English and Grammar Grade 9 (2077)

B. Find opposite meanings to the following words/phrases. a. lack of concern b. nonattendance c. non living d. layperson e. defeat f. unconstructive g. contented h. definite i. deserted j. refute C. Match the following words/phrases with their continuations given below. a. microbes spokespersons b. officials microorganisms c. vaccine a micro living thing that causes infectious disease d. virus an organization e. league a substance that protects body from disease D. Write true or false against the following statements. a. The botanical name of our national flower is Rhododendron arboretum. b. “Nepal beats Canada” is the top story of the newspaper. c. Swine flu killed 10 people in Chitwan district. d. “We’ll make a difference”, is the title of business news. e. Gergina Harwood died in a sky diving accident. f. Using masks and avoiding crowded places are safety measures of Swine flu. g. Scientists have suspected that the methane can be the waste product of certain living microbes. E. Answer the following questions. a. What does “beyond calculations” mean? b. What does WLC stand for? c. Where do we find the complete news of Mars? d. What did Dr. Grotzinger say about findings? e. What are the symptoms of swine flu? f. What are the great threats to Rhododendron? g. What is the advertisement in the newspaper about? h. What is a “rover”? Reading Exercise 28| Unit Fifteen| Page Number: 193 Read the given text and do the activities that go after. VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT A well established English medium school is seeking dynamic, energetic, and well qualified candidates for the following posts: 1. Academic Coordinator: Full Time-1 2. Secondary Level English Teacher: Full Time-2 M.A/M. Ed/M. Phil M.A or M. Ed in English at least five years experience at least five years experience 3. Public Relation Officer: Full Time-2 B.A or B.B.S at least two years experience Remuneration: Negotiable Fluency in English speaking is a must. Eligible, enthusiastic and passionate Nepali individuals are requested to send their scanned hand written application. A copy of academic qualification, CV and supporting documents, and a recent PP size photograph must be sent by 20th March 2015 to the following address: Janta Kalika Secondary School Sorung Chhabise-8, Udayapur [email protected] Telephone enquiry will not be entertained. Only short listed applicants will be called for an interview. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 251

A. Find the words from the text above that give similar meaning to the words given below. a. wanted b. minimum c. reputed d. credentials e. compulsory f. bio-data g. selected h. candidature i. salary j. excited B. Find the words from the text above that give opposite meaning to the words given below. a. lethargic, apathetic b. written test c. unqualified d. at maximum e. hesitancy f. indifferent g. opposing h.part time i. not getting any younger j. ineligible C. Choose the best answer and fill in the gaps. a. The vacancy is for _____posts. (3/5/4) b. The academic qualification for the Secondary Level English Teacher is _____in English. (M.A/M. Ed/M.A or M. Ed) c. Candidates must have_____ years of experience to be eligible for Academic Coordinator. (less than five years/more than five years/five years) d. The application should reach ____. (later than 20th March/within 20th March/before 20th March) e. Janta Kalika Secondary School wanted two_____ English teachers. (secondary level/ higher secondary level/lower secondary level) D. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. The school claims that it is a well established one. b. The salary for the post is already fixed. c. The total number of candidates required is 5. d. Only Nepali people can apply for the post. e. There is no deadline to submit application for the advertised post. E. Read the advertisement again and answer the following questions: a. What is the advertisement for? b. What is the minimum academic qualification for the post of Public Relation Officer? c. Who will be called for the interview? d. Write down the essential documents to be submitted along with the application. e. How can an applicant deliver his/her application? f. What are the inherent features to be a potential candidate? g. Where is the school located? h. Can a commerce graduate with five years of experience in teaching high school apply for position 2? 252 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Chapter V UNSEEN TEXT Unseen Text I One unseen text carrying: 10 Marks Text types: news stories, menus, notices, manuals, advertisement, diary entry, e-mails, product guides, time table, etc. Type of Test Items 1. Multiple Choice 2. Sequencing 3. Fill in the gaps (without choices) 4. Multiple matching 5. True/False 6. Short Answer questions 1. Read the news-story given below and do the exercises that follow. PASHUPATINATH TEMPLE TO BE MADE WASTE-FREE Himalayan News Service Kathmandu, November 19: Volunteers of the Bagmati Clean-up Campaign and Khem’s Cleaning Services have joined hands with Pashupati Area Development Trust to make Pashupatinath temple waste-free. According to the initiator of the Bagmati Clean-up Campaign Raju Adhikari, apart from the weekly cleaning event, which takes place on the banks of the Bagmati River at different places in the Valley, volunteers are also involved in cleaning areas in and around the temple throughout the week since Dashain festival. Bagmati Clean-up Campaign completed its 236th week yesterday, but volunteers have been working day and night to manage waste produced during Bala Chaturdashi festival. Adhikari said they wanted to make Pashupati temple clean and attractive for Shivaratri festival. According to PADT, although the daily cleaning activities began only three months ago, Pashupati temple looks a lot cleaner than it used to be. PADT member secretary Pradip Dhakal said they had joined hands with Khem’s Cleaning Services as their work at the country’s only international airport had been highly praised. He claimed that by Shivaratri, which falls on 13 February, Pashupatinath premises would be a different place altogether. According to director at Khem’s Cleaning Services Khem Sharma, apart from cleaning activities, they have been training around 30 cleaners involved in cleaning Pashupatinath area. Sharma said he felt lucky as his company was chosen to clean the temple premises. A. Find similar meaning to the following words/phrases. a. originator b. away from each other c. concentrated effort d. unpaid assistant e. building, grounds B. Write T for true and F for false statements. a. Raju Adhikari is the initiator of the Bagmati Clean-up Campaign. b. Bagmati Clean-up Campaign has completed about 50 months. c. They wanted to make Pashupatinath temple clean and attractive for Teej festival. d. There is pollution due to Bala Chaturdashi festival in Pashupatinath temple. e. Pashupatinath temple looks a lot cleaner than it used to be these days. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 253

C. Answer the following questions. a. What is the problem with Pashupatinath temple? b. What does PADT stand for? c. Who is Pradip Dhakal? d. How many cleaners are being trained to support the cleaning campaign? e. Why are Bagmati Clean-up Campaign volunteers working day and night? 2. Read the news-story given below and do the exercises that follow. MELAMCHI CLOSER TO MEETING WATER SUPPLY TARGET Himalayan News Service Kathmandu, November 25: With only 956 metres of tunnel remaining to be excavated, Melamchi Drinking Water Project has moved closer to meeting its target to start supplying water to Kathmandu Valley by March 26. Executive Director at Melamchi Water Supply Development Board Ram Chandra Devkota said if everything went as planned, tunnel work would be completed by January. If this happens, the project will start supplying water to Kathmandu Valley by March. “Finally, we are closer to meeting our target,” Devkota told The Himalayan Times, “If we do not face any unforeseen hurdle, there is no doubt that the project will meet its target.” The contracting company, Cooperative Muratori Cementistidi (CMC) had promised to complete the Ambathan-Gyalthum and Sindhu-Gyalthum stretches of the tunnel by November and December respectively. However, MWSDB said the Sindhu-Gyalthum stretch was unlikely to be completed in December due to weak rock problem that the contractor had been encountering since last year. However, this would not affect the project’s target to start supplying water by March, added Devkota. The board said around 300 metres along the Ambathan-Gyalthum and 650 metres along Sindhu-Gyalthum stretches remain to be excavated. Deputy Executive Director at MWSDB Ramakanta Duwadi said tunnel work was likely to be completed in January. The 27.5 km tunnel comprises three stretches — Sundarijal-Sindhu, Sindhu-Gyalthum and Gyalthum-Ambathan. Three stretches cover 9.5 km, 8 km and 9 km respectively. Of the three tunnels, the longest stretch Sundarijal-Sidhu, which covers 9.5 km, was completed on December 28 last year. A. Find opposite meaning to the following words/phrases. a. put in the ground b. on the contrary c. aid, assist d. unfinished e. be exclusive of B. Put the following sentences in the correct order. a. Ram Chandra Devkota is the Executive Director at Melamchi Water Supply Development Board. b. Sindhu-Gyalthum stretch was unlikely to be completed in December due to weak rock problem c. The contracting company is Cooperative Muratori Cementistidi (CMC). d. 956 metres of tunnel is remaining to be excavated. e. The project will start supplying water to Kathmandu Valley by March. 254 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

C. Give answers to these questions. a. What does the headline of the news story suggest? b. What is the target of Melamchi Drinking Water Project? c. Why is there delay on completion of Sindhu-Gyalthum stretch? d. What are the three stretches of tunnel? e. Write the full form of MWSDB. 3. Read the news-story given below and do the exercises that follow. NEPAL SEES SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS IN BASIC SANITATION By A Staff Reporter Kathmandu, Nov. 20: Nepal has reduced its rate of defecation in the open to half since 2000, despite the nation’s extreme landscape, which makes it hard to reach out to many of the people living in the remote areas with decent toilets and hygiene promotion, a report said. According to a Water Aid report, ‘Out of Order: The State of the World’s Toilets 2017,’ Nepal ranks fifth position in the world among the best improved countries for basic sanitation by percentage. Between 2000 and 2015, 26.9 per cent of the population had access to at least basic sanitation. In 2000, 80.8 per cent of the population of the country was without access to at least basic sanitation, the report showed. In 2015, 53.9 per cent (15,361,302) of the country’s population was, however, without access to at least basic sanitation. As per the report, between 2000 and 2015, the number of people in Nepal defecating in the open dropped by 30 per cent. In 2000, 64.6 per cent people used to defecate in the open across the country, while in 2015 only 29.8 per cent of the population has been practicing it. In 2015, 8,504, 753 people were still practicing open defecation, the report says. A total of 54 per cent (15.4 million) of people still lack decent toilets in Nepal while 30 per cent are still defecating in the open. It is stated in the report that the progress is in part a result of the community-led total sanitation approach adapted from Bangladesh. Most of Nepal’s progress has occurred in the rural areas where the greatest proportion of the people live and where the major challenges in eradicating open defecation still lie, the report stated. The report stated that a Water Aid pilot project has succeeded in bringing sanitation and hygiene classes to mothers during their children’s regular immunization. However, a recent report of the government showed that basic sanitation coverage had reached 93.3 per cent of the population in 2017. The report prepared by the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage revealed that only 9 per cent households of the country still lack a decent toilet. A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. a. sanitation wipe out b. eradicate cleanliness c. immunization well-brought-up d. proportion relative amount e. decent inoculation Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 255

