["lo\u00e0i t\u00fa c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u201ctardiva\u201d. V\u00e0 gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i hoa n\u1edf mu\u1ed9n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng danh ph\u00e1p La-tinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd t\u01b0 duy ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u201cprocumbus\u201d l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 mang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean, b\u00f2 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf, b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb t\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd. Th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng danh ph\u00e1p La-tinh c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung v\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n. \u201cActaea raccemosa\u201d l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y r\u1eafn \u0111en (black cohosh), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y ch\u1eefa r\u1eafn c\u1eafn (snakeroot), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u201cblach cohosh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201csnakeroot\u201d n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y kh\u00e1c. Song ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cactaea racemosa\u201d. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Bonnie d\u1ea7n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y trang tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Linnaeus trong c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Bonnie cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00e0 v\u1eeba g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n \u1ee7 v\u00e0 giun \u0111\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 r\u1ec5 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau nh\u1ecf gi\u1ecdt t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf. Gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, b\u00e0 ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e0 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chinh ph\u1ee5c. \u201cH\u00e3y nh\u00ecn xem, m\u00f2 m\u1eabm th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c khi h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.\u201d T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u2013 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u00ec m\u00f2 m\u1eabm kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. NH\u1eeeNG TR\u1ede NG\u1ea0I \u0110\u00c1NG MONG MU\u1ed0N","Elizabeth v\u00e0 Robert Bjork, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi \u201cnh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n\u201d cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00ec \u201cch\u00fang kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ebfp thu, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.\u201d Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra, c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng, \u0111an xen, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Song ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng do thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hay s\u1ef1 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec d\u00f2ng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh dung h\u00f2a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latvia c\u00f2n b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n, tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c lu\u00f4n m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hay nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Ti\u1ebfng ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u1ea7m b\u00ean tai trong khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc tin t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh. Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp khi \u0111ang di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang h\u1eefu \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Rotary Club (T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft blog ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i video l\u00ean Youtube. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi","l\u00e1i t\u00e0u k\u00e9o m\u1edbi v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf Missisippi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c x\u00e0 lan tr\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f4i neo v\u00e0o trong c\u1eeda c\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng treo tr\u00ean g\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00e1nh tay vung g\u1eady c\u1ee7a anh. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ba-l\u00ea c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y anh ta nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa driver hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (trong m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1nh golf) hay c\u00fa giao b\u00f3ng tr\u00e1i tay (trong m\u00f4n qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t). Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc bao qu\u00e1t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xa h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, s\u1ebd \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba b\u01b0\u1edbc: d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. B\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00e1i s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c, cho ch\u00fang th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. B\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang khi c\u1ea7n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi lu\u00f4n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba bi\u1ebft. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ghi nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn: c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u gi\u1eef k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u00e0","kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00ed quy\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. B\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin nhi\u1ec1u bao nhi\u00eau (nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i v\u00e0 t\u00e1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i k\u00fd \u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, song song v\u1edbi l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft; qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Khi b\u1ea1n g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n t\u1eadp trung luy\u1ec7n d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb phai m\u1edd sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng gian nan \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00fang. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, l\u00e0m m\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung n\u1ea1p. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i hay s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau hay m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hay \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi l\u00e1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe hay \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00fa b\u00f3ng v\u00f2ng ra ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb \u0111an xen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung \u00f4n t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. S\u1ef1 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p \u0111an xen v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a","x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1edbi, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gia c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c trong kho t\u00e0ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c. Mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i mang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, hay n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft T\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0i nghi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay kh\u00f4ng. Khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh suy ngh\u0129 hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. H\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef si\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (metacognition \u2013 meta trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00ean trong\u201d). H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh xa kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, suy ng\u1eabm \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta sa v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n sai l\u1ea7m. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o k\u00fd \u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi sai l\u1ea7m. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn c\u00e1c trang nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 2008, ba t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp \u1edf Minneapolis \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nhanh qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i n\u1eabng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao h\u00e0ng mang theo. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u01b0u sinh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang ki\u00ean tr\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng","m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9. David Garman, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u1edf Minneapolis, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t m\u1eadt su\u1ed1t m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u00f3. \u201cCh\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u2018c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang\u2019, r\u1ed3i th\u00ec b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ba kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong l\u00fac \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u201d Khi Garman nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, anh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0o vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao h\u00e0ng. Anh m\u1eb7c \u00e1o gi-l\u00ea ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o ph\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u1eaft m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee1 n\u00f2ng .45 v\u00e0o trong qu\u1ea7n. Trong l\u00fac c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng th\u00ec Garman mang theo \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, l\u00e1i xe t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eadu xe v\u00e0 r\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e8n l\u00ean c\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Anh r\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y t\u00fai \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang c\u1ee1 n\u00f2ng .38 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ea3nh tay b\u01b0ng b\u00ea. \u201cKh\u1ea9u .38 c\u00f3 b\u00faa h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn t\u1eeb trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea9u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t v\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi b\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u2018Th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?\u2019 Anh ta \u0111\u00e1p: \u2018Ph\u1ea3i,\u2019 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh g\u00e3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thanh to\u00e1n r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i s\u1ebd r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ngu xu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng l\u00e0m. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 n\u1ebfu g\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4i 40 \u0111\u00f4-la, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n gi\u00e1 bao nhi\u00eau. Nh\u01b0ng g\u00e3 quay \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn ngang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau v\u00e0 hai g\u00e3 kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang l\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 tr\u00f9m ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u00fac b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. G\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean r\u00fat ph\u1eaft m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang t\u1eeb trong t\u00fai qu\u1ea7n, m\u1edf ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 g\u00ed s\u00fang v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4i. G\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u2018M\u1eb9 ki\u1ebfp, \u0111\u01b0a tao m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tao gi\u1ebft.\u2019 T\u00f4i k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eafn g\u00e3 qua chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t s\u00fang.\u201d Suy cho c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf sinh nhai tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi g\u00ec. G\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng cho d\u00f9 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Garman \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm b\u1eafn \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu t\u00fai \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 anh \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y: anh n\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng trong l\u1ea7n sau, tuy nhi\u00ean anh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.","Ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 ng\u1ed1c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111ang t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Darwin m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c loan truy\u1ec1n qua th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ca t\u1eed vong t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u1edf Toronto \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 c\u1eeda k\u00ednh v\u00e0 r\u01a1i kh\u1ecfi t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng 22 t\u1ea7ng khi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 x\u00f4 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u00f3. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong \u00f3c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t kh\u00f4n ngoan tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u00ec nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, khi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c trong nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean gia, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. HAI H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG NH\u1eacN TH\u1ee8C Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch T\u01b0 duy nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm2 (Thinking, fast and slow) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Daniel Kahnemen \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi (hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng), c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec. N\u00f3 h\u1ed1i th\u00fac c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ch\u1ea1y h\u1eadu (running back) tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ea1y l\u1eaft l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 truy c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong l\u00fac lao v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u1edf Minneapolis ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i x\u1ebf m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5p v\u00e0o l\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi anh k\u1ecbp","nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i l\u0103n tr\u00ean th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t) l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y trong khi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. C\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ch\u1ea1y h\u1eadu \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2 khi anh di chuy\u1ec3n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 khi anh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thao t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00fang c\u1ee7a x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7. Nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ea7n kinh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 khi \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t xoang t\u0129nh m\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng; v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh: b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc qua m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111ang \u1eb5m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 th\u00e9t l\u00ean \u201cBa \u01a1i!\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f9ng n\u00f3i, \u201cCon y\u00eau, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ba con, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng ba con th\u00f4i,\u201d c\u00f4 \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf cho H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch l\u0169y l\u00e2u n\u0103m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 sinh t\u1ed3n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gi\u1edd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn. Trong t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 v\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2 \u2013 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Trong ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft3 (Blink) c\u1ee7a Malcolm Gladwell \u2013 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai","l\u1ec7ch hay \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean tin v\u00e0o tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec nghi ng\u1edd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua cu\u1ed9c. X\u00e9t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kinh ho\u00e0ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn bay s\u1ed1 006 c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 1985. Chi\u1ebfc Boeing 747 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 12.500m gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edd t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Los Angeles th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 4 b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u00e1y bay b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. Thay v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng tay v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 cao xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 9.000m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n, t\u1ed5 l\u00e1i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 12.500m v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong b\u1ecb ch\u00e8n \u00e9p v\u00e0 g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho m\u00e1y bay th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng phi c\u01a1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i do v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. C\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i; ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1ed1c tai \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u2013 l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0 duy theo H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. M\u1ea1ch t\u01b0 duy theo H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 l\u1edd m\u1edd gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2 l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ph\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f9ng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Khi m\u00e1y bay ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00eang h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 cao 11.300m v\u00e0 l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean cao \u0111ang che m\u1edd v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi. C\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eaft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e1i t\u1ef1","\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay v\u1eeba nghi\u00eang qu\u00e1 45 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111ang l\u1eadt \u00fap trong l\u00fac r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. Phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n hi\u1ec3u m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u00fap v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ed5 nh\u00e0o xu\u1ed1ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00e8n \u00e9p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 1-3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng g\u00f3c r\u01a1i qu\u00e1 v\u00f4 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. \u1ede \u0111\u1ed9 cao 3.300m h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2m xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, kinh ho\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang r\u01a1i th\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ph\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00e9o m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean m\u00e1y bay c\u00f9ng l\u00fac c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef n\u00f3 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh g\u00e3y r\u1eddi ra t\u1eeb h\u00f4ng m\u00e1y bay, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 San Francisco m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e9 m\u1edf trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ee9c c\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea5p n\u0103m l\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ebb cong c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean tr\u00ean, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y hai thanh gi\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, th\u1ed5i bay hai c\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay. \u201cM\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng gian\u201d l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng b\u1ecb che m\u1ea5t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong khoang l\u00e1i b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. Theo nh\u01b0 Kahneman, H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1. Tai n\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi chuy\u1ebfn bay 006 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Thay v\u00ec tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch theo d\u00f5i, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i tr\u00ed th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1edfi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay. Sau \u0111\u00f3, khi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, \u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n","v\u00e0o gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bay. C\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 mang nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u00e2m ch\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u201cnh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c\u201d, \u201clao v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ebft\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o h\u1ed1 \u0111en\u201d). V\u00e0 tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trang m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edbn l\u1ea1nh khi l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng \u0111ang v\u1eadt v\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra hay kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Mel Carnahan, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c bang Missouri khi \u00f4ng \u0111ang bay trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam m\u01b0a b\u00e3o v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2000. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a John F. Kenedy Jr., phu nh\u00e2n c\u00f9ng c\u00f4 em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a phu nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Martha\u2019s Vineyard v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y n\u0103m 1999 m\u1edd s\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch may m\u1eafn, song b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ban An to\u00e0n Giao th\u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 2 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eaft t\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay. NH\u1eeeNG \u1ea2O T\u01af\u1edeNG V\u00c0 K\u00dd \u1ee8C B\u1eca B\u00d3P M\u00c9O Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o New York, nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim Errol Morris \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i David Dunning v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201ct\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed1i th\u00fac\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay nh\u01b0 Dunning \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong khi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d (Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh, Benjamin Disraeli \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.) C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 v\u00e0 H\u1ec7","th\u1ed1ng 2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111i l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng: nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb tri gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sai l\u1ec7ch, s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1, theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong khoang l\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. N\u1ed7i b\u1ee9t r\u1ee9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 hay tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u01a1i d\u1eady trong ch\u00fang ta ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh. Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 x\u1ea3y ra, ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00f4i th\u00fac x\u00f3a tan s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t. Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb xao l\u00e3ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 nghe m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nghe t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 xao l\u00e3ng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1edbt l\u1edd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i nghe \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecf ra b\u1ecb xao l\u00e3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n khi nghe l\u1ecfm t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n nghe tr\u1ed9m. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i b\u1ecb th\u00f4i th\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y khi nghe t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i ham mu\u1ed1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n xung quanh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. N\u1ed7i b\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a","m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t n\u00ean b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay kinh nghi\u1ec7m chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong t\u1eebng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 n\u00f3: T\u1ea1i sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ai trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc? T\u1ea1i sao cha t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p may trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c? T\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, hay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh? Ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb h\u00f2a v\u00e0o l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t. Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 ghi nh\u1edb h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c m\u1edbi dung n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean trong trang s\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng r\u0169 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u1edf t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u1ee9ng x\u1eed n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia.","B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t trang x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u00e3y th\u1eed l\u01b0\u1edbt qua nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee3i ca nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t trong khi s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 che gi\u1ea5u n\u1ed7i b\u1ee9c x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o. Khi t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Larry Jacoby, Bob Bjock v\u00e0 Colleen Kelley \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00e0 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c cho m\u1ed7i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu tri th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ed nh\u1edb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Google \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n), th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u manh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00fang b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm hay t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi,","nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u00e1m th\u1ecb v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, khi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ta v\u1eabn cho l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m: ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra. Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o theo r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh song l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi nh\u1edb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1m th\u1ecb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean Helen Keller \u0111ang trong t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201c\u0111i\u1ebfc, c\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u00f9\u201d \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean Carol Harris. S\u1ef1 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh suy di\u1ec5n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfi \u201cAnh \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng tay l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a?\u201d s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t","nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3). Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m g\u00ec k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n em v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 em s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111ang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cnh\u1edb l\u1ea1i\u201d ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra. (T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em t\u1eebng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, khi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ngay sau khi n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra.) M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba tr\u00ed nh\u1edb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u00e1m th\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 \u00e1m th\u1ecb n\u00e0y n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n theo c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng xem m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u0103ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe b\u0103ng qua v\u1ea1ch d\u1eebng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m giao c\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe kh\u00e1c \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y qua. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe khi ch\u00fang \u201cti\u1ebfp x\u00fac\u201d v\u1edbi nhau cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 51km\/h. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u00fang \u201c\u0111\u00e2m\u201d v\u00e0o nhau l\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 66km\/h. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 48km\/h, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, thay v\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i x\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00e1n ph\u1ea1t vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbm cung\u201d (khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3), nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u00e1m th\u1ecb hay g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft. M\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n t\u1edbi, hai chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o nhau\u201d. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c, n\u00f3i ra m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba ngh\u0129 ra, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ec7ch do ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u ra, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n sau khi b\u1ecb th\u00f4i mi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a t\u1ea1i","h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c bang v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Canada. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u00f4i mi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129, n\u00f3i ra m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea3y ra trong \u0111\u1ea7u\u00f3c, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ec7ch. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1edb l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n n\u1ea3y sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4i mi\u00ean l\u1ea1i che m\u1edd nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u1ecd nh\u1edb t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra trong l\u00fac b\u1ecb th\u00f4i mi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra (nh\u01b0 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m). S\u1ef1 \u0111an xen c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng ngay sau m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi ph\u1ea1m. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t c\u0169ng t\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb t\u00ecnh nghi trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu l\u00fac n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 anh ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nghi ph\u1ea1m trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 anh ta v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong v\u1ee5 \u00e1n. Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Donald M. Thomson \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y, \u1edf Sydney, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111ang xem tivi th\u00ec nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u00f5 c\u1eeda. Khi ra m\u1edf c\u1eeda, c\u00f4 li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh. Khi c\u00f4 t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f4 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y Donald Thomson khi \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Sydney v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng t\u00ean t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. H\u00f3a ra Thomson l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng \u0111ang tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00f9ng kh\u00edt v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. Ph\u00eda c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng tin \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o \u00f4ng trong l\u00fac th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 khi c\u00f4 nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng g\u00f5 c\u1eeda. B\u1ea3n mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00f4 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean tivi, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Donald Thomson, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn","ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng theo H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ee9c th\u00ec nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u2013 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh dung sai l\u1ec7ch. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (curse of knowledge). C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u2013 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f4 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111ang ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a tai h\u1ecda t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra (hindsight bias), hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u00f4i-\u0111\u00e3-bi\u1ebft-t\u1eeb-l\u00e2u-r\u1ed3i (I-knew-it-all- along effect), theo \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Cho d\u00f9 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1eabn s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 tin l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n tin bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb quen thu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n nghe qua m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, l\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n h\u01a1i \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c, khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi k\u00fd \u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft. Tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tin v\u00e0o n\u00f3. Trong gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201clu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u to t\u00e1t\u201d (l\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n) \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. \u1ea2o t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c (fluency illusions) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 xu","h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o n\u1ed9i dung b\u00ean trong n\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 minh b\u1ea1ch, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u00f4n t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kh\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ngu\u1ed3n tri th\u1ee9c \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u1ebfp sau trong khi k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social influence) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n gia nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f9ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u00f3m th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb (memory conformity) hay \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00ean tr\u00ed nh\u1edb (social contagion of memory): sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e2y lan\u201d sang tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n lu\u00f4n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c chung m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh theo d\u00f5i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, theo \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb ni\u1ec1m tin chung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 hay hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n sai (false consensus effect). N\u00f3i chung, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ai gi\u1ed1ng ai. Th\u1eed nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i xem g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ea1n than phi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang: t\u1eeb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng khoan \u2013 hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0","nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 n\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ban h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hay ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t si\u00eau th\u1ecb \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ra m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch mang t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng John Kennedy hay nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n xoay quanh ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00e8n nh\u00e1y (\u201cflashbulb\u201d memories). C\u00e1i t\u00ean \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn cho nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef: khi ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ra sao v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua xoay quanh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. C\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a 1.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m: l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ba n\u0103m sau v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 tin kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t, o\u00e1i o\u0103m thay l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. C\u00c1C M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH T\u01af DUY Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi","s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cho t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00fang. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y khi d\u1eebng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hay nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1 ly g\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1eebng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean pha ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1c Frappuccino 500ml ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nguy c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. B\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Eric Mazur, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard. L\u00fd do \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Khi b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i phai nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c (tai h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra trong \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u00f4 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Newton hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f4 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, trong khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang theo s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i to\u00e1n (r\u00f2ng r\u1ecdc, m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng nghi\u00eang, v.v\u2026). M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, trong khi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f4 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Newton m\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh","t\u01b0 duy. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai s\u00f3t thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 si\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean. Mazur cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u quen thu\u1ed9c trong \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n giai \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i nghe ti\u1ebfng g\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n xem giai \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. M\u1ed7i giai \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh 25 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, do \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 4%. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft giai \u0111i\u1ec7u trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe s\u1ebd \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 50% s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang 2,5% s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t may r\u1ee7i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 trong \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean Dooley h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y n\u00e0y t\u1edbi tr\u1eadn k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c h\u00f3a ra l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, hay c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c khi n\u00e0o bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i quan (t\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n) khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ea7n kinh Mike Ebersold \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa. B\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u00e0y \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong l\u00fac ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1eaft b\u1ecf kh\u1ed1i u n\u00e3o cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf kh\u1ed1i u n\u00e3o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian thao t\u00e1c th\u1eadt c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn quanh kh\u1ed1i u, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean s\u1ea1ch bao b\u1ecdc n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh xung quanh. Nh\u01b0ng khi kh\u1ed1i u n\u1eb1m trong n\u00e3o, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n r\u00fat m\u00e1u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau n\u00f3, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn","b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u1eed vong. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u1eaft kh\u1ed1i u ra th\u1eadt nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u1ebft ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u. \u201cBan \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n e ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn,\u201d Mike n\u00f3i. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 hay ho, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00f3 th\u1eadt nhanh.\u201d C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Mike, ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 ba, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng khi n\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c xa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi. N\u0102NG L\u1ef0C H\u1ea0N CH\u1ebe V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 THI\u1ebeU NH\u1eacN TH\u1ee8C V\u1ec0 \u0110I\u1ec0U \u0110\u00d3 Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i si\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dunning-Kruger, \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc David Dunning v\u00e0 Justin Kruger. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. (Nhan \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cN\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\u201d) Dunning v\u00e0 Kruger c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra logic v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c: nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c","hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t 12% l\u1ea1i tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn logic c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 68%. Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 hai, sau khi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee7a nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 ba ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 xem li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy lu\u1eadn logic. Sau b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng suy lu\u1eadn logic v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u00e0i l\u00e0m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tin th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat (l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p suy lu\u1eadn), n\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ea5p sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef ni\u1ec1m tin sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m? Dunning v\u00e0 Kruger \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng, trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfm khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tin x\u1ea5u. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00ec sao th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3","m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i tay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Dunning v\u00e0 Kruger \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 khi c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh hai b\u1ea1n trai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u01a1i b\u00f3ng m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai, do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ecfi ch\u01a1i b\u00f3ng m\u1ec1m.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e8o ch\u1ed1ng qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u2013 hay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1 v\u00e0 2 m\u00e0 Daniel Kahneman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u2013 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri gi\u00e1c, tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tri gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea7m. Ch\u00fang ta hay c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea1ch ra cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh\u201d \u0111ang r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi","hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp Manhattan \u1edf khu East Harlem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 2008 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u201ckh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch hay l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch.\u201d N\u0103m 2004, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp Brooklyn ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem h\u1ecd n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ai c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch: h\u00f3a ra ngay c\u1ea3 khi sinh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u th\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5, khi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 th\u1ebb ghi t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec r\u00fat m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 th\u1ebb v\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c n\u00f3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb sau khi h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai l\u1ea7n, trong khi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm so v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1ea7m ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c cho tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Anh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c hi\u1ec3m h\u00f3c v\u00e0 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i ch\u00fang tr\u00ean s\u00e2n t\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn","\u0111\u1ea5u l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean, th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 kia kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho m\u00ecnh, anh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho s\u1ef1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch quan, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh. Khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong khoang l\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, nh\u1eadn ra khi n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00c1C C\u00d4NG C\u1ee4 H\u1ed6 TR\u1ee2 V\u00c0 TH\u00d3I QUEN KI\u1ec2M \u0110\u1ecaNH KH\u1ea2 N\u0102NG \u0110\u00c1NH GI\u00c1 C\u1ee6A B\u1ea0N \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean l\u1edbp gi\u00fap gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1ecf ra hay kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u00eam. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00edch l\u0169y, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Andy Sobel v\u1eabn l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb ph\u1ea1m vi tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p sau n\u00e0y. Trong vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb ghi \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n,","v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc (s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y). \u0110\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. C\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp. H\u00e3y t\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 duy tr\u00ec k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. S\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Eric Mazur, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc. Tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u00f9ng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p sinh vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ch\u00fang trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai ph\u00fat; sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean chia th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang. Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Mazur, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y; ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu; v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Mazur c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gh\u00e9p \u0111\u00f4i nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem th\u00eam hai v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Mary Pat Wenderoth v\u00e0 Michael D. Matthews \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8. C\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c hay tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. V\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hay m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay sau khi b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i","gi\u1ea3ng hay m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. (Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t.) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft minh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean th\u00ec n\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y. Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Errol Morris, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc David Dunning n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. \u201cB\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p? Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111ang ban th\u01b0\u1edfng cho b\u1ea1n theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng? N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn sang nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn ra c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. \u2018T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng.\u2019\u201d Th\u1eed ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111ang x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng m\u1ec1m \u2013 li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ee9? Trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p \u00fd, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch quan, cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh y khoa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n\/t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c x\u1ea5u, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m \u00f4ng m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd n\u00f3i: \u201cAnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 t\u1ec7.\u201d Mike Ebersold nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m. \u201cN\u1ebfu xung quanh b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai an to\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec","kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\u201d Trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m: c\u01a1 ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c t\u00e2n binh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u00e2m ni\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00e2m ni\u00ean l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e2n binh (b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 anh th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u00e0y hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp thu tinh hoa t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n. Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung l\u1eabn nhau. Khi c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y tr\u1ee3 tim hay d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 k\u00edch th\u00edch th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hay c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh Parkinson, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ngay t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean n\u00e0y theo d\u00f5i ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, v.v\u2026 M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ed9t ca m\u1ed5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. B\u00e1c s\u0129 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i n\u1ea3y sinh ngay trong t\u1ea7m tay. V\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t y\u00ean t\u00e2m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n ph\u1ecfng theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Th\u1eed l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n. Khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thao t\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00fang c\u1ea7m tay, h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u0103ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0103n","ph\u00f2ng, n\u01a1i b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0129 quan ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o khung c\u1ea3nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u0103ng. Trung \u00fay Catherine Johnson l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i S\u1edf C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Minneapolis m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh: Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng d\u1eebng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00f2ng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7t xung quanh ph\u00f2ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2m th\u01b0 l\u1edbn m\u00e0u xanh, m\u1ed9t v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa, m\u1ed9t \u00f4 c\u1eeda \u2013 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 che ch\u1eafn nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh. T\u00f4i nh\u1edb m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u0103ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda chi\u1ebfc xe nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1ecdt ra t\u1eeb trong th\u00f9ng xe, r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1eafn t\u00f4i. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y khi ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00f4 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o th\u00f9ng xe \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf. V\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i l\u00e0m v\u1eady ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thao t\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 trang kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3nh t\u00f4i \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o. Ngay t\u1eeb gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang trong tay. T\u00f4i ra l\u1ec7nh cho h\u1eafn b\u1ecf n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1eafn l\u00e0m l\u00e0 quay \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y. V\u00e0 l\u00fac \u1ea5y t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o l\u01b0ng h\u1eafn, trong khi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nguy hi\u1ec3m, v\u1eady t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Trong l\u00fac t\u00f4i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc xem c\u00f3 b\u1eafn g\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eafn t\u00f4i. V\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn. T\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc c\u1ed1t ghi t\u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 trang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thao di\u1ec5n theo r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, gay c\u1ea5n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c sai r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p bao g\u1ed3m","nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0129 quan ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u1ed5ng v\u00f2m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u00e1n hay ch\u01b0a. \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0129 quan th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i. B\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u2013 ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eabn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed g\u00e2y s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat nguy c\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Johnson \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly g\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c h\u1ecd v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qua \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o: t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u1ed5 tay \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tay \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf c\u1ea7m s\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn trong khi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac tay c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i gi\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang kh\u1ecfi tay h\u1eafn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i gi\u0169a th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00fang, tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00fang c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eafn ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Trong l\u00fac c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda c\u00f9ng b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0129 quan \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy t\u1eafc tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n n\u00ean luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. \u0110\u00f4i khi th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m b\u1ea1n m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00fang v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho m\u00ecnh.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6. V\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c, Francis Bacon \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Bruce Hendry. \u00d4ng sinh n\u0103m 1942, l\u1edbn l\u00ean b\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1edd k\u00eanh d\u1ecdc theo mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Mississippi c\u1ee7a bang Minneapolis nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3. \u00d4ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec bao \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i g\u1ea7y gu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec xa l\u1ea1 khi ch\u00fang ta b\u00e0n t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp. Song c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Bruce Hendry c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u thang xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c, v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi theo nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n hay t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1edf th\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Bruce s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.","CH\u1ee6 \u0110\u1ed8NG TI\u1ebeP THU NGAY T\u1eea NH\u1eeeNG B\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ea6U TI\u00caN M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u00ed quy\u1ebft l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Bruce ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. Khi Bruce m\u1edbi hai tu\u1ed5i, b\u00e0 Doris m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb7n \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u0103ng qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u1eadu b\u00e9 Bruce c\u0169ng b\u0103ng qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o b\u00e0 Doris c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u00f4ng c\u1eadu. \u201cN\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi sinh ra,\u201d Doris v\u1eabn n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. L\u00fac l\u00ean t\u00e1m, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o, Bruce \u0111\u00e3 mua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y trong m\u1ed9t gian h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169, c\u1eaft n\u00f3 ra v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 n\u0103m xu m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n. L\u00fac l\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1eadu \u0111i giao b\u00e1o. M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i c\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u00eam ngh\u1ec1 nh\u1eb7t b\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i s\u00e2n g\u00f4n. V\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tu\u1ed5i, v\u1edbi 30 \u0111\u00f4-la d\u00e0nh d\u1ee5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u1eadu l\u1ebbn qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ecnh minh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc vali tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 v\u1eaby m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i nh\u1edd 400km \u0111\u1ebfn Aberdeen, Nam Dakota. C\u1eadu mua v\u00e0 t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef ph\u00e1o Black Cats, bom s\u01a1 ri, ph\u00e1o hoa, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u1edf Minnesota v\u00e0 v\u1eaby xe v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eefa t\u1ed1i. Su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3, Doris kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00ec sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1eadu b\u00e9 giao b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0i ph\u00fat r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi r\u1eddi \u0111i. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a Bruce ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u1eadu b\u00e9 giao b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0 m\u00e1ch cha c\u1ee7a Bruce. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o Bruce r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u1eadu c\u00f2n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eadu m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn nh\u1eeb t\u1eed. Bruce v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh mua b\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng,\u201d Bruce n\u00f3i. Khi \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 13 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eeba c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu cung. Bruce nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen Bruce \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i l\u00ean hai v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f3i quen kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng minh ch\u1ee9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u00f4ng r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf","ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p, t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn gi\u1eefa h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt\u201d hay \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp thu\u201d. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc hay quy lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp thu kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0m \u1ea9n trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 sau n\u00e0y. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 duy s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u, hay d\u1edf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu \u00edch th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, Bruce \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1edd r\u01a1i qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n h\u1ed3 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m Minnesota. Khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a ai t\u1eebng thua l\u1ed7 khi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 mua m\u1ed9t l\u00f4. V\u00e0i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 sau, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 hi\u1ebfm hoi t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o m\u00f3ng, c\u1eadu m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe mo\u00f3c v\u00e0 m\u00f3c n\u00f3 v\u00e0o sau chi\u1ebfc xe hi\u1ec7u 49 Hudson c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1eadu tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh 50 xu cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eadu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tr\u1ea3 1 \u0111\u00f4-la cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n. C\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch l\u00e1t g\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 cha kinh doanh xi m\u0103ng r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh x\u00e2y m\u00f3ng nh\u00e0. C\u1eadu h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00ean khung cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng \u1edf b\u00e3i x\u1ebb g\u1ed7. C\u1eadu t\u1ef1 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng theo c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3 lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Bruce nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i: \u201cVi\u00ean thanh tra \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho t\u00f4i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi","nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m.\u201d N\u0103m 19 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng cho thu\u00ea l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n k\u1ef3 \u1edf Minneapolis. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: b\u1ed1n c\u0103n h\u1ed9 mang v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n t\u1ea5m s\u00e9c h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 cho thu\u00ea, thanh to\u00e1n kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i l\u00fac n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam, s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecfng, n\u00e2ng gi\u00e1 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch thu\u00ea, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p b\u1ed1n c\u0103n h\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng song h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafng, n\u00f3 mang t\u1edbi cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng mang l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n khu nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 d\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong v\u00f2ng 20 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Bruce tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kinh doanh phim cho h\u00e3ng Kodak. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o top n\u0103m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kinh doanh gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u00f4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c chi nh\u00e1nh n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u00f4ng. M\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Bruce. \u00d4ng ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u00e1n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc: \u201cN\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4-la v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p kinh doanh \u1ee7y th\u00e1c hoa h\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 n\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i do S\u1edf Thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 gi\u1eef. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh \u1ee7y th\u00e1c hoa h\u1ed3ng.\u201d Ch\u00e0 ch\u00e0, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c: \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u00f4ng thua l\u1ed7 khi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u ngang v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n hoa h\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 cho \u00f4ng khi b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. \u201cB\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu r\u1edbt gi\u00e1 50 xu, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean 100 xu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a v\u1ed1n. M\u00e0 m\u1ea5t 50 xu th\u00ec d\u1ec5 ch\u1ee9 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","100 xu th\u00ec kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u!\u201d \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Sam Leppla xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Bruce, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 Leppla ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 trai su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y nh\u1ea3y vi\u1ec7c, chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u00e0y sang c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00e1c, b\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd anh ta n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Bruce v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty s\u1eafp ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. M\u1ed7i tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 1 \u0111\u00f4-la \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 22 xu. \u201cNh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y c\u00f3 22 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n l\u1ea1i,\u201d Bruce nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, \u201cdo \u0111\u00f3 khi c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thu h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty - hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 100% v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 - m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3. N\u00f3 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho kh\u00f4ng.\u201d Bruce n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i theo d\u00f5i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Sam \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi cho anh ta v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u2018Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9 qua v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c anh \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?\u2019\u201d Leppla gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i cho Bruce m\u1ed9t m\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, cung c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfc vali \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u00e1o hoa. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Leppla \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc sau \u0111\u00e2y. Khi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, hay c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 n\u1ee3: nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 - ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu cao c\u1ea5p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi chi tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu cao c\u1ea5p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thanh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. Tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ebb v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh m\u1ed1i nghi ng\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u1edbt gi\u00e1 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 mua tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 an t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7","r\u1ee7i ro r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Bruce v\u1eabn t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf Florida \u0111ang l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, do v\u1eady Sam v\u00e0 Bruce b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y, mua tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n th\u00e1o \u0111ang h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mua ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi 5 \u0111\u00f4-la v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 50 \u0111\u00f4-la. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mua \u0111\u1ec1u sinh l\u1eddi.\u201d C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1eafp r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang \u0111ang mua l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Conrail v\u00e0 Amtrak. Bruce k\u1ec3: \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd Sam n\u00f3i: \u2018C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 50 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u.\u2019 B\u1edfi v\u1eady ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u00ean l\u00e0 Barney Donahue. Barney nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a S\u1edf Thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi say m\u00ea nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 say m\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, h\u1ecd h\u00edt th\u1edf c\u00f9ng n\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 ghi tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd.\u201d Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f2n d\u01b0 v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 chi tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3 cao. Donahue r\u00e0 so\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o l\u00e0 Erie Lackawanna, v\u00ec khi c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n xin ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. Hendry, Leppla v\u00e0 Donahue \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o xem x\u00e9t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty Erie \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, xem x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi","ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng Moody \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. \u201cB\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh: M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 bao nhi\u00eau? T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t toa h\u00e0ng? M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray d\u00e0i 1,6km?\u201d Erie \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 15 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c nhau trong 150 n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u00e2m ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c. Bruce \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 thanh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu khi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb thanh l\u00fd. Nh\u1edd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1ng tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb b\u00e1n ra \u1edf m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 t\u1ee5t d\u1ed1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ecm qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Bruce l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mua v\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i h\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft trong ph\u1ea1m vi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Bruce quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f5 c\u1eeda t\u1eebng nh\u00e0, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f2a \u00e1n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 trong quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Khi Erie v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty. \u00d4ng thu\u00ea Barney Donahue qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng ty. Hendry, Donahue v\u00e0 ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng ty v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu Bruce \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u1ea5p 20 l\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 mua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. C\u00f4ng ty Erie Lackawanna, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 David \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Goliath4, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch Bruce Hendry bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i sinh l\u1eddi: t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u0111ang l\u00e2m v\u00e0o kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ecdc chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thanh to\u00e1n n\u1ee3, xem x\u00e9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00ecm","hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n Kaiser Steel, ng\u0103n n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi v\u1ee1 n\u1ee3, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng ty v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2% v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ra h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i trong v\u1ee5 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec3u bang Texas First Republic Bank v\u00e0 thu v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn g\u1ea5p s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba cung v\u00e0 ng\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c toa h\u00e0ng, Bruce \u0111\u00e3 mua l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, thu l\u1ea1i 20% kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c cho thu\u00ea v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu cung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hendry v\u1eeba quen thu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1ch Bruce h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u: \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c g\u00ec v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 gieo m\u1ea7m cho k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o ra sao; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd ghi d\u1ea5u trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u00e0o sinh nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i ph\u00e2n to trong s\u00e2n, nh\u1ea3y v\u00f2ng quanh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00e9t l\u00ean: \u201cM\u00ecnh d\u00e1m c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng 25 b\u1ea3ng Anh trong \u0111\u00f3!\u201d","T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, khi so s\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thao, hay trong ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Bruce Hendry, ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta tr\u0103n tr\u1edf suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u00ec bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u1eadn ra b\u00e3i ph\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng 25 b\u1ea3ng trong \u0111\u00f3? Khi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Bruce tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n r\u1eb1ng: \u201cD\u00f9 b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang.