["\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e1m hi\u1ec7u kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i tr\u00ed nh\u1edb s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Khi phi c\u00f4ng Matt Brown m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i trong bu\u1ed3ng l\u00e1i m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1edb cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tay v\u00e0 m\u1eaft, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c. Karen Kim l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng ch\u01a1i v\u0129 c\u1ea7m \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n. C\u00f4 ch\u01a1i v\u0129 c\u1ea7m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai trong nh\u00f3m t\u1ee9 t\u1ea5u chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 d\u00e2y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Parker. Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1edb ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tay v\u0129 c\u1ea7m th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e0n, v\u00e0 h\u00f2a \u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb. \u201cB\u1ea1n h\u00e1t nh\u1ea9m giai \u0111i\u1ec7u trong \u0111\u1ea7u,\u201d Kim n\u00f3i, \u201cv\u00e0 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i giai \u0111i\u1ec7u khi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c.\u201d Ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00f2a \u00e2m, nh\u01b0 fuga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch l\u1edbn, nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u01a1i t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n giai \u0111i\u1ec7u theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ch\u01a1i giai \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong khi t\u00f4i \u0111ang ch\u01a1i giai \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 hai. R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c fuga. T\u00f4i c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd ch\u01a1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghe trong \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng nghe ch\u00fang trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n h\u00f2a \u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u hay s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c.\u201d Khi nh\u00f3m t\u1ee9 t\u1ea5u bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1edd nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c. Th\u1eed ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Vince Dooley. \u00d4ng d\u1ea7n c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng Georgia Bulldogs \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o t\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y. Hay tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n kinh Mike Ebersold khi \u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u.","Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 b\u1eafn s\u00fang. \u00d4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u00e3o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o, h\u00ecnh dung ra m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y sang c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u1eefa: b\u1ea1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 ba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Newton v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1c k\u00fd. Qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch\u201d c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb M\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c rung \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt vang l\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c?\u201d Ch\u00fang ta n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Lu\u00f4n ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi t\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft cao si\u00eau hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t","tr\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean gia n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n. V\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c hay kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u1eb7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt, hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, hay ch\u01a1i v\u0129 c\u1ea7m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai trong B\u1ea3n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Hayden th\u00ec nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp thu n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn khi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8. Ghi nh\u1edb N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh t\u00e0i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec hay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec b\u00ed quy\u1ebft khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Trong nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ngay t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 r\u00fat ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb9o h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc, cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u00e2u n\u0103m, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho d\u00f9 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i hay l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh dung r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. NH\u1eeeNG L\u1edcI KHUY\u00caN d\u00e0nh CHO C\u00c1C b\u1ea1n SINH VI\u00caN N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean.","B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5p v\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, r\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc gian nan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trau d\u1ed3i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u1ea9n sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. H\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb Ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb\u201d \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n thay th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi? Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u00f3a hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng h\u00e3y ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa nh\u01b0: \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o? Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang? Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft? Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. V\u00e0o m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n trong su\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, h\u00e3y b\u1ecf ra ch\u00fat \u00edt th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111ang h\u1ecdc trong tu\u1ea7n l\u1eabn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u","trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00fang. B\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t. Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n hay \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u00fd ch\u00ednh trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c trang tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu. H\u1ecd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eady. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i mang t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u01a1n? Sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn hai l\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i kh\u00f3a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ecf ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n mang t\u1edbi hai \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i: n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c trong b\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n sau c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu hay phong c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c","\u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f2n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. Qu\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, song r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp thu s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n duy tr\u00ec ch\u00fang trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi theo m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1edd th\u00f3i quen \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t hay th\u1ee9c th\u00e2u \u0111\u00eam. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u00eam b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong th\u1eddi gian di\u1ec5n ra k\u1ef3 thi. Ch\u1ec9 xem l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y thi th\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? So v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y cho b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c v\u00e0 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu \u00edch b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp hay nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong l\u00fac \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, m\u1ed7i khi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c th\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau khi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp thu n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1eeb trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp Ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Theo chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n \u00f4n t\u1eadp.","L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi? L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. V\u1eady bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n xem l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ph\u00fat sau l\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4n l\u1ea1i trong v\u00f2ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y sau l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang trong kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. Khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n h\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng. K\u1ebft th\u00fac k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c sau \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng ng\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e3y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n ch\u00fang trong c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 th\u1ebb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang. Ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ri\u00eang ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u2013 song b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m th\u1ebb n\u00e0y theo m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i. Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i t\u1eadp trung r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang khao kh\u00e1t t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. B\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cluy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp-luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp-luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hay ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, khi ch\u00fang ta \u00f4n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n,","nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn khi c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u00fai t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u ch\u00fang v\u00e0o trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n? Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc c\u1ed1t ghi t\u00e2m n\u00f3. L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i \u00f4n t\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1eeba t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u201ct\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i\u201d n\u00f3 t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 qu\u00ean h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y.) B\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? Khi t\u1eadp trung \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n, v\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1i quen v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 nh\u1edb h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, trong khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: khi b\u1ea1n t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00fang t\u00fang \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra cho b\u1ea1n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb","c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. \u0110an xen l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi Ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 H\u00e0 Lan, hay nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4, h\u00e3y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp? Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1: m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n) v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c (t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n). Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u00e0m. Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n n\u00e0y trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng d\u1ea1ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4n t\u1eadp nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t, t\u1eadp trung, l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i hay m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i: x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thao (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4). M\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vung g\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc 15 c\u00fa n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng nhanh, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn 15 c\u00fa n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng cong v\u00e0 15 c\u00fa n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng l\u1eeba s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u00e0n thao di\u1ec5n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u","th\u1ee7 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00fa n\u00e9m kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00fa n\u00e9m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trau d\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u00fa n\u00e9m v\u00e0 anh ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n hay m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu v\u1eadt v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd t\u1eebng d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1eafc c\u1ed1t ghi t\u00e2m\u201d n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p \u0111an xen nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n? X\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thi hay trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. (\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3.) B\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? Khi b\u1ea1n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang \u00f4n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1edd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y xao nh\u00e3ng v\u00e0 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1edd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p \u0111an c\u00e0i, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ngoan c\u1ed1 tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n cho h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ec7ch. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3 (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4).","Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, hay tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 hay h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh so s\u00e1nh g\u1ee3i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 men \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y th\u1eed h\u00ecnh dung xem m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u0103ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c v\u00f2ng xoay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra sao khi c\u00f4 k\u00e9o c\u00e1nh tay s\u00e1t v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u1ea5m hai b\u00e0n tay quanh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1c ca cao n\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tia ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung xem m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1ea9n \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1. Khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c electron xoay xung quanh n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Trong ph\u1ea7n sau c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 sinh h\u1ecdc Mary Pat Wenderoth khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i s\u00e2u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch giao cho h\u1ecd so\u1ea1n c\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft\u201d. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u minh h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong c\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng phu m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i th\u00eam c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Wenderoth c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y.","S\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o gi\u00fap t\u01b0 duy ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: X\u00e9t trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3) khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m, hay ti\u1ebfp thu tri th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hay nghe gi\u1ea3ng. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o: b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, hay tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng Internet. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u0103ng h\u00e1i b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n k\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o suy ngh\u0129. Bonnie Blodgett, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhanh nh\u1ea1y h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c xa so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc hay to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y th\u1eed c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n t\u1edbi l\u1edbp. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y Khoa V\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington \u1edf St.","Louis y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd l\u00ean l\u1edbp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ph\u1eadt \u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng r\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng khi sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean l\u1edbp, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Suy ng\u1eabm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 suy ng\u1eabm? Khi b\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh ra v\u00e0i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp hay nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eeba tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi suy ng\u1eabm. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o? Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? N\u00f3 g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c? B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, hay l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi b\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? V\u00ed d\u1ee5: H\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 sinh h\u1ecdc Mary Pat Wenderoth \u0111\u1ec1u giao cho sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp\u201d nh\u1eb1m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n v\u1eeba qua v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t huy n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u1eefng trang thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh hay nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i kh\u00e1ch quan, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh? \u1ea2o t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc","v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a tan m\u1ecdi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan h\u01a1n. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u1eefng phi c\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra hay b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean l\u00e0m r\u00f5 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta hay nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong b\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7: Ph\u1ea3i, m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i trang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecf ra ch\u00fat c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong khi k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. H\u00e3y l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i \u00f4n t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch, ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7). Thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u201cThu\u1eadt nh\u1edb\u201d (Mnemonic) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang m\u1ed7i khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0a ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 (US Great Lakes \u2013 n\u0103m h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9) theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd: Old Elephants Have Musty Skin \u2013 Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa voi gi\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u1edbp da m\u1ed1c meo (c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u OEHMS \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00ean n\u0103m h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan v\u00e0 Superior). Mark Twain s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c con v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i","t\u1eebng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quanh co d\u1eabn v\u00e0o khu \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong l\u00fac \u0111ang \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean khoa t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Bellerbys t\u1ea1i Oxford s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb c\u00f3 t\u00ean Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n K\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. Thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u1ebfp thu tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 hai sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u1edbp nh\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y. Michael Young, Sinh vi\u00ean Y khoa Michael Young l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean Y khoa \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111ang h\u1ecdc n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Georgia Regents. T\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cu\u1ed1i l\u1edbp, anh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. Young b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khi ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng g\u00ec cho m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 sinh h\u00f3a, d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Young, n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n v\u00ec anh thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft anh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c cho anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh t\u1eebng ph\u00fat r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, anh v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 65 \u0111i\u1ec3m trong b\u00e0i thi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u201cTh\u00fa th\u1eadt t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed,\u201d anh n\u00f3i. \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o t\u00f4i t\u1eebng tham d\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u00dd t\u00f4i l\u00e0, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc 400 slide d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin.\u201d Young nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00ean anh \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.","Anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn anh: anh g\u1eedi cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00e1c email tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, Young n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.\u201d C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u0103n kho\u0103n anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed7 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cai nghi\u1ec7n. Anh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng. Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u0103ng? \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng minh, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o d\u1ee9t kh\u1ecfi \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3.\u201d M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y anh \u0111\u1ebfn khoa Sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbus, Georgia n\u01a1i anh s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y anh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc anh c\u1ea7n tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea1o anh. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ai t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1c s\u0129. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Georgia hay tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Georgia. \u0110\u00e3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 r\u1ed3i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o thi \u0111\u1ed7 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y.\u2019\u201d Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed, Young \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 sung. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n sinh h\u1ecdc, anh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, anh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c y h\u1ecdc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Anh d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n cho k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y v\u00e0 xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng Georgia Regents. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 anh t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian gay go n\u00e0y. B\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con d\u1ed1c d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 anh mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u00f3 th\u00ec anh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1eady anh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Anh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:","\u201cT\u00f4i t\u1eebng r\u1ea5t ham \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc xong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c trong l\u00fac \u00f4n t\u1eadp th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 thi.\u201d Anh quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. \u201cT\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: \u2018Th\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00f4i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec? N\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?\u2019 T\u00f4i tr\u0103n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. \u2018Ph\u1ea3i, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 sau: enzyme ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia.\u2019 V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i quay l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1eabn chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c hay m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng.\u201d Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hay t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u201cBan \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00f4n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n lo l\u1eafng.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u00e0 anh t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp cho m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 anh mong mu\u1ed1n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, anh t\u1ef1 b\u1eaft m\u00ecnh duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng xem li\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay kh\u00f4ng. \u201cTr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i.\u201d Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Young b\u01b0\u1edbc sang n\u0103m h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 hai, anh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc 200 sinh vi\u00ean l\u00ean top \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.","Young k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch anh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng sao cho ch\u00fang th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Anh \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t: \u201cN\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 400 slide ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4n l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf. B\u1edfi v\u1eady b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i: \u2018Th\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng.\u2019 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian.\u201d B\u1ea1n n\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cKhi b\u1ea1n quay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng. Li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u00f2n nh\u1edb n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u? B\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i quy tr\u00ecnh.\u201d H\u00e3y h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n \u00f4n t\u1eadp: \u201cT\u00f4i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec9, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i th\u00ec tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi enzyme v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t enzyme b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129, li\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? Khi t\u00f4i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t.\u201d H\u1ecdc ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u00ean trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u: Young \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i h\u01a1n, nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ghi n\u00f3 v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. \u201cKhi","t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng dopamine (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n xung \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea7n kinh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n khi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00f9ng b\u1ee5ng, t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 cho l\u1eafm.\u201d Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf \u201ctr\u00f4i tu\u1ed9t qua \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 dopamine, anh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1eady. \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh dung ra h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a dopamine [d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc] l\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3.\u201d Anh n\u00f3i ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1edb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Young \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a anh. Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o cho nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111ang ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a anh. Anh \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 say m\u00ea n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\u201d Timothy Fellows, sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f3a T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng Stephen Madigan, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nam California, kinh ng\u1ea1c b\u1edfi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 100 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean tham gia kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t,\u201d Madigan cho bi\u1ebft. \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Khi kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean t\u00ean Timothy Fellows \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 90 \u0111\u1ebfn 95 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp \u2013 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t \u2013 nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p ri\u00eang c\u1eadu ta v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi: \u201cEm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 th\u00f3i quen","h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a em kh\u00f4ng?\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005. Madigan kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Fellows l\u00e0m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng qua quan s\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00f3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, c\u1eadu c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c. \u201cT\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Timothy, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1eadu quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft.\u201d Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Madigan v\u1eabn gi\u1eef danh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 Fellows \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt: Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. Xem x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ngay t\u1eeb khi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong \u0111\u1ea7u khi nghe gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c g\u00ec trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb ra ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 tay v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang. L\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean; t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang. S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chi ti\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c quan tr\u1ecdng, g\u1eafn ch\u00fang l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Fellows l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 hay v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 thi. NH\u1eeeNG L\u1edcI KHUY\u00caN D\u00c0NH CHO C\u00c1C H\u1eccC VI\u00caN THEO \u0110U\u1ed4I S\u1ef0 NGHI\u1ec6P H\u1eccC T\u1eacP SU\u1ed0T \u0110\u1edcI Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 xoay quanh nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng","d\u1eabn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n coi h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u00ednh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. T\u1eeb khi sinh ra ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eed v\u00e0 sai. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, \u00f4n t\u1eadp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb Nathaniel Fuller l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Guthrie \u1edf Minneapolis. Anh \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i sau m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, Joe Dowling, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a Guthrie \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n Fuller ngay sau khi nghe v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Fuller c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vai di\u1ec5n m\u00e0 anh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi hay di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp vai di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Fuller l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. Anh \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c vai di\u1ec5n trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Anh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00e1c vai ch\u00ednh; th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0i vai di\u1ec5n \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong khi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1ebf vai ch\u00ednh. Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?","Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi, Fuller \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u00eca s\u00e1ch, nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cT\u00f4i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc. T\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xem m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft.\u201d \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng gi\u00fap anh d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang h\u01a1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u1edf k\u1ecbch. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. \u201cB\u1ea1n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt.\u201d Fuller \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb theo nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, anh l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 che l\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n. Anh k\u00e9o n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng, \u00e2m th\u1ea7m di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00f9ng l\u00ean, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt do anh \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m trong ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a anh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Anh che l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc to ch\u00fang l\u00ean. Anh ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu anh \u0111\u1ecdc sai l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, anh s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i che n\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc to l\u00ean l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Khi anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, anh l\u1ea1i m\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n sau v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. \u201cB\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 vai di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i g\u00ec, m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean n\u00f3i. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ghi nh\u1edb, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed quy\u1ebft t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n. T\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb n\u00f3.\u201d \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00ean. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i khi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy gi\u1ea3m. R\u1ed3i ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau t\u00f4i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb ra n\u00f3. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t khi l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi t\u00f4i s\u1ebd nh\u1edb ra n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ebft v\u1edf k\u1ecbch.\u201d","Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n, anh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng trang tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh quen thu\u1ed9c sang nh\u1eefng trang m\u1edbi h\u01a1n, v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n d\u1ec7t n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m, c\u1ea3nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e9 m\u1edf \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho c\u1ea3nh sau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3nh sau l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft, anh t\u1eadp theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00edt quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t sang nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh quen thu\u1ed9c h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf anh \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Sau \u0111\u00f3, anh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft. Anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u1edf k\u1ecbch. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111i lui n\u00e0y gi\u00fap anh li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n anh ch\u01b0a thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n anh thu\u1ed9c h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m anh hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vai di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1eafm b\u1eaft vai di\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i (theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n), nh\u01b0ng, anh n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 b\u1eafp, b\u1edfi v\u1eady t\u00f4i \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt.\u201d Fuller ki\u1ec3m tra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Anh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc di chuy\u1ec3n qua s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed7i c\u1ea3nh trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean gi\u00fap anh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a vai di\u1ec5n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. Anh c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, thay v\u00ec ghi \u00e2m l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft s\u1eb5n, anh \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m c\u1ea7m tay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. Anh n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay. Ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a anh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c n\u00fat \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Ng\u00f3n tay anh nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat \u201cplay\u201d, v\u00e0 Fuller l\u1eafng nghe l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho anh; anh nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat \u201cd\u1eebng\u201d, r\u1ed3i anh nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean. N\u1ebfu c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, anh ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n, ch\u01a1i l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi l\u1edbp k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp","theo. Khi anh \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t vai di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n vai v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean di chuy\u1ec3n trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m), Fuller di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp \u1edf nh\u00e0, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed trong \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, trong l\u00fac t\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u1edbp k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghe l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, anh di chuy\u1ec3n xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u trong t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Khi di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean m\u00e0 Fuller \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1ebf di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp, anh quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y gh\u1ebf ph\u00eda cu\u1ed1i kh\u00e1n ph\u00f2ng, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n trong ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean kia \u0111ang di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. Sau \u0111\u00f3 anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u00f4n l\u1ea1i vai di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh theo ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a Fuller k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c: c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb, ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, \u0111an xen nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o (th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, phong c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng. Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, anh l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp ngh\u0129a di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a anh tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n anh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. Ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o N\u0103m 2013, John McPhee c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean th\u1eddi b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi New York. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i 82, McPhee \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt vi\u1ec7c th\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 anh ta c\u00f2n \u00f4m \u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt","kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ra ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. McPhee gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng k\u1ec3 cho b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1ea5p \u1ee7 (m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa g\u1ea5u), nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a con g\u1ea5u, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o khi ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch ng\u1ee7 15 ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, \u201cv\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i g\u1ea1ch b\u1ecf d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \u201cM\u1eb9 th\u00e2n y\u00eau\u201d c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n than v\u00e3n r\u00ean r\u1ec9, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 con g\u1ea5u.\u201d B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a McPhee \u201cc\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t\u201d. \u201cR\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, v\u00e0o trong \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u00e1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed \u00f3c b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ch\u1eef. B\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p \u2013 hay n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u2013 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u00e0nh hai hay ba ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m b\u00fat nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 24 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u2013 v\u00e2ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ee7 \u2013 nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p hay m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.