B. Fill in the gaps with correct words/phrases. a. Nepal has decreased its rate of _______ in the open to half since 2000. b. Nepal ranks ______ position among the best improved countries for ______ by percentage in the world. c. The report, between 2000 and 2015 reveals that the number of people in Nepal defecating in the open dropped by ______. d. The Department of Water Supply and Sewerage report revealed that _____ households of the country still lack a decent toilet. e. The name of The Water Aid report is _________. C. Answer these questions. a. What does the title of the news story inform us? b. What percentage of people had access to basic sanitation between 2000 and 2015 in Nepal? c. What happened between 2000 and 2015? d. What has Water Aid pilot project succeeded in? e. What are the obstacles for basic sanitation in Nepal? 4. Read the following advertisement carefully and do the activities that follow. Wanted Immediately A well established herbal processing center operating in Kathmandu is seeking young, energetic, and dynamic personnel for the following post. Post: Deputy Supervisor, initially to be posted at Corporate Service Department. Qualification and Experience Required: Bachelor Degree in Business Studies or Management/Master’s degree is preferable. Working experience in the similar position will be an added advantage. Interested Qualified Nepali Citizens may send their hand written application along with the personal bio-data including contact telephone number or email address, copies of academic certificates and testimonials to the following address not later than April 30, 2016. Selected candidate will be asked to undergo pre-employment medical examination by a registered medical practitioner. Kanagawa Memorial Herbal Processing Center Post Box 707 Kathmandu, Nepal Only short listed candidates will be contacted either by telephone or e-mail for interview. A. Write opposite meaning to the following words. a. finally b. receive c. before d. discarded e. employer B. Match the words with their meanings given below. a. bachelor degree added advantage b. working experience short listed candidates c. interview required qualification d. applicant in Kathmandu e. duty station Nepali citizen 256 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

C. Answer the following questions. a. At which department will the selected candidate work at the beginning? b. How will the successful candidates be contacted? c. What documents are required to submit along with the application? d. What is the advertised post? e. Who is to undergo the medical examination? 5. Read the advertisement and answer the questions given below. VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT Teachers for Hotel Management Studies We would like to invite applications for several positions of teachers for a soon to be established Hotel Management college in Kathmandu. Applicants will also be assessed for further putative managerial positions for the extraordinary institution. Experience Preference None (however experience will be highly accredited for some positions) Salary: Entirely based on applicants’ credentials and will be above par local practices For the applicants outside of Kathmandu valley, please drop your CV at Post Box No. 22516, Kathmandu, Nepal. For on-call interview, please contact us at: 01-6613019, 01-6622928 A. Match the words with their meaning given below. a. assessed equivalence b. putative officially approved c. accredited official documents d. credentials evaluated e. par reputed B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the advertisement. a. The requirement is for ________ College. b. The college will be located in _________. c. ______ is not compulsory but it will have an important role while selection. d. Right candidates will be selected through ________. e. The candidates should contact via telephone for _________ interview. C. Answer the following questions. a. How old is the college? b. Does the college need only teachers? Why/ Why not? c. How much salary will be offered to the right personnel? d. How can the applicants send their applications? e. Is there deadline to drop CV for the advertised post? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 257

6. Read the advertisement and answer the following questions. VACANCY Dalit Development Forum (DDF), an organization working for the upliftment of rural Dalit communities’ invites applications from qualified and experienced Nepali citizens for the following posts for implementing a project related to local good governance in Dolpa District. • Executive Director (1): The incumbent with Bachelor’s Degree, preferably Master Degree in any field and 3 to 5 years experience in the related fields is eligible to apply. • Administrative cum account Officer (1): The incumbent with Bachelor Degree and 3 to 5 years experience in the related field is eligible to apply. • Messenger (1): The incumbent with SLC and 2 to 3 years experience in the related field is eligible to apply. For the post (1) and (2) candidates must possess fluency both in written and spoken English and need to be a computer literature. Interested candidates are requested to submit covering letter and latest resume to: dalitdf@ yahoo.com no later than February 25, 2016. Salary perks and other facilities shall be as per the organization’s rules and regulation. The selection committee has the right to accept or reject all the applications received. Only short-listed candidates will be contacted for further proceedings. Dalit, women, and those belonging to the minorities are strongly encouraged to apply. A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrases. a. a person having official position b. selected c. paying attention d. have e. personal detail B. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. The company has vacancies for 3 posts. b. December 25, 2016 is the dead line for submitting applications. c. Applications can be submitted through email. d. Only selected candidates will be contacted for further events. e. The selection committee does not have any right to accept or reject all the applications received. C. Answer the following questions. a. Who are inspired to apply for the posts? b. What are the requirements to be the possible candidates for post з? c. How much salary is offered to the selected officials for the post 1 and 2? d. Who can take the final decision about the applications? e. Where will be the duty station for the selected candidates? 258 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

7. Read the following text and do the activities that follow. URGENTLY REQUIRED Lower Arun Hydropower Pvt. Ltd., licensed for 400 MW is seeking application for the following positions: Position: Engineer Qualification: Civil Engineer with min. of 5 years experience in similar field. Position: Administration Officer Qualification: Post- Graduation from recognized University with minimum 5 years experience. Salary and allowance: As per the company rules. Interested Nepali citizens may drop their handwritten application along with full bio-data, a copy of citizenship, copies of certificates and a passport sized photographs within 7 days of the publication of this notice to the following address. Human Resource Manager Lower Arun Hydropower P. Ltd P. O. Box: 969, Kathmandu Tel: 4247237/4222202, Fax: 4232171 Only short-listed candidates will be called for the interview. A. Find similar meaning to the following words/phrases. a. oral test b. looking for c. acknowledged d. candidature e. nationality B. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. People from all over the world can apply. b. The salary is negotiable. c. Only selected candidates will be interviewed. d. Lower Arun Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. is licensed for 500 MW. e. All candidates will be called for the further selection process. C. Answer the following questions. a. Which company has invited for the applications? b. What is the academic qualification required for the post of Engineer? c. What should be included along with the application? d. Where should the candidates send their application to? e. What is the deadline to submit the application? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 259

8. Read the following Expression of Interest and do the activities that follow. Expression of Interest-2016 The United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Nepal invites interested organizations to submit Concept Notes for its 2016 Program in Nepal, related to the protection and assistance of Bhutanese Refugees, individually recognized refugees and asylum seekers. This call for Expression of Interest (EOI) is open to all existing and/or new partners who wish to participate in UNCHR’s operations in the above named areas in 2016, participating in achieving common goals and objectives. Based on concept notes received, UNHCR will select the most suitable and capable partner for the relevant sectors and areas. Details for the EoI, submission requirements, and templates are available at www.unhcrpk. org. All submissions should be sent in sealed envelope/s to the address listed in the EoI documents. The closing date of this call is Friday, 15th November 2013. UNCHR reserve the right to reject any or all EOIs without assigning any reasons thereof. A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. a. existing place of safety b. asylum of the things mentioned c. thereof found or used now d. assigning giving in e. submission handing over B. Fill in the gaps with correct words/phrases. a. This call for Expression of Interest is open to all ________. b. ______ will select apt and competent partner for the relevant sectors and areas. c. The details for the EoI are available at _________. d. This is a call for an Expression of Interest for the year _________. e. All submissions should be sent in ______ to the address listed. C. Answer the following questions. a. What do the interested organizations need to submit in their EoI? b. Who reserves the right to reject all the EOIs? c. What is the cutoff date to submit the EOIs? d. What does UNHCR stand for? e. What is the 2016 program of UNHCR related to? 9. Read the following notice and do the activities that follow. PROCUREMENT NOTICE UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) The UNDP Nepal on behalf of UNODC is soliciting proposals from interested organizations, firms, companies to provide the following services. Reference No: Request for Proposal-UNDEP/REP/15/2017 Agency: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC) Purpose: Services to implement HIV Prevention, Care, and Treatment Services for Female Prisoners in Nepal Deadline for bid submission: 5:00 PM on 19 April 2017 Weblink:http://www.np.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/operations/procurement. html Who can apply: National organizations/firms/companies How to apply: As per the instructions in the detailed bidding document. 260 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

A. Find opposite meaning against the following words/phrases. a. grant b. unresponsive c. withhold d. in opposition to e. imprecise B. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. This is a notice for obtaining supplies of for an organization. b. National organizations are soliciting proposals. c. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is a national level organization. d. There is a web link to submit the procurement notice. e. Interested organizations, firms, and companies are required to provide services. C. Answer the following questions. a. What is a procurement notice? b. What is the purpose of this notice? c. Write the full form of UNODC. d. How can one apply their proposal? e. Mention the reference number of the Request for proposal? 10. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. Our opportunities are great but let me warn you that when power outstrips ability, we will fall on evil days. We should develop competence and ability which would help us utilize the opportunities which are now open to us. From tomorrow morning – from midnight today – we cannot throw the blame on the British. We have to assume the responsibility ourselves for what we do. A free Nepal will be judged by the way in which it will serve the interests of the common man in the matter of food, clothing, shelter, and social activities. Unless we destroy production in high places and root out every trace of nepotism, love of power, profiteering and black-marketing which have spoiled the good name of this country in recent times, we will not be able to raise the standards of efficiency in administration as well as in the production and distribution of the necessary goods of life. A. Find similar meanings to the following words. a. chances b. accountability c. devastate d. crucial e. bias B. Choose the best answer form the given alternatives. a. When power surpasses ability, we will fall on________ days. (good, evil, progressive) b. ______ destroys the efficiency of administration. (Production, Promotion, Black- marketing) c. Let’s assume the responsibility _______ for what we do. (ourselves, themselves, himself) d. It is needed to _____ every trace of nepotism, love of power, profiteering and black- marketing. (root out, cultivate, bolster) e. A free country is judged by _______(interest of common man/distress of the citizens/ trace of nepotism) C. Answer the following questions. a. What is meant by ‘when power outstrips ability’? b. Who has to assume responsibility now? Why? c. What are the consequences of corruption? d. What is the text about? e. What should develop? Why? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 261

11. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. Small improvements can lead to big changes. A few flowers can change the look of a room. The efficiency of a factory, for instance, depends upon an infinite number of operations, performed properly from day to day. Abraham Maslow, the well-known psychologist, mentioned with admiration the case of a young man who spent several years in Mexico digging deep wells to provide clean drinking water to the villages. He managed to dig only three wells and had to spend an enormous amount of time teaching the villagers to use pure water in place of contaminated water. There might have been only three wells but they gave the engineer a great feeling of achievement. Charles Darwin has shown that if enough time is given, small and gradual causes can produce large and radical changes. His last book was in fact on earthworms. He was preoccupied with the theme for forty years. He had shown that on every acre of the chalk hills near Down (England), worms brought up eighteen tons of earth annually. What a stupendous achievement for the small and insignificant earthworm! Even the dullest of men is a million times more creative and productive than the earthworm. If men were to work in unison like the earthworms, there would be a paradise on earth in the not too distant future. A. Match the words with their meanings. a. Abraham Maslow direct to big changes b. contaminated a psychologist c. stupendous impure d. Charles Darwin amazing e. Small improvements fact on earthworms B. Write true or false for the following statements. a. Abraham Maslow put his views on fact on earthworms. b. Even the dullest of men is a million times more creative and productive than the earthworm. c. Small improvements can never ever lead to big changes. d. A young man spent several years in Mexico digging deep wells to provide water to the villages. e. Abraham Maslow is a well known scientist. C. Answer the following questions. a. How can small improvements lead to big changes? b. What does the case of the young man in Mexico demonstrate? c. What quality of the earthworm made the celebrated scientist, Charles? d. What happens if men work together? e. What was Charles Darwin’s last book about? 12 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, is the former main residence of the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, Dalai Lama. Traditionally, Dalai Lama was also the governing leader of the nation of Tibet. Perched on top of Red Hill, rising to about 300 m above the Tibetan capital city of Lhasa, the present structure of the Potala Palace comprises two main parts, named for the colour of their exterior walls: the White Palace, built between about 1645 and 1682, during the reign of the 5th Dalai Lama and the inner Red Palace, built after the death of the 5th Dalai Lama between 1682 and 1693. The two palaces are integrated but were designed for 262 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

separate functions: the White Palace contains a seminary, a printing workshop, and living quarters, while the Red Palace contains shrines, stupas and an assembly hall for the monks, and the tombs of eight dalai lamas. The whole complex is 13 stories high, about 400 m across and 350 m deep, and contains about 1000 rooms. The roof is of gilt copper. The 14th Dalai Lama has been living in exile since 1959, when he fled the Chinese Communist regime of Tibet. The Potala Palace now houses a museum. A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrases. a. place of abode b. outer surface c. banishment d. people attending worship e. most important B. Find opposite meanings to the following words/phrases. a. trouble-free b. bring together c. secular d. minor e. underneath C. Fill in the gaps with correct words/ phrases from the brackets. a. The 14th ______ has been living in exile since 1959. b. The present structure of the Potala Palace rises above______. c. The Potala Palace is _______high. d. The roof of the Potala Palace is of _______ colour. e. A printing workshop can be organized in________. D. Answer the following questions. a. Who was Dalai Lama? b. What is the present structure of the Potala Palace comprised of? c. How many rooms does it have? d. What does the Red Palace contain? e. Where is the Potala Palace located? 13. Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Now that smoking is considered to be very dangerous to the health, it is especially difficult for children to buy cigarettes or tobacco. Our tobacconist, Mr. Som, has always been very careful about this. If his customers are very young, he always asks them whom the cigarettes are for. One day, a little girl whom he had never seen before walked boldly into his shop and demanded twenty cigarettes. She had the exact amount of money in her hand and seemed very sure of herself. Mr. Som was so surprised by her confident manner that he forgot to ask his usual question. Instead, he asked her what kind of cigarettes she wanted. The girl replied promptly and handed him the money. While he was giving her the cigarettes, Mr. Som said laughingly that as she was so young she should hide the packet in her pocket in case a policeman saw it. However, the little girl did not seem to find this very funny. Without even smiling she took the packet and walked towards the door. Suddenly she stopped, turned round, and looked steadily at Mr. Som. There was a moment's deathly silence and the tobacconist wondered what she was going to say. All at once, in a clear, solemn voice, the girl declared, 'My dad is a policeman,' and with that she walked quickly out of the shop. A. Write 'True' or 'False' against the following sentences. a. Children are not allowed to buy cigarettes. b. A little girl bought a packet of cigarette. c. Mr. Som did not ask the girl whom the cigarettes were for d. The girl left the shop with a smile. e. The little girl’s father was a businessman. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 263

B. Fill up the blanks with appropriate words from the text. a. Mr. Som was a _________. b. The little girl had the exact amount of money for _______. c. Mr. Som never forgets to ask _____ whom the cigarettes were for. d. The girl was not afraid of her__________. e. The girl took the packet without even ______and walked towards the door. C. Answer the following questions. a. Why did the little girl go to the shop? b. What did Mr. Som advise the girl after giving her the cigarettes? c. What was the reason that the girl was not afraid of the police? d. Why was the little girl not afraid of policeman? e. What would Mr. Som do if his customers were too young? 14. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: World War II, a global military conflict in terms of lives lost and material destruction was the most devastating war in human history. It began in 1939 as a European conflict between Germany and an Anglo-French coalition but eventually widened to include most of the nations of the world. It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order dominated by the United States and the USSR. More than any previous war, the World War II involved the commitment of nations' entire human and economic resources, the blurring of the distinction between combatant and noncombatant, and the expansion of the battlefield to include all of the enemy's territory. The most important determinants of its outcome were industrial capacity and personnel. In the last stages of the war, two radically new weapons were introduced: the long-range rocket and the atomic bomb. For the most part, however, the war was fought with the same or improved weapons of the types used in World War I. The greatest advances were in aircraft and tanks. A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrases. a. devastation b. alliance c. warrior d. combat zone e. a violent period for fighting B. Find opposite meanings to the following words/phrases. a. lack of ability b. narrowed down c. get worse d.similarities e. local C. Fill in the gaps with correct words/ phrases from the text. a. At the last stage of the World War II, ______ new weapons were introduced. b. The most important ______ of its result were industrial ability and staff. c. The World War II _______ to include most of the nations of the world. d. The World War II ended in_______. e. The World War II existed for ______ years. D. Answer the following questions. a. When did the World War II begin? b. What were the consequences of the World War II? c. What were the two rivalries in the World War II? d. What are the similarities between the World War I and the World War II? e. Why was the World War II most devastating war? 264 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

UNSEEN TEXT II One unseen text carrying 15 marks: (Text types: stories, essays, letters, science articles, newspaper articles, book, film reviews, etc.) Type of Test Items 1. Multiple Choice 2. Sequencing 3. Fill in the gaps (without choices) 4. Multiple matching 5. True/False 6. Short Answer questions 1. Read the following story carefully and answer the questions given below. My grandmother and I were good friends. My parents left me with her when they went to live in the city and we were constantly together. She used to wake me up in the morning and get me ready for school. She said her morning prayers in a monotonous singsong while she bathed and dressed me in the hope that I would listen and get to know it by heart; I listened to her because I loved her voice but never bothered to learn it. Then she would fetch my wooden slate which she had already washed and plastered with the yellow chalk, a tiny earthen ink-pot and a reed pen tie them all in a bundle and hand it to me. After a breakfast of a thick and stale chapatti with a little butter and sugar spread on it, we went to school. She carried several stale chapattis with her for the village dogs. My grandmother always went to school with me because the school was attached to the temple. The priest taught us the alphabet and the Morning Prayer. While the children sat in rows on either side of the verandah singing the alphabets or the prayer in a chorus, my grandmother sat inside reading the scriptures. When we both had finished, we would walk back together. This time the village dogs would meet us at the temple door. They followed us to our home growling and fighting with each other for the chapattis we threw to them. A. Find words that are opposite to the following words. a. intermittently b. varied c. untroubled d. alone e. dusk B. Find words that are similar to the following words/phrases. e. previously a. song b. went after c. numerous d. within C. Answer the following questions. a. Why did the grandmother say her morning prayers loudly? b. Why did she always accompany the writer to school? c. How did she feed the dogs? d. Why did she carry several stale chapattis with her? e. How would the village girl follow them? 2. Read the story given below and do the exercises that follow. As I grew older, I began to resent that it seemed forbidden for girl to think about things other than fashion and beauty matters. All the time I was admiring. My little Aunt, the little devil in me was judging her, whispering this and I grew tired of her endless ‘fashion talk’. To me it seemed time-consuming, not-so-constructive, and even worthless. When I got older, I used to insult her with comments like ‘Auntie, is there anything you can think of other Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 265

than shoes and bags?’ or ‘This is all so foolish. I’d rather talk about something worth talking about.’Nevertheless, I would impress my peers with all the fashion and beauty tips my aunt had passed down to me. My adolescent years were full of conflict between the longing to be like her and my refusal to become one of her kind. Later, she became a Special Education teacher in a college. Now she would talk about how happy she was being with children and she was learning the meaning of life from her students. She would often say, “I’m so lucky to have such a good job, Rozy, Sis.” It was only when I grew much older and got married that I came to realize how lucky I am to have an aunt who can have a good conversation with me. Nowadays, she gladly advises me, not only made my childhood happy, but also made my whole life richer by becoming my life’s mentor. Come what may, I know there’s always someone that I can count on. My little aunt will always be there, ten years ahead of me. A. Write true or false against the following sentences. a. The narrator started hating her aunt and her fashion when she got older. b. The narrator used to communicate the tips about fashion with her friends. c. Rozy was very proud to be a teacher. d. The aunt was ten years younger than Rozy. e. The narrator’s adolescent years were full of problems within herself. B. Choose the correct answer and complete the sentences. a. Earlier Rozy used to admire her aunt but later she _____ her. (loved/insulted/ impressed) b. After marriage, Rozy got tips related to ____ also.(married life/education/childhood) c. The aunt learnt _____ from her students. (fashion/career in life/the meaning of life) d. Rozyeventuallyregardedherlittleauntasher_____(goodcompanion/fashionteacher/ life guru) e. The narrator considered fashion as ________.(hobby/constructive thing/ valuable) C. Answer the following questions. a. What did Rozy use to think of her aunt’s fashion talk? b. How did Rozy insult her aunt? c. Why did Rozy fell she was luck to leave her aunt? d. When did the narrator realize that she was lucky to have an aunt like her? e. Whom does the narrator regard her life’s mentor? 3. Read the following story and answer the questions that follow. There was a huge battle between the warriors of Greece and the people of Tory. Prince Paris from Troy had stolen away the Greek queen; Helen. The Greek warriors set sail for Troy to fight for their queen. The battle outside Troy raged for ten years. The men were fed up and wanted to return to their homes. Athene, Goddess of war gave Ulysses the idea for a plan to end the war. They built a big wooden horse which they put in the middle of their encampment. Next they pretended to abandon their camp. In reality many soldiers hid inside the wooden horse. Once they thought the camp had been abandoned the Trojans went out to check. They needed to know if the war was really over. They walked through the abandoned encampment and eventually found the wooden horse. They could not decide what it was. Some wanted to take it into the city; others thought that it was a gift to Zeus and feared touching or moving it in case they upset Zeus. 266 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

