Sachmoi.net_bi_quyet_hoc_dau_nho_do

["Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n; Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xung quanh (nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n hay \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n). Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Gardner r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn logic. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u khi khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e0ng b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam phong ph\u00fa. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c minh th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Gardner c\u0169ng nghi\u1ec7m ra v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong khi Gardner g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Robert J. Sternberg l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc n\u00f3 th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Thay v\u00ec t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Sternberg ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ba lo\u1ea1i: ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gardner, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Sternberg nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, Sternberg \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Kenya, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. Th\u00f3i quen s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t","ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Kenya. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng em nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng em kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng em ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf n\u00e0y v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng em c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Sternberg th\u00ec nh\u1eefng em n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u201ck\u00e9m th\u00f4ng minh\u201d theo nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y? Sternberg cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng em c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 con em h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 cao m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c (nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y cho con c\u00e1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt) c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt (l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd). C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd lu\u1eadn (c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt) v\u00e0 \u00edt ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. C\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ee9a trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, khi c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c em v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Sternberg, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o t\u0129nh, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m.","Sternberg c\u00f2n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhanh hai c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u00fap l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i \u1edf Brazil. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c em bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c em b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c em bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb chuy\u00ean tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp th\u00ec c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 lao v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ebft. C\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf d\u1ea1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Sternberg cho r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng: nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c sai \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh IQ. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 t\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang trong t\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a trong 400m n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1. Cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh IQ kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh IQ \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111a chi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.\u201d \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, Robert Sternberg \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi ba t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra; tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng","hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng; tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, hi\u1ec3u tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n h\u00e8 ph\u1ed1 (street smarts). Nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IQ hay nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t. H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG THI C\u1eec N\u0102NG \u0110\u1ed8NG Robert Sternberg v\u00e0 Elena Grigorenko \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Sternberg v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch l\u0169y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p l\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng n\u00eau l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u0129nh d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i sau m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ba t\u1ea7ng, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Grigorenko \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0o; chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m; theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t sao ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hay tri th\u1ee9c \u0111ang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 hai \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. N\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y t\u1edbi b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5","\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi v\u00e0i d\u1ea1ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u00eam nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n? Trong khi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 sau n\u00e0y, hay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Bruce Hendry trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o cho thu\u00ea t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u00f4ng r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: ho\u00e0i nghi khi ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecm ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m ba b\u01b0\u1edbc: B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hay m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thi vi\u1ebft \u2013 ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: T\u00f4i c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p suy ng\u1eabm, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00f4i t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Khi c\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ch\u1eadp ch\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p","ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi vi\u1ebft truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea7u tay, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i, r\u1ed3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hay v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh hay nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1ea9m sinh. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang. X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH K\u1ebeT C\u1ea4U T\u01af DUY Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0 duy th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 khi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f4i khi nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hay chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 duy. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi (hay to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch Lego. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1ea1n \u0111ang tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n m\u1edbi. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i Lego, b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p Lego v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn","h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean v\u1ecf h\u1ed9p. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p ra v\u00e0 chia ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u00e8 ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u00ean trong n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng gh\u00e9p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang: t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u0103n h\u1ed9, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, khu mua s\u1eafm, tr\u1ea1m c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa. M\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng em trai b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i Lego tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 Lego kh\u00e1c. Khi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng gh\u00e9p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0i mi\u1ebfng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. Hay b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, gia c\u1ed1 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (c\u1ed5ng v\u00f2m, s\u00e2n trong, s\u00e2n sau l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u1ed9; \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e2y xanh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng). B\u1ea1n vui v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac bao qu\u00e1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o n\u00ean b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c: th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng; n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam s\u1eafc th\u00e1i, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a hay n\u00f3 l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n k\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 c\u00f4 quen: c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb9 c\u1eadu b\u00e9, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecd k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nhau","trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb9 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n l\u1edbn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng sinh nh\u1eadt c\u1eadu b\u00e9. M\u1eb9 c\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, c\u00e2y c\u00e0 t\u00edm c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i trong h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4 cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh. C\u00f4 l\u1ea5y ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng g\u00f3a v\u1ee3 m\u00e0 c\u00f4 g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y nu\u00f4i gi\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a Clydesdale v\u00e0 con trai \u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi\u2026 C\u00f4 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u. Ch\u00fang ta \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy c\u0169ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m, hay ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea9m sinh \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c? Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu ngang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u00fat ra cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ea7n kinh Mike Ebersold v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc Doug Larsen: th\u00f3i quen ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thu. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m sai v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111i trong l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang","trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trau d\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1eccC T\u1eacP D\u1ef0A THEO C\u00c1C QUY LU\u1eacT V\u00c0 TI\u1ebeP THU TH\u00d4NG QUA C\u00c1C V\u00cd D\u1ee4 M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt\u201d hay l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp thu qua c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5\u201d v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau trong l\u1edbp h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, hay nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n hay c\u00e1c \u201cquy lu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Sau n\u00e0y, khi h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc hay m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu chim m\u1edbi, h\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp hay v\u1eadt m\u1eabu \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay chu\u1ed3ng nu\u00f4i v\u1eadt m\u1eabu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp thu qua c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng xa l\u1ea1, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, do v\u1eady h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u so s\u00e1nh hai v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau thay v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p chung cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u1ebfu ban \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i. L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hoa ti\u00eau b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc qua h\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i g\u00e0i m\u00ecn. M\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t","l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qua c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 m\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5? Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i u \u00e1c t\u00ednh. Kh\u1ed1i u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i u s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang xuy\u00ean qua. V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed1i u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00f4 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh? Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ea5y (1) c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, (2) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 (3) nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf t\u1ed5ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u00fang v\u00e0o ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u00ecn hay ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3: sau khi t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 x\u1eed tr\u00ed ch\u00fang. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ecfi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01a1 khai. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc qua c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u0103n kho\u0103n li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy theo k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n hay kh\u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.","B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f9a. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 ba tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ed1c c\u1ed1c c\u1ed1c v\u00ec em kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i. Nghe ti\u1ebfng g\u00f5 c\u1eeda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i \u201cAi \u0111\u00f3?\u201d v\u00e0 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u0111i ngay t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i: \u201cC\u1eeda kh\u00f3a r\u1ed3i, em kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c!\u201d Em kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201cDoris\u201d sau c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cAi \u0111\u00f3?\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean n\u0103m: c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00ec c\u1eadu ch\u01b0a n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i. Lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu: m\u1ecdi tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u00fat th\u1eaft, hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd \u00e1m ch\u1ec9. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bruce Hendry v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t vali \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1o hoa kh\u00f3 ki\u1ebfm, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1n c\u00e2n cung-c\u1ea7u trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh sau \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m khi \u00f4ng b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng toa xe ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 r\u1ee7i ro t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, chu k\u1ef3 kinh doanh, quy tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng toa h\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba? V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c toa xe ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc toa h\u00e0ng? \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc lu\u00f4n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn 42.000 \u0111\u00f4-la v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc toa h\u00e0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Hendry \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t toa xe v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cho thu\u00ea. Ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 xe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thanh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cho thu\u00ea v\u1eabn mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng ch\u00fat \u00edt l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang quay v\u00f2ng. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c mua l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc toa ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u00e1o hoa d\u00f9 cho ch\u00fang ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc cung c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i mua nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc toa h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u1ee9ng","\u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft bi\u1ebfn tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb? H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong gi\u1edbi kinh doanh l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9 ng\u1ed3i trong l\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t con h\u01b0\u01a1u. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u0169ng v\u1eady: b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. S\u1ef1 tinh th\u00f4ng trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 thi, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1edfi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean, hay m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u00f3c b\u1ea1c. N\u1eafm b\u1eaft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u00e3y g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn: \u0111\u1eebng kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn \u01b0a th\u00edch, m\u00e0 h\u00e3y th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u201cc\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m hay mu\u1ed1n chinh ph\u1ee5c. R\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadn tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. L\u01b0u \u00fd duy tr\u00ec s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1t huy \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4n ngoan, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao","n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 sai s\u00f3t nh\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e1o v\u00e1t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf hay b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m trong n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t: gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. \u0110\u1eebng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy h\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. N\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 duy. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e3y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hai hay nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac thay v\u00ec t\u1eebng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh xem ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau, hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch? Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea1n mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy hay m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eebng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 li\u00ean","quan. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3? Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hay khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3? N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta m\u01b0\u1ee3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u thang xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Bruce Hendry, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u thang xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n: m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc c\u1ea7u thang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u1eadc c\u1ea7u thang. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 trung t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea5p) t\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed mong mu\u1ed1n (tr\u00ean cao): \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. M\u1ed7i b\u1eadc c\u1ea7u thang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi nguy c\u01a1 thua l\u1ed7 hay sa s\u00fat v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00e2ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh doanh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc thang, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc thang v\u00e0 v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng toa xe ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc thang, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap Bruce \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u00f4ng thu v\u1ec1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t b\u1eadc thang kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c cho thu\u00ea l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng toa xe n\u00e0y trong l\u00fac \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n. C\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng? Nguy c\u01a1 khan hi\u1ebfm lu\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng toa h\u00e0ng. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc toa h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang v\u00e0 v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu xung quanh. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u1edbi r\u1ec5, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1, t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, c\u0103n h\u1ed9, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i.","Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0a t\u1eebng em nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng. Trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed hay \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00fa v\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o d\u1ebbo \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc khay tr\u00ean b\u00e0n. Khi nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1eddi ph\u00f2ng, \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u1eadu b\u00e9 r\u1eb1ng c\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n k\u1eb9o d\u1ebbo ngay l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1eadu \u0111\u1ee3i th\u00eam 15 ph\u00fat, c\u1eadu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o th\u1ee9 hai. Th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc g\u01b0\u01a1ng, Walter Mischel c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh quan s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c em nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 x\u1eed \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e9t k\u1eb9o d\u1ebbo v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng ngay khi nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eeba r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c em kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng em n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. H\u1ecd quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c em \u201cl\u1ea5y tay che m\u1eaft hay quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc khay, c\u00e1c em b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1 chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n, gi\u1eadt b\u00edm t\u00f3c, hay \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1i k\u1eb9o d\u1ebbo nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa nh\u1ed3i b\u00f4ng t\u00ed hon v\u1eady,\u201d nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. Trong s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 600 em nh\u1ecf tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o d\u1ebbo th\u1ee9 hai. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng em nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng trong b\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c sau n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o d\u1ebbo tuy c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean thay s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.","H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a James Paterson, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai x\u1ee9 Wales \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 30 h\u0103ng say n\u0103ng n\u1ed5. Anh lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb (mnemonic) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed th\u00e1ch tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. \u201cMnemonic\u201d mang ngh\u0129a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng m\u1ed7i khi c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i. James b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb khi m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a anh nh\u1eafc qua ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Anh \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean c\u00e1c trang web v\u00e0 mua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch. Anh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ra ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9: t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1ea1i trang s\u1ed1 bao nhi\u00eau trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. Anh c\u0169ng luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt nh\u1ecf hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n trong ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 ghi nh\u1edb th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e1 b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n hay m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng danh s\u00e1ch do c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n anh l\u1eadp ra. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c sinh vi\u00ean, anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd m\u00e0i gi\u0169a nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m 2006, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Cambridge, anh \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tham gia. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh anh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y kinh ng\u1ea1c khi gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fat t\u00fai 1.000 euro. Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n. C\u1ea7m tr\u00ean tay m\u1ed9t t\u1edd r\u01a1i v\u1ec1 Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf London c\u0169ng trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, anh nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb, James \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung ra v\u00e0i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng anh c\u00f2n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.","C\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tr\u00ed nh\u1edb l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh t\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Nelson Dellis, nh\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch cu\u1ed9c thi Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb si\u00eau ph\u00e0m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 2012, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi b\u00e0 anh m\u1ea5t v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer. Anh quan s\u00e1t s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t sa s\u00fat, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 20 nh\u01b0ng Nelson \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103n kho\u0103n li\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Anh khai ph\u00e1 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1i \u0111a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh g\u1ee5c anh l\u00fac v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0. Nelson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ef9 N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00ec Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb (Climb for Memory) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp n\u00e0y. C\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1edf th\u00edch leo n\u00fai c\u1ee7a Nelson (\u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n anh g\u1ea7n ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh Everest). Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 Paterson v\u00e0 Dellis ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn (thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc), ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ba