don't cross the road! After 'but today, but now', etc. Do not make a noise! The baby is sleeping. Hurry up! It is getting late. Look! The police are coming here. They always go to school on foot but today they are travelling by bus. g. with the following adverbs: now, still, at present, at the moment, at this time, this morning, afternoon, evening, next day, week, month, year, soon, in the near future, tomorrow morning, etc. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 69

The players are walking on the ground now. The old man is still sitting under the tree. They are organizing a party this evening. Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense Read the following dialogue. Anusa: Have you ever seen the Kathmandu Mall that’s just opened a quality shop. Aastha: Yes, I have. It has opened it recently, hasn't it? I haven't been in there yet. Anusa: I went there yesterday. It's really good. Look! I have bought some warm clothes. It is good for the winter. Have you ever travelled in winter? Aastha: No, I haven't travelled in the winter for ages actually. I've travelled in the summer, though. Anusa: Where have you gone so far? Aastha: I have been to Mustang many times. Anusa: I've been to Pokhara twice, but I've never been to Mustang, yet. It’s getting late. I’ve got to go early today. Bye, Aastha! Aastha: Bye, Anusa! In the above given dialogue, the cloured words are in present perfect tense. The present perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action done in a period up to the present. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I, We, You, They have drunk tea. He, She has drunk tea. I, We, You, They have not drunk tea. He, She has not drunk tea. Have I, we, you, they drunk tea? Has he, she, it drunk tea? Affirmative Sub + has/have+V3+obj Negative Sub + has/have+ not+ V3+obj Interrogative Has/Have+sub+V3+ obj+? PRESENT PERFECT TENSE IS USED: a. to denote a completed action in the recent past. I have just completed the work. She has just come from the USA. b. to denote recent past actions which have results in the present. Subash has played volleyball. (She is sweating) I have cut my finger. (It's bleeding) c. with 'since + point of time or for + period of time’ to denote an action beginning at sometime in the past and continuing up to the present moment. I haven't seen them for 10 years. I have joined the class for 3 months. 70 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

d. to express interesting incidents or experiences. I have seen a one-eye person. I have spent two months in Tansen. I have read the Geeta. e. for a new information or recent happening. The children have just arrived from the party. The principal has just resigned. f. with the following adverbs: already, recently, always, ever, lately, never, not + yet, just, today, this morning, since, for, all the time, etc. They have never seen the Alps. I have recently published a book. I have not written the document yet. g. This is the first time; it is the first time + Present Perfect. This is the first time I’ve seen him. It is the first time Krishal has travelled by plane. h. Present Perfect + Since + Simple Past. I haven’t met him since he passed the SEE. He hasn’t studied anywhere since he missed the annual exam. Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Continuous Tense Read the following dialogue and notice the use of present perfect continuous tense. Saroj: I have to go to my office early. There is a meeting today. Eroj: Are you conducting the meeting? Saroj: Yes, I’ve been conducting office meeting since last month. Eroj: Last month! I’ve been conducting office meeting for 2 years. Saroj: Well, you have to give me some ideas about it. What’ve you been doing for 2 years? Eroj: I’ve been learning the techniques of conducting effective meeting so far. But I am perfect now. You should have good communication skill for this. Saroj: That’s fine. I’ve been conducting meeting for five minutes only. Now I will learn much about it from you. Eroj: Well, I am ready to help you. In the above given dialogue, the coloured words are in present perfect continuous tense. The present perfect continuous tense is the form of verb that expresses an action that started somewhere in the past and is continuing up to now to the present. The action might continue up to the future too. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I , We, You, They have been drinking tea. He, She has been drinking tea. I, We, You, They have not been drinking tea. He, She has not been drinking tea. Have drinking tea? I, we, you, they been Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 71

Has he, she been drinking tea? Affirmative Sub +has/have +been +V4 + obj Negative Sub +has/have + not+been + V4 + obj Interrogative Has/Have +sub+ been +V4 + obj+? a. Present perfect continuous tense is used for an action this began at some time in the past and is still continuing. I have been waiting Rita for six hours. Ramchandra has been living in this village since his childhood. b. ‘Since +point of time', 'for +period of time + now', 'all +present time: all this morning, afternoon, evening, all this week, month, years’. I have been practicing dance all this morning. The students have been studying here since their early days. c. Used with these verbs: stay, live, wait, work, sleep, read, etc. I have been reading for ten hours. Mr. Arjun has been teaching here since 2016. Grammar Focus: Simple Past Tense Read the following description and notice the use of simple past tense. I only missed the bus by a few minutes. I was annoyed. Because I missed my bus, I had to wait for the next one. I had to wait for an hour and a half. I bought a cup of coffee and a newspaper. I found a chair to sit on. I drank my coffee and read the newspaper while I waited for the next bus. It was very frustrating. In the above given description, the coloured words are in simple past tense. The simple past tense is used to describe the completed actions in the past. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I, We, You, They drank tea. He, She drank tea. I, We, You, They did not drink tea. He, She did not drink tea. Did I, we, you, they drink tea? Did he, she drink tea? Affirmative Sub + V2 + obj Negative Sub + did+not+ V1 + obj Interrogative Did+ sub + V1 + obj+? 72 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

SIMPLE PAST TENSE IS USED: a. to denote an action completed in the past. Sabin’s father died of cancer last year. I pased the exam in 2057. b. to express past habits. My father went to temple every day. (But not now) Harke ran miles every morning. c. to express the historic events. Chandra Shumsher Built Tri-Chandra College. Devkota wrote Sakuntal. d. with when clause. When his father came in, he started watching TV. When the bell rang, the teacher started his class. e. with the following adverbials: Yesterday, ago, last night, week, day, month, year, century, in the past, in + past time, just now, a few minutes ago, long time ago, three days ago, when, while, until, before, after, once, as soon as, 2005, etc. I lost my bag last year. They visited the City Center yesterday. Grammar Focus: Past Continuous Tense Read the following description. At playtime it was raining so they stayed in. Mrs. Regmi was sitting at her desk, frowning. She was sipping her mug of coffee slowly, taking each sip into her mouth and swilling it round, then sucking it back through her teeth with a sharp intake. Chirikaji was looking at his teacher. Everyone was looking up each other and Chirikaji was still staring at his teacher. When Chirikaji looked back up, no-one was looking at him any longer. They were reading their comics or playing games. They were doing their own work. As they were not planning to leave soon, Chirikaji was planning to move. However, the rain was still pouring down outside. In the above given description, coloured words are in past continuous tense. Past continuous tense describes the things that were happening or existing for a period of time without interruption in the past. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I was drinking tea. We, You, They were drinking tea. He, She was drinking tea. I was not drinking tea. We, You, They were not drinking tea. Was I drinking tea? Were we, you, they drinking tea? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 73