A huge celebration started. The city was free from war the first time in nine years. Everybody feasted, drank, and danced until eventually the merriment was over and they all went to sleep. This was the moment that the wooden opened a big flap hidden underneath. Out crept Ulysses and all of his men. They killed the sleeping troops, rescued Queen Helen, met up with the rest of their army, and set sail for home. A. Write similar meaning of the following words/phrases. a. have power over b. enormous c. high spirits d. soldiers e. military camp B. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. There was a battle between the warriors of Greece and the people of Tory. b. The men were fed up with the people of Greece. c. They could not decide what it was. d. The city was free from war for the first time. e. The war lasted for a decade. C. Counter the following questions. a. Who was Helen? Who had stolen her away? b. Why were all the men from Greek fed up? c. How did the Greek plan to end the war? d. Who were inside the wooden horse? e. What happened at last? 4. Read the following story and answer the questions that follow. The silence of the Reference Library was broken only by an occasional cough and now and then the scarcely audible sound of pages being turned over. There were about twenty people in the room, most of them with their heads bent over their books. The assistant librarian who was in charge of the room sat at a desk in one corner. She glanced at Philip as he came in, and then went on with her work. Philip had not been that part of the library before. He walked around the room almost on tiptoe, afraid of disturbing the industrious readers with his heavy shoes. The shelves were filled with thick volumes: dictionaries in many languages, encyclopedias, atlases, biographies and other works of reference. He found nothing that was likely to interest him, until he came to a small section on photography, which was one of his hobbies. The books in this section were on a high shelf out of his reach, so he had to fetch a small ladder in order to get one down. Unfortunately, when he was climbing down the ladder, the book he had chosen slipped from his grasp and fell to the floor with a loud crash. Twenty pairs of eyes looked up at him simultaneously annoyed by this unaccustomed disturbance. Philip felt himself go red as he picked up his book, which did not seem to have been damaged by its fall. A. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements. a. Philip's entry disturbed the in charge of the library room. b. He occasionally visited this library. c. He used a ladder to reach the book he wanted. d. He found every book in the library interesting. e. The encyclopedia he had chosen slipped from his grasp and fell to the floor with a loud crash. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 267

B. Rearrange the following sentences in the correct order. a. He searched books of his interest. b. His simple mistake disturbed the other twenty readers. c. Later, he chose a book of photography. d. Philip went into the library. e. The slipped book did not seem to be damaged by its fall. C. Answer the following questions. a. What things used to break the silence of the library? b. How did Philip walk in the room and why? c. What sorts of books are found in the first section of the library? d. How were the shelves of the library? e. Where was the assistant librarian sitting? 5. Read the following passage and do the activities gives below. The train was moving fast. Outside the window the freezing cold of winter ruled. The compartment was filled with cold, bored passengers. Suddenly a little boy pushed his way through the discourteous grown-up legs. His father chose to stay by the door behind us. The train continued to wobble its way down into a tunnel. Then something very strange happened. The little boy slid down from his seat and put his hand on my knee. For a moment, I thought that he wanted to pass me a message and return to his father. But he leaned forward and stretched his head up towards mine. He wanted to say something to me, I though. I bowed my head to receive the message. Wrong again! What I received was a loud kiss on the cheek. The boy calmly returned to his seat, leaned back and continued casually looking out the window. I was shocked. What just happened? A kid kissing cactus- like creatures like us, soon enough, all of my neighbors were duly kissed. Nervous and bewildered, we grinned at the father. When he saw our questioning glances as he got ready for his stop, he offered a clue. “He’s so happy to be alive,” the father said, “He’s been very sick.” Father and son disappeared into the crowd moving toward the exit. The doors closed and the train rumbled on. A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the passage. a. There was______ outside the window. b. When the writer bowed her head she received ______. c. The writer was ______with what just happened. d. The little boy’s father gave______ to the questioning glances e. Father and son ________ into the crowd. B. Rewrite the following sentences in the correct order. a. The compartment was filled with clod, bored passengers. b. The writer bowed her head to receive the message from the boy. c. The boy calmly returned to his seat. d. His father chose to stay by the door. e. The writer was shocked with the incident. C. Give the short answers of these questions. a. In which season was the writer travelling? b. What had the writer thought that the boy wanted to do? c. What did the writer get on her cheek? d. Why were the writer and her friends nervous? e. Who was happy and why? 268 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

6. Read the essay and answer the questions given below. NEW WORLD This century has seen the human race make great strides in science and technology. We have walked on the moon, eradicated diseases, and unleashed the power of the atom. Yet culturally we are in many ways still living in the Middle Ages. It is a reflection of the control those in power have over our consciousness that whenever someone dares suggest ways to perfect our political/social/economic system, they are dismissed as a hopeless idealist or a nut. I believe the world can change in startling ways. Amazing things are possible. When social or political systems are empty shells they can collapse quickly, just as Communism did. The only thing that supports our present reality is our belief in it. We can hasten the destruction of that reality and undermine the antiquated values and institutions that prop it up by living our own truth. Now we stumble through the rubble of the old world toward a new millennium. As decline advances, new forms come into focus—the outline of a new world. Yet some institutions seem stronger than ever: multinational corporations, the media, and religion. These seem destined to survive, at least in some form. We must struggle to destroy such institutions, or transform them so they promote human dignity rather than degrade it. Once we truly believe things can change, and begin to act on our most utopian dreams, we may find there is no limit to our human potential. A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. a. unleash would-be b. potential out of date c. antiquated allow to run free d. stumble move along e. hasten stagger B. State whether the following sentences are true or false. a. The world can change in surprising ways. b. The only thing that chains our present reality is our distrust in it. c. There is no limit to our human potential. d. Culturally we are in many ways still living in the Stone Ages. e. Amazing things are also possible due to human potential. C. Answer the following questions. a. What are the achievements by human race due to science and technology? b. What happens when social or political systems are empty? c. What happens when decline advances? d. What should we do to promote human dignity? e. How can we judge the limitation of human potential? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 269

7. Read the essay and answer the questions given below. Computers Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our lives. We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them. You have only got to go into a bank when their main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed world-wide. In the future computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers. The prospects for this are quite alarming. They will be so complex that no individual could hope to understand how they work. They will bring a lot of benefits but they will also increase the potential for unimaginable chaos. They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to co ordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport. Providing all the computers are working correctly nothing can go wrong if one small program fails disaster. There is a certain inevitability that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. We should, however, ensure that we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be all too easy to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late I believe that it is very important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally dependent on a completely technological world. A. Find opposite meaning to the following words/phrases. a. very small b. primitive c. conceivable d. unpredictability e. trouble-free B. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. The first computers were built 5 decades ago. b. It is unlikely that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. c. We are not so dependent on computers that life is easy without them. d. The future computers will be so complex that no individual can recon how they will work. e. A Computer is a recent invention. C. Answer the following questions. a. How are we dependent on the computers? b. What will the future computers be used to? c. What will the future computers be able to do? d. When will we realize that technology is controlling us? e. When were the personal computers introduced? 270 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

8. Read the letter and answer the questions given below. August 10, 2016 Dear Sweta, I am very much pleased to learn that you have passed +2 in the first division. It is a brilliant success, indeed. I heartily congratulate you on your great success. My parents are also very much delighted to learn about glorious success. They told me to convey their congratulations to you. This is the reward of your hard work. Your efforts have been crowned with success. May your future be quite brighter! Please arrange a good function to celebrate your grand achievement. Are papa and mama all right? Convey my best wishes and regards to them and love to little sister and brother. Sincerely Yours, Sony A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrase. a. accomplishment b. magnificent c. overjoyed d. as a matter of fact e. have a good time B. Put these sentences in the correct order. a. She congratulated Sweta on passing +2 in second division. b. Sony expressed her joy at her friend’s success. c. She asked Sweta about her parents. d. Sony wished her for her betterment. e. Sweta is the sister of Sony. C. Answer the following questions. a. Where does Sony live? b. What is the purpose of writing this letter? c. Whom did Sony send her best compliments? d. How did Sweta grip the success? e. When was the letter written? 9. Read the following letter and do the exercises that follow. 5th March My Dear Puspa, Thank you so much for your letter which I received yesterday. But I am sorry to know that you are so unhappy at REED Home. I understand that you feel rather homesick, for it is the first time you have been away from home; and I, too, often feel the same as you, my child. You know, we can’t always have what we want in life. If I were selfish, I would always keep you at home, for I don’t like any of my children to be away; but then how would you ever get your education and grow to be a self-reliant person to manage your own life? Your father thinks that a few years at a boarding school is necessary for all boys, to make men of them; and he knows best. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 271

So my dear boy, you must be brave and stick to your school. I am sure you will soon get to like it, as other boys do. Don’t mind jokes boys play on you, and if you do, don’t let them know you do. When they see you don’t mind, they will soon get tired of teasing you. So cheer up! And be a brave boy. With much love, Yours loving Mother Samikshaya A. Complete the following sentences supplying appropriate word/phrase from the above letter. a. The mother is not selfish. That’s why she kept her son away from ________ study. b. It seems that other boy play _______ on Puspa. c. One must struggle to get good _______ as the boy is doing. d. Puspa is __________ of living at hostel. e. The mother suggested him to be a ________ boy. B. Choose the right answer from the given alternatives. a. The word ‘rather’ is close in meaning with _______.(slightly/carefully/slowly) b. The opposite meaning of ‘tired’ is ______.(exhausted/sleepy/energetic) c. ‘Cheer up’ does not mean _____(make happier/brighten up/depress) d. _____ is the closet meaning of the word ‘stick’. (continue/attach/push) e. The word ‘brave’ means ________. (courageous/timid/nervous) C. Answer the following questions. a. Who wrote the letter to whom? b. Where is the boy studying at? c. Why is he feeling homesick? d. What do parents want him to be? e. What suggestions does Samikshya give to her son? 10. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. The panda is one of the endangered species animals on earth. The fame and popularity of the panda has grown from its unique appearance and from the fact that the press in several countries has devoted much attention to the fate of pandas in various zoos in the world. A panda looks like a bear, but it has its own distinctive black-and white colouring, short limbs, small ears and peculiarly shaped head and face. It is a herbivorous animal and eats only one kind of food-bamboo. This strange food is the reason why the number of pandas has been decreasing every year. Its home country is in the mountainous regions of Gansu and Sichuan in west-central China. Most bamboo forests in these regions have been cut down and, as a result, pandas have become very few in number. In an effort to save the panda population, the Chinese government has built up 12 reserves in the western mountainous region of the country. Here, scientists from several countries have been studying the panda’s life. So far they have not had much success, but with more research, they may save pandas from being extinct. 272 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Just as Teddy bears have been popular playthings with children, toy pandas are favourite with children today. In zoos where pandas are kept, the panda enclosure has become the most popular attraction among children and adults alike. A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrases. a. no longer existing b. parts of the body c. cage d. plant-eating e. newspapers f. different from anything else B. Write true or false for the following statements. a. The panda is an endangered species. b. China is not its home country. c. Pandas eat nothing but bamboo leaves and shoots. d. The Chinese government and scientists are trying to save the panda. e. Toy pandas are not as popular as teddy bears. C. Answer the following questions. a. What’s the strange about the panda? b. What is its home country? c. What are the two reasons behind the decreasing number of pandas? d. What has been done in China to save the panda? e. Do people like pandas? Give reasons. f. How many reserves have been set up to save the pandas? 11. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. The word ‘baby’ is used for a young human being below the age of one year or 18 months. After this age, words such as ‘toddler’ and ‘child’ are used. The word ‘baby’ probably comes from ‘baba’, a sound made by many small babies (and their parents). Newborn babies may seem helpless, but they are not. They can suck strongly to drink milk from their mother’s breast. They cry if they are hungry or uncomfortable. They can hear well and usually recognize the voice of their mothers. However, a newborn baby depends on someone, usually the mother, for food and warmth and comfort. Babies grow and change very quickly. By six months, most babies have doubled their birth weight (from around 3.5 kilograms to 7). At one year, they may weigh 10 kilograms. Weight gain is quite a good indication of a baby’s health. If a baby is not gaining weight over a period of several weeks, it may be ill. A newborn baby cannot even hold up its head and has to be supported at all times. At about six to eight weeks, it is able to follow things with its eyes and starts to smile. At around three months, it will be able to raise the head. By seven months, it will be able to sit up with some support and hold things in the hand, and also babble simple sounds without any real meaning. A. Write true or false for the following statements. a. By seven months, the baby is able to sit up without support. b. They cry when they are happy. c. They can hear well and usually recognize the voice of their mothers. d. Babies grow and change very quickly. e. Although newborn babies may seem helpless, in fact they are not. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 273