\u201d C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Carol Dweck, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, gi\u00fap \u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Fortune xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t trong kinh doanh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Richard Branson, ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n h\u00e3ng thu \u00e2m Virgin Records v\u00e0 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Virgin Atlantic Airways, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 16 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4; Diane Swonk l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9; Craig McCaw l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng; Paul Orfalea \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng ty Kinko\u2019s. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb d\u00e1n nh\u1ea7m nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh IQ th\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb l\u01b0u ban hay thuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n","v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi cha m\u1eb9, gia s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o h\u1ecd. Branson nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i: \u201cC\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c.\u201d B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3, Branson \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta t\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay: m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t, m\u00ecnh quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra ngo\u00e0i sau khi \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn xong c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7, c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ebd n\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, hay b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ra sao. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng, ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed1t g\u00f4n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb7n b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hay hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean t\u00e0i ba nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1ng xo\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh c\u1edd thay, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 trong b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3. Tuy s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y Tony Larussa k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u00f3ng v\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Khi \u00f4ng gi\u00e3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u00e1u gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ba danh hi\u1ec7u World Series \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ba nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.","M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu, tri th\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u2013 v\u00ed d\u1ee5, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u00e2m thanh hay h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec th\u1ef1c ra l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu th\u00ec c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng. Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n trau d\u1ed3i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n khi gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1eeb ri\u00eang l\u1ebb trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ca b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, tuy kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 15% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n kinh d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb trong b\u00e0o thai, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh ph\u00e1t ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u00e2m. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u00e2m v\u1ecb, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1edbm h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi tr\u1ebb m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbp 3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p","t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n kinh. Ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ti. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i em trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5m th\u00f3i b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, coi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Fortune ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n, d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh hay nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch bao qu\u00e1t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ngay t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ee7i ro. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Gadi Geiger v\u00e0 Jerome Lettvin t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c k\u00e9m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp h\u1ee3p th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ea3n sinh ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bao qu\u00e1t v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i s\u00e2u trong ph\u1ea1m vi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn","r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hay \u201ctr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb h\u1ed1i th\u00fac ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y theo nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00fang theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eabn chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n phi c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, v.v\u2026 B\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004 b\u1edfi Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu h\u01a1n 70 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb l\u00e0m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ch\u00e0o b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1edb h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3ng m\u00e1c, v\u00e0 d\u1eadp khu\u00f4n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eeba ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: \u201cT\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i kh\u00e1 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua k\u00eanh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay l\u1eafng nghe ai \u0111\u00f3 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0i ph\u00fat kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.\u201d \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n v\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy gi\u1ea3m. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p con s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3","t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n thu h\u1eb9p ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t. Neil Flemming ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi VARK. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u00ecn, nghe, \u0111\u1ecdc hay v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 di chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1). M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. VARK ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3. Theo Flemming, VARK ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n trong phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 18 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u1ecbp sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m so v\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, ra \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Kenneth Dunn v\u00e0 Rita Dunn, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u00e1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau trong phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y: C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 B\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Honey v\u00e0 Mumford, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1c phong c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3u \u201cho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, \u201cph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh\u201d, \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\u201d hay \u201cth\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n\u201d, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5p l\u00ean m\u1ee9c linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111ang bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi","h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u then ch\u1ed1t. N\u0103m 2008, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Harold Pashler, Mark McDaniel, Doug Rohrer v\u00e0 Bob Bjork \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xem li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u then ch\u1ed1t \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean? \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quy t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. B\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh) so v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m thanh); th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u01a1n t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u00e2m thanh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f2n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n: c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y th\u00f4ng qua","l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho th\u01a1 ca, v.v\u2026 Khi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung, m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u00edt. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Pashler v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u1ec9 khi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd th\u00edch ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. LO\u1ea0I TR\u00cd TU\u1ec6 C\u1ea6N THI\u1ebeT CHO TH\u00c0NH C\u00d4NG Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn tr\u0103n tr\u1edf l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Ng\u00e0y nay nh\u00ecn chung c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 linh ho\u1ea1t (fluid intelligence) l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb th\u00f4ng tin trong l\u00fac gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 k\u1ebft tinh (crystallized intelligence) l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong qu\u00e1","kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhau, hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, suy lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh IQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy logic v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi 100 l\u1ea7n. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb t\u00e1m tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n trong \u0111\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ l\u00e0 125 (10 chia cho 8 r\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n 100). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb khi sinh ra, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Howard Gardner nh\u1eb1m l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00e1c nhau: Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 logic \u2013 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy suy lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1; Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef; Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o; Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c: \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u, t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c; Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u (\u201c\u0111\u1ecdc\u201d) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3;"]
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