Was he, she, drinking tea? Affirmative Sub +was/were +V4+ obj Negative Sub +was/were +not+V4+ obj Interrogative Was/Were +sub+V4+ obj+? PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE IS USED: a. to denote an action going at sometime in the past. I was washing clothes all morning yesterday. It was raining all day on Saturday. b. to refer to a temporary situation in the past. Ajita was living with her uncle yesterday. We were taking extra classes all last year. c. with while clause. The phone rang while I was watching TV. d. It often occurs with ' all +past time' all day yesterday, all last night , Sunday, week, month year, at this time yesterday, at this moment yesterday, etc. He was travelling by plane at this time yesterday. We were painting the fence all day yesterday. Grammar Focus: Past Perfect Tense Read the following description and notice the use of past perfect tense. Mira lay on her bed and stared at the ceiling. She was depressed. Her boyfriend Mohan had gone on holiday with his brother the day before. He hadn't invited Mira to go with him. He hadn't even said goodbye properly. And everything had been going so well. What had she done wrong? In the above given description, coloured words are in past perfect tense. The past perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action done in a period in the past. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb drunk I, We, You, They had drunk tea. not drunk tea. He, She had not drunk tea. drunk tea. I, We, You, They had drunk tea? Sub +had +V3 + obj tea? He, She had Sub +had +not+V3 + obj Had +sub+V3 + obj+? Had I, we, you, they Had he, she, it Affirmative Negative Interrogative 74 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

a. Past perfect tense is used to denote an action completed before a certain moment in the past. They had met him in Kathmandu in 2005. We had seen him last three years before. b. It is also used to show which of two actions in the past happened earlier than the other. They went home after they had completed the work. We had completed the work before we went home. When he reached home, his father had already died. c. Simple past for 2nd action, past perfect for 1st action The thieves had flown away when the police arrived there. d. As soon as +past perfect simple past (If two actions happen in the past one after another) As soon as he had completed his work, he went for lunch. Grammar Focus: Past Perfect Continuous Tense The past perfect continuous tense is the form of verb that expresses an action that started somewhere in the past and was continuing up some point of time in the past. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Main Verb Object Verb I, We, You, They had been drinking tea. He, She had been drinking tea. I, We, You, They had not been drinking tea. He, She had not been drinking tea. Had I, we, you, they been drinking tea? Had he, she been drinking tea? Affirmative Sub +had +been +V4 + obj Negative Sub +had + not+ been +V4 + obj Interrogative Had +sub+ been +V4 + obj+? This tense is used for an action that began at certain point in the past and continued up to that time. When I came here two years ago, Mr. Arjun had already been working there for six months. He had been trying to get her on the phone. Grammar Focus: Simple Future Tense The simple future tense is the time that will come after the present or the event that will happen then. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I, We, You, They will drink tea. He, She, It will drink tea. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 75

I, We, You, They will not drink tea. He, She, It will Will I, we, you, they not drink tea. Will he, she Affirmative drink tea? Negative Interrogative drink tea? Sub +shall/will +V1 +obj Sub +shall/will +not+V1 +obj Shall/Will +sub+V1 +obj+? a. This tense is used for an action that has still to take place. I will go to Kathmandu next month. She will be married soon. b. It is used with 'If clause' If it rains, I will stay at home. If I pass the exam, I will join college. c. I (don’t) think, I (don’t) expect, I am sure, probably + Simple Future Tense. I expect he will surely pass the exam. I am sure we will win the match. I don’t think Neema will come to us. d. It is used with the following time adverbials: soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next time, day, week, month, year, in a few minutes, days, weeks, months, years, etc. She will go to Bangladesh tomorrow. I will finish this work in a couple of days. Grammar Focus: Future Continuous Tense The future continuous tense is the time that expresses an ongoing action at a certain point in the future. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I, We, You, They will be drinking tea. He, She will be drinking tea. I, We, You, They will not be drinking tea. He, She will not be drinking tea. Will I, we, you, they be drinking tea? Will he, she, be drinking tea? Affirmative Sub +shall/will +be +V4 +obj Negative Sub +shall/will +not+ be +V4 +obj Interrogative Shall/Will +sub+ be +V4 +obj+? 76 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

a. It is used for an action going on at some time in future. We will be reading books all the morning tomorrow. b. It is used for future events that are planned. I will be talking to them next week. c. It is used with following adverbials: at this time tomorrow, at this moment tomorrow, etc. He will be reading in the class at this time tomorrow. They will be playing cricket at this moment tomorrow. Grammar Focus: Future Perfect Tense The future perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action completed before a particular point in the future. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb I, We, You, They will have drunk tea. He, She will have drunk tea. I, We, You, They will not have drunk tea. He, She will not have drunk tea. Will I, we, you, they have drunk tea? Will he, she have drunk tea? Affirmative Sub +shall/will +have +V3 + obj Negative Sub +shall/will + not + have +V3 + obj Interrogative Shall/Will +sub+ have +V3 + obj+? a. It is used to indicate the completion of action by a certain future time. We will have finished the work by tomorrow. By 2018, she will have passed the exam. Before you go to see him, he will have left home. I will have written a novel before January. b. By + time, before + time, in + period of time. They will have finished their higher studies by 2020. He will have finished painting before 2 o’clock. Tulsi will have finished her nursing in three years time. Grammar Focus: Future Perfect Continuous Tense Let’s observe the following table: This tense expresses a continued or ongoing action that will start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future. Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Main Verb Verb I, We, You, will have been drinking tea. They He, She will have been drinking tea. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 77