B. Match the following words with their meanings. a. baby talk nonsense b. weight be familiar with c. recognize heaviness d. human being toddler e. babble creature C. Answer the following questions. a. What actions do newborn babies perform that show they are not helpless? b. Should a mother be worried if her baby is not developing at the same speed as the baby of another woman? c. Who is a baby? d. What is regarded as a good indication of a baby’s health? e. What expressions are used to refer to baby after one and half a year? 12. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. Graphology is the study and analysis of handwriting to assess the writer's traits or personality. In contrast, the field of scientific handwriting analysis for legal identification is designed to determine the authenticity of a signature or document such as a will or manuscript, without concern for the writer's personality. For the study of handwriting, responsible graphologists minimally require a full-page ink specimen, written spontaneously under normal physical conditions, by a person able to write with facility. Before the analysis, the graphologist must know the writer's age, sex, and nationality, none of which is revealed by the writing. Graphology as a means of delineating personality stems from the fact that people almost always write differently from the models taught them in school. How the writer combines characters from left to right and from top to bottom on the page creates a unique writing pattern. Theoretically, the writing, made up of more than 20 elements, such as degree of slant, breadth and height of letters, and space between lines, letters, and words, represents the different, yet interrelated, aspects of the writer's personality. A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrases. a. genuineness b. on impulse c. character d. scrutiny e. closely connected B. Find opposite meanings to the following words/phrases. a. reckless b. summit c. against the law d. concealed e. elaborately C. Write true or false against the following statements. a. Graphology is the analysis of a written document. b. Graphology analyzes the writer’s personality traits. c. People almost always write differently from the models taught them in school. d. The graphologists highly require a full-page ink specimen. e. The authenticity of a signature or document is checked by one’s handwriting. D. Answer the following questions. a. What is graphology? b. What do the graphologists require for the study of graphology? c. What does the writing made up of more than 20 elements represent? d. Why is it necessary to learn the background of the person? e. Write meaning of the word ‘manuscript’. 274 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

13. Read the passage and do the activities given below. The Interpretation of Dreams stands as a unique and classic work in the history of psychology. No matter what you may think of Sigmund Freud’s psychological theories, the cultural impact and historical importance of this book are without question. For those interested in dream research, this book serves as an excellent introduction to many of his major ideas. Freud was an incredibly prolific writer, publishing more than 320 different books, articles, and essays. Out of this impressive body of work, Freud described ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ as his personal favorite as well has his most significant contribution to the understanding of human thought. Originally published in German under the title Die Traumdeutung in November of 1899, initial sales for The Interpretation of Dreams were slow and disappointing. The book outlines Freud’s belief that dreams are highly symbolic, containing both overt meanings-manifest content as well as underlying, unconscious thoughts-latent content. Dreams, he suggested, are our unconscious wishes in disguise. Despite Freud’s tendency to over-generalize, his lack of scientific evidence, his overemphasis on sex, and his frequently chauvinistic viewpoints, this seminal work remains important in the history of psychology. The Interpretation of Dreams marked the beginning of psychoanalysis and is a fascinating text revealing Freud’s unique talent as a writer and ambitious theorist. A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrases. a. determined b. noteworthy c. concealing outfit d. satisfied e. having presence B. Find opposite meanings to the following words/phrases. a. disgusting b. mindful c. concluding d. unproductive e. have doubts about C. Put the following sentences in the correct order. a. The interpretation of dreams is a unique work in the history of psychology. b. The interpretation of dreams marked the beginning of psychoanalysis. c. The book outlines Freud’s belief that dreams are highly symbolic. d. This book serves as an excellent introduction to many of his major ideas. e. Freud was an incredibly prolific writer. D. Answer the following questions. a. Who is Sigmund Freud? b. What does the book the interpretation of dreams outline? c. How was the initial sale of the book? d. What are dreams? e. What did the Interpretation of Dreams mark? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 275

14. Read the passage and do the activities given below. Massage can be a natural tranquilliser. It has been used in virtually every culture throughout history to relieve aches and pains, unknot tense muscles, and help the body-- and the mind-- to relax. There are several types of the massage, but the most popular are Oriental massage and Swedish massage. The chief difference between them is that some of the strokes in Swedish massage are designed to stimulate a rather than to relax the body. It is unfortunate that many people who might benefit from massage never try it, dismissing it as a specialised treatment for athletes or disabled people or as an unjustifiable indulgence. If you think this way, you are missing out on something enjoyable. Anyone can learn to give massage. It is a simple extension of warm human care and touch. Professional masseurs and masseuses offer the benefit of both skill and experience. They should be trained in anatomy and physiology so that they can identify muscles that are in spasm or painful knots that have built up by misuse of the body. Experienced professionals generally understand the requirements of various body types and are able to choose strokes that are beneficial for the individual. During a typical one-hour session the routine builds subtly in intensity and then subsides. A. Find similar meanings to the following words/phrases. a. a drug used to reduce anxiety b. untie c. well-liked d. use wrongly e. motivate B. Find opposite meanings to the following words/phrases. a. inexpert b. acceptable c. uninteresting d. trouble-free e. detriment C. Put the following sentences in the correct order. a. It is unfortunate that many people who might benefit from massage never try it. b. Massage is used to relieve aches and pains. c. Swedish massage is designed to stimulate the body. d. There are several types of the massage. e. Experienced professionals understand the requirements of various body types. D. Answer the following questions. a. What is the difference between Oriental massage and Swedish massage? b. What is massage used for? c. Why do many people dismiss massage? d. What is the meaning of massage? e. Why are experienced professionals required for massage? 276 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Chapter VI LISTENING Listening is regarded to be the primary skill in language learning. Our present Secondary English curriculum has given emphasis on listening skill as well. The textbook has included some listening texts and exercises related to them. According to the Secondary Level Specification Grid, a listening test of 10 marks is given to the students. In this unit, I have included some model sets as well as some practice questions along with their tape scripts. Tips for listening test  Students are instructed in detail how listening test is conducted (first three minutes).  The audio is played for three times. First they will listen and do the first question, second they will listen and do the second question and the third time they will listen and check their answers.  Questions are distributed to students and they have to write their names, symbol numbers, etc. on the answer sheets and go through the questions. They are given five minutes to write their names and read the questions etc.  The audio is played for the first time. Students are given five minutes to answer the first question.  The audio is played for the second time. Students have to answer the second question in five minutes.  The audio is played for the third time and students have to check their answers in one minute. Types of questions 1. Multiple choice with answers or pictures 2. Fill in the blanks 3. Ordering 4. Matching 5. Question answer 6. Short answer questions Materials Interviews, conversations, short discussions/talks, adverts/commercials, reports, announcements, news, detailed directions, stories, operating instructions, messages, weather forecast, personal profiles, short narratives, recorded or broadcast audio material, etc. Note: The sound files should be authentic and clearly articulated with average speed of delivery. Sample Listening Test 1 1. Listen to the conversation and match the expressions under A with the right ones under B. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 A B a. Amrit i) is going to prepare dinner for all. b. Ankita ii) is at home. c. The party iii) are best friends. d. Ankita’s mother iv) has birthday. e. Ankita and Amrit v) gives a call. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 277

2. Listen to the conversation again, and fill in the blanks with suitable words or phrases. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. Amrit wants to know how Ankita is going to------------------------- her birthday. b. --------------------other friends are attending the party. c. Ankita wants Amrit to come-------------------------than others. d. They will------------------------after the dinner. e. The birthday is----------------days later. TAPESCRIPT Amrit: Hi Ankita! Ankita: Oh, hi Amrita! Amrit: How are you doing? Ankita: I’m doing all right. How about you? Amrit: Not too bad. Your birthday is coming soon. How are you going to celebrate it? Ankita: I’ll celebrate it with my friends. Amrit: Are you having a party at your home? Ankita: Yah, we’ll have dinner. My mother is going to prepare for us all. After that we will be dancing and singing. Amrit: It is a good program. Will you also invite me? Ankita: What? Aren’t you my best friend? You should go with me even if I don’t invite you. Who will sing at the party if you don’t come? Amrit: Thanks. I was just joking. Whom else are you inviting? Ankita: Three more friends. Reena, Rohit and Ramdas. Amrit: What time does the party begin? Ankita: There isn’t any fixed time. Other friends are coming at around six in the evening. Will you come a little earlier? Amrit: I’ll try to be a little earlier. I have been eagerly waiting for that day. Ankita: Thanks. We’ll have great fun. Hope to see you then. Bye! Amrit: See you. Bye! Sample Listening Test 2 1. Listen to the tape or the teacher and write true or false to the following statements. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. Three students take part in this conversation. b. Deepa loves writing. c. Ranjeet wants to be a teacher. d. Ranjeet is very good at making quick decisions. e. Deepa wants to be journalist. 2. Listen to the tape or the teacher and answer the following questions. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. Who’s undecided about his or her life? b. Who’d be a good journalist? c. Who’d be a good teacher? d. Who couldn’t be a businessman? e. Who’s good at making quick decision? 278 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

