English and Grammar Grade 9 (2077)

' MESSAGE OF CONDOLENCE '' A message of condolence is the sympathy message written for family members, relatives and friends. It is written in order to publish it in the newspaper. A message of condolence in the newspaper indicates that someone known to them has died recently. Tips for Writing Message of Condolence:  Create a message box and write a heading at the top of the message box in block capital letters.  HEARTFELT CONDOLENCE, CONDOLENCE, IN MEMORIUM, OBITUARY and COMMISERATION are the common headings of a message of condolence.  Insert a box just below the heading to put the photo of the dead person.  Express your sympathy and grief to the person who has got death.  Highlight the name of the dead person with colorful handwriting.  Extend your heartfelt condolences to the heartbroken family, friend and relatives concerned.  Use expressions that express prayer for the deceased soul.  Write your or your organization’s name and address at the bottom of the message box.  Try to make the corners of the message box attractive. A specimen message of condolence on the untimely death of a staff of a college HEARTFELT CONDOLENCE JJ Late Ram Chandra Regmi We are deeply saddened to learn about the sudden, premature, and untimely demise of Mr. Ram chandra Regmi A lecturer at Nepal Kasthamandap College, Kalanki. Late Regmi was killed in the massive earthquake of 2072. He was helpful as well as popular among the students and his colleagues. We extend our heartfelt condolences to his bereaved family and relatives And pray that his departed soul will rest in peace in heaven. 'May god give courage and strength to his family members to overcome this irreparable loss. He will always remain in our heart and memories. Nepal Kasthamandap College Family Kalanki, Kathmandu, Nepal Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 151

Practice Questions 1. Imagine that one of the well wishers of your school has died. He was killed in the earthquake. Write a condolence message to be published in the local newspaper on behalf of your school. Include the points in the box below. Name and age position in school and elsewhere His/her special qualities how s/he was killed Your wishes for the departed soul your school name 2. Imagine that one of the members of your family has died. S/he was killed in an accident. Write a condolence message to be published in the local newspaper on behalf of your family. Include the points in the box below. Name and age position in society and elsewhere His/her special qualities how s/he was killed Your wishes for the departed soul your family name 3. Suppose that your one of the school teachers is dead. Write a message of condolence to be published in a newspaper using the clues prearranged underneath. Dhruba Basaula-50 years-Founder cum Managing Director-REED Model School-Nepali teacher-strict and popular among students and parents-died on 20th December 2016- Stay strong and know that you are remembered in our/my thoughts and prayers 4. Write a message of condolence on behalf of your school to be published in a newspaper. Use the clues in the box. Nita Karki…….birth 2060/04/13……death 2074/11/02…..a student of grade 10…….died of heart failure 5. Write a message of condolence on behalf of your school to be published in a newspaper. Use the clues in the box. Dev Thakur…….a student of class 10…..died in a bus accident……humorous…..popular among friends and teachers….sadly missed 6. Imagine that a student of your school died in a road accident at the age of 14. Write a message of condolence on behalf of your school to be published in a newspaper. 152 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

MMEESSSSAAGGE EOFSCOOFNGCROATNUGLARTIAONTSULATIONS A message of congratulations is written when someone does progress, gets promoted, is awarded with a title, receives an honour or gains popularity because of his/her work. It is written by friends, family members and relatives when they are happy at their luck or progress. Some considerations while writing a message of congratulations are prearranged underneath.  Mind map on the message box before starting to write a message of congratulations is required.  Use expressions like HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS and CONGRATULATIUONS in the messages of congratulations.  A small box for putting a photo of the person who is being congratulated should be placed just below the heading of the message.  Write the name of the person whom you are congratulating and highlight the name in bold letters.  Write why the person is being congratulated.  State other supportive evidences in favour of the person that led him towards success.  Wish him/her for further success in the future using the expressions like “Keep up the spirit! We wish him/her every success in the days ahead”.”Wishing you the bright future”, etc.  Write your and/or organization’s name and address at the bottom of the message.  Put the message in an attractive message box and decorate every corner properly. Specimen-1 A message of congratulations for receiving “Annual Best Student Award” 8 HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS! 8 t t t t t Ms. Nabina Bhandari t What a remarkable accomplishment! Congratulations on receiving the Annual Best Student Award-2020 No one is more deserving than you to get this prestigious award. I’m proud of you. Your hard work and diligence have been certainly Paid off. I’m sure of seeing and hearing a great deal about your Achievement in the future. You have a bright future. 5 Keep up the spirit! 5 Tripura Sundari Secondary School Jwalamukhi-5, Dhading Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 153

A message of congratulations on sports achievement. 8 CONGRATULATIONS! 8 t t t t t Our special thanks and tribute t to Ms. Gaurika Singh An eminent swimmer for winning 4 gold medals in 13th South Asian Games held in Nepal in 2076. We wish her every sucess in the days ahead. Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. 5 5Kathmandu, Nepal Practice Questions 1. One of your classmates has won the first prize in national level poem competition. Write a formal message of congratulations on behalf of your school family to be published in a newspaper using the clues given below. Parmila Karki……talented student…..deserve the award…..result of her hard work….all proud of her…..wish her further success 2. One of your friends has won gold medal in the South Asian Games. Write a formal message of congratulations on behalf of your school family to be published in a newspaper using the clues given below. Sabina Rai….Participated in South Asian Games held in Kathmandu….won the gold medal in Taekwondo under 45 kg weight …hard working and friendly……all proud of her….. wish her further success 3. One of your classmates has got a scholarship for his/her study. Write a formal message of congratulations on behalf of your school family to be published in a newspaper using the clues given below. Rojina Gurung……very intelligent…..shining star scholarship……awarded by B. D. Foundation….. result of hard work….. wish her further success 4. One of your friends has won the first prize in the national level story writing competition. Write a formal message of congratulations on behalf of your school family to be published in a newspaper using the clues given below. Nita Yadav….a student of grade 10…..Saraswati Secondary School, Saptari…… National Level Story Writing Competition-2074… all proud of her …..wish her further success. 154 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

INVITATION CARD An invitation is a spoken or written request to somebody to do something or to go somewhere. An invitation card is a card or piece of paper that you use to invite somebody or something to attend the function. Invitation can be both formal and informal. Here are some tips for the students to write an invitation card effectively:  Start your invitation with proper names like “Mr. Hari Thapa and Mrs. Himani Thapa.  Request the honour of presence for the person you are inviting to like “request the honour of your presence.”  State what is the function or why s/he is being invited like “at the marriage of their beloved son.”  Mention who is getting married with whom and the parents of the groom like “Dharma with Dikshya, daughter of Mr. Bishnu Adhikari and Mrs. Binita Adhikari”  Affirm the date and place where the function is going to be held like “on November 9th 2018, at Banasthali Party Palace, and afterwards for the reception at Hotel Annapurna, Durbar Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal.”  Write RSVP-please reply (from French ‘répondez s'il vous plaît’) at the bottom on the left hand side of the card.  Only use the third person pronouns. Avoid using first person pronouns.6 Specimen-1: An invitation card asking to attend the marriage ceremony 6 L L LMr. Hari Thapa and Mrs. Himani Thapa request the honour of your presence L at the marriage of their beloved son L Dharma with Dikshya L daughter of Mr. Bishnu Adhikari and Mrs. Binita Adhikari L on November 9th 2018, at Banasthali Party Palace, and 6 6 afterwards for the reception at Hotel Annapurna Durbar Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal R.S.V.P. 9841-000000 Kathmandu, Nepal Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 155

Specimen-2: An invitation card asking to attend the Saraswati Puja Program 66 L Shree Badri Bishal Secondary School L 66 cordially invites you on L the auspicious occasion L of Saraswati Puja Program, 2074 expecting your glorious presence at L L Shree Badri Bishal Higher Secondary School. Venue: Shree Badri Bishal Higher Secondary School premises Time: 9:00 am Date: 16th Magh, 2076 The Principal, Shree Badri Bishal Secondary School, Budhathum, Gangajamuna-7, Dhading Practice Questions 1. Imagine that one of your brothers had an engagement with a girl. Draft an invitation card for his marriage inviting your friends and relatives. 2. Prepare a similar invitation card using the following information given below. Bride: Sonika Parents: Mr. Narayan Nepali and Mrs. Sabitri Nepali Bridegroom: Sonam Parents: Mr. Mohan Sewan and Mrs. Mina Sewan Date: January 5, 2018 Place: ABC Party Palace, Gongabu Hotel: A 2 Z, Kathmandu, 9700000000 3. Imagine that you are the principal of a school. Prepare an invitation card inviting the Resource person to attend the Farewell Programme in your school. 4. Prepare a similar invitation card using the following information given below. Bride:Induka Parents: Mr. Binod Shrestha and Mrs. Bipasa Shrestha Bridegroom: Abiskar Parents: Mr. Sarad Thapa and Mrs. Sarala Thapa Date: February 5, 2018 Place: ABC Party Palace, Dhungedhara Hotel: A 2 Z, Kathmandu, 9700000000 5. Imagine that your school is going to organize an art exhibition. Write an invitation card to the guest(s) inviting him/her to attend the exhibition. 156 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

WRITING MENUS A menu is a list of food items that is available at a restaurant for the costumers especially made to be seen, a food item of one’s preference to be chosen and eaten. It is a way of communication between the service provider and the service user. Here are some tips for the students to write a menu:  First think of the name of a restaurant and its location.  Then, select particular menu items to be included in your menu list.  After that, decide the price of the selected menu items.  Choose an attractive font, layout colour, and attractive language to be used.  Include local food items in your menu.  Include a few items of foods only in your menu.  Keep your menu always attractive and updated in every month. A Specimen Menu Harati Fast Food Fried Rice Rs. 150 Naya Bazar, Kathmandu Buff. Fried rice Rs. 200 Chicken fried rice Rs. 100 Menu Veg. fried rice Rs. 100 Egg fried rice Rs. 150 Mixed fried rice Nepali Khana Nepali Khana set (veg) Rs. 150 Snacks Newari khaja set Nepali Khana set (chicken) Rs. 250 Tass set Rs. 150 Butan chiura set Rs. 200 Nepali Khana set (mutton) Rs. 300 Gundruk sandheko Rs. 100 Rs. 50 Thakali Khana set Rs. 350 MoMo Aalo sandheko Rs. 50 Chicken steam momo Rs. 100 Green salad Rs. 80 Buff steam momo Rs. 80 Bhatmas sandheko Rs. 80 Veg steam momo Rs. 80 Chicken chilly Rs. 150 Sausage Rs100 (Your order will be ready within15-25 minutes, pay as soon as you order and you will be served when you show your token) Practice Questions 1. Suppose that you are an owner of a restaurant. Write a menu for your restaurant including all the item of foods available there. 2. Suppose that you are an owner of a fast Ffood. Write a menu for your fast food including all the item of foods available there. 3. Suppose that you are an owner of a cafe. Write a menu for your cafe including all the item of cakes and breads available there. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 157