I, We, You, will not have been drinking tea. They not He, She will you, have been drinking tea. have been drinking tea? Will I, we, they Will he, she have been drinking tea? Affirmative Sub +shall/will +have +been +V4 + obj Negative Sub +shall/will +not+ have +been +V4 + obj Interrogative Shall/Will +sub + have +been +V4 + obj+?  'By, before + future time' and 'for+ period of time' By next year, he will have been teaching in the school for three years.  'In + period of time' and 'for + period of time' In two months, we will have been learning computer for a year. Grammar Focus: Going to Future Tense This tense expresses an action that is going to take place in near future. Let’s observe the following table: Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb We, You, They are going to drink tea. I am going to drink tea. He, She is going to drink tea. We, You, They are not going to drink tea. I am not going to drink tea. He, She is not going to drink tea. Are we, you, they going to drink tea? Am I going to drink tea? Is he, she going to drink tea? Affirmative Sub + is/am/are + going to + V1 + obj Negative Sub + is/am/are + not+ going to + V1 + obj Interrogative Is/Am/Are + sub+ going to + V1 + obj+?  Used to express intention. He is going to be a driver. We are going to have three apples.  Used to describe that something is beyond our control. Gupta is going to die. The wall is going to fall.  Used for planned action. Sanam is going out. He is going to post some letters. 78 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

 Used without a time expression. Ritu is going to lend me her umbrella. Grammar Focus: Summary of all Tenses SIMPLE She played She plays She will paly yesterday. everyday. again tomorrow. PROGRESSIVE She was playing She is playing She will be playing at 9 AM this morning. right now. at 6 PM tonight. PERFECT 12 12 12 When she retired, So, far, When she retires, she she had played she has played will have played all all her life. all her life. her life. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 12 12 12 When she retired, She has been playing When she retires, she will have been playing she had been playing for 40 years. for 40 years. for 40 years. Grammar Focus: Tense Contrasts A. When+ simple present, simple present/future First action-when clause Second action-main clause that is the result of first action When the teacher goes to the class, the students greet him. When I give them sweets, they will be happy. B. When + simple past, past continuous First action-main clause that has already been started Second action-when clause that interrupts the first action When the teacher entered the class, the students were running. He telephoned me, when I was watching TV. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 79

C. When/by the time+ simple past, past perfect First action-main clause in which one action had already completed before another started Second action-when clause When the teacher entered the class, the students had already gone out. By the time I reached the station, the bus had already left. D. While + past continuous , simple past First action-while clause Second action-main clause While it was snowing, they started their journey to Mustang. While they were discussing, I drew a picture. E. Simple past + after, that, what, as soon as + past perfect First action-another clause Second action-main clause He arrived at the station after the bus had gone. Ram started crying as soon as he had heard of his brother's accident. F. Past perfect + by the time, before, until + simple past First action-main clause Second action-another clause The train had gone before Roman arrived at the station. The patient had died before the doctor examined him. G. If/unless + simple present, simple future: to talk about particular time in future If he does n’t study, he’ll fail the exam. Unless you write to me, I won’t write to you. H. As/when +simple past, simple past: one action caused another action As I threatened Rashma, she started crying. When I saw the principal, I hid inside the house. Kritika fell down when I pushed her. I. While + past continuous, past continuous: two actions are happening at the same time While I was singing, my brother was watching TV. The class was going on while we were composing a song. J. Going to/Present Continuous + time word It is often possible to use either tense: I'm seeing them tomorrow. I'm going to see them tomorrow. The going to future is very common, especially in conversation. If there is doubt about which of the two futures to use, it is better to use going to. With the verbs go and come, it is better to use the present continuous. Present continuous + time word is generally used for plans arranged for a particular time in the future. 80 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Grammar Focus: Common Errors The baby is sleeping for three hours. The baby has been sleeping for three hours. Alex has sent out applications last month. Alex sent out applications last month. Today, Ratna Park was one of the most Today, R atna Park is one of the most popular popular of all the parks. of all the parks. My comment hurted her feelings. My comment hurt her feelings. She flied to Los Angeles for New Year. She flew to Los Angeles for New Year. I confuse about what you just said. I am confused about what you just said. The student were asking question. The students were asking questions. You should seek advices when you are You should seek advice when you are making making an important decision. an important decision. It is raining for two days. It has been raining for two days. I have seen him yesterday. I saw him yesterday. He has returned from London last week. He returned from London last week. I will call you when the dinner will be ready. I will call you when the dinner is ready. He will help if you will ask him. He will help if you ask him. I had been to New York recently. I went to New York recently. I had written to him last week. I wrote to him last week. He said that he was suffering from fever for He said that he had been suffering from fever three days. for three days. A. Change the following sentences into different aspects of tense. Tense Sentences Sentences Simple Present He drives a bus. She teaches students. Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perf. Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 81

B. Change the following sentences into different aspects of tense. Tense Sentences Sentences Simple Present The villagers plant trees. His father works in office. Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perf. Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Going to Future C. Change the following sentences into different aspects of tense. Tense Sentences Sentences Simple Present She polishes her shoes. The dog eats bones. Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Going to Future 82 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Put the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences. 1. I (phone) Mary when we (get) to San Francisco. 2. (You be) at home tomorrow? 3. After he had passed class 9, he (join) class 10. 4. After I (visit) the hospital, I (go) and see her parents. 5. Alba (not see) me since 2010. 6. An honest man often (speak) the truth. 7. Anita (stay) at hotels before buying a house. 8. As I was going to school I (meet) my friend. 9. As she saw a snake she (scream). 10. As soon as they (phone) me, I (contact) you. 11. Before the policeman came, the thief (run away). 12. Before they met me they (phone) me. 13. Biren wishes he (have) wings. 14. Brinda is absent today. He (be) ill. 15. By six o’ clock, they (sleep) for eight hours. 16. By the time Ram comes here, I (finish) my homework. 17. Don't touch that! You (hurt) yourself! 18. Don't worry. I (pay) for the damage to your car. 19. Good students always (work) hard. 20. Riya (go) to school every day. 21. He (not do) anything before you (tell) him to. 22. I (finish) this book in a few days. 23. I (finish) this when I (be) at the office. 24. I (give) it to them when they (visit) us. 25. I (not send) the parcel until I (hear) from you. 26. Alan always (take) taxi to his office. 27. My wife always (cook) food in the kitchen. 28. Our class teacher never (come) late in the class. 29. Rain (fall) from the sky. 30. She (do) her homework before she (go) out. 31. Naina (visit) her parents before she (go) to the airport. 32. She (wash) her hand before every meal. 33. The earth (move) round the sun. 34. There (not be) any newspapers tomorrow. 35. Alisa and Anu (send) you the money before they (leave). 36. We always (sleep) at 10 o’ clock. 37. We usually (not go) to school on Saturdays. 38. When I (talk) to him, I (give) him your news. 39. When the principal entered into the class, all the students (stand) up. 40. You (be) very surprised when you (meet) him. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 83