TAPESCRIPT I don’t know what subjects to take. I can’t decide what I want to do with my Ranjeet: life. Have you thought about it, Deepa? Yes, I have. I think I’d make a good journalist because I love writing. Deepa: Maybe I could be a teacher because I’m very creative. And I like working Ranjeet: with kids. Oh, I wouldn’t want to be a teacher. I’m too impatient. Deepa: I could never be a businessman because I’m not good at making decisions Ranjeet: quickly. Ramesh is very good at making quick decisions. What’s he doing? Deepa: He’s studying science because his parents want him to be a doctor. Ranjeet: Really? Say hello to him if you see him. Bye Ranjeet. Deepa: Bye. Ranjeet: Sample Listening Test 3 1. Listen to the tape or the teacher and answer the following questions. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. What was the purpose of the demonstration? b. Where did the demonstration take place? c. Why was Tirtha at the police station? d. Who have decided to cut down the trees? e. What was their slogan? 2. Listen to the tape or the teacher and decide whether the following sentences are true or false. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. People were against the demonstration. b. The village council wants to save trees. c. The demonstration was to save trees. d. Dorje escaped from the police. e. Tirtha and Dorje didn’t know each other. TAPESCRIPT Years ago I spent a year at a Britain University. One day my professor asked me if I were free. He was having a party, and I was free, so he invited me to his house. Well, I knew two things: first of all you must be on time, and secondly, you should bring something with you. So I bought a nice big bunch of flowers and caught an early bus. I was wearing a new red checked shirt and faded denim trousers. The bus was crowded and I fell asleep, so I missed my stop. When I woke up the bus was almost empty. I asked the solitary passenger where I was. Then I jumped off the bus and started to run back to the professor’s house. But then I realized that I must have left the flowers on the bus! It was no use, the bus had gone. I arrived half an hour late, sweating, with a red shirt, a red face and no present. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 279

Sample Listening Test 4 1. Listen to the tape or the teacher and write true of false for the following statements. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. Jyoti phones Ashok. b. They are going to see a film. c. They are planning to give a surprise party for Alok. d. They have arranged to meet at Alok’s at 8:00. e. Alok does not know about the plan. 2. Listen to the tape or the teacher and tick the best answer. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. The people are _____. (brother and sister/friends/husband and wife) b. They are talking about_____. (cooking/buying things/a party) c. Alok’s birthday is on_____. (Sunday/Tuesday/Saturday) d. Ananda is bringing_____. (violin/cokes/guitar) e. They are going to plan a_____. (surprise party/birthday party/marriage party) TAPESCRIPT Ashok: Hello, Jyoti. Jyoti: Oh, Ashok! I was going to call you tonight. Ashok: What’s up? Jyoti: Well, its Alok’s birthday on Saturday, and we’re planning a surprise party for him. Ashok: Who’s planning the party? Jyoti: Anand, Gyanu, Pritee and me. We are going to give Alok a surprise. Ashok: Sounds like fun. Jyoti: This is the plan. I’ve asked Alok to go to a film with me at 6:00. After the film, we’ll go back to his place. So be at Alok’s by 8:00 to wait for us and surprise him. His parents will let you in. Ashok: Are we supposed to bring something to eat? Jyoti: I’ve asked Preeti and Gyanu to buy some cakes and cokes. Anand is bringing his guitar. Ashok: Great. Jyoti: Um, can you bring some snacks? And don’t say anything to Alok. Ashok: No problem. Sample Listening Test 5 1. Listen to the tape or the teacher and tick the best answers. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. Indira works for_____. (TV station/a radio station/a newspaper) b. Ms. Gurung is a_____. (IGP/DIGP/AIGP) c. She is the_____.woman to hold this post. (best/first/most) d. Her parents had_____. (2 children/3children/4 children) e. Indira is the _____. (student/interviewer/police) 280 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

2. Listen to the tape or the teacher and answer the following questions. (You have five minutes to do it.) 5 a. Why is Mrs. Gurung very happy? b. Why did she choose the police force? c. What are her feelings about the police force? d. What’s her message for the viewers? e. Where are these people talking? TAPESCRIPT Welcome to our “Guest gossip’ program, Ms Gurung. Indira: Thank you very much, Indira. Ms Gurung: Viewers, this is Ms Gurung. You might or might not know about her. She is Indira: the first woman DIGP in Nepal. Ms Gurung, how do you feel about being a DIGP? I’m very happy. Ms Gurung: Did you ever feel that being a woman was an obstacle in your professional Indira: career? Were you treated the same as your male colleagues? I never felt that being a woman was an obstacle. I was given every chance Ms Gurung: for promotion – which is why I’m here today. Ms Gurung, why did you choose to make a career for yourself in the police Indira: force? Well, my parents have four children, two sons, and two daughters. My Ms Gurung: brothers were allowed to do whatever they liked. But we sisters were not allowed to go to the market, on our own. So I decided that, one day, I would show my parents that a girl can also do what a boy can. Do you have any message for our viewers? Indira: Don’t let anyone make you feel small. Have faith in yourself and the world Ms Gurung: will be at your feet. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 281

Chapter VII SPEAKING The main purpose of language teaching is to enable students to use the language in day to day communication. In our context, students hesitate to speak in English even though they can produce a variety of written texts and possess a good knowledge of the language. As such, the present English curriculum has emphasized the spoken skill as well so that students will be able to speak fluently and accurately in a variety of authentic situations. In SEE examination as well, a speaking test is given to the students that covers 15 marks. In this unit, I have included some model as well as practice questions based on SEE grid and also some useful tips for the students. Purpose To find whether the students have obtained the learning outcomes of speaking mentioned in the curriculum. Speaking constructs The speaking test should test the following speaking constructs 1. Pronunciation 2. Stress and intonation 3. Fluency 4. Accuracy 5. Appropriacy 6. Clarity of expressions 7. Language functions 8. Use of discourse markers and the features of connected speech Tips for Speaking Test  Greet the monitor (e.g. Good morning/Good afternoon, Sir / Madam) so that you can present yourself naturally and politely.  Ask the monitor for permission before taking your seat with ease. (e.g. May I sit down Sir/ Madam?)  Give your admission card to the monitor so that she/he can note down your symbol number and name on the scoring sheet. (e. g. Here is my admission card please.)  The speaking test carries 15 marks and there will be altogether 4 questions. Each one is described below: Types of test items Each student at the beginning of speaking test should be asked some very general questions to make the students feel comfortable. The following types of test items will be used to assess the speaking skill: 1. General interview (3 marks) (Ask any three questions on personal/ common/ familiar topics.) The monitor may start the conversation asking various ordinary questions related to you such as your name, about your study, exams, family background etc. This will be your first question and it carries 3 marks. You will be asked more than three questions as well but don’t hesitate to speak. You will be asked very simple questions. 282 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

2. Describing pictures, charts, maps, tables, etc. OR, narrating a sequence of events (4 marks) (Ask any one question where students are required to speak at least 8 sentences.) Your second question will be related to describing. This carries 4 marks. You will be asked to describe pictures, charts, maps, tables etc. or you will be asked to narrate a sequence of events. While narrating the sequence of events use the past tense. In describing others, use appropriate structures. For example if you are asked to describe the objects in pictures, your first sentence will be: This is a/an (the object in the picture) and your second sentence will be: This is used for (purpose). If you are asked to describe the objects in the pictures, you will be given four pictures and try to speak at least 8 sentences. 3. Cued situation (4 marks) (Give students at least two cued situation so that they will speak at least two sentences each using appropriate language functions/structures.) Your third question will be based on the cued situation. It carries 4 marks. Your monitor will give you at least two cued situations like; what would you do if you were the prime minister In such situation, try to use the correct structures and functions as well. For example, if you are asked the question like: if you have lost your pen, how will you ask with your friend, your answer should be the request like: Could you please give me your pen? I’ve lost it. 4. Speaking on a given topic (4 marks) (Give a topic to the students, give them some time to think, and ask them to speak on the same.) This is the last question in your speaking test. You will be given a topic to speak on. It carries 4 questions. When you are given a topic, you will be given 1 minute to think. Think for some time. Make a tentative plan in your mind and speak using the simple language.  Request the monitor for another set if you do not feel comfortable with the given set.  Do not answer the questions in haste. The monitor will allow you some time (15/20 seconds) to respond to each question. Tenses and sentence structures should be as per the monitor asks.  Say, thank you, bye / good bye, sir/ madam before leaving the exam hall. Instruction The instruction should be short and clear. Time: 10 to 15 minutes per students Some more notes on speaking skills  Practise listening and speaking outside the classroom as much as possible.  Listen to the radio, especially newscasts as they often repeat stories. This review can improve your comprehension and increase your vocabulary. Watch a show on TV, for example, a talk show, a children’s show for easy English, a documentary, or a soap opera.  Watch TV or a video with your family or friends and then talk about it.  Talk to your friends in English.  Practise pronunciation. Pronunciation is important. English is a stress-based language. We indicate important information to the listener through stress.  Practice stress and linking to help you develop speaking and listening skills. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 283

Sample speaking test items 1. General interview Some sample questions for this part of speaking test are: a. What’s your name? b. Where do you live? c. How was your examination? d. Who do you live with? e. Tell me about your family. f. How was your written examination? g. Do you like English? Why? h. Who do you love more: father or mother? Why? i. What do you do in your free time? (You will be asked at least three questions like the above) 2. Describing pictures, charts, maps, tables etc. or narrating a sequence of events 3. Cued situation (4 marks) Examples: a. How would you ask for a pencil with your friend if you lost yours? b. You are feeling cold inside a room. How do you ask your mother to close the door? c. What would you do if you were the prime minister of Nepal? d. How do you respond when someone says 'thank you' to you? (You will be asked four different questions and you will need to answer using the correct structures and functions) 4. Speaking on a given topic (4 marks) (Give a topic to the students, give them some time to think, and ask them to speak on the same.) a. Friendship b. Climate change c. The English language d. Sex education in schools e. Benefits of open learning f. Importance of higher education g. Qualities of a good student h. Environmental pollution i. Computers for learning j. Village life 284 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Sample Speaking Test 1 Note: Study the sheet carefully before you start speaking to your test-monitor. General icebreaker questions to make the students feel comfortable. (Not used for marking) Task 1 General interview questions on personal/ familiar/ common topics. 3x1=3 a. What four suggestions would you like to give the people who support the 'Dowry System'? b. What is your aim in life? Why? c. What is your favourite food? Why? Task 2 Here is a chart showing Mr. Rubin’s Annual Expenditure. Study the information and interpret the chart. Use at least 8 sentences. 8x0.5=4 Mr. RubSian5v'%sinAgnnCuh1aa0l r%Eixtypenditure Food 7% Education 25% Entertainment Health Clothes 8% 15% 20% Transport 10% Task 3 a. Suppose one of your friends says that s/he is suffering from fever and asks you some advice. What would you suggest him/her to do? Use at least two sentences. 2x1=2 b. What would you do if you were the Home Minister of Nepal at present? Write two 2x1=2 sentences using correct conditional. Task 4 Choose one of the topics below and speak at least 8 sentences on it. You have 1 minute time 8x0.5=4 to think before you start speaking. a. Sex education in schools b. Benefits of open learning c. Importance of higher education Sample Speaking Test 2 Note: Study the sheet carefully before you start speaking to your test-monitor. General icebreaker questions to make the students feel comfortable. (Not used for marking) Task 1 3x1=3 General interview questions on personal/ familiar/ common topics. a. Where are you from? b. Which district and zone is your village/town in? c. Which is the highest mountain in the world? What is its height? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 285