INTERPRETATION OF CHARTS GRAPHS, INTERPRETATION OTFACBHLARETSS,, GPRIACPTHUS,RTAEBSLES, PICTURES Charts, diagrams, schedules, routines, and graphs are the ways of presenting information. They display the varied numerical and fundamental factors of any subject or field. They can be designed in many forms. Some of them include the system of charts, diagrams, maps, tables, graphs, lists, schedules, etc. Paragraph 1: Introduction Describe the type of chart that it belongs to (bar chart, pie chart, table diagram, schedule, etc.) and what it is about. Paragraph 2: Main Body Write exciting and suitable information taking out from the given type of graph. Additionally, describe the section of the graph accordingly in order to find one central idea and, if possible one or two slighter ideas. Paragraph: 3 Conclusion Write a short ending giving an overall view of what the chart is about and your opinion on it A. Bar Graph Describe the information given in the following graph. Division of Household Tasks By Gender In Great BritainMinutes per person per dayclothes washing, 80 ironing, 70 sewing 60 50 3400 20 10 0 cooking, cleaning, gardening care of own maintenance baking, house and children and odd jobs washing up tidying pet care play Males 30 13 49.5 20 26 2 Females 74 25 58 21 45 9.5 This is a bar graph.The graph given above shows the average number of minutes per day British men and women spend in doing domestic tasks. In short, women spend about four hours in doing household tasks while men spend less than two and half hours. The tasks those are more likely to be done by women than men include cooking, cleaning, washing, and childcare. While women spend 74 minutes in doing tasks like cooking, baking and washing up, men spend just 30 minutes. Women are also far more active than men when it comes to doing tasks like cleaning and house tidying, whereas the areas where men are more active than women are gardening, pet care, and odd maintenance jobs around the house. On average, men spend 50 minutes per day in gardening and pet care whereas women spend 20 minutes on these tasks. Women spend twice as much time as men on childcare. They also account for nearly all the time spent on tasks like washing, ironing, and sewing. Overall, the chart shows that routine domestic chores are mainly done by women while men prefer doing tasks like household maintenance, gardening and pet care. 158 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Pie-chart Describe the following pie-chart that shows the monthly expenditure of Bodan Thapa. Monthly Expenditure of Bodan Thapa Entertainment saving 13% 13% Food 40% Medicine Clothes 7% 20% Childcare 7% This is a pie chart. The information given in the wheel chart deals with the monthly expenditure of Bodan Thapa on a particular month. According to the pie chart, his total income is spent on six categories and he saves 13% out of his total income annually. Mr. Bodan has the highest percentage spent on food: 40% of his income every year. Clothes expenditure accounts for 20% followed by entertainment with 13%. He spends only 7% income on medicine and childcare. He saves 13% of his annual income every year. This shows us that, Mr. Thapa should minimize the expenditure on food for better saving and must maximize his expenditure on childcare for quality of life and better future of the children. 1. Describe the following pie chart that shows the marks obtained by Arjun Adhikari in the Pre Send up Exam 2070. Account Math II English 12% 16% 11% HPE 13% Math 15% Nepali 11% Social Science 13% 9% Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 159

2. Look at the following pie-chart carefully and describe it in detail. Movie Goer's Trend in a City Horror Science 13% Fiction 12% Action Romantic 14% 11% Drama History 30% 10% Comedy 10% 3. Look at the following bar diagram and interpret the information prearranged underneath. SLC Result of ABC School 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2068 2069 2070 2067 First Second Third 4. The Prime Minister is visiting Gorkha soon. Narrate the information in a couple of paragraphs. Time Programme 6.00 am Fly to Gorkha 6.30 am Arrive to Gorkha 7.00 am Address the meeting of the indigenous people 8.00 am Inaugurate orphanage 9.00 am Visit District Hospital 10.00 am Visit party cadres 11.00 am Fly back to Kathmandu 160 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

5. Interpret the information given in the following chart. Popularity of Momo in Kathmandu Pork Momo 5% Mutton Momo 10% Chicken MOmo Buff Momo 15% 50% Veg Momo 20% 6. Interpret the information given in the following graph. 30% Trend of Watching TV in Nepal 25% 1205%% 20% 10% 25% 20% 15% 5% 8% 7% 5% 0% NewsScience and... Sports Talent Hunt Dance Travel Miscellaneous 7. Interpret the information given in the following table. Result of Local Election-2074 in Nepal Parties Mayor/Chairman Deputy Mayor/Vice-Chairman CPN UML 294 331 Nepali Congress 266 223 CPN Maoist 106 111 Forum Nepal 34 32 Rastriya Janata Party 25 30 Loktantrik Forum 9 8 Rastriya Prajatantra Party 5 7 Other 14 11 Total 753 753 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 161

8. Interpret the information given in the following graph . Education For All 2012 Report Youth Male Female 71% 79% 61% 81% 88% 74% 77% 75% 78% 83% 88% 78% 74% 80% 68% Pakistan India Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan 9. Interpret the information given in the following table. Grading System in Nepal S.N Interval in % Grade Description Grade point GP Range 1 90-100 A+ Outstanding 4.0 >3.6 - 4.0 2 80- <90 B+ Excelent 3.6 >3.2 -3.6 3 70-<80 B+ Very good 3.2 >2.8 -3.2 4 60- <70 B Good 2.8 >2.4 -2.8 5 50- <60 C+ Satisfactory 2.4 >2.0 -2.4 6 40- <50 C Acceptable 2.0 >1.6 -2.0 7 30- <40 D+ Partially acceptable 1.6 >1.2 -1.6 8 20- <30 D Insufficient 1.2 >0.8 -1.2 9 0- <20 E Very insufficient 0.6 0-0.8 10. Interpret the information given in the following table. Planets Period of Revolution Number of Satellite 0 Mercury 88 days 0 1 Venus 225 days 2 63 Earth 365 days 46 27 Mars 687 days 13 Jupiter 11.86 years Saturn 29.46 years Uranus 84 years Neptune 164.8 years 162 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

STORY WRITING According to Abrams, “A short story is a brief work of prose fiction, and most of the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types and the various narrative techniques of the novel are applicable to the short stories as well”. Short story is an account of invented or imagined events set in a chronological order. It is one of the fictional narratives in prose ranging from 500 to 1500 words length and limited to a few characters, single setting and a single incident. Elements of Short Story Elements Message Setting It tells the reader where and when the story takes place. Characterization It is creation of imaginary people who appear to be real to the reader. The writer gives information about the characters in the story. Plot It is a series of events through which the writer reveals what is happening, to whom, and why. Conflict It is a problem in the story that needs to be resolved. Climax When the action comes to its highest point of conflict, it is called climax. Resolution It is the story’s action after the climax until the end of the story. It is also called the “conclusion” of the story. Theme It is the story’s main ideas or the “message” the writer intends to communicate by telling the story. Point of view It is the position of the narrator of the story and what the writer sees from that vantage point. How to write a story?  Decide who the characters are.  Who is going to be in the story?  What sort of characters are they?  Where and when your story is going to take place. This is called the setting.  What is going to happen in your story?  What is the main event?  What type of story is it?  Write a summary of what happens in the story.  Write the events in the story, this is known as the plot.  Write how it all ends and how the problem is solved?  Write the type of ending: happy or sad? Beginning of the story  Once upon a time_______.  Many years ago, there lived a_______.  I heard this story when I was ___years old.  I am going to tell you a story about ______and_____.  Long ago in the mists of time_______.  One day, not too long, it all happened.  Once when the world was young at heart, it had all happened. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 163

Ending of the story  That is how the problem was solved at last.  And that was the end of the story.  The horror was over and they all were safe again.  As every problem ends with solution, it also had a happy ending.  Thus, it turned out alright in the end. Some Specimen Stories The Mercury and the Woodman A very poor woodman___ goes to the forest_____ axe falls into water____ mercury appears___ asks him the reason for his grief___ brings a golden and a silver axe___ asks him if that is ___woodman says no___ brings the missing one axe____ woodman overjoyed__ thanks his benefactor___ tells story to his other ___jealous____ begins to fell a tree and lets his axe drop ____ Mercury appears as before ____brings a golden axe ____ says “that’s mine___ Mercury unhappy at his dishonesty ___refuses to give his own____ moral. Once there lived a woodman in one of the remotest parts of a country. He was very poor, had only an axe, went to the forest, and collected firewood. One day the woodman was cutting a tree on the bank of the river, when his axe, glancing at the trunk, flew out of his hand and fell into the water. As he stood by the water's edge lamenting his loss, mercury appeared and asked him the reason for his grief; and on lamenting what had happened. Out of piety for his distress he dived into the river and, bringing up a golden axe, asked him if that was the one he had lost. The woodman replied that it was not, and the mercury then dived a second time, and bringing up a silver axe, asked him if that was the one he had lost. 'No, that is not mine either,' said the woodman. Once more time the mercury dived into the river and brought the missing one axe. The woodman was overjoyed at recovering his property, and thanked his benefactor warmly. The Mercury was very much pleased with the honesty of the woodman and provided him with both of the silver and golden axe. The overjoyed woodman told that story to his other fellow woodcutters after a couple of days. One of his friends was filled with envy of his good fortune and determined to try his luck for himself. So, he went and began to cut a tree at the edge of the river and presently contrived to let his axe drop into the water. Mercury appeared as before and, on learning that his axe had fallen in, he dived and brought a golden axe, as he had done on the previous occasion. Without waiting to be asked whether it was his or not the woodman cried, “That’s mine, that’s mine,’ and stretched out his hand eagerly for the prize: but the Mercury was completely annoyed at his dishonesty and crookedness that he not only declined to give him the golden axe, but also refused to recover for him the one he had let fall into the river. The woodman returned home with a deep regret that he lost his iron axe in the desire to get a golden axe. Moral: Honesty is the best policy. The Bear and the Travellers Two friends____ go to school through the forest ___a bear suddenly appears ___ one of them climbs up the tree ___the other cannot escape___ throws himself on the ground and pretends to be dead____ bear comes up and sniffs all around him___ holds his breath___ bear goes away___ the other comes down and asks what the bear whispered to him____ the other replied, “never travel with a friend who deserts you at the first sign of danger”____ moral. Many years ago there lived two friends in a village. They always used to go to school together. It was through the forest, they had to go to school. One day, a bear suddenly appeared on the scene when they were going to school. Before he observed them, one of them found a tree at the side of the road, and climbed up into the branches of that tree and hid there. The 164 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

other was not so nimble as his companion; and, as he could not escape, he threw himself on the ground and pretended to be dead. The bear came up and sniffed all around him, but he kept perfectly still and held his breath: for they say that a bear does not touch a dead body. The bear took him for a corpse, and went away. When the bear departed from that place, the traveller in the tree came down, and asked the other what it was the bear had whispered to him when he put his mouth to his ear. The other replied, “He told me never again to travel with a friend who deserts you at the first sign of danger.” The other traveller was ashamed of himself for his unwise behaviour and regretted for his selfishness afterwards. Moral: Misfortune tastes the sincerity of friendship. The Fox and the Goat A fox falls into a well___ a thirsty goat comes by___ sees a fox in the well ____asks him about water____ the fox says “It is the best water I have ever tasted in all my life”____ the goat jumps in at once to quench his thirst____ looks for way___ fox says,\"when I ‘m out, I’ll help you out too.” ___ the goat agrees_____ the fox sets his way without looking at it____ goat reminds his promise___ fox says the goat is senseless ____ miserable death_____ moral. Some time ago a fox fell into a well and was unable to get out again. By and by a thirsty goat came by, and seeing the fox in the well asked him if the water was good. “Good?” said the fox. “It is the best water I have ever tasted in all my life. Come down and try it yourself.” The goat without second thought jumped in at once with the prospect of quenching his thirst. When the goat had had enough to drink, he looked about, like the fox, for some way of getting out but could not find any. Presently, the fox said, “I have an idea. You stand on your hind legs, and plant your forelegs firmly against the side of the well, and then I will climb on your back, and, from there, by stepping on your horns, I can get out. And when I ‘m out, I’ll help you out too.” The goat did as he was requested and the fox climbed on his back and went out of the well, then he coldly walked away. The goat called loudly after him and reminded him of his promise to help him go out of the well: but the fox merely turned and said, “If you had as much sense in your head as you have hair in your beard, you wouldn’t have got into the well without making certain that you could get out again.” The goat had a miserable death afterwards. Moral: Look before you leap. The Lark and the Farmer A lark nests in a field of corn____ a farmer comes to look at the crop___ finds it yellowing fast___ decides to reap the field ____a young larks tells her mother_____ she says a man who looks to his friends for help will take his time about a thing____ farmer comes by again____ plans to harvest it by oneself ___ mother lark says,\" we must be off: he talks no more of his friends now, but is going to take things in hand himself”____ all depart ____moral. A long year ago, a lark nested in a field of corn, and was rearing her brood under the cover of the ripening grain. One day, before the young were fully fledged, the farmer came to look at the crop and finding it yellowing fast, he said, “I must propel round word to my neighbours to come and help me reap this field.” One of the young larks overwhelmed him, and was very much frightened, and asked her mother whether they had not better move house at once. “There’s no hurry,” replied she, “a man who looks to his friends for help will take his time about a thing.” After a couple of days, the farmer came by again, and saw that the grain was overripe again and falling out of the ears upon the ground. “I must put it off no longer,” he said; “this very Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 165