E. Put the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences. 1. Sabita (give) me a book last year. 2. All students (go) home by tomorrow. 3. As he (touch) the wire he was electrocuted. 4. Before she was taken to hospital, she (die). 5. By 2 o’ clock I (wait) for you for 3 hours. 6. By next year I (study) in class eleven for a year. 7. My uncle often (visit) to us on Saturdays. 8. Hem (come) my house tomorrow morning. 9. I (brush) my teeth before tea. 10. I (call) you as soon as we (sign) the contract. 11. I (see) you before I (fly) to Paris. 12. I (send) you a postcard when I (get) to Bermuda. 13. Sunita always (study) at night. 14. Kamala (buy) a new sari soon. 15. She (work) in a hospital before starting a clinic. 16. My children (go) to school in the morning. 17. Bina usually (speak) Hindi. 18. Amrita (drink) a cup of coffee after she had finished her dinner. 19. Nita (not arrive) yet. 20. Paru is pregnant. She (be have) a baby soon. 21. Probably it (rain) tomorrow. 22. Gina (ask) me about your problem every time. 23. Sabina can’t walk. She (break) her leg. 24. I was studying in my room when he (ring) the door bell. 25. Jeevan (draw) a picture when I asked him. 26. Shree (write) a letter. She is going to post it. 27. Utsav always (try) to learn hard. 28. The bus always (depart) at 10 o’clock. 29. The cat (sit) in front of the fire since tea time. 30. The fire (spread) to the next building before the fireman arrived. 31. The girls (be) singing for an hour before we get there. 32. An old beggar (die) yesterday. 33. The plane usually (depart) at 5 p.m. 34. Our school principal (resign) from his post. 35. The principal is to (conduct) assembly today. 36. The weather is fair. It (be) a sunny day today. 37. What (be) you doing tomorrow? 38. When he (reach) home, his mother (take) to hospital. 39. When his father (come) in, he (start) reading the book. 40. When I (let) student play, they (be) happy. 84 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

F. Put the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences. 1. When I (scold) him, he (start) crying. 2. As soon as I (complete) my work, I (go) for dinner. 3. At last the hero (kill) the criminal. 4. Biru frequently (visit) the temple. 5. Dilip (visit) India by next month. 6. Anil (control) the ball and (kick) it away to the goal post. 7. By 2013, she (pass) the exam. 8. By next year, she (teach) in the school for three years. 9. By the time I (reach) the station, the train (go). 10. Chandra Shumsher (build) Tri-Chandra College. 11. Devkota (write) Muna Madan. 12. Do not make a noise! The child (sleep). 13. Imran (run) miles every morning. 14. Kiran (arrive) at the station after the train (go). 15. Lila (not study) anywhere since he (miss) the annual exam. 16. Mohan (start) crying as soon as he (hear) of his father’s death. 17. Niraj always (sleep) in the day time. 18. The dog is still (sit) under the tree. 19. Mona’s father is (buy) this plot of land in a couple of days. 20. Most of us (work) hard these days. 21. Rubin (play) in the ground at this time tomorrow. 22. Sabin (be) in college next year. 23. Manoj (pass) the driving test. 24. The students (discuss) for an hour. 25. All these boys (study) here for a year. 26. They (talk) to each other all that evening. 27. Students wished they (solve) the problem. 28. As I (see) the principal, I (run) away. 29. When the bell (ring), the teacher (enter) into the classroom. 30. As soon as the teacher (enter) the class, the students (leave) the class. 31. When the teacher (enter) the class, the students (play). 32. After the teacher (go) to the class, the students (stand) up. 33. Whenever I (need) money, I (remember) you. 34. My brother (watch) TV, while I(study) in my room. 35. While it (snow), they (start) their expedition. 36. While they (discuss), I (leave) for home. 37. When he hit the window it (break) down. 38. When I arrived in Kathmandu, it (be) raining heavily. 39. When I pushed him, he (fall) down. 40. When she hit on his head, he (faint). Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 85

G. Put the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences. 1. Anup (telephone) me, when I (read). 2. Birbal (wash) clothes all morning yesterday. 3. Denga (talk) to us next week. 4. He (work) in a bank, for 5 years. 5. Here (come) the bus. 6. Hurry up! The bus (leave). 7. I (see) him last three years before. 8. Mr. Thapa (teach) here since 2007. 9. I (wait) her for six hours. 10. I (cut) my finger. It's bleeding. 11. He (take) the driving class for two months. 12. She (just come) from London. 13. I (not write) the document yet. 14. My brother (go) to Kathmandu next week. 15. I (finish) the work by tomorrow. 16. Milan (write) a novel before March. 17. The Minister (arrive) here next week. 18. My health (get) worse. 19. She hardly (drink) alcohol. 20. Lalita (live) in this village since 2061 B.S. 21. Trisana (practice) dance all this morning. 22. Shree (read) for ten hours. 23. She (play) volleyball. She is sweating. 24. The thieves (run away) when the police (arrive). 25. The train (go) before he (arrive) at the station. 26. Mr.Luitel (recently publish) the book. 27. They (pass) the exam in 1999. 28. They (paint) the fence all day yesterday. 29. We (take) extra classes these days. 30. They (read) books all the morning tomorrow. Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. anarchy rule by god or priests 2. aristocracy rule by a man; by descent through males 3. autocracy rule by a small group 4. democracy rule by mothers; with the mother as head 5. diarchy rule by the old people 6. gerontocracy rule by two authorities 7. matriarchy rule by people 8. oligarchy rule by one person 9. patriarchy rule by the nobility 10. theocracy rule by nobody; no government 86 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