Task 2 Here is a time table of a student studying in grade X. Study the information and interpret the 8x0.5=4 table. Use at least 8 sentences. Time Activities 5:30 am Get up and do daily activities 6:00 am Do yoga 6:10 am Prepare and serve tea to family members 6:30 am Do Math’s homework 7:00 am Do Science’s homework 7:30 am Do Social’s homework 8:00 am Do Optional Math’s homework 8:00 am Do Nepali’s homework Task 3 a. Suppose one of your friends says that s/he needs your help in solving a problem. What would you suggest him/her to do? Use at least two sentences. 2x1=2 b. What would you do if you found a purse on the way to school? Write two sentences using correct conditional. 2x1=2 Task 4 Choose one of the topics below and speak at least 8 sentences on it. You have 1 minute time to think before you start speaking. 8x0.5=4 a. Friendship b. Climate change c. The English language Sample Speaking Test 3 Note: Study the sheet carefully before you start speaking to your test-monitor. General icebreaker questions to make the students feel comfortable. (Not used for marking) Task 1 General interview questions on personal/ familiar/ common topics. 3x1=3 a. How did you come to the examination hall this morning? b. How many members are there in your family? c. How much mark do you expect to get in English? Task 2 Look at the following picture and describe it in present continuous tense. You should tell at least 8 sentences. 8x0.5=4 Task 3 a. Tell me any four rules and regulations that you should follow at your home. 4x0.5=2 b. What will you do in coming winter vacation? Say any four things. 4x0.5=2 Task 4 Choose one of the topics below and speak at least 8 sentences on it. You have 1 minute time to think before you start speaking. 8x0.5=4 a. Qualities of a good student b. Environmental pollution c. Computers for learning 286 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

ANTONYMS Words Antonyms Words Antonyms above below hill valley abroad home humble proud absent present husband wife accept refuse in out active passive include exclude add subtract increase decrease admit deny indifferent interested adult child inner outer alive dead inside outside all none insult praise allow refuse interested bored always never interesting dull arrive depart joy sorrow asleep awake junior senior back front kind cruel backward forward knowledge ignorance bad good lazy industrious barren fertile lead follow beautiful ugly least greatest before after leave arrive begin end lend borrow bent straight level steep best worst life death better worse liquid solid big small long short black white loss gain blameless guilty hard soft bless curse love hate blunt sharp majority minority bold timid many few Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 287

boss employee master servant bravery cowardice mean kind break repair miser spendthrift bridge tunnel modern ancient bright dull most least broad narrow motorist pedestrian busy idle mountain valley buy sell natural artificial capture release near far catch throw give take cheap expensive niece nephew city country noise silence clean dirty noisy quiet clever foolish normal abnormal cloudy clear north south clumsy graceful notice ignore coarse fine obey command cold hot obtain give come go often seldom comedy tragedy old new comfort disturb omit include common rare open shut/close contract expand order chaos cool warm overlook notice coward hero pardon punish cowardly bold part whole create destroy past future cry laugh peace war daily nightly plural singular danger safety polite rude dark bright poor rich 288 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

dawn dusk powerful weak day night praise blame deep shallow public private depth height punish reward die live pupil teacher difficult easy purchase sell dim bright push pull discourteous polite question answer divide multiply quick slow doctor patient raw cooked drunk sober real imaginary dwarf giant right left early late rise fall east west rough smooth easy difficult sad cheerful ebb flow safe dangerous empty full same different enjoy dislike separate join entrance exit several few evening morning silly serious ever never similar different everybody nobody slim fat everywhere nowhere smile frown exit entrance straight crooked fact fiction strange familiar failure success strong weak fair dark summer winter famous unknown sunny dark fancy plain sweet sour far near talk listen fat thin, skinny tall short Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 289

few many teach learn find lose teacher student finish start these those first last thick thin flatter insult this that foe friend tight loose foolish wise tiny huge foreign local top bottom forget remember trust doubt found lost truth lie freeze thaw under over fresh stale usual ordinary friend enemy up down full vacant vacant occupied future past valuable worthless generous selfish victory defeat give take war peace graceful awkward wide narrow guilty innocent win lose happy sad wise foolish hard soft within without head tail work rest heavy light wrong right hell heaven yes no help hinder young old here there zeal apathy hide show zoom dawdle 290 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

SYNONYMS Words Synonyms Words Synonyms abduct kidnap lofty haughty abhor detest logo symbol above over mad insane abroad overseas magnitude size abrogate cancel malice spite abstain refrain margin edge accord agreement meager scanty admit confess mean cruel adversary opponent messy untidy aggravate worsen narrate tell agree consent nefarious evil akin related negligible insignificant baby infant obey submit bad evil obstinate stubborn beg implore odyssey journey begin commence often frequently behaviour conduct old ancient belittle insult omen sign benevolent kind pacify appease blamed accused paltry worthless blank empty pandemic widespread bliss happiness parcel package bottom foot part portion brave daring, bold passionate ardent brawn strength patent obvious bright shinning paucity scarcity broad wide peddle sell canon rule pen write capitulate surrender perhaps maybe careful cautious perilous dangerous castigate criticize perish die catastrophic disastrous persevere persist catch capture quack charlatan Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 291

caucus meeting qualms doubts celestial heavenly quay wharf centre middle queen empress champion winner recollect remember change alter rectify correct cheat deceive recur repeat chide scold red ruddy choose select reek smell chubby plump regal royal circumspect cautious rein curb clemency forgiveness rejoice celebrate clergyman minister remain stay clothes dress remedial corrective clout influence remember recollect coagulate thicken remnant residue coddle pamper remorse guilt coercion force renowned famous collusion conspiracy replenish refill commend praise retain keep commodity product sack pillage compulsory obligatory safe secure concise brief saga story concur agree sanction approval confer bestow saturate soak damp moist savor relish dangerous risky scant inadequate deadly fatal scared frightened dear expensive scatter disperse dearth scarcity scion offspring debilitate weaken scorn disdain deceive trick sear burn decimate destroy secede withdraw decipher decode seclusion solitude decrease reduce seduce lure deleterious harmful seldom rarely 292 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

discernible visible separate sever discreet prudent squalid filthy disease sickness squander waste disfigure mar static inactive dismal gloomy steed mount disorder chaos stern strict dispatch send stick adhere disperse scatter stifle suppress distend swell stingy miserly diversity variety stop halt divulge disclose strange odd dodder tremble strife conflict dull gloomy strive endeavour ebb recede strong powerful eccentric odd strong sturdy edifice building student pupil efficacious effective studious diligent egocentric self-centered taint pollute electorate voters talk conversation elucidate explain talon claw elude evade tangible touchable empty vacant tarnish taint end conclusion taut tight enemy foe teach educate enough sufficient teacher instructor ensnare entangle tempest storm enterprise undertaking tempt entice entice lure tenet doctrine entreat plead tepid lukewarm hallucination delusion terse concise hamper obstruct tested tried haphazard random thin lean hapless unlucky ubiquitous omnipresent harangue tirade ulterior hidden hard difficult unassuming modest hate detest uncanny mysterious haven refuge under beneath Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 293

height altitude undermine weaken hide conceal underscore emphasize hideous horrible venom poison illicit unlawful venue location illimitable limitless verbose wordy illustrious famous verdict decision imbibe drink vex annoy imitate copy vicious cruel immaterial irrelevant victory triumph immense huge vie compete impale pierce vital necessary impasse deadlock vocation occupation impassive calm vogue fashion impeccable faultless volatile unstable impede hinder transient temporary impending imminent transitory momentary imperil endanger traverse cross implicate incriminate trek journey implore entreat trick hoax inculcate instill trite commonplace indelible permanent trust believe indigent poor try attempt indolent lazy sinister evil industrious hardworking site location inexorable relentless skeptical doubtful infamous notorious slay kill infamy shame sleepy drowsy infer conclude slim slender infirmity ailment sloth laziness influx inflow smart intelligent legacy bequest smell scent legible readable smite strike listen hear worth value lithe supple yacht ship little small zeal enthusiasm loathe abhor xanthemia carotenemia 294 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

HOMONYMS 1. Ail-to cause problems ale –a type of beer 2. Allowed-permitted aloud-in a loud voice 3. Arc-a curved shape ark –a large boat 4. Air-mixture of gases heir-successor 5. Ate-past form of eat eight –the 8th number 6. Bad-not good bade-past form of bid 7. Bail-money that somebody agrees to pay bale –a large amount of light 8. Bald-having little or no hair bawled –shouted loudly 9. Ball-a round object bawl-a deep round dish 10. Bare-vacant, unoccupied bear -tolerate 11. Beach-seashore beech-a tall forest tree 12. Bean-a seed been-past participle of be 13. Beat- to defeat somebody beet-a plant with a round dark red root 14. Bee-an insect be –verb 15. Berry-a small fruit bury-to place a dead body in a grave 16. Birth-produce a baby berth-a place to sleep on a ship or train 17. Blue-related to colour blew-past form of blow 18. Boar-a wild pig bore-past form of bear 19. Board-flat bored- feeling tired 20. Bough-branch of a tree bow-to move your head forwards and downwards 21. Boy-a male character buoy-an object that floats on the sea or river 22. Brake-a device for slowing down speed break-damage 23. Buy-to purchase by-preposition bye-goodbye 24. Ceiling-the top inside surface of a room sealing-the activity of hunting seals 25. Cell-smallest unit of living being sell-to give something exchanging with money 26. Cent-a coin and unit of money sent-past form of send 27. Check-to examine something cheque- money order 28. Coarse-rough course-lessons 29. Cord-thin rope chord-a straight line that joins two points on a curve 30. Dear-loved by all deer- an animal with long legs 31. Die-gets death dye-to change the colour of something 32. Dun-grayish brown in colour done-completed 33. Ewe-a female sheep you-pronoun 34. Fair-acceptable and appropriate fare-the money paid to travel 35. Feat-a piece of work that needs skills feet-plural of foot 36. Find-to discover something fined-charged 37. Flea-a very small jumping insect flee-to leave a person or place very quickly 38. Flew-past form of fly flu-an infectious disease 39. Flour-a fine white or brown powder flower-the coloured part of a plant 40. Fool-an idiot full-with no empty space Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 295