day I’ll hire the men and set them to work at once.” The lark heard him and said to her young, “Come, my children, we must be off: he talks no more of his friends now, but is going to take things in hand himself”. The mother lark along with her children departed towards her home afterwards. Moral: Self-help is the best help. Construct readable stories with the help of the outlines given below: 1. A merchant in a city ____ has a friend, monkey ____ helps the merchant in his works ____ the merchant sleeping ____ monkey sitting near and looking after him ____ ____ a housefly sat on the merchant’s face ____ monkey tries to chase ____ but couldn’t ____ sits again on merchant’s face ____ monkey angry ____ picks up his sword ____ hits ____ housefly flies away ____ result ____ moral. 2. A barber shop near the jungle ____ a barber ____ people visit ____ shaving everyday ____ nearby a monkey on a tree ____ watching ____ shaving finished ____ the barber goes to the river ____ the monkey climbs down ____ tries saving ____ cuts mouth and nose ____ screams ____ moral. 3. A bee falls into a tank – a dove flies past ____ drops a large leaf into the water – the bee climbs on to the leaf ____ flies away–a hunter takes aim at the dove–the bee stings him – the dove is saved____moral. 4. A boy ____ a jar full of nuts ____ with a narrow neck ____ put hand in ____ try handful nuts ____ can’t get the hand out ____ mother came ____ suggest to loose hand ____ easily get hand out ____ moral. 5. A cat kills many rats ____ rats hold a meeting ____ discuss how to be safe ____ a young rat says, ‘Let’s tie a bell around its neck’ ____ all agree; happy ____ a wise old rat says, ‘But who will tie a bell to the cat?’ ____ all quiet ____ moral. 6. A cock and some hens living in a woman’s cottage ____ the cock proud ____ a hen has an evil dream ____ ask to be careful ____ cock doesn’t care ____ a fox comes ____ praises his voice ____ ask him to sing ____ cock does the same closing its eyes ____ fox jumps upon him ____ the woman rushes bearing the hen's noise ____ moral 7. A dog with a bone ____ noticed by a crow ____ the crow decides to play a trick ____ files away ____ returns with another crow ____ one crow talks to the dog from the branch ____ the other crow is near the dog ____ the dog sees the crow above ____ drops the bone ____ the other crow picks it and flies ____ moral. 8. A famine ____ a rich man distributes loaves among children every day ____ children quarrel over loaves ____ a small girl waits patiently ____ gets the smallest loaf last of all ____ cuts it on reaching home ___finds two rupees in her loaf ____ steps to the rich man to return the loaves ____ the rich man returns them to her as a reward for her patience ____ moral. 9. A famous king ____ defeated six times ____ hide in a cave ____ see a spider climbing the wall ____ fall six times ____get success at the seventh attempt ____king learn a lesson____ collect enough courage ____ attack enemies ____ succeed____ moral. 10. A farmer has amazing goose____ lays a golden egg daily ____ the farmer greedy ____ thinks to be rich at once ____ kills the goose to get all the eggs inside her ____great disappointment ____ gets a single egg ____ moral. 11. A farmer with several sons ____ sons always quarreled ____ the farmer was sad 166 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

____ fell ill and taken to hospital ____ about to die ____ called his sons and gave a bundle of sticks ____ told them to break the sticks ____ all tried ____ could not break the sticks ____ united the bundle ____ gave the sticks separately ____ easily broke each stick ____ moral. 12. A girl age of 15 ___works in a boss's house ____ goes to school completing household works ____ faces different problems everyday ____ discouraged in study by the boss ____ doesn’t pay fee ____ request in school for free education ____ school accepts ____ becomes school top in the final exam ____ moral. 13. A hard working ant and grasshopper ____ ant work all summer and collect food for winter ____ grasshopper spends time by singing ____ no food in winter ____ go to the ant ____ _ beg for food ____ the ant says \"don't you feel shy?\"____ moral. 14. A hare ____ a tortoise ____ laughed at slow speed ____ challenge of a race ____ agree ____ hare sure of victory ____ slept ____ tortoise going ____ won the race ____ slow and steady ____ moral. 15. A heavy shower ____ birds comfortable in nests ____ monkeys getting wet at the branches of the trees ____ birds sympathize them ____ monkeys with head and feet can't build shelters ____ rain ceases ____ monkeys destroy nests ____ moral. 16. A king disappointed ____ his lazy people ____ to teach them a lesson he had a big stone put in the middle of the road one night ____ next day merchants pass and go around it ____ an officer with his car did the same ____ young solder came cycling, did the same ____ all cursed the stone and blamed the government for not removing it ____ then the king had the stone removed ____ many people watched it ____ under it was an iron box ____ marked, “ For the man who moves away the stone” ____ inside was purse full of money ____ the people were ashamed ____ moral. 17. A lion ____ kills many animals ____ all animals hold meeting with lion ____ request not to kill them ____ propose to kill turn wise ____ lion agree ____ animals go turn wise ____ turn of a rabbit ____ plots a plan ____ late ____ lion angry ____ says another lion in the jungle ____ lion angry ____ asks to show ____ rabbit bring it to a well ____ see reflection ____ jumps down ____ kill ____ rabbit happy ____ moral. 18. A lion lying under a bush ____ proud of its strength ____ says “I am not like these stupid mosquitoes that are afraid of everyone because anyone can squash them” ____ the mosquitoes overhear ____ very angry ____ want to teach a lesson ____ began to bite him all over ____ runs round the bush ____ biting never stops ____ begs for life ____forgive at last ____runs away ____ moral. 19. Three artists compete ____ one paints a wreath (garland) of flowers ____ a bee comes and sits on the picture ____ another painter paints a basket of fruits ____ an ox tries to seize it ____ the third paints a curtain ____ all the three pictures placed before the judge ____ the judge tries to raise (lift) the curtain ____ the pictures adjudged (believed to be) the best ____ it deceives (tricks, misleads) a man ____ other only insect and animal ____ moral. 20. Three friends ____ talk standing outside a hotel ____ decide to purchase the hotel to start a business ____ a man hears them ____ thinks to deceive them ___ asks them how much money they have ____ takes the money and gives them papers of hotel instead ____ happily enter hotel and have lunch ____ a waiter asks them to pay the bill ____ they say they are the new owners ____the papers are examined ____ moral. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 167

WRITING NEWS STORY News stories are those, which are meant for newspaper. They should be written in a simple way and they must be clear. There shouldn’t be any confusing words or lines. Most news stories are written in the inverted pyramid style. This means all the important information, most of the 5 W’s can be found in the lead. Information and quotes are added according to their importance. The most important information is written at the top whereas the least important information can be found at the bottom of the story, or pyramid. Look at the following pyramid. Headline Byline Placeline Lead Body Facts Layout of a news story Element Definition Headline catches your attention and sums up the story All capital letters: OVER 30 BRIDGES DEMAGED Byline or Only the first words of the topic capital: Over 30 bridges demaged Source Only the important words capital: Over 30 Bridges Damaged First letter of all words capital: Over 30 bridges Damaged writer’s name and specialty, e.g. sports, food, crime, current events source: RSS, THT, THT, The Republica, The Kantipur, etc. Placeline and where and when the story begins Date Lead the opening section gives most important information Body should answer most of the 5w’s supplies detail Facts most important details come first Quotation simple true statements what someone actually said adds accuracy adds “at the scene” feeling 168 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Headline OVER 30 BRIDGES DAMAGED Source Himalayan News Service Place and date Kathmandu, August 17: Incessant rainfall that resulted in massive floods and landslides across the Lead country yesterday has damaged over 30 bridges, two of them irreparably, along the major highways. According to the Department of Roads, two major bridges along the Mahendra Highway — Ratu Nadi bridge at Bardibas, Mahottari, and Dudhaura Bridge in Bara have suffered irreparable damage due to the floods. “Two major bridges have suffered such extensive damage that they will have to be completely rebuilt, while another 30 or so bridges have Description suffered partial damage and it will be possible to bring them back into operation after repairs,” said Ramesh Kumar Singh, joint spokesperson for DoR. While the government is in the process of collecting information about the situation across the country, DoR said security personnel had barred heavy vehicles from crossing numerous bridges that had suffered slight damage for fear of causing further damage to the structures. The government is mostly focused on clearing the debris and carrying out Additional minor repair work as stopgap measure. But the DoR is planning to carry out Information extensive repair and maintenance work on the damaged bridges and road network as soon as possible. Census of water birds begins RByatAnaSntaafgfaRr,eCphoirttwear n, Jan 10: The census of water birds has begun from today. The counting is aimed at determining the number of water birds available in the country and their present status, according to Bird Education Society Chair Tek Bahadur Gurung. Water birds found in the protected areas, parks and wildlife reserves will be monitored dsainumdriunKlgtoasnthheietoaup1s5ply-udaWanydilcdNalimefeppRaaleighsnear.svTseht,aeSrutcenodsuainrtit.firnOogvmeorfth3we0a0CteehnrituwbmiarnedrsNahtaoatrisos nbhaealvgPeuanbrekine, nJtahdgeedpsAiuhstpieaudrrienPgotinohdne census. The census is expected to help come up with a new strategy for the protection of water Ndbeiercdpasad.leNisse.hpoaml heatsob8e7e5nscpoencdieuscotifnbgitrhdes,aannnduoafl headcount of water birds since the past three them 629 species have been found in Chitwan alone. There are around 200 varieties of birds living in watershed areas across the country. TWO KILLED IN ACCIDENT RSS SLairhaahna,dMistarriccht la1s1t: nTiwghot.people were killed in two separate accidents at different places in The deceased is 35-year-old Doma Mahara of Siraha Municipality-7. She was pillion riding on a motorcycle Sa 7 Pa 1249 when it met with accident due to imbalance, police said. Mahara, who was critically injured in the accident, breathed her last in course of treatment at a wthhoaesspAiinrtejaualrienPdoLlaiinchetahnOe.ffTaihccceei,dmGeoontltboaarnczdyacailsrisrstet,ac2te0eiv-dyi.negart-roeladtmRaejensthatMBahhuamraijaofHGoosplbitaazlaaatrlMocuanl Gicoiplbaaliztya-a2r,, Likewise, a woman was electrocuted at Muksar in Golbazaar Municipality-1 last night. She is 17-year-old Sanu Kumari Susling Magar. Magar was electrocuted while trying to disconnect her mobile phone from the electric socket, it is stated. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 169

Practice Questions Write news stories based on the outlines prearranged underneath. 1. Plane crash near Thankot Himalayan airline ___ engine stopped ____ forced landing____ all dead including the crew___ probe committee formed___ investigation on. 2. Workers on Strike H.B. Industry Workers on strike ____ demand increase in salary, allowances and bonus____10 day’s negotiation failed___ hunger strike from tomorrow 3. Airport collision kills 10 Flying to Kathmandu from Solukhumbu ____ caught fire ____ all dead____3 person probe commission_____ 10 lakhs to each deceased family. 4. Doctor wins international honour Nepali Physician Sanjeev Kumar Sharma ____ International Society of Nephrology in Brazil _____ Health Minister congratulated. 5. Headmaster penalized for discrimination Headmaster has been fined Rs. 500 ____ he barred a Dalit teacher from registering name ____ DEO formed a probe committee_____ investigation on. 6. Businessman robbed Rs 200000 looted on a vehicle____ Kadmaha-Ghighat road____ a hunt for the robbers is on. 7. Death toll reaches 50 in Terai A week of heavy rain – Rivers Mechi, Kankai, Koshi, Kamala overflowed – affected areas: Terai (Jhapa, Morang, Saptari and Rautahat) damage: 50 dead, thousands homeless, paddy crops, crores of rupees, relief work: Rs 5000/- a family. 8. Die in bus mishap a night bus (B 2860 Kh) – Kathmandu to Bhadrapur – collided with a truck loaded with buffaloes at Bhimphedi turning – many buffaloes ran away – 13 people killed on the spot, one on the way to hospital and one in the hospital-14 injuredhospitalizedinMakawanpur hospital – drivers in custody. 9. University opened University of information Technology – opened among a big crowd at Patan – built from the grant financial support of China – project started on 1995 – ended in 2004 – has the capacity for 200 students a year – best wishes from the minister of education. 10. Plane Crash at Bhorleytar Flying to Kathmandu from Pokhara____ thick cloud ____ hit the T.V. tower ____ caught fire____enginestoppedworking____allpeoplediedincludingthecrew____compensation to the passengers announced Rs. 5,oo,ooo each. 170 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