REPORTED SPEECH Read the following sentences. Direct Speech Reported speech She said to him, “You are intelligent” She told him that he was intelligent. The teacher said, \"Have you done your The teacher asked if they had done their work?\" work. He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize” He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize. I said to him, “Who are you?\" I enquired of him who he was. He said, “Mathematics is a science” He said that mathematics is a science. He said, “Go to bed!” o go to bed. He told the child to go to bed. Do you We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, Know? think or believe. It is used to repeat what someone had previously said. The two ways of narrating are direct speech and indirect speech. Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given sentences. a. What are the two ways of narrating? b. What is direct speech? c. What is indirect speech? d. What punctuation marks are used in the direct speech? e. What punctuation marks are used in the indirect speech? Listening Practice Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Direct Speech Indirect Speech He said, “I am busy now.” He said that he was busy then. She said, “Hurry up!” She asked to hurry up. They said, “We need a car.” They said that they needed a car. You said, “I was sick yesterday.” You said that you had been sick the day before. We said, “We were there.” We said that we had been there. Raj said, “I had seen you.” Raj said that he had seen me. Tony said, “Please help me.” Tony requested to help him. Sam said, “Keep quiet!” Sam warned to keep quiet. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 87

Grammar Focus: Changes in Reported Speech 1. Tense change S.N Direct Speech Indirect speech 1. Simple present Simple past 2. Present continuous Past continuous 3. Present perfect Past perfect 4. Simple past Past perfect 5. Past continuous Past perfect continuous 6. Will/shall/can/may Would/should/could/might 7. Will/shall/can/may+have+v3 Would/should/could/might+have+v3 8. Has to/have to + v1 Had to + v1 9. Do not/doesnot+v1 Did not+v1 10. Must Had to 11. Would/should/could/might No change 12. Had + v3 No change 13. Had better/ought to/used to No change 14. Universal truth No change 2. Adverbial Change S.N Direct Indirect that 1. this those 2. these there 3. here that day 4. today then 5. now/just so 6. thus thence 7. hence the following day/the next day 8. tomorrow the previous day/the day before 9. yesterday the following day/week/month 10. next day/week/month two days ago 11. the day before yesterday the week/month/year before 12. last week/month/year before 13. ago thither 14. hither that night 15. tonight go 16. come 88 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

3. Person Change Objective Possessive Self-form Person Subjective case case 1st I Me P1 P2 Myself My Mine Ourselves We Us Our Ours Yourself/Yourselves 2nd You You Your Yours Herself 3rd She Her Her Hers Himself Him His His Itself He It It Its Themselves It Them Their Theirs They 4. Reporting Verbs and Joining Words Change S.N Reporting verbs Joining words 1. statement told/said that 2. request asked/requested to/not to 3. command told/said/ordered/commanded to/not to 4. yes/no question asked/enquired/questioned if/whether 5. w-h question asked/enquired/questioned w-h words 6. exclamation asked/exclaimed that/w-h words 7. optative wished/blessed/cursed that 5. Punctuation Mark Change “ ” (Inverted comma),? (Question mark), ! (Exclamation mark) and, (comma)-full stop (.) Grammar Focus: Different Types of Sentences 1. Universal Truths Direct Speech Indirect Speech Dip said, \"Asia is the largest continent.\" Dip said that Asia is the largest continent. She told us, “The world is round.” She told us that the world is round. Mr. Aman said, “We are mortal.” Mr. Aman said that we are mortal. Priti said, \"The sun rises in the East.\" Priti said that the sun rises in the East. Tulku said, “Time and tide waits for none” Tulku said that time and tide waits for none 2. Conditionals II and III Active: Manu said to me, “If I were you, I would fly high in the sky.” Passive: Manu told me that he were me, he would fly high in the sky. Active: Labish said, “If I had done well, I would have scored better in exam.” Passive: Labish said that if he had done well, he would have scored better in exam. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 89

However, tense is changed in case of conditional I. Active: Kabit said, “If you request Hem, he may solve your problem”. Passive: Kabit said that if I requested Hem, he might solve my problem. 3. Assertive Sentences Direct Speech Indirect Speech said, said to said, told Prem said, \"I work in the kitchen.\" Prem said that he worked in the kitchen. Prem said, \"I'm working in the kitchen Prem said that he was working in the kitchen now.\" then. Prem said, \"I have worked in the kitchen.\" Prem said that he had worked in the kitchen. Prem said, \"I have been working in the Prem said that he had been working in the kitchen.\" kitchen. Prem said, \"I worked in the kitchen Prem said that he had worked in the kitchen yesterday.\" the day before. Prem said, \"I was working in the kitchen.\" Prem said that he had been working in the kitchen. Prem said, \"I had worked in the kitchen.\" Prem said that he had worked in the kitchen. Prem said, \"I had been working in the Prem said that he had been working in the kitchen.\" kitchen. Prem said, \"I will work in the kitchen Prem said that he would work in the kitchen tomorrow.\" the following day. Prem said, \"I can work in the kitchen.\" Prem said that he could work in the kitchen. Prem said, \"I may work in the kitchen.\" Prem said that he might work in the kitchen. Prem said, \"I would work in the kitchen.” Prem said that he would work in the kitchen. Prem said, “I don’t work in the kitchen.” Prem said that he didn’t work in the kitchen. Prem said, “I have to work in the kitchen.” Prem said that he had to work in the kitchen. The verb tense remains the same in reported speech reporting verb (introductory verb is in present or future tense. Active: Prem says, “The house is ready for settlement.” Passive: Prem says that the house is ready for settlement. Active: Ritu will say, “I will call you.” Passive: Ritu will say that she will call me. Active: Aman has said, “I have completed the task”. Passive: Aman has said that he has completed the task”. 90 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