\u201d \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t: McPhee vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u201cc\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t\u201d, b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u xa l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra cho b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n \u00e9p tr\u00ed \u00f3c m\u00ecnh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 \u201cli\u00ean k\u1ebft\u201d v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hay th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng slide \u0111ang tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu. B\u1ea1n \u00e9p tr\u00ed \u00f3c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft. V\u1eadt l\u1ed9n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3c b\u00faa","kh\u01a1i l\u00ean trong b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t m\u1ea7m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ed \u00f3c b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh hay \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a hay \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n khao kh\u00e1t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1eb1n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trang thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh PowerPoint g\u1eafn l\u00ean n\u00e3o b\u1ea1n. V\u1eady m\u1ed9t suy ng\u1eabm r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a McPhee: khi b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, h\u00e3y th\u00f4i c\u00e0u nh\u00e0u v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c con g\u1ea5u.\u201d Suy ng\u1eabm Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Mike Ebersold, nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Mayo s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f3i quen nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng trong ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Suy ng\u1eabm bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c k\u00fd \u1ee9c (M\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ra sao?) v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi (M\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi?) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh dung v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp trong t\u01b0 duy (N\u1ebfu m\u00ecnh thu g\u1ecdn v\u1ebft m\u1ed5 th\u00ec sao?). Ch\u00ednh th\u00f3i quen suy ng\u1eabm n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u xoang tinh vi ph\u00eda sau h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eaft n\u00fat v\u00ec k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9t khi b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e2u. Vince Dooley, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng Georgia Bulldogs (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3), \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt suy ng\u1eabm v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp trong t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00fang cho tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. David Garman, vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Minneapolis (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1edd suy ng\u1eabm. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean Highest Duty (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fay Chesley Sullengurger. \u201cSully\u201d l\u00e0 phi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u 1549 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Hudson v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng trau d\u1ed3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00e1y bay th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp quan s\u00e1t thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng phi c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng","ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y ti\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e1i chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng r\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i; trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fay Sullenberger ch\u1ec9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u00f3i quen suy ng\u1eabm kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n hay quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Th\u00f3i quen n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a khi b\u1ea1n g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp trong t\u01b0 duy. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f4ng phu Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng piano Thelma Hunter, b\u00e0 \u0111ang t\u1eadp b\u1ed1n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Mozart, Faure, Rachmanioff v\u00e0 William Bolcom cho m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Hunter, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef 88 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi t\u1ea1i New York t\u1eeb l\u00fac l\u00ean n\u0103m. B\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Tuy b\u00e0 lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi con v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt tim Sam, Hunter lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m vui trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n piano. V\u00e0 b\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang duy tr\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ni\u1ec1m vui s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00edm \u0111\u00e0n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 Hunter cho th\u1ea5y luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb. Khi Hunter nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng ph\u1ed5 m\u1edbi, b\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f4i tay m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi n\u1ed1t tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n.","Hunter \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. \u201cKh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.\u201d B\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung ra b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c tr\u00ed \u00f3c m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1. \u201c\u0110\u00f4i khi trong l\u00fac luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0n t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc to c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c, \u2018l\u00ean qu\u00e3ng t\u00e1m \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y\u2019 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1eaft t\u00f4i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c.\u201d B\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a John McPhee v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Hunter chia s\u1ebb khi b\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e1i xe, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c. T\u00f4i suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c: \u2018\u1ed2, s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ch\u01a1i \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y nhanh h\u01a1n. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i n\u00f3 nhanh h\u01a1n.\u2019 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ph\u00edm \u0111\u00e0n.\u201d Hunter tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi, ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u00ec gi\u1edd b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng cello v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng v\u0129 c\u1ea7m. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Anders Ericsson v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gi\u1edd r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Hunter t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ericsson. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean ph\u00edm \u0111\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thao t\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3. K\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c thay, sau m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, b\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i l\u1ea1i n\u00f3, theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c, b\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kinh ng\u1ea1c. B\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun","\u0111\u1eafp t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m d\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1edd h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u00e0n ph\u00edm. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00edm \u0111\u00e0n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch McPhee v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi con g\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho tr\u00ed \u00f3c b\u00e0 t\u1ef1 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n t\u1ee7 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thanh tho\u00e1t, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. L\u1edcI KHUY\u00caN CHO NG\u01af\u1edcI GI\u1ea2NG D\u1ea0Y Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. M\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch. Do v\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho sinh vi\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn sai l\u1ea7m trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 duy c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Khi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, khi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i","trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 xoay x\u1edf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn hay suy ngh\u0129 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9i \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an c\u00e0i xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Nh\u00ecn chung sinh vi\u00ean hi\u1ebfm khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean sai l\u1ea7m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh, \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd duy tr\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 tin. T\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ee3p l\u00fd d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n. Sinh vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u01a1n khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nhanh ch\u00f3ng. (C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Kathleen McDermott m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. B\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi","h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1edbi l\u1edbp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i; nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4n l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u; nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c hay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1eafn nh\u1eb1m t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa hay b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. T\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p hay c\u00e1c b\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, cho d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi bao tr\u00f9m nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 trau d\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. (T\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c Andy Sobel \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.) T\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, \u0111an xen v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hay s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec v\u1edbi ch\u00fang.","C\u00f4ng khai minh b\u1ea1ch Gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n hay v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, h\u00e3y c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i cho h\u1ecd v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd duy tr\u00ec. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Micheal Young, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. Anh \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y. Mary Pat Wenderoth, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington Mary Pat Wenderoth \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0o trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Theo \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Bloom, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 s\u00e1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Bloom. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Benjamin Bloom l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda. S\u00e1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tinh vi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ch quan. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 Wenderoth s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, Wenderoth cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c","b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u201c\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d. B\u00e0 h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i: \u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n.\u201d T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i em \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 em th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong l\u1edbp n\u00e0y v\u00ec em c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u xanh, v\u00e0ng, cam, v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00eam b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m th\u1eddi gian. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i: \u201cSao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?\u201d v\u00e0 t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u em ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc \u00edt l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc,\u201d nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u1edfi v\u1eady t\u00f4i l\u00e0m m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho h\u1ecd tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ph\u00fat t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i: \u201cD\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eebng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. H\u00e3y d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3.\u201d T\u00f4i gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean h\u00ecnh dung b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng, v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong khu r\u1eebng n\u00e0y. B\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec \u1edf kia. B\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd \u1ee9c n\u00e0y h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu sau n\u00e0y b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa th\u00ec ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra n\u00f3 n\u1eefa m\u00e0 do ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho b\u1ea1n. Trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, Wenderoth n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. B\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ebft ba \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u01a1 s\u1ed1 ng\u00f3n tay t\u01b0\u01a1ng","\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ng\u00f3n tay gi\u01a1 l\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang. Wenderoth mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Khi sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 thi, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 h\u00f3c b\u00faa. B\u00e0 n\u00f3i, khi m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho \u0111\u1ec1 thi, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p b\u00e0 sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cEm \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3?\u201d \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Wenderoth c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap. Nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m tra. Wenderoth \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201ch\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo nh\u00f3m\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean trong l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh \u201cki\u1ec3m tra theo nh\u00f3m.\u201d Trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ai bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1eafng nghe. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m tra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. \u201cM\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n.\u201d Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm t\u00f2i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Wenderoth s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00f2n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Khi sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111ang ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00f4 bi\u1ebft, b\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00f4 t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng. Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do. Wenderoth giao cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc l\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat. B\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sau hai ph\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ghi","nh\u1edb ch\u00fang. H\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat, h\u1ecd m\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra xem h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi. Wenderoth nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp cho ph\u00e9p sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. B\u1ea3ng t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft. V\u00e0o th\u1ee9 Hai h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Wenderoth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trang vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd minh h\u1ecda ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea5y duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh, m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb. B\u00e0 \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n sinh l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng trang b\u00eca kh\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng k\u00edn \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch, \u00f4 ch\u1eef, m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng trang minh h\u1ecda n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau: \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1i kia, c\u00e1i kia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u0169i t\u00ean trong m\u00f4n sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m chung v\u1edbi nhau, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 trang t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ecd mang t\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i do ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd l\u00e0m.\u201d Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Theo th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean, Wenderoth s\u1ebd giao cho h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m hay s\u00e1u c\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ed1ng d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d hay \u201cB\u1ea1n v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c?\u201d M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 suy ng\u1eabm \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 v\u00e0n nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 xao l\u00e3ng kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u201cQua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef3 thi, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn","h\u00f4m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y thi.\u201d Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng cho nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u01b0u t\u00fa trong l\u1edbp khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n xu\u00f4i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bloom. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Bloom, Wenderoth \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, v. v... Khi sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean thang ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu cao h\u01a1n. Thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh t\u00edch trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc. Wenderoth v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh t\u00edch trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng hi\u1ebfm khi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean s\u1edf h\u1eefu ni\u1ec1m y\u00eau th\u00edch v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd d\u1eabn h\u1ecd t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u01b0\u1edbc qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc hay \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y cho nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh th\u1eed th\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u201cV\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i,\u201d Wenderoth chia s\u1ebb, \u201cb\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3, xung quanh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, hay n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i: \u2018\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean sau c\u00fa ng\u00e3.\u2019 B\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t x\u1ea3y ra, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec.\u201d","Trong nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Wenderoth v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u201cc\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p\u201d (b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 cao) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u201cc\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao\u201d (c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra). H\u1ecd c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u01b0 duy c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn\u201d (xem l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Carol Dweck, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7) \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7y gian kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gian kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3? Nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1ee3t k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00f4n sinh h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p \u2013 thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n t\u00ednh theo thang \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Bloom so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng cho to\u00e0n kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, cho d\u00f9 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n x\u00e9t tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc so v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen trong t\u01b0 duy,\u201d Wenderoth k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed \u00f3c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i m\u1edf mang. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh. V\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.