PARAGRAPH WRITING A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with a single theme. These sentences are logically arranged expressing a thought on one and the same topic. Paragraph writing tests a student’s ability to think fast and connect different aspects. The paragraph not only tests a student’s awareness of the various issues but also his ability to argue a point convincingly. Besides, paragraph writing also reveals whether a student is capable of organizing his thoughts logically in a limited time or not. Apart from these, paragraph writing also tests a student’s fluency in English. In a paragraph, the main thought is stated in the opening sentence and then it is enlarged or elaborated in the following lines or body of the paragraph. Paragraph Structure Introduction: The first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition. Body: It follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information. Conclusion: It is the final section which summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea. Read the following paragraphs. Importance of hygiene Hygiene and good habits are commonly understood as the prevention methods against infection. Hygiene is the safeguarding of health and healthy living. Hygiene ranges from personal hygiene in domestic realm to occupational hygiene and public health. Hygiene involves healthy diet, cleanliness, and mental health. One of the most effective ways to protect ourselves, from illness is good personal hygiene. This means not only washing our hands but also our body. Hygiene also means being cautious not to cough or sneeze on others, cleaning things that we touch when we are ill, putting items such as tissues into a bin, and using protective aids when we are at the risk of catching an infection. Personal hygiene includes health practices such as bathing, washing our hair, brushing our teeth, and cleaning your clothes. Maintaining good personal hygiene helps to fight infection by removing bacteria to grow from the surface of our skin. Pen-friend Man is a social animal. Friendship provides us with emotional support with each other. With people preferring the company of the television today, those in need of companionship are having a difficult time in finding the companions of their choice. For such people, pen friends are a blessing. With pen-friends, whether they are in one’s country or abroad, one can share one’s interests and thoughts which are of mutual concern. Pen-friend can share their joys, sorrows, and information on subjects of mutual interest. Though they may never meet, especially if they are in different countries, they build up an intimacy and derive emotional support from their writings. In this age when one hardly has a need to write letters because of the advancement and spreading out of communication facilities like phones and e-mail, the correspondence between pen-friends is a good exercise in sustaining friendship through the traditional method of letter-writing. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 171

Logic Logic is the study of the methods of evaluating arguments. An argument is a set of propositions consisting of one or more grounds and a conclusion. Arguments are different from simple narration of facts and explanations. Propositions are typically expressed by declarative sentences. There are two types of arguments deductive and inductive. A deductive argument claims to provide us with conclusive support for its conclusion. An inductive argument claims to provide partial support for its conclusion citing evidence making the conclusion somewhat reasonable to believe. Since logic is a systematic study of methods and principles of correct reasoning and it teaches us the technique of testing the correctness of arguments, it is both a science and an art. There are three basic laws of logic namely the law of identity, the law of contradiction, and, the law of excluded middle. These are the basic principles of correct thinking which are assumed in any logical thinking. Technology and education Modern technology has made education more exciting and effective. When we talk about technology in the field of education, naturally the things that come into our mind are computers, televisions, radios and various educational programs. Nowadays, we can purchase educational software and other similar educational products for interactive learning. Students find such educational products more entertaining and the learning, of course, is impressive and inspiring. Such software displays a reading material with colorful images and plenty of tips, action, and information. Along with such software, schools and colleges are conducting various audio and visual classes with the help of modern means of technology. In the classroom, students can record their voice and listen to and watch various rhymes, tales, plays and complicated science and math project work. In short, we can say a successful country or a school is the one where students use such technology in their learning process. Unwanted Guests Hospitality is a great virtue, and guests are always to be welcomed and honoured. But unwanted guests pose a great problem in cities. They upset the whole domestic schedule and initiate great inconvenience .There are a few unwanted guests who bother us most often. They visit us without any information. Their visits throw all of us in the worst possible confusion. We are also very fussy about their food and religious routine. They are often on so-called holy tastes and on some occasions they would consume only sweets, dry fruits, and seasonal fruits. Besides, they also drink a lot to milk. Sometimes they come with their family for a week and press us to take them on sight-seeing in our car. They freely make use of our telephone for local and trunk calls, without making any payment. Such guests are really a big headache, but there is hardly any remedy. 172 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Practice Questions 1. Observe all the activities of your school and make a note. Now, write a paragraph on my school. 2. What do you like to say about your school days? Write a paragraph on my first day at school. 3. What do you do every day? Make a list of your daily activities. Write a paragraph on your daily activities including the points you have listed. 4. Visit your locality and collect some information on it. Write a paragraph on your locality. 5. Suppose that you have a younger brother/sister at your home. Write what they can and cannot do in a paragraph. 6. Who has great influence in your life? He/she can be your parents/siblings/relatives/ teachers/friends or a famous personality. Write a paragraph describing him/her and his/ her in/ability. 7. Recall any event in your life. List out the details about it and write a paragraph on an exciting experience in your life. 8. Visit any professional (farmer/doctor/teacher/shopkeeper/social worker) in your locality. Ask him/her their future plans. Make a note and write a paragraph on the same topic. 9. Honesty, patriotism, dignity of labour, tolerance, etc. are all qualities of a citizen to possess. Write a paragraph on what you would like to see in the people of your country. 10. Observe the earthquake affected areas of your country and make a list of the things you saw there. Now, write a paragraph on the effects of earthquake in people. 11. Write a paragraph on good nutrition for good health. 12. Imagine that a barter shop is going to be opened in your locality. Write a paragraph describing the effects of the barter shop. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 173

Chapter III FREE WRITING LETTER WRITING A letter is a message that is written down or printed on paper and usually put in an envelope and sent to somebody else in order to communicate with them. Personal/Informal Letter Personal/Informal letters are written to friends, relatives, family members and among others who are in close contact with us. We are to communicate informally in personal letters. A letter to your friend telling him your plan after exam Address Tripurasundari Rural Municipality, Dhading Date January 10, 2018 Greeting Dear Rashmi Body I became very happy to receive your letter and I just went through it. It is Closing a matter of great joy for me to learn about your good health and studies. Thanks a lot for good information. I came to learn that you are very curious to know about my exam and plan after it. So, here follows a little description about it. I hope you will appreciate it. You will be glad to know that I have done my final papers well. Though I expect a good percentage of marks, the result is awaited yet. Well, as you know I like reading literature and have been keenly interested in our language, I want to pursue it as my career. So, together with a few friends of the same interest, I have decided to commence a small magazine. Don’t be shocked. It will not be the kind of magazine you see in the market with glossy cover page and good printing. It will simply be a small children’s magazine containing stories written by children only. Our English teacher and the teacher of Extra Curricular Activities will help us checking our work including their views. And we shall get the whole magazine typed and Photostat. In fact, we have already begun working on this small project of ours. It may sound odd but it certainly is a creative work by which we can at least tell the people of our locality what children are capable of. I need your good wishes for it. What will you do in vacations? Convey my ‘Namaste’ to all your family members as well as relatives. With best wishes, Subscription With love First name Kritika Postscript PS: Please find enclosed a copy of my photograph. First paragraph of a personal letter I am pleased to receive your letter. I am really glad to know that you are well with your family. I found the letter really enlightening. I got opportunity to know more about ________ and_____. I received your kind letter yesterday. My happiness knows no bounds to be in touch with you. I was very hurried to know about ________. Thanks a lot for your invaluable information. Now, I am going to write about ________as you have requested in your letter. 174 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

I became very happy to receive your letter and I just went through it. It is a matter of great joy for me to learn about your ________.Thanks a lot for good information. I came to learn that you are very curious to know about ________. So, here follows a little description about it. I hope you will appreciate it. How are things with you? I trust you and your family are in good health and that you benefited from an enjoyable holiday in ______. I went to the ________ for a couple of days with several acquaintances. Please find enclosed a photo of us at ______. Hope you like it. I am very glad to get your daring letter. The news of your desire to come to Nepal made me mad with joy. Please do come fast. I along with my parents, brother and sister look forward to your coming here. This letter of mine will give a brief information about __________. Letter to the Editor Letter to the editor is generally written to pass on an opinion or a message to a wide audience- anyone who happens to read it. With this letter, the sender hopes that the message will reach the people concerned. Mostly these letters are used to express opinions on the matters such as climate change, road facilities, drinking water, energy, sanitation, deforestation, unemployment, etc. About noise pollution Kapan, Kathmandu January 2, 2018 The Editor, The Republica, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ref: About noise pollution Dear Sir, Through the esteemed column of your widely circulated and popolar daily newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of readers and authorities concerned about one of the burning problems of our city, noise pollution. Noise pollution has become one of the main problems in cities of Nepal. It leads to irritation, loss of sleep, rest, and peace. It is harmful to physical and mental health of people. Frequent loud noise affects the working efficiency of the people. Constant noise pollution causes a loss of sense of hearing. Increasing noise pollution is a big threat to the health and fitness of the people, if the noise pollution is allowed to go unchecked it may deprive the people of their hearing capacity. Increasing number of vehicles on the roads, rising growth of factories, construction work, loudspeakers used on various occasions, rock and pop music, etc. are various factors responsible for causing noise pollution. Noise control laws are being violated. It is the time that the authorities concerned should awake against the danger of noise pollution. They should strictly enforce the noise control laws. The noise producing factories located in the residential areas should be shifted to far-off places without any delay. The use of loudspeaker should be stopped after specific time. In particular, the public needs to be aware and cooperative against the danger of noise pollution because without public cooperation authorities cannot make much difference. It is earnestly hoped that the authorities concerned will take immediate and urgent necessary action against those responsible for noise pollution to relieve the people from the harmful effects of noise pollution. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, Sumi Tamang Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 175

Some ways to write the first paragraph of editorial letters I shall be very much obliged if you allow a little space in your widely circulated and popular newspaper in order to draw the attention of readers and authorities concerned towards the burning problem/issue of our country/town/village/locality, ____________. I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the burning problems/ issues of ________ in my country/locality/town/village/area through the esteemed column of your daily. I would be grateful if you allow some space in your widely circulated and popular newspaper in order to publish my appeal and opinion regarding the impacts/consequences of ______ in the _________. May I draw your kind attention towards the ________in_______ through the esteemed column of your daily? As a responsible citizen of country, I wish to protest, through the pages of your esteemed newspaper, against the problem of__________. It is through your esteemed newspaper that I would like to draw the kind attention of the readers and authorities concerned towards the burning problems of __________. Through the esteemed columns of your widely circulated and popular daily, I would like to draw the attention of the readers and the authorities concerned regarding one of the serious problems of our country, ______________. Will you kindly publish the following lines in some suitable column of your esteemed and widely circulated daily? I wish to request you to publish the following lines in your esteemed newspaper under the columns \"Letters to the Editor.\" I am writing this letter to invite the attention of the concerned authorities towards the burning problem/issue of _________in our/my country/city/village/locality/area. Some ways to write the final paragraph of editorial letters Finally, I am optimistic that the concerned authorities would take this fact into consideration and take necessary measures to check/solve this burning problem/issue of our_____________as soon as possible. We are eagerly waiting for the concerned authorities to come up with some necessary measures/steps/programs to solve/check this problem/issue of our country/village/ locality. Therefore, the government and the authorities concerned should take some concrete steps towards solving the problem of _______soon. Although there is a little space to hope for the good things to happen, I am quite optimistic that the government would take the matter seriously this time to solve this problem of great public concern. We do hope that the government and the authorities concerned will realize the need to do something towards solving this problem of great public concern as far as possible. 176 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