4. Modal Verbs Direct Speech Indirect Speech Prem said, “I could run faster” Prem said that he could run faster. Dip said to me, “I might meet him” Dip told me that he might meet him. He said to me, “I shall appreciate it.” He told me that he should appreciate it. He said, “I can drive an auto” He said that he could drive an auto. Krishal said to me, “I may buy a car.” Krishal told me that he might buy a car. He said to me, “You must obey your elders.” He told me that I must obey my elders. (duty/law/truth) He told us, “We should be really glad.” He told us that they would be really glad. They said, “We would apply for a visa” They said that they would apply for visa. They said, “You must work hard.” They said that I had to work hard. (necessity) However, shall and should with first person pronoun (I, we) change into would. Active: Dipen said to me, “I shall do it for you.” Passive: Dipen told me that he would do it for me. Active: The workers said, “We should be proud of you.” Passive: The workers said that they would be proud of me. 5. Interrogative Sentences Direct Speech Indirect Speech asked, said to, said asked, enquired of, questioned, interrogated, wanted to know \"Will you come?\" she asked me. She asked me if/whether I would come. Hom said, “Did you watch that movie Hom asked me if I had watched that movie the yesterday?” day before. He asked, \"How old is your mother?\" He asked how old her mother was. Bir said, \"Are you British or American?\" Bir asked me whether I was British or American. Aman said, \"Can you type?\" Aman asked if I could type. She said, \"Have you got a computer?\" She wanted to know whether I had got a computer. Biren said, \"Is it raining?\" Biren asked if it was raining. Sony said, “Do you speak English?” Sony asked me if I spoke English. Eman said, “Does he play football?” Eman asked me if he played football. Hari said, “Has he invited you in the Hari enquired if he had invited me in the party?” party. She said, “Were you present in the She asked if I had been present in the program?” program. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 91

She asked, \"What time does the train She asked what time the train arrived. arrive?\" She asked, \"When can we have dinner?\" She asked when they could have dinner. The elephant said to the mouse, \"Why are The elephant asked the mouse why she was you so small?\" so small. The mouse said to the elephant, \"Where The mouse asked the elephant where she do you live?\" lived. 6. Imperative Sentences Direct Speech Indirect Speech said, said to ordered, commanded, advised, suggested, requested, prayed, begged, persuaded, warned \"Don't give up,\" the teacher told her The teacher told her students not to give students. up. \"Don't smoke,\" the doctor warned me. The doctor warned me not to smoke. \"Get up!\" he said. He told me to get up. \"Leave the room,\" he told me. He told me to leave the room. He said to me, \"Get on with your He told me to get on with my homework. homework.\" He said to me, \"Walk carefully!\" He told me to walk carefully. He said, \"Don't hesitate”. He persuaded me not to hesitate. I said to Paban, “Close the door.” I told Paban to close the door. Mira said to Alan, “Don’t be late again Mira warned Alan not to be late again the tomorrow.” next day. Mother Said, \"Don't fight with your sister”. Mother told me not to fight with my sister. The beggar said, “Lady, give me some food The beggar begged the lady to give him some to eat.\" food to eat. The General said to the soldiers, “Be ready The General commanded the soldiers to be to attack.” ready to attack. 7. Optative Sentences Direct Speech Indirect Speech said , said to said, told, prayed, blessed, wished, bade She said to her, “Good bye, madam!” She bade her goodbye. She said to me, “May you pass in the She wished me that I might pass in the exam!” exam. Mother said to me, “May you get success!” Mother blessed me for success. He said to me, “May you prosper.\" He wished that I might prosper. He said to Nita, “May you fall soon!” He cursed Nita that she might fall soon. 92 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

8. Exclamatory Sentences Direct Speech Indirect Speech said, said to cried, exclaimed, applauded, confessed, bade Anita said to me, “Congratulation!” Anita congratulated me. I said, \"Alas! How foolish I have been.\" I confessed with regret that I had been very foolish. He said, “Hurrah! My mother has come.” He exclaimed with joy that his mother had come. He said, “What a beautiful present it is!” He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful present. I said to him, “Thank you!” I thanked him. She said, “Alas! My dog died.” She expressed her sorrow that her dog had died. 9. Hopes, Intentions and Promises Direct Speech Indirect Speech said, said to Promised, hoped, threatened He said, \"I'll pay you the money He promised to pay me the money the tomorrow.\" next day. He promised that he would pay me the money the next day. He said, “Give me the keys to the safe or He threatened to shoot me if I didn’t give I’ll shoot you!” him the keys to the safe. He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn’t give him the keys to the safe They said, \"We should arrive in London They hoped to arrive in London before before nightfall.\" nightfall. They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall. 10. Requests and suggestions Direct Speech Indirect Speech said, said to suggested, warned, asked, advised, invited, begged, taught, forbade, urged \"Please, revise for the test,\" she said. She urged me to revise for the test. \"Put on your coat,\" he said. He advised me to put on my coat. “You had better hurry Krishna” she said. She advised Krishna to hurry. I said to David, “Please help me washing the I asked/requested David to help me by dishes.” washing the dishes. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 93

He said, “Could I have three kilos of He asked for three kilos of onions. onions?” I said to him, “Please guide me how these I requested/asked him to guide me how sentences are changed.” those sentences were changed. Jack said to Maggie, “Please Jack don’t tell Jack begged Maggie not to tell anyone his anyone my secret!” secret. Our teachers said to us, “Don’t follow that Our teachers advised/ forbade, prohibited bad company.” us not to/to follow that bad company. He said, “Could you please be quiet,” He asked/requested me to be quiet. He said, “Please help me.” He requested to help him. He said, “Sugar, please.” He asked for sugar. He said, “You ought to love your parents.” He advised me to love my parents. He said: “Why don’t you get a mechanic to He suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car?” look at the car. The doctor said to me, “Stop smoking!” The doctor advised/suggested me to stop smoking. 11. Offers Direct Speech Indirect Speech said , said to suggested, ordered, urged, advocated, requested She ordered, “Let the guards be armed.” She ordered that the guards should be armed. She said, “Let’s leave the container at the She suggested leaving the container at the station.” station. She suggested that they should leave the container at the station. She said, “What shall I do for you?” She asked what he should do for me. He said to us, “Let’s stop now and finish it He suggested stopping then and finishing it later.” later. He suggested that we should stop then and finish it later The strike leaders said to the workers, “Let’s The strike leaders urged (advocated/advised) show the bosses that we are united.” the workers to show the bosses that they were united. They said to the teacher, “Let us come in, They requested to the teacher to let them sir.” go in. 94 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