\u201d Michael D. Matthews, Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i West Point","B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i West Point \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thayer v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n t\u00ean Sylvanus Thayer. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed7i kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho m\u1ed7i sinh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. Th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ba n\u1ed9i dung hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh: h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Mike Matthews l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i West Point ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eafm tr\u00fang nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u00ean l\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n,\u201d Matthew n\u00f3i. Nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c Matthews s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft t\u1eebng ch\u1eef m\u1ed9t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a em kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u1eafm.\u201d V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1edf to m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbt qua h\u1ebft t\u1eebng t\u1eeb\u201d, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n. Matthews h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. Bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 giao cho sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u201cl\u00ean b\u1ea3ng\u201d. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eafn b\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m ch\u1ecdn ra m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi mi\u1ec7ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn","h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c, thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i khi\u1ebfn cho sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i West Point l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1. B\u1ea1n tr\u00e8o l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y hay m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda xa m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1edbi. V\u1edbi la b\u00e0n trong tay, b\u1ea1n ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ea1i xem c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec7ch \u0111i bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh B\u1eafc. R\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea1n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i theo m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1eafm g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb trong l\u1edbp: b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n? Matthews c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng Rhodes. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean Kiley Hunkler (hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Thi\u1ebfu \u00fay Hunkler). Hunkler s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc hai n\u0103m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y John Hopkins. Ch\u00ednh Hunkler \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi ng\u1eafm g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb trong cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. \u201cM\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh,\u201d c\u00f4 chia s\u1ebb. Nh\u01b0 k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. K\u1ef3 thi n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft. Hunkler x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f4 cho l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ch\u00fang ngay trong l\u00fac nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. \u201cC\u1ee9 ba ng\u00e0y t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u1ec3 xem t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec sai v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i.\u201d C\u00f4 \u0111ang ng\u1eafm g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cNhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0ng","th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong d\u00e0n \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng.\u201d M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y (Roediger) \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trung h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Riverside \u1edf Gainesville, Georgia. Riverside s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thayer: h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n, hay b\u00e0i t\u1eadp ngay tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. Ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean tinh nhu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i West Point, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thayer v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, do v\u1eady \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thayer l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho sinh vi\u00ean duy tr\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Mary Pat Wenderoth (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Kathleen McDermott, Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington \u1edf St. Louis Kathleen McDemott th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a 25 sinh vi\u00ean trong l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n trong v\u00f2ng 14 tu\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc hay c\u1ea3 hai. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u00e0 c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 b\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y sinh vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4n l\u1ea1i.","McDermott quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3. B\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang h\u1eefu \u00edch, ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang h\u1eefu \u00edch cho h\u1ecd. Sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng tham gia b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do cho nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m tra, v\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, McDermott nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1eeb sinh vi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao h\u1ecd v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u00e0 n\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd l\u00e0m b\u00f9 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1. B\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i: b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m tra b\u00f9. McDermott cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e2ng cao \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. G\u1ea7n h\u1ebft h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd theo s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111i l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n trau d\u1ed3i th\u00eam. \u201cB\u00ed quy\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean,\u201d McDermott chia s\u1ebb. \u201cL\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra b\u00f9.\u201d C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra chi\u1ebfm t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 20% s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, McDermott t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hai b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thi cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3. Hai b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra sau c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00edch l\u0169y. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean \u00f4n t\u1eadp theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00f4ng l\u1eadp Columbia, bang Illinois Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u1edf Columbia, Illinois \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p","d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. \u1ee6y ban Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c bang Illinois \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc (K-12) trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n to\u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong Chu\u1ea9n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i chung cho c\u00e1c bang tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00e1c bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t b\u1edfi B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa k\u1ef3. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb cho h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00e0m. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc qu\u1eadn Columbia \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra theo h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi do bang \u0111\u1ec1 ra. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0o trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng nghi\u00eang, c\u00e1i n\u00eam, \u0111inh \u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y, b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe, r\u00f2ng r\u1ecdc) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau.","L\u1edcI KHUY\u00caN D\u00c0NH CHO C\u00c1C CHUY\u00caN GIA GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C Nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u00edt t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c Trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thi l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc Doug Larsen \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, theo lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u00e0y, n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n do l\u1ecbch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n hay khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eefa \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed xung quanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh PowerPoint. N\u00f3i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00f4n t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb, ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, v\u00e0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn may m\u1eafn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i xem m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh hay kh\u00f4ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Nathaniel Fuller t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00e0n trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vai di\u1ec5n anh \u0111\u00f3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. Th\u1ee9 hai, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c e-mail theo sau bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong h\u00f2m th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng, hay l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o. Th\u1ee9 ba, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u1ecd c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n","gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Qstream. Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 t\u1edbi h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb di \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ean Osmosis s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang Web \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Osmosis k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean.\u201d Qstream (qstream.com) v\u00e0 Osmosis (osmose-it.com) \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Kathy Maixner, Chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh Maixner Group l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Portland, Oregon ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt kinh doanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kathy Maixner \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 21 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la v\u00e0o doanh thu h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1edd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Maixner. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf, Inner Gate Acupunture \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc theo m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00f3. Maixner thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Maixner \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Maixner chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i: \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n cung c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd","kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00ec h\u1ecd m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 khai ph\u00e1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd n\u00ean r\u1ebd tr\u00e1i hay ph\u1ea3i? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.\u201d Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c khu\u1ea5t xung quanh, n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1. B\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng vai \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00fang, thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u00f3i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Farmers Insurance Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra doanh s\u1ed1. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Farmers Insurance l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 g\u1ea7n 14.000 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i trang b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng doanh nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Farmers kinh doanh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m tai n\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ni\u00ean kim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u00edn th\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00ean t\u1edbi 20 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Farmers giao tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y theo b\u1ed1n l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 doanh s\u1ed1, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb, ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh doanh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i dung luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1;","nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c, gia t\u0103ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f4ng ty tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean 2.000 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m uy t\u00edn. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u1ea1i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, k\u00e9o v\u00e0 b\u00fat \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd Farmers th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t sau n\u0103m n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ng\u01a1i xa hoa hay nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n. V\u1edbi v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay cha m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, nh\u01b0 doanh thu h\u00e0ng n\u0103m 250 ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f4 hay 2.500 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m n\u1eefa, ba n\u0103m n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ba th\u00e1ng sau t\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ean \u00e1p ph\u00edch ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1ea1n l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng s\u1eafp t\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ed9i dung gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong tu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh PowerPoint \u2013 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean, nh\u01b0: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng?\u201d Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i ra trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp xoay v\u00f2ng quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 doanh s\u1ed1, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb, ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh doanh v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u2013 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed: ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.","V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecf, xanh da tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 xanh l\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn g\u1eb7p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00f2ng. \u0110\u1ed9i xanh da tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ba \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00f2ng. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i xanh l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (family) c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4 \u1ea5y, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (occupation) tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed (recreation) y\u00eau th\u00edch, v\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y\/c\u00f4 \u1ea5y th\u00edch (enjoys) g\u00ec nh\u1ea5t. Khi c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecd chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9i xanh l\u00e1 c\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 doanh s\u1ed1 trong ph\u1ea7n sau c\u1ee7a tu\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u1ea3y sinh: \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u: thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3. Giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tan b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed e d\u00e8 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 FORE (family-gia \u0111\u00ecnh, occupation-ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, recreation-gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, enjoyment-s\u1edf th\u00edch). Trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00fap gia t\u0103ng d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ti\u00ean phong m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 doanh s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t doanh s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 t\u00ean 5-4- 3-2-1. N\u0103m s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh h\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng, b\u1ed1n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb ch\u00e9o v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, ba cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean l\u1ecbch h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e3n), b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung b\u00ecnh hai s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 22 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, k\u00fd k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 500 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ea1t doanh s\u1ed1 2.500 trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m n\u0103m theo \u0111\u00fang t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t","ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ti\u00ean phong. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng kinh doanh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u00e1n \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng trang tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu PowerPoint v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb1m ch\u1eb1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. B\u1ea1n l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. R\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed5i vai cho nhau. \u0110an c\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd m\u1edbi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c sau c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n b\u00e3o Katrina. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch g\u1eedi th\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng? Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd suy \u0111i ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb qua th\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o: ngu\u1ed3n thu v\u1ec1 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi 1% h\u01a1n l\u00e0 50 % nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n. Khi b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u g\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd? H\u1ecd quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb FORE. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, th\u00f3i quen th\u0103m h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00fa vui, v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda cho b\u1ea1n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u00eam v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, th\u00f4ng qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 qu\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0111an xen nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 lu\u00f4n","h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn n\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00e0 b\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd m\u1edbi s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh Farmers Insurance. Jiffy Lube N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gara \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Jiffy Lube c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t vui l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jiffy Lube \u0111ang gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n kinh doanh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh doanh s\u1ed1. Jiffy Lube l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u01a1n 2.000 trung t\u00e2m d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Canada. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thay d\u1ea7u, quay b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho xe h\u01a1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed Shell nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\/c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y thu\u00ea c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh kh\u00e1c, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thay d\u1ea7u nhanh ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7u nh\u1eddn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thay d\u1ea7u \u00edt th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, xe h\u01a1i \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh vi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gara c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd tham gia Jiffy Lube University, m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. Quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1eeb 80% s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1edf l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, h\u1ecd"]
Search
Read the Text Version
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
- 154
- 155
- 156
- 157
- 158
- 159
- 160
- 161
- 162
- 163
- 164
- 165
- 166
- 167
- 168
- 169
- 170
- 171
- 172
- 173
- 174
- 175
- 176
- 177
- 178
- 179
- 180
- 181
- 182
- 183
- 184
- 185
- 186
- 187
- 188
- 189
- 190
- 191
- 192
- 193
- 194
- 195
- 196
- 197
- 198
- 199
- 200
- 201
- 202
- 203
- 204
- 205
- 206
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 210
- 211
- 212
- 213
- 214
- 215
- 216
- 217
- 218
- 219
- 220
- 221
- 222
- 223
- 224
- 225
- 226
- 227
- 228
- 229
- 230
- 231
- 232
- 233
- 234
- 235
- 236
- 237
- 238
- 239
- 240
- 241
- 242
- 243
- 244
- 245
- 246
- 247
- 248
- 249
- 250
- 251
- 252
- 253
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
- 258
- 259
- 260