It is earnestly hoped that concerned authorities will take immediate and urgent necessary action against those responsible for ________to relieve the people from the harmful effects of _______. I hope that you will sympathize with our daily problems and help us to bring this evil of ______to the notice of _________. Letter of Application A letter of application may be written when we apply for a permanent/temporary job or educational course. It is important to include only the information that is relevant, and to use a suitable style, formal or semi-formal. The first paragraph mentions the reason for writing. It can also include the name of the job/ course you are applying for and where you saw it advertised The main body paragraphs can include: what you are doing now, what work experience you have, your academic qualifications and the personal qualities which make you suitable for the job or course In your final paragraph, you can: summarize the points in the main body, thank the person for considering your application, ask the person to consider you for the job/course, mention the possibility of further communication Present tenses are normally used but some past tenses can be used to describe your past experience. You may also use future constructions. The remarks prearranged underneath are some of the remarks useful in different parts of a job application letter: Opening Remarks I am writing in response to your advertisement________. I am writing to apply for the post/job/position of/which I saw advertised in______. I am writing with regard to/ in response to your advertisement_____. I wish to apply for the post of_____ that was published in ______ dated _____. Please accept this as an application for the post of______, as advertised in _______. Please find enclosed my CV, which I am forwarding to you as an application for the post of_____ I believe that my strong technical experience and education will make me very competitive candidate for this position. With reference to your advertisement published in _______, I would like to apply for the post of________. Reference to qualification and experience _________for the last/past year I have been working as_____ since/for_____. I have considerable experience working as a_____ and enclose the following pertinent certification to support my application. I have had experience of_______. I possess the skills and knowledge for the post of_____. I worked as_______ before__________. In concern of your advertised opportunity, I have noted that your position strongly appeals both to my experience and personal goals. My level of eagerness, experience and interpersonal skills provide an excellent equivalent for the requirements of this position. Regarding my experience and qualifications, I passed the SEE examination in____ from______ with____. Since graduating from High School in_____, I have gained valuable experience in_____where I worked as_____ for _____years. Two years ago I was employed as_______. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 177

Closing Remarks I am available anytime for the oral test and further information required to discuss my suitability for this position. I enclose my CV and I would be glad to attend an interview at any time convenient to you__________. I look forward to hearing a positive response from you soon. I shall try my best concerning by work to satisfy you and your esteemed institution if I am selected for the post advertised. I would appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience. I would appreciate the opportunity to come in for an interview and talk with you further about my qualifications, __________. If you wish me to attend an interview, I am available at any time__________. Please contact me regarding any queries you may have at__________. Thank you for your kind consideration and hope for the good things to happen. An application for the post of a typist Dallu, Kathmandu January 5, 2018 The Managing Director, REED Model Higher Secondary School, Thulobharyang, Kathmandu. Sub: An application for the post of a typist. Dear Sir, In response to your advertisement in the Himalayan Times of January 3 for the post of a typist, I beg to apply for the same. I would like to present the following particulars for your kind perusal and consideration. I am a candidate of 18 years of age, with lot of initiative and drive. I have passed Higher Secondary Examination with high second class marks. I have completed typing course with credit from a well-known commercial institute in Kathmandu. At the moment, I can type at the speed of 35 words per minute with required accuracy. I have over 6 months \"work-experienc\"e as a typist, I worked with a typist of a book publication for about 6 months and I am in search of a suitable job now. I have a very good command over English language. In my school-days I was the editor of the school magazine for three successive years. I can speak and write with fluency. Therefore, I feel confident that I can carry on my duties as a typist to your entire satisfaction, should you offer me the post I shall try my best concerning by work if you grant me an opportunity to be a part of your institute. I am looking forward to getting your favorable response as soon as possible. Yours faithfully, Rameshwor Regmi 178 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Letter of Invitation Invitation letters are used as an alternative to traditional invitations. They allow the host to convey different messages through the tone of the letter. Invitation letters allow the host to convey additional information that is not shared in a traditional invitation card. Memories can be shared with close friends and family members that bring about memories of past events. Letters of invitation can be formal or informal depending on the situation and who we are writing to. They usually contain some additional information, for example: latest news, description of the event like party, wedding, hotel, house, etc. Introduction Paragraph 1 – reason/s for writing to invite Main Body Paragraphs 2-3 - details / directions Conclusion Final Paragraph - closing remarks Full Name A letter of invitation on daughter’s marriage Swoyambhu, Kathmandu August 12, 2018 Dear Mr. Sharma, As the parents of the bride, I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to the wedding of our daughter, Binita to her fiancé, Vishnu. On this joyous occasion, we wish to share the day with our closest friends and family members. Children grow faster than any of us can imagine, the time is upon us to watch our child grow and flourish into a new stage of their life. He proposed while the two of them were on vacation, she happily accepted and now they are to be married. The formal event will be held at the Swoyambhu Party Palace on the fifteenth of August at three o'clock, two thousand and seventeen. Please RSVP by the fourteenth of August to ensure attendance. We hope to see you there to enjoy this special day with friends and family. Sincerely Yours, Khimananda Thapa Thank you letters Thank you letters demonstrate an important social elegance that says something about you as an individual – your personality and how you probably relate to others. Thank you letters should always be sent to individuals who have provided you with assistance, be it in the form of information, advice, referrals or an actual job interview. Beyond courtesy, the thank you letter affords you an opportunity to restate your qualifications and interest or possibly add remarks. Thank you letters should always be written in a timely manner. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 179

A personal thank you letter for the kind help Mulpani, Dhading January 6, 2018 Dear Sudan and Supriya, On behalf of the entire Baniya family I would like to thank you for your unflagging support and kind condolences in recent weeks as we mourned the tragic loss of our grandfather. Without wonderful friends like you to spend time with us and help with daily tasks it would have been much more difficult for us to suffer through this very difficult period. I especially appreciated the numerous meals that you prepared and delivered to our children as well as the drives to school you provided for them. You can't imagine what a help this was for I and Subina as we had a very difficult time ahead. As you will understand, it is going to take some time before our family can get back to normal condition after this senseless tragedy. So, please don't take our lack of contact during this period as any more than us taking the time we need to try to get back to some semblance of a normal life. Please accept our heartfelt thanks for all that you have done. Sincerely Thankful, Susan and Subina Letters of Apology/Regret If you are unable to attend a function, particularly one for which you have received a written invitation, a letter of regret is not only polite, but usually expected. The letter you write should be warm and friendly. In many cases, you may want to explain why you are not able to attend. Be sure to thank the person for the invitation and let them know you appreciated it. A letter of apology can be either formal or informal. It can be written when someone has made a mistake, has failed to perform a duty or is not able to fulfill a promise. The main body contains reasons for the inconvenience caused. In the final paragraph you can express your hope to improve the situation or promise to make up for any problems that have been caused. Introduction Paragraph 1 - reason for writing Main Body Paragraphs 2-3 - reasons to explain the inconvenience caused Conclusion Final Paragraph - express understanding/regret or promise to make up for the situation Closing remarks Full Name 180 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

A Letter of Apology for a bad Behavior Gongabu, Kathmandu December 20, 2017 Dear Suresh, Please allow me to apologize for what did on Saturday. My behavior was extremely inappropriate, immature, and lacked the respect you deserved. It was a disruption and distracted others from doing their work. It was embarrassing, but I learned that nobody appreciated my poor behavior. In the future, I have every intention of curbing my thoughtless actions and learn to adjust my behavior befitting the environment and situation. Again, I am sorry for my actions and I hope that we can put this matter behind us. I look forward to hearing a word of excuse from you soon. If you have any thoughts in this, please feel free to share. You may contact me at your convenience at my email. Sincerely Yours Kushal Sedain Letter of Congratulation Letters of congratulation, or congratulation letter, are appropriate for various situations, both personal and business. This type of letter is written to congratulate people on their success. A congratulation letter on educational achievement Samakhushi, Kathmandu March 10, 2017 Dear Chandra, I am very pleased to learn that you have passed +2 in the first division. It is a brilliant success, indeed. I heartily congratulate you on your great success. My parents are also very much delighted to learn about your glorious success. They told me to convey their congratulation to you. This is the reward of your hard work. Your efforts have been crowned with success. May your future be quite brighter! Please arrange a good plan to celebrate your grand achievement. Are papa and mama all right? Convey my best compliments and regards to them and love to little sister and brother. Best regards Kusum Rai Letter of Condolence Condolence letters, or letters of condolence, are also known as sympathy letters. Sending such letters is appropriate in various personal and business situations where some sort of loss or tragedy has occurred, such as a death. They should always be sincere and heartfelt. Personal condolence letters should usually be handwritten. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 181

A condolence letter to a friend on her husband’s death Hetauda, Nepal August 24, 2018 Dear Priya, How can I find words to express to you my deep heartfelt sorrow at the sad and totally unexpected news conveyed to me by cable yesterday? My first thought was for you, dearest Priya. Your whole survival was so completely bound up with your late husband that this blow must be unpleasant certainly. I know what you have lost is your dear, high-minded, noble husband; whose only thought was his duty. A more faithful, devoted, fearless public servant the government ever had. His loss to the town is quite unchangeable. Added to this, my family had such a true affection and personal friendship with your late husband. Really, all who had the pleasure of knowing him must even remember his kind smile and twinkling eye. But I speak of ourselves and of what we have lost, when I ought only to express my sympathy for you, in your present great loss. But I could not hold back my pen, and the expression of my feelings may perhaps be comforting to your bleeding heart. Most truly, I feel sorry for your children. Ever dear Priya, with the sincerest regard and truest sympathy, I am. Yours very sincerely, Sarmila Letter of Sympathy A personal letter of sympathy, or sympathy letter, should be a direct and genuine expression of one's condolences. These letters are also known as condolence letters, or letters of condolence. Sympathy letters should almost always be handwritten, due to their personal nature. A letter of sympathy to a friend on his failure in the Higher Secondary Level Examination Biratnagar, Nepal August 21, 2018 Dear Raja, The news of your failure in the Higher Secondary School Examination came to me as a bolt from the blue. The sad news stunned my heart. Friend, what has happened, contrary to my hope? I was sure of your splendid success. It is indeed a shame that you have failed in spite of hard work. An examination is not a sure test of one's ability. Much depends on the whims of examiners. So you should not take your failure to heart. Grid up your loins and begin to study whole-heartedly. You should try to turn your failure to a marvellous success. I deeply sympathize with you on your failure. I hope you will pass your examination with credit next year. Yours most Sincerely, Sunil Regmi 182 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Practice Questions 1. Write a letter to your pen friend describing about one of the festivals you like most. 2. Write a letter to your little sister telling her what she should or shouldn’t eat. 3. Write a short letter to your younger brother or sister asking him/her not to eat junk food because it is harmful to health. 4. Write a letter to your uncle requesting him to give up smoking. 5. Write a letter to your mother describing a pleasant dream that you had the night before. 6. Write a letter to your pen friend describing the political situation of your country. 7. Write a letter to the editor of a local daily on how tourism in your town/village can be promoted. 8. Write a letter to the editor of the national daily telling your ideas on child labour. 9. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper regarding road accidents. 10. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper advocating the necessity of a public playground in each rural municipality of Nepal. 11. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper complaining against the excessive use of pesticides in vegetables. 12. Write a letter of job application for the post of Basic Level Nepali Teacher stating your qualification and experience. 13. Write a letter of job application for the post of a Senior Accountant stating your qualification and experience. 14. Read the following advertisement carefully and apply for the post given. Wanted A well established herbal company in Kathmandu is seeking a sales boy to advertise its product. Qualification: +2 or equivalent Experience: At least 1 year Salary: Negotiable Interested Nepali candidates are requested to submit their application and citizenship within 7 days of the publication of this notice to the following address. The manager Himsikhar Herbal Industries Pvt, Ltd. Sankhamul, Kathmandu Concact: 9854145678 15. Write a letter of condolence to your friend about the death of his/her father. 16. Write a letter of condolence to your friend about the death of his/her mother. 17. Write a letter of sympathy to your friend about the death of his/her father. 18. Write a thank you letter to a friend who has helped you in your work. 19. Write a letter to your uncle inviting him to your birthday party. 20. Write a congratulation letter to your friend for his/her success in abroad study. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 183