12. Miscellaneous Direct Speech Indirect Speech \"I have been waiting since the morning,\" Ram complained that he had been waiting Ram complained. since the morning. \"I have broken the window,\" she admitted. She admitted that she had broken the window. \"I may write to him,\" he promised. He promised that he might write to him. \"I will come on Sunday,\" she reminded me. She reminded me that she would come on Sunday. \"She went to Budhathum,\" I thought. I thought that she had gone to Budhathum. \"We are doing exercises,\" he explained. He explained that they were doing exercises. He said, \"You must be tired after such a He said that I must be tired after such a trip. trip.\" “Will all persons not travelling please go He asked all passengers not travelling to go ashore,” he said. ashore. He said to me, \"I needn't be at school He told me that he needn't be/didn't have to today.” be at school that day. He said to me, “Open the door, will you?” He told me to open the door. He said to me, “They had better go.\" He suggested me that they had better go. He said, \"I must wash up.” He said that he had to wash up. He said, \"I wish they were in Greece.\" He said that he wished they had been in Greece. He said, \"We must do it in June.\" He said that they had to do it in June. He said, “If she leaves the house, follow He said that if she left the house I was to her.” follow her. He said, “You might visit the zoo.” He requested me to visit the zoo. He says, “Meet me at the station. He says that we are to meet at the station. Babin said, \"I would rather fly.\" Babin said that he would rather fly. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 95

A. Change these sentences into indirect speech. 1. Mary asked, “Where does John live?” 2. Helen said to me, “How long have you lived here?’’ 3. Mr. Smith asked us, “Do you understand this exercise?” 4. I asked John, “What time is it?” 5. He asked me, “Do you have to work tonight?” 6. John said, “Is it raining?” 7. Mr. Yadav said to me, “Are you going to the movies with us?” 8. The teacher asked, “Did you see that documentary?” 9. Durgesh asked me, “When are you leaving for Europe?’’ 10. Upendra asked me, “What does the word mean?” 11. I asked him, “When did you read that book?” 12. Abin said to me, “How are you today?” 13. I asked her, “Is John here?” 14. She said to him, “Do you like my new hat?” 15. I asked her, “Where is it?” 16. John said to me, “Wait five minutes for me.” 17. The teacher said to us, “Don’t write in pencil.” 18. I asked him, “Be more careful.” 19. Sudan asked me, ‘’Please don’t be late.” 20. Bibas said to me, “Try to come on time.” 21. Rajan said to me, “Don’t make the same mistake again.” 22. Nitesh warned the child, “Don’t cross the road.” 23. Manoj said to me, “Don’t forget what I told you.” 24. Osan begged me, ‘’Please send me the money at once.” 25. Pratap asked me, “Sit down for a few minutes.” 26. The teacher said, “Sit in the first row.” 27. Niraj said to me, “Wait outside in the hall.” 28. Mohan said, “Come back later.” 29. The Principal said, “Do your exercises in ink.” 30. She said to me, “Give this message to Mrs. Sharma.” 31. My mother said, “Don’t waste so much time.” 32. The invigilator said, “Don’t look at your friend’s paper.” 33. The teacher said, “Sit up straight.” 34. He said, “Go to the whiteboard.” 35. The captain said, “Take your feet off the desk.” 36. My father said, “Prepare your lessons more carefully.” 37. The new teacher said to me, “Sit down, and read the story.” 38. Roman said, “Where´s John?” 39. Ramchandra said, “How are you getting on?” 40. Lalit said to us, “Why are you disturbing us?” 96 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Change these sentences into indirect speech. 1. The visitor said, “Is he in the building?” 2. My mother asked, “Where does she live?” 3. The coordinator asked, “Is he a good student?” 4. He wanted to know, “How much does it cost?” 5. They asked me, “Where is she going?” 6. He questioned me, “How is he getting along?” 7. The manager asked, “Is the elevator out of order?” 8. The inspector asked, “Where is the criminal now?” 9. The assistant said to me, “Is Mr. Shrestha here?” 10. The neighbour asked me, “When will he get back?” 11. The instructor said, “How tall is he?” 12. She said, “He gave me some books.” 13. The students said, “They gave us some magazines.” 14. Rosita said, “He sent his mother several letters.” 15. The players said to us, “They brought us many presents from abroad.” 16. Karina informed me, “I gave him the note which you sent.” 17. The class said to their teacher, “Please give us some dictation today.” 18. The workers said, “They sent us an invitation to the party.” 19. The students said, “He told us the story of his trip.” 20. Bibber said, “John gladly lent me the money.” 21. One of my friends said to me, “Please lend me your pencil for a few minutes.” 22. The store keeper said to his boss, “They sent us the material right away.” 23. My English teacher said to me, “Please hand me that book.” 24. Gita said to Rita, “Open the door”? 25. Grace said to me, \"I know where Ray is. He's down by the river, fishing.\" 26. Harry said to Kamala, “Can I help you?” 27. Iman said to Santa, “Wash your face.” 28. Anurag asked me, \"How did you find my address?\" 29. Dharma asked me, \"How much did you pay for the bicycle?\" 30. Rabin has often said to us, \"I'm tired of living in this noisy city.\" 31. He never says, \"I'm sorry\" when he makes a mistake. 32. Yamuna said to us, \"I’ll wait for you at the bus station. Don't be late. 33. Guru said, \"I have been invited to her wedding.\" 34. Ashika said, \"I'm just going to the market. I shan't be late.\" 35. Induka said, \"It was raining all the day yesterday.\" 36. Mohan said, \"My brother is working in the post office now.\" 37. He said, \"The washing-line has broken.\" 38. The instructor said, “Be careful when you come to the bend!\" 39. My father said to me, “Don't waste your money.” 40. My mother said to me, \"Enjoy yourself at the party”. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 97