41. Fore-to play an important part four-the fourth number 42. Gait-a way of walking gate-entrance 43. Grate-a metal frame for holding a wood or coal great- very large 44. Groan-to make a long deep sound grown-mentally and physically an adult 45. Hair-substance on head hare-an animal like a large rabbit 46. Hall-a large room haul-to pull something with a lot of effort 47. Heal-to become healthy again heel-the back part of the foot below the ankle 48. Heard-past of hear herd-a group of animals of the same types 49. Him-pronoun hymn- a song of praise 50. Hole-a hollow space in something whole -complete 51. Idle-perfect, most suitable idol-an image 52. Key-door key quay- a platform in a harbor where boats come in to load 53. Knew-pas form of know new –recently made 54. Knight-a man of high social class night-time between a day and next 55. Knot-a join made by tying together not-used in negative sentences 56. Know-recognize no-number 57. leak-to allow liquid or gas leek-a vegetable like a long onion 58. lessen-to decrease lesson-a moral 59. Made-prepared maid-a servant 60. Mail-an official system of sending letters and documents male-a man 61. None-not one of a group of people nun-a monk 62. One-the number 1 won-became victorious 63. Plane-a flying machine plain-easy to see or understand 64. Rain-to cause to fall water reign- rule or dynasty 65. Rap-a quick sharp hit or knock wrap-cover something up 66. Read-to study reed-a tall plant like grass 67. Right-correct write-to write down with a pen 68. Ring-a piece of jewellery wring- to twist and squeeze cloth 69. Road-a hard surface built for vehicles to travel rode-past of ride 70. Role-function or position of somebody roll-a long piece of clothes wrapped 71. Root-root of a tree route-way 72. Rose-a flower rows-seats, lines 73. Sight-view site-a place or building 74. Sole-main soul- spirit 75. Stair-a set of steps stare-to look at 76. Stake-a wooden or metal post steak- a thick slice of good quality beef 77. Steal-to rob steel-a metal 78. Tail-the back part of the body tale- a story 79. Vain-a proud person vein-any of the tubes that carry blood 80. Write-to make letters or numbers right-morally good or acceptable 296 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

COLLECTIVE NOUNS 1. Album: An album of autographs, stamps 2. Band: A band of musicians, robbers 3. Bevy: A bevy of beauties, girls, quail 4. Book: A book of exercises, notes 5. Brood: A brood, flock of chicks 6. Bunch: A bunch of bananas, crooks, flowers, grapes, keys 7. Bundle: A bundle of firewood, sticks, hay, rags, old clothes 8. Catalogue: A catalogue of prices, goods 9. Chain: A chain of events, mountains 10. Class: A class of pupils, students 11. Cloud: A cloud of dust, flies, insects, locusts 12. Clump: A clump of bushes, trees 13. Cluster: A cluster of coconuts, diamonds, grapes, stars 14. Collection: A collection of coins, curiosities, pictures, relics, stamps 15. Company: A company of actors, soldiers 16. Fall: A fall of rain, snow 17. Fight: A flight of aero planes, birds, doves, locusts, swallows 18. Fleet: A fleet of motor-cars, taxis, ships 19. Flock: A flock of birds, chickens, geese, sheep, worshippers 20. Gang: A gang of crooks, laborers, prisoners, robbers, thieves 21. Herd: A herd of buffaloes, cattle, deer, elephants, goats, swine 22. Host: A host of angels, sparrows 23. Litter: A litter of cubs, kittens, piglets, puppies 24. Pack: A pack of cards, hounds, rascals, thieves, wolves, cigarettes, letters 25. School: A school of fish, porpoises, whales 26. Sheaf: A sheaf of arrows, corn, grain, papers, wheat 27. Shower: A shower of blows, rain 28. Staff: A staff of employees, servants, teachers 29. Stalk: A stack of arms, corn, hay, timber, wood 30. Stock: A stock of goods, wood a team of players 31. String: A string of beads, horses, pearls 32. Suite: A suite of furniture, rooms 33. Swarm: A swarm of ants, bees, insects 34. Troupe: A troupe of artistes, dancers, performers 35. Harvest: A harvest of wheat, corn Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 297

GLOSSARY Words Pronunciation Synonyms Antonyms accept /əkˈsept/ adequate /'ædɪkwət/ agree to, admit, acknowledge, allow deny, refuse adjust /əˈdʒʌst/ adventure /ədˈventʃə(r)/ sufficient, ample, enough, plenty inadequate advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/ adapt, change, modify leave journey, voyage, exploration support, encourage, promote, discourage campaigner ambitionless /æmˈbɪʃnles/ aimlessness, lack of purpose, value, worth senselessness anarchy /ˈænəki/ disorder, chaos, lawlessness, order revolution, rebellion antagonist /ænˈtæɡənɪst/ rival, opponent, enemy, contender, friend competitor appealing /əˈpiːlɪŋ/ attractive, interesting, charming, repulsive, pleasing, fascinating appearance /əˈpɪərəns/ look, outward show, form, exterior disappearance appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ assignment /əˈsaɪnmənt/ be thankful for, value, welcome depreciate assimilate /əˈsɪməleɪt/ task, job, project, duty, delegation idleness incorporate, take in, integrate, adjust, reject adapt audience /ˈɔːdiəns/ spectators, viewers, listeners, performers addressees available /əˈveɪləbl/ obtainable, accessible, existing, unavailable on hand average /ˈævərɪdʒ/ standard, common, ordinary, unusual middling attribute /əˈtrɪbjuːt/ quality, characteristic, trait, point discredit avian /ˈeɪviən / abbreviation /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/ of or connected with birds absolutely /ˈæbsəluːtli/ short form, contraction, acronym expansion totally, completely, utterly, no somewhat, question perhaps accommodation /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ somewhere to stay, lodging, room, alleyway place to stay adventurous /ədˈventʃərəs/ daring, bold, courageous, willing to timid take risks to try out new experiences aggravate /ˈæɡrəveɪt/ make worse, exacerbate, exaggerate, alleviate intensify 298 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

announcement /əˈnaʊnsmənt/ a formal public statement, concealment declaration, message, notice secret appearance /əˈpɪərəns/ manifestation, look, outward show disappearance asthma /ˈæsmə/ a medical condition making breathing difficult barbaric /bɑːˈbærɪk/ cruel and violent beautifully /ˈbjuːtɪfli/ beauty /ˈbjuːti/ wonderfully, skillfully, attractively unattractively attractiveness, prettiness, unattractiveness gorgeousness, magnificence belongings /bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz/ possessions, property, things, stuff antipathies blooming /ˈbluːmɪŋ/ blossoming, flowering, fading budding, in flower bottom /ˈbɒtəm/ base, underneath, foot, floor top brandish /ˈbrændɪʃ/ bug /bʌg/ wave, hold, wield let go beast /biːst/ bereavement /bɪˈriːvmənt/ insect, creepy-crawly, virus creature, animal, living thing man, pet grief, mourning, sorrow, comfort, sadness, commemoration disposition bumpy /ˈbʌmpi/ uneven, rough, bouncy, jerky smooth burst /bɜːst/ carrier /ˈkæriə(r)/ rupture, explode, erupt deflate chase /tʃeɪs/ transporter, shipper, mover run after, follow, pursue, search for escape cherish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ value, appreciate, take pleasure in depreciate cinematography /ˌsɪnəməˈtɒɡrəfi/ photography, picture making, camera clever /ˈklevə(r)/ work closeness /ˈkləʊsnəs/ bright, intelligent, smart, skillful, thick, dull sharp colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ nearness, proximity, intimacy, distance combatant /ˈkɒmbətənt/ familiarity, friendship condolence /kənˈdəʊləns/ coworker, associate, partner, enemy conscious /ˈkɒnʃəs/ collaborator consult /kənˈsʌlt/ fighter, soldier, enemy, non-combatant participant, competitor sympathy at someone’s death, pity mercilessness aware, mindful, alert, awake unconscious refer to, discuss with, talk to, answer, ignore look up, seek advice from Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 299

contaminated /kənˈtæmɪneɪtɪd/ impure, infected, polluted, uncontaminated adulterated contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ costume /ˈkɒstjuːm/ add, donate, give, play a part take catchphrase /ˈkætʃfreɪz/ Consent /kənˈsent/ set of clothes, dress, uniform, outfit infit component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ slogan, tag, catchword, motto cautious /ˈkɔːʃəs/ cherish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ permission, approval, show refusal willingness cornerstone /ˈkɔːnəstəʊn/ chronological /ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ part, constituent, section, element whole civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ careful, watchful, alert, wary reckless cottage /ˈkɒtɪdʒ/ crash /kræʃ/ take pleasure in, treasure, value, despise, scorn appreciate create /kriˈeɪt/ creep up /kri:pʌp/ foundation stone, keystone, basis summit curiosity /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/ sequential, in order disordered custom /ˈkʌstəm/ culture, empire, wilderness deadly /’dedli/ development, cultivation deeply /'di:pli/ defeated /dɪˈfiːtɪd/ hut, small house, log cabin castle defile /dɪˈfaɪl/ collide, break down, collapse, definitely /ˈdefɪnətli/ accident, bump, collision delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ make, generate, produce, invent destroy deliver / dɪˈlɪvə(r) / demise /dɪˈmaɪz/ draw near, bear down on, move in, move away departed /dɪˈpɑːtɪd/ approach depend on /dɪˈpendʌn/ depict /dɪˈpɪkt/ inquisitiveness, interest, snooping apathy desired /dɪˈzaɪə(r)d/ tradition, convention, norm, practice, habit lethal, fatal, toxic harmless extremely, profoundly, intensely mildly, barely beaten, conquered, victorious overpowered, overcome corrupt, pollute, ruin, dishonor respect, enhance absolutely, certainly, without doubt indefinitely tasty, mouth-watering, delightful, tasteless wonderful transport, send, convey, bring take away death, departure, downfall birth deceased, late, dead living rely on, count on, trust, rest on distrust portray, show, represent, give a hide picture of preferred, beloved, most wanted undesired 300 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9