WRITING AN EMAIL Email has become the dominant form of communication in the present days. Being able to write a polished, professional email is now a critical skill both in school and the workplace. There are some similarities between a letter and an email. There are the sender and receiver of information in both of them. An email is much faster in conveying message than a letter. The purpose of electronic mail is quick communication. The message of email should be clear and brief. The content of the message should be as short as possible. It should be divided into short, clear paragraphs. Writing Informal Emails 1. Start with Dear followed by the first name of the person to whom you are writing like Dear Ramchandra. You can also start with Hi and the person's name like Hi Ramchandra. 2. Don't forget to use only the first name of the person you are writing to and not Dear Mr. Ramchandra which is never used, or Dear Mr. Ramchandra Khanal, which sounds too formal. 3. Use either of the following phrases in the opening of your email  How are things? / How are you? / How’s it going?  How are you? / How have the family been? / I hope you are well.  I’m sorry I haven’t written / haven't been in touch with you for such a long time.  It was good / nice / great to hear from you again.  It’s ages since I’ve heard from you. I hope you and your family are well.  Thank you / many thanks for your recent/last letter/email/postcard.  By the way, have you heard about / did you know that …?  I thought you might be interested to hear about / know that …  Listen, did I tell you about …? You’ll never believe what … Closing: There are some standard ways of finishing an informal letter or email.  Give a reason why you're ending the email: Anyway, I must go and get on with my work!  Send greetings and/or make reference for future contact: Give my love / regards to... / Say hello to... / anyway, don't forget to let me know the dates of the party. / I'll try and phone you at the weekend to check the times. / We must try and meet up soon. / I can't wait to hear from you / Look forward to seeing you again / Hope to hear from you soon / See you soon / Write soon  Closing statement such as Love, Lots of love, All the best, Take care, Best wishes, etc should be written on a new line. If you used a comma after the opening greeting, use a comma here too.  Signing off: Your first name then follows on another new line. Model questions and answers Suppose that you have received this email from your friend Amar who is in the USA. 184 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Dear Mohan, I’m sorry I haven't been in touch with you for such a long time. How are things with you? Hope everything is fine. I’m really sorry that I forgot to send you a birthday card but I was busy with my new job. As I was planning to call you, your mobile was switched off. Anyway, I'll try and phone you at the weekend to check the times and talk a lot. Lots of love, Amar Here is a reply email to Amar from Mohan. To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Hello Amar, Many thanks for your recent email. Everything is going well here and hope everything is alright there. I’m writing to thank you for your apology and concern about me and my family. As you have already stated the reason, it’s ok for me. Your best wishes are sufficient for me. My mobile was switched off because of power cut that day and couldn’t use it. I will be available at any time if you try to call me at the weekend and me too want to talk to you a lot. When are you coming back to Nepal? I hope to meet you soon. Anyway, I must go and get on with my studies! Looking forward to hearing from you soon. Best wishes, Mohan Writing Formal Email 1. Begin with a greeting Always open your email with a greeting like Dear Mr. Regmi if your relationship with the reader is formal. If you don’t know the name of the person you are writing to, use: “To whom it may concern” or “Dear Sir/Madam”. 2. Thank the recipient If you are replying to a client’s inquiry, you should begin with a line of thanks. For example, if someone has a question about your company, you can say, “Thank you for contacting ___Company”. If someone has replied to one of your emails, be sure to say, “Thank you for your prompt reply” or “Thanks for getting back to me”. Thanking the reader puts him or her at ease, and it will make you appear more polite. 3. State your purpose If you are starting the email communication, it may be impossible to include a line of thanks. Instead, begin by stating your purpose. For example, “I am writing to enquire about …” or “I am writing in reference to …”. Make your purpose clear in the email, and then move into the main text of your email. Remember, people want to read emails quickly, so keep your sentences short and clear. You’ll also need to pay careful attention to grammar, spelling and punctuation so that you present a professional image of yourself and your company. 4. Add your closing remarks Before you end your email, it’s polite to thank your reader one more time and add some polite closing remarks. You might start with “Thank you for your patience and Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 185

cooperation” or “Thank you for your consideration” and then follow up with, “If you have any questions or concerns, please don’t hesitate to let me know” and “I look forward to hearing from you”. 5. End with a closing The last step is to include an appropriate closing with your name. “Best regards”, “Sincerely”, and “Thank you” are all professional. Avoid closings such as “Best wishes” or “Cheers” unless you are good friends with the reader. Finally, before you hit the send button, review and spell check your email one more time to make sure it’s truly perfect! Read the following advertisement and write an email in response to the advertisement to Mr. Subas Poudel, the Proprietor. Wanted A well established guest house in Kathmandu Valley is seeking dynamic, enthusiastic, and passionate candidate for the following post. Post: Waiter-1 Qualification: SEE or equivalent Experience: At least experience in the related field Remuneration: negotiable Interested candidates are requested to submit their handwritten application along with a copy of credentials, a copy of photograph and citizenship within 7 days of the publication of this notice to the following address. Hongkong Guest House Gongabu, Kathmandu For further details, contact to Subash Poudel, the Proprietor Only shortlisted candidates will be called for the interview. An email in response to the advertisement From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Subject: Application for the post of a waiter. Dear Mr. Poudel, I am writing in response to the advertisement in the Kathmandu Post for the post of a waiter. I would like to present the following particulars for your kind perusal and consideration. I am 18 year of age, and single. I completed my SLC from Badri Bishal Higher Secondary School in 2073 in second division. Since then I have been working in Green Day Fast Food Restaurant for 1 year as a waiter. As I am guided by the strong enthusiasm to serve any organization, I am determined to serve your Guest House. I would be grateful if you kindly provide the opportunity to offer my caliber experience, sincerity, and devotion to your guest House My curriculum vitae, testimonials and other documents will tell you about me in detail. I shall try my best concerning by work if you grant me an opportunity to be a part of your institute. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, Saha Dev Sewan 186 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Practice Questions 1. You want to know more about earthquake. The information about earthquake given in your English book is not sufficient. Write an email to your science teacher requesting him to send you some materials and videos about earthquake. 2. Write an email to the head teacher of your school complaining about the sports facilities of your school. 3. Recall any cultural programme or festival you have recently celebrated. Write an email to your close friend reporting how that particular programme or festival was celebrated. 4. Write an email to your sister living in another village/town telling her that you will come to visit her for a few days. 5. Read the following advertisement and write an email to apply for the post advertised. Wanted A well established finance company is seeking some self motivated and dynamic candidates for the following post: Post: Receptionist-1 Qualification: +2 or equivalent Experience: 2years experience in the related field Interested Nepali citizens may apply with a copy of CV, pp sized photo and citizenship within 7 days of the publication of this notice to the following address: Swornim Cooperative Gangajamuna-7, Budhathum, Dhading For further details concact: Nabin Shrestha Contact: 9851023803 Only short listed candidates will be called for the interview. 6. Write an email to the manager of Dynamic Language Center, requesting information on their courses in Japanese language. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 187

ESSAY WRITING An essay is a piece of structured writing usually written in formal academic writing. The word essay is derived from the French Essai (English essay) meaning trial or attempt. Essay writing is an intellectual exercise. It is usually prose in nature and precise on a particular subject. It is one of the ways of increasing student's creativity and improving writing skills. Let’s read the following types of essays. A. Descriptive Essay A descriptive essay tells about a certain topic or story, using details to appeal to the five senses. It gives readers the ability to vividly imagine the situation or scene and feel as if they are experiencing it firsthand. To write a descriptive essay, you could choose a person, place, event, object, or experience and describe it thoroughly using many sensory details. B. Comparison and/or Contrast Essay A comparison and/or contrast essay tells us about two or more main subjectsby pointing out similarities and/or differences. One way to write this type of essay would be to choose two or more objects, people, places, events, experiences, or ideas and compare and/or contrast them according to a few specific points. C. Cause and Effect Essay A cause and effect essay analyzes what causes certain things to happen or why things are a certain way, the results brought about by certain events, or both. To begin writing a cause and effect essay, you may want to first decide on a topic, such as an event or a person, and then decide what you will tell about that topic, such as what happened to make that specific event take place or what made the person have a certain attitude D. Argumentative Essay An argumentative essay makes a claim and then gives examples and evidence to prove that point. You can begin writing an argumentative essay by deciding on a certain topic, such as something about a belief, idea, or controversial issue. Then, do research to obtain detailed information. The information can be statistics, stories, examples, observances, and other facts. Use the information throughout the essay to argue your point and convince the reader. E. Narrative Essay A narrative essay achieves a certain purpose through telling a story, which makes it interesting to the reader and also results in getting some point across. Thepurposes of writing narratives are to create a sense of shared history, to provide entertainment, to offer instruction, and to provide insight. Topics for it are a special person, event, or place. After choosing a topic, you should determine the main point you want to make about that topic and then concentrate on that throughout the rest of the paper. General considerations while writing an essay A. Introduction: The introduction guides your reader into the paper by introducing the topic. It should begin with a hook that catches the reader’s interest. This hook could be a quote, an analogy, a question, etc. After getting the reader’s attention, the introduction should give some background information on the topic. The ideas within the introduction should be general enough for the reader to understand the main claim and gradually become more specific to lead into the thesis statement. 188 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Thesis Statement: The thesis statement concisely states the main idea or argument of the essay, sets limits on the topic, and can indicate the organization of the essay. The thesis works as a road map for the entire essay, showing the readers what you have to say and which main points you will use to support your ideas. C. Body: The body of the essay supports the main points presented in the thesis. Each point is developed by one or more paragraphs and supported with specific details. These details can include support from research and experiences, depending on the assignment. In addition to this support, the author’s own analysis and discussion of the topic ties ideas together and draws conclusions that support the thesis. D. Transitions: Transitions connect paragraphs to each other and to the thesis. They are used within and between paragraphs to help the paper flow from one topic to the next. These transitions can be one or two words (“first,” “next,” “in addition,” etc.) or one or two sentences that bring the reader to the next main point. The topic sentence of a paragraph often serves as a transition. E. Conclusion: The conclusion brings together all the main points of the essay. It refers back to the thesis statement and leaves readers with a final thought and sense of closure by resolving any ideas brought up in the essay. It may also address the implications of the argument. In the conclusion, new topics or ideas that were not developed in the paper should not be introduced. Read the following sample essays. Education for Girls Education is the light of life. It cultivates life and makes people social and civilized. It gives us knowledge, skills, and techniques applicable in our practical field. It gives us ideas to do things in different places. It gives us ideas to find out the right and wrong, good, and bad, etc. The next thing it gives us is the sense of responsibility. We cannot do anything until we are responsible. The number of girls nearly makes half of the human population. To leave the girls uneducated means to make half of the people uneducated. The girls of today are the mothers of tomorrow. It is said mother is the first teacher and home is the first school of a child. Now, we can realize what the children of an uneducated mother will be like. If a man is educated, only he is educated but if a woman is educated the whole family is educated. We must educate mothers to educate children. Only then we can educate the family. Gradually, we can educate the locality, society and then the whole country. Men and women are like two wheels of a cart. If one wheel of the cart is broken, how can the cart go ahead? In the same way, if women remain uneducated, unskilled, or ignorant, how can we develop our society? How can our cart of civilization and progress go ahead? It is also necessary to educate girls because uneducated ladies cannot be the life partners of educated men. If one is educated and the other is not they may not have good understanding and co- operation. Educated women are not inferior to men. If they get chance, they can do as good as men. Therefore, for the all-round development of a country, girl education should be given a good priority. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 189