C. Change these sentences into indirect speech. 1. I said to him, \"Gems will forget his bag again unless you remind him”. 2. Hira said to me, “They would punish me every time.” 3. He told us, \"Hurry up!” 4. She said to me, \"I have brought you this book”. 5. My sister said to me, \"Don't forget to collect my watch from the shop”. 6. Yuban said to me, \"I can't find the shop you told me about”. 7. My sister said, \"Let the birds go”. ”Don't put them in a cage.” 8. My mother said to me, \"Make sure that you do not hurt yourselves.” 9. Youbaraj said to me, “Are you calling me a liar?” 10. Atul said to me, “Have a good time at the party.” 11. The fat man cried, “I want more hamburgers!” 12. The teacher said to us, “Oh! What lovely weather!” 13. Ray said to his brother, “See you later!” 14. Amish said, “Why do you want to know about me?” 15. Dev asked his sister, \"Who left the cupboard open?\" 16. Dina said, “What a fool I am!” 17. Sonu asked, “How do you know that I’m going to the market?” 18. My father said to me one evening, \"Will you stop practising your violin?” 19. My mother told Manu, \"Write to uncle Purusottam and thank him for the present”. 20. Mr. Shrestha said to me, \"You are late again”. 21. Sudan told her brother, \"You have put on a lot of weight since I last saw you”. 22. John said to me, \"You were late yesterday”. 23. My mother said to me, \"You will be late if you don't hurry up”. 24. He told me, \"I’ll buy a new watch for you when I go to Pokhara next week.\" 25. I asked him, \"Why did the evidence go wrong?\" 26. I said to them, \"I haven't lost anything.\" 27. She said to me, \"I like your jeans”. 28. Sunil said to me, \"I can never understand you”. 29. Bipin said to his mother, \"I shall be starting my computer lessons next month”. 30. He complained, \"I wasn't told about the fire”. 31. Shreejal said to me, \"I think it will rain soon.\" 32. She said to me, \"My bicycle has been stolen.\" 33. My brother said to me, “I should study harder.” 34. Nuka said to me, \"How was it done?” 35. Krista said, \"What shall I eat, mother?” 36. My brother said to me, \"Why are you late?” 37. The captain said to me, \"Why did you come late today?\" 38. Iman said to me, “Are you calling me a liar?” 39. “Don’t take drugs,” my father said to me. 40. Tulsa said to me, “Have a nice time ahead.\" 98 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Change these sentences into indirect speech. 1. One of the boys cried, “I want more cakes!” 2. The teacher said, “Oh! What a beautiful garden it is!” 3. Anju said to us, “Go to hell!” 4. Akbar said to him, “There is a judge who is very clever”. 5. Amish: “Why do you want to know?” 6. Anna said to Roman, “What do you do these days?” 7. Carol said to them, \"Will we get a break after this session?” 8. Dina said, “What an strange problem it is!” 9. Father said to the policeman, “I don’t know. Why don’t you ask him yourself?” 10. Reema said to Rita, “Open the door, please”? 11. Kajal said to her “How do you know that I'm here? ” 12. Harry said to them, \"Why were you crying?\" 13. Jenish asked them, “How much does it cost?” 14. Kaman said to Kamala, “Can I help you?” 15. He said to Santa, “Please, wash your face.” 16. Lolita asked her, “Tell me the time, please.” 17. Manish asked me, “Where are you going?” 18. Nina asked me, “Why were you late again?” 19. Orin said to me, “When shall I open the door?” 20. Mother said to Hari, “You have neglected my words since last year.” 21. Pritam said to his brother, “Can I borrow your pen today?” 22. Mr. Bhattarai said to me, “Come in, please.” 23. Resma said to me, “Will you open the door, please?” 24. Sabina said to them, “The earth moves round the sun.” 25. Dolma said, \"I have eaten Chinese food once.\" 26. Shopkeeper said to us, \"What a nice uniform!\" 27. Mother said to us, “Didn’t you understand what your father said?” 28. Urmila said to me, “I’m free now.” 29. They said, “Please, help us.” 30. The gardener said to us, “What a beautiful flower it is!” 31. Coach said to us, “You lost the match, didn’t you?” 32. He said, “Man is mortal.” 33. Inkar said to me, “Put your books in your bag.” 34. Hitesh said, “Will you come to the party with me today?” 35. I said to the tourist, “Would you move your car, please.” 36. She said to them, “Did you invite your class fellow?” 37. Joni said to Sami, “Are you weeping now?” 38. Kina said, “It may rain tomorrow.” 39. Krishna said to Madan, “Lend me your pen, please.” 40. Mrs. Gurung said, “What a foolish mistake I have made!” Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 99

E. Change the following sentences into direct speech. 1. They offered me to play the game. 2. He exclaimed with pleasure that he had a good idea. 3. He expressed his joy that it was a beautiful day. 4. Peter said that he had enjoyed himself very much. 5. She said that she was almost sure. 6. He asked me how long it would take me to go home. 7. She asked me if I had listened to the 9 o'clock news 8. The hero told me to open the door. 9. Brother explained that they were doing exercises. 10. The thief admitted that he had broken the window. 11. Manu complained that he had been waiting since morning. 12. Rubin thought that Jubisa had gone to Budhathum. 13. He said that he wished they were in Germany. 14. He asked me if I was going to stay in. 15. She asked him if he would go home by bus. 16. They asked me to keep quiet. 17. She exclaimed with happiness that she had had an interesting thing to say. 18. My friend asked me where I had bought my car from. 19. Helen told Peter to be careful. 20. They asked him why he had broken it. 21. The teacher exclaimed with anger that he had done an easy exercise. 22. Manish expressed his disgust that he had asked a difficult question. 23. He told the children to stop that noise. 24. She told him not to wait for her outside the cinema. 25. Krishna asked me where I lived. 26. Lila interrogated me where I had put his bag. 27. Luna suggested me to look at the cupboard. 28. She said that they had to speak the truth. 29. The doctor advised to give up smoking. 30. She wanted to know whether I was fine. Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. abnegation laziness; sloth, apathy 2. abstruse keen insight or discernment, penetration 3. accidie a divine creative impulse; inspiration 4. acumen hard to understand; obscure; profound 5. afflatus self-denial; the rejection or renunciation of a doctrine 6. ambivalent eager; greedy 7. apiculture the practice of self discipline 8. arcane mysterious, secret; understood by few 9. ascesis bee keeping 10. avid having opposing feeling of love and hate 100 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9