An Ideal Citizen People who have the legal rights to live in a particular country are its citizens. An ideal citizen is a citizen who has some distinguished qualities that make him/her different from others. Initially, an ideal citizen is more importantly a true human being. S/he has great respect for all religions, society, neighbors, family and for oneself. He is honest and does not believe in discrimination and traditional beliefs. He treats others accepting them as human beings irrespective of their religions, casts, countries, sex and color. Moreover, an ideal citizen has three fundamental duties. To acquire the best possible education, the ability to write to his local council about a social problem or to express a political view in a letter to the newspaper, the ability to work hard and intelligence are his prime duties. Hard work has a good formative value on character as well as being the essential factor in personal success. Another important quality of an ideal citizen is that s/he must respect the law of the land in which he lives. Democracy is based on the rule of law that can only be maintained if there is a vast majority of law-abiding citizens. An ideal citizen pays his taxes regularly and detests the practices like corruption, bribery, smuggling, terrorism, black-marketing, etc. Finally, an ideal citizen has an undoubted responsibility to his country. He considers his country above his personal interest. He is a true patriot who lives and dies for the country. As our country is passing through a difficult period of struggle, it has a few percentages of ideal citizens. To summarize, all the citizens of a country should be ideal. We must try to obtain all the qualities that an ideal citizen possesses. Only then our society and nation can reach the zenith of glory. Child Labour Children are innocent by nature. They are like little buds and ignorant of the evils of this world. Playing, singing, learning, eating, clothing, and getting love are the inherent rights of every child. They have the rights to study and entertain. If a child is deprived of facilities and is forced to work then it is called child labour. Many children of various ages are not going to school and being engaged in various works like plate washing, agriculture, household work, trades, construction works, factories, transportation, collecting waste materials to bricks carrying. Thus, our future runners are being destroyed in the conservative functioning of our society. Child labour is a tradition in some countries in South Asia including Nepal. They are a cheap source of manpower. Some children are being trafficked to India to employ them in circus and restaurants. Poverty is the main cause of child labour in Nepal. Low productivity of land, increasing population and unemployment obstruct people to fulfill their daily needs. Therefore, children are compelled to work to add a few more rupees to the meager income of the family. Quarrels between the parents make children see the family negatively and they feel their home as a prison. Ultimately, it leads them to leave their family, abandon school and start working as labourers. Illiteracy is another reason of child labour. Uneducated parents do not know the necessity of education and do not send their children to school regularly. Superstitions, traditional practices of discrimination and domination of low caste people also discourage children to 190 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

enroll in schools. Consequently, they discontinue their studies. Despite the efforts of national and international agencies to abolish child labor, it is still increasing in practice. To eliminate child labour, mainly two things are required which are education and ample opportunities of employment. Modern Inventions Invention is a process of creation of new devices, objects, ideas, or procedures useful in accomplishing human objectives. It is invariably preceded by one or more discoveries that help the inventor solve the problems at hand. This is 21st century. This is the age of science and technology. Our lives have been drastically changed during these few years because of science and technology. Now, we can live in a warm place in a cold season. In the same way we can cool the hot rooms and live in temperature of our need. People here are consuming the things produced in Moscow, Beijing or any other places of the world. We can even taste a readymade item made in foreign countries. We can talk to people living in any place of the world in a few seconds face to face. News spreads all over the world with sound and pictures in a second. These have become possible because of revolution in science and technology. The inventions made in the transport sector have brought a great change in our lives. They have added comforts and have made people dream of other new things. The next great invention is the electricity which has added unexpected facilities to the people. Hereafter, the invention of computers brought further more wonders to us. Despite these comforts, we have been quite dependent on these inventions. We even cannot do very easy things ourselves. Students use calculator machine to add 5 and 3. Our food may not be prepared if electric power supply is cut. If we have to go to a local market, we need a bike or at least a bicycle. No news is heard where there is no accident, plane crash, murder, etc. Anyway, we have to live in the world using these all inventions. Dignity of Labour The word \"labour\" generally implies manual labour or work done with hands. All forms of labour are valuable and should be respected. This is the essential meaning of the phrase 'dignity of labour.' Jobs involving manual labour should not be looked down upon. One has a right to dislike them and not to take them if they really do not suit one's personality. No one should feel shy of doing manual work on account of a false sense of prestige. It should be realized that all forms of labor contribute to the welfare of society. Many educated men in Nepal do not appreciate and practice the principle of the dignity of labour. They prefer white collar jobs to other kinds of work involving manual labour, even though the latter are more easily available and more lucrative. No one likes to continue his father's profession. In spite of the fact that there is more demand for turners, fitters, and technicians, our young men continue to qualify themselves for sedentary posts which are limited in number. The tendency to avoid manual labour is also noticeable in the domestic sphere. We must learn that honest work of all types is dignified and worthy of respect. Even the humble sweepers are worthy of respect in society. Government should take a step against those we discriminate between works in order to respect all types of works. The only thing we should be ashamed of is idleness and to live without labour. Work is worship and to work is the real prayer that we can offer to our creator. We must salute the honest labourer and Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 191

give him due honor. \"'His brow is wet with honest sweat. He earns whatever he can and looks the whole world in the face for he owns not any man.\" My Hobbies Everybody needs pleasure. We have different means of entertainment. Hobby is one of the best ways of entertaining doing something repeatedly. We can utilize our spare time doing something as our hobbies which make us feel entertained. Hobbies are only for pleasure but not for financial support. Different individuals enjoy different hobbies like taking photographs, collecting stamps, gardening, collecting coins, painting, and drawing, etc. Some people seem to be fond of visiting places or playing indoor games while others enjoy their spare time writing poems, songs, reading novels and stories, etc. Everybody enjoys his/her spare time according to his/ her interests and circumstances. I am fond of visiting places and taking photographs. By visiting places and watching things, we can have pleasure and knowledge. We can enjoy the photographs in our leisure time. The photographs of natural scenes and scenery are really entertaining to me. I have many photographs of mountains, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, forests, caves, grasslands, animals, birds etc. Similarly, I have a good collection of arts and handicrafts. I have watched many programs, folk dances, historical events and have taken the photographs of them. Hobbies are one of the easiest and cheapest ways of having pleasure. We do not need more money to fulfill our needs related to hobbies. We can utilize our spare time properly and do not feel bored. The people who have hobbies cannot be lazy because if they have a spare time, they start enjoying hobbies. We can have both mental and physical exercises. If we read novels, stories, poems, etc., we can have mental exercise. We can enrich our mental and physical strengths through hobbies. I am well satisfied with the collection of photographs. I am thinking of managing an exhibition of photographs. It will be advantageous for all the visitors, I do expect. Pollution Pollution means to make dirt or to destroy the purity. Now the human beings are facing a great problem of pollution because of the large scale industries and the negligence of people. It is the cause of sickness and death. It is a world disease today. Pollution of the environment is very dangerous. The polluted environment means the pollution in water; food and air which are the most important elements for living organisms. Diseases can spread everywhere because of dirt. Men are bombed crippled, blind, dull, etc. Man is the main cause of pollution nowadays. Rainfall occurs scarcely due to deforestation. If there is no water, there is no crop. The man gets trouble. He cannot get fresh air to breathe, water to drink and food to eat. Moreover, due to the pollution, the ozone layer tears and harmful rays of the sun come into the earth. The smoke of industries vehicles etc. is very dangerous. It destroys the atmosphere of the earth. Nowadays the world is getting polluted day by day. Everywhere there is heaps of dirt. The people should cover their mouth and nose with masks. The other cities are also being polluted. If such condition continues again and again, the human beings will die of different kinds of fatal diseases. The types of pollution are air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, food pollution etc. To avoid the pollution in the cities, all the citizens should be conscious. The government should make strict rules and punish them if they break the rules to clean the cities. 192 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Everywhere, there should be dust-bins. The government should give good education to save the environment to plant the trees and to preserve the sources of water. If it is so, we can get fresh and sweet air, pure water and become healthy. The Value of Time Time is a conscious experience of duration and the period during which an action or event occurs. Time is also a dimension representing a succession of such actions or events. Time is one of the fundamental quantities of the physical world. Time and tide waits for none is a popular English proverb. If you stand by a river and watch it, it goes on flowing regularly. Time is the same thing as a flowing river. Once it passes, it never comes back again. Time is roughly divided into three parts namely past, present and future. Past is already passed. You cannot get it. Future is always uncertain. You cannot foretell it. Nobody knows what happens in future. But the present is your time. You can use it as you like. A person’s life is in his own hand. Make a plan and mold it in your present time, if you want to do something. Our life is like the time. It is also flowing like the water of a river, blowing like the wing and passing together with the time. Neither an adult can get his childhood nor can an old man get his youth back again. A person is strong, active, energetic, and intelligent only in his youth. He can do many things in this stage but not in his old age. If a person stands facing towards the east at 8 am, he cannot see the scene of sunrise. He/ she must get up before six to see it. So, to be a good learner or do something valuable in your life, you must do everything in time. You must work hard and grab the chance to get success otherwise you will only have to regret in your old age. So we should be very careful about the time. Is watching television is bad for children? Some parents believe that watching television is bad for their children. So, they try to restrict their children from watching TV. However, other parents think that there is nothing bad in watching TV. Personally, I think that watching TV brings benefits only for children unless they spend in front of TV set less than a couple of hours daily. I believe that television plays an essential role in child's development. First of all, television helps a child to extend his or her range of interests. Children can find out many new things and make many exciting discoveries for themselves. In addition to these practical benefits, television improves children's vocabulary, their memory and gives them the opportunity to gain more knowledge. I think it is very essential for a child. Of course, anyone can say that there are plenty of different recourses of information such as books and teachers. Children must learn faster and use all contemporary technology in order to succeed. Secondly, watching cognitive programs help children to learn more about wild life, environment and about the importance of preserving our forests and wild animals that live there. Scientists say that a child should not watch TV more than 40 minutes successively. For example, my mother always made me have a break after watching TV more than half an hour and let our eyes rest for several minutes before turning on the TV again. I think it is the best solution. To sum up, I believe that television gives children and all people the opportunity to learn what cannot be learnt from books. Television and movies in particular allow people to feel the reality and see what they will most likely not be able to see in their lives. Thus, children watching television has many advantages than that of disadvantages. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 193

An Accident I Witnessed Accidents are unpleasant events. Last week, while I was going to Pokhara by bus, I saw an accident. I had never seen such a terrible accident. As the vehicles were being driven very slowly due to downpour and landslide in many places, the road had become slippery because of the thick mud flowing along the road. Driving seemed to be really dangerous. The driver was compelled to stop the bus frequently. As the rain turned into a drizzle, our journey continued. While we were moving ahead, our bus stopped accidentally. We got off the bus and saw there was a long queue of the vehicles. After a few minutes, we were informed that a passenger bus had met with accident that killed 30 people. I hurried to the spot and witnessed the heart breaking scene of the accident. I happened to witness a terrible pool of blood on the spot. I could not control myself after I saw the awful scene. Four of the passengers who were badly injured were taken to nearby hospitals by the police. Fortunately, ten of the passengers were unharmed. The bus fell about 200 feet below the road and got completely damaged. The main causes of the accident were the damage to the road, construction work and carelessness of the driver as well. The road consists of innumerable bends in the hill side. The driver had to be entirely careful in his driving. According to the unharmed passengers, he was driving the bus at a high speed. The accident taught me a lesson that we should be very careful about our driving along the risky road, and we should not drive if the weather is not fine and clear. The government and authorities concerned should be aware for expanded safety of road to decrease accident. Practice Questions 1. Write an essay on Road Accidents in about 200 words: Road accidents as problems – narrow roads – violation of traffic rules – accidents should be avoided. 2. Write an essay on Population Growth in about 200 words: Population growth as a problem – rapid growth in the world – rapid growth in Nepal also- solution. 3. Write an essay on Drug Addiction in about 200 words: Corrupt society, corrupt individuals – drug addiction as a social evil – police action – there should be employment. 4. Write an essay on A Visit of the Zoo in about 200 words: Animals and birds in the zoo – visit to the zoo interesting different birds and animals in the 200. 5. Write an essay on Natural Disaster in about 200 words: Meaning of natural disaster – causes and effects – efforts to control them 6. Write an essay on Life of Working Class People in about 200 words: Condition of working class people – causes and effect – solution to the problem. 7. Write an essay on Corruption in about 200 words: Meaning of corruption – causes and effects – types of corruption – solutions 194 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

8. Write an essay on Domestic Animals in about 200 words: Name and location of your region – names of domesticated animals – different uses of those animals – conditions of hose animals – efforts and ways to improve – conclusion 9. Write an essay on Good Manners in about 200 words: Introduction – ways to learn – reasons for its necessity in life – its advantages – troubles in absence of it – your opinion on it. 10. Write an essay on An Unforgettable Event in My Life in about 200 words: Human life full of experiences – an unforgettable event in my life – I encountered with a tiger – nearly killed. 11. Write an essay on the Cruelty on Children/Physical Punishment in about 200 words: Importance of children – should be treated well – cruel treatment to them is bad – parents and teachers should be good 12. Write an essay on Uses and Misuses Of Telephone in about 200 words: Telephone – uses and abuses – should be properly used 13. Write an essay on Women’s Right to Property in about 200 words: Men and women are equal – women have no right – now becoming conscious – situation changing. 14. Write an essay on The Equality of Women in about 200 words: Men and women as two sides of a coin – need to educate women – becoming conscious – government policy. 15. Write an essay on Importance of Transportation in Nepal in about 200 words. 16. Write an essay on My School Library in about 200 words. 17. Write an essay on The Importance of Universal Etiquette in about 200 words. 18. Write an essay on My Childhood Days in about 200 words. 19. Write an essay on My Best Friend in about 200 words. 20. Write an essay on My Favourite Food in about 200 words. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 195

WRITING NEWSPAPER ARICLE A newspaper article is an elaborated writing like an essay or paragraph writing. It is the expression of someone’s view in a certain topic. It is generally expressed as an opinion of a writer in a certain social, political, economic, environmental, educational and global issues. It is like a short essay and can be written in writer’s own purpose and way. Some tips for writing newspaper article are given below:  Choose a catchy headline that is related to the topic.  Start your article with a good subject matter related to the concerned subject.  Try to answer the words such as what, when, how, etc. in an introductory topic.  Use quotes and proverbs to write in the theme of the article.  Conclude your article with a summary statement. Diplomacy as a Public Domain Manju Shrestha May, 20 Foreign policy is primarily an elitist domain of the government, and the ordinary people are not directly involved in foreign policy formulation and its execution. But in the present and modern world wherein democracy has become a common global lingua franca, foreign policy, too, is becoming the subject of public analysis. Foreign policy is said to be the expansion of domestic policy. Foreign policy formulation and execution is, therefore, not an independent entity, but a part of overall governance. Since a democratic government entails elected representatives, the people, too, have an indirect participation in the formulation and execution of it. The foreign ministry appears to be the core agency in executing foreign policy, but legislative and executive are too responsible for foreign policy formulation. Headed by a foreign minister, the foreign ministry is handled by people's representative. However, the minister only provides policy guidelines, but it is the bureaucrats and diplomats who handle the foreign policy and diplomacy both at home and abroad. This is the reason why the foreign policy and its handling are often nicknamed as an elitist work. It is also the parliament that designs or approves the policy of the government including the foreign policy. Transparency and accountability are the two key features in democracy that make the government responsible to the people. It is deemed necessary because the foreign policy is a part of the governance and political process, and there must be an active and meaningful participation of the people in the debate, discourse, and decision-making process more particularly in the formulation and conduct of the foreign policy. Having a small economy with limited resources little at hand to influence to the international community, only effective and vibrant diplomacy can protect our national interest abroad and build our positive image in the international community. Practice Questions 1. Write a newspaper article on “Unemployment Problem in Our Country.” 2. Write a newspaper article on “Benefits of unity and team work.” 3. Write a newspaper article on “Value of Afterschool Learning.” 4. Write newspaper article on “Sustainable Development of the Country’. 5. Write a newspaper article on “Rehabilitation of Drug Addicted Youths.” 6. Write a newspaper article on “Problems Caused by Pollution.” 196 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

WRITING REVIEWS Review is a report in a newspaper or magazine, or on the Internet, television or radio, in which somebody gives their opinion of a book, play, film/movie, etc. To review a book and movie is to write a report of a book and movie in which you give your opinion related to it. Writing a book review and film review are essentially the same except a few important details. Your review should be personal and informative of your feelings and impressions along with background information. Here are some useful points to write reviews of a book or film:  Think of a book or movie that you want to write a review of it.  Read the book and watch the movie before writing a review on it.  Mention the title of the book, author, publisher, character(s), genre, publication date, pages the book contain in your review of a book.  Mention the title of movie, when it was made, the director, main characters, script writer, genre and other important details of a movie you are going to review.  Try to explain what message the book writer or film maker intends to convey.  Compare the events in books or movies with the real life situations of people in society.  End up your review by recommending the book or film to read the book or go and see the film.  Use short, simple and readable sentences; long sentences are not necessarily good sentences.  Do not forget to check your writing before you finish with it. A Specimen Book Review on “Radha” Author: Krishna Dharabasi Publisher: Pairavi Book House Genre: Novel Language: Nepali Year of Publication: 2005 Pages: 300 Based on the characters of Radha and Krishna, Radha by Krishna Dharabasi is a wonderful novel that won Madan Putraskar of 2005. The traditional plot of the story makes the readers feel that Dharabasi is narrating us the same old story of love of Radha and Krishna. However, the story based on the traditional plot it portrays the modern era in a dramatic way such that it speaks of so many hidden things that we will be amazed while ending it up. The plot of Radha reflects the situation in Nepal, especially the Nepalese Civil War depicting the features of reality that exist beyond the physical world. Krishna as a character goes to a night-picnic with his gopini friends. The innocuous looking picnic creates a scandal in the village that affects Radha the most. Then, Krishna promises Radha that he will return and lives in the jungle, raising militias to fight with King Kansa. Later, Krishna attacks Mathura and kills Kansa and his allies and lives a relatively halcyon life in his new capital, Dwarika, with 16,108 wives. Krishna not just conquers geography but also women. Radha stays in the village longing for Krishna with a hope that he will return one day to keep his promise. But he does not come back. Finally, she decides to go on a pilgrimage with a friend. At a holy place, she meets him who tries to affirm his love for her. But, she refuses to be his wife number 16,109 as she realizes that Krishna is the manifestation of the male ego and continues on her pilgrimage. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 197

This story is unearthed during an excavation at Kichak Badh—a place in the eastern part of Nepal which is a real excavation site. A yogi is then called upon to read it as no one could read it. It later turns out that the yogi is Aswatthama, a character in the Mahabharata, who is believed to be still alive and at large. This sudden appearance of Aswatthama, a mythical character, has us believe that Radha’s story is historical and that, by implication, myth is history. The novel brings into play the elements of intertextuality, anachronism, revisionism, and feminist vision. Almost all readers recommend this book to read once. Don’t miss it. A Movie Review on “Bhuimanchhe” Title of the Movie: Bhuimanchhe Director: Nawaraj Budhathoki Producers: Rohini Bhattarai Starring: Ramesh Budhathoki, Sipora Gurung, Badal Bhatta, Sahin Prajapati, Rohini Bhattarai, Puskar Gurung, Tara KC, Ram Babu Regmi, Nabin Shrestha, Sanu Tamrakaar, and Shashank Bohara. Genre: Art, Drama Duration: 105 minutes Language: Nepali Release Date: 18th August, 2017 With Ramesh Budhathoki and athlete-cum-actress Sipora Gurung in the lead roles, Director Nawaraj Budhathoki’s second feature film, Bhuimanchhe is glorified to bring to screen a seldom-explored story, of a middle-aged man who unwillingly becomes a Forensic Pathologist, who dissects dead bodies in a lab. But his life takes a detour when he comes across a young girl, who happens to be his fellow citizen. The relationship between the two, Budhathoki informed, gives the films its major plot. The idea for the film was first conceived when Budhathoki came across a newspaper article, a profile on a forensic pathology surgeon. “When I read the article, I was struck by the life the surgeon lived. He had to deal with dead bodies, day in and day out. It occurred to me that if one could go under the skin of the surgeon, exploring his psychology, it would make a good film with fresh themes that have yet to be attempted in Nepali cinema,” director Budhathoki said. In his second venture into the silver screen, Budhathoki, who has worked at Nepali theatre as director for about two decades has introduced several faces familiar in Nepali theatre. “There are subtle differences between directing plays and a cinema. In theatre, the actions are a bit exaggerated, while in cinema, an actor should go about portraying a role with subtlety. We have paid attention in bringing out the best from actors,” Budhathoki said. Almost all spectators recommend this movie to watch once. Don’t miss it. zPractice Questions 1. Write a review of a novel, story, biography, or any book that you have recently read. 2. Write a review of a movie that you have recently watched. 3. Write a review of a play that you have currently watched. 4. Write a review of an educational documentary that you have recently watched. 5. Write a review of your English textbook. 198 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

WRITING LEAFLET/BROCHURE Writing Leaflet A leaflet is a printed sheet of paper or a few printed pages that are given free to advertise or give information about something. Include these things in your leaflet  Area and location  Background information  Special features  Accessibility  Additional information Specimen Leaflet: A Visitor’s Guide to Kathmandu A Visitor’s Guide to Kathmandu We warmly welcome you to Kathmandu and wish you to have a good time. Here are a few things that’ll help you make your journey comfortable. Getting there To go to Kathmandu, you can fly direct from any part of the country, or you can take a bus or taxi, from any district enjoying the beautiful scenery. Accommodation You can find many luxurious hotels here in Kathmandu , a famous tourist place. Places to visit There are lots of beautiful places to visit. Swoyambhunath, Pashupatinath, Kathmandu Durbar Square, Ranipokhari, Bouddhanata Stupa and many more are the main attractions in Kathmandu. Time to visit Kathmandu has a mild climate throughout the year; not so cold in winter and not so hot in the summer. However, spring and autumn are the most appropriate seasons to visit Kathmandu. Money A Nepali rupee is the currency. Traveller’s cheques are accepted by most banks. US dollars are also accepted. One US dollar is approximately 95 NRs. Money can be exchanged at any bank. Writing Brochure A brochure is a small magazine or book containing pictures and information about something or advertising something. Brochures are relatively cheap but very effective method of communicating with the public. They are commonly used at tourist venues to advertise local products or services, and of course by businesses generally to inform the public of the qualities of their products. Brochures contain photographs, headings and texts including details of a place, product or scale. Consider the following things before writing a brochure:  Identify the topic of your brochure.  List out the point that you like to include in the brochure. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 199

 Choose an appropriate layout.  Use attractive pictures.  Use catchy words that attract everyone’s attention.  Use quotes and pronouns “you” and “we” but do not patronize them.  Keep the content focused. Present a short history of your business.  Avoid unclear information that your target readers do not know. A Specimen Brochure Achham Mangelsen is the district headquarters of Achham district, and it is 930 kilometers from Kathmandu. It is eight hours walk from Sanfebagar, a settlement in Achham which has a domestic airport. A seasonal road exists from Sanfebagar to Mangelsen, but it is often closed during the monsoon. However, a bridge under construction in Sanfebagar across the Budhiganga River, upon completion will allow vehicles to cross the river even during the high flood season making access easy between the airport and district headquarters. The major ethnic groups in the district are Chhetris of Kunwar, Sunar, Rawal, Bogati, Khatri, Rokka, Khati, Kathayat, Bhandari, Bista, Batala, Saud, Dhami, Bohara and Thakulla castes. There are also Brahmins with Devkota, Bajagain, Dhungana, Regmi, Joshi, Rijal, Bhattarai, Bista, Dhakal and Mudbhari castes. The cultural heritage of this district is similar to that of Doti. The important aspects of the cultural heritage are the dances such as Narsingha, Jhayaali and Deuda. These dances are typical to to this area, and performed during major festivals. There are several important religious places along the bank of the holy river Budhiganga, and along the confluence of Budhiganga and Saraswati. These are described in the Skanda Puran, one of the holy scriptures of the Hindus. They have potential scope for the development of religious tourism in Achham. Topography Location Longitude: 81° 02”-81° 35” Latitude: 28° 45”-29° 23” Communication Post Office Telephone, Wireless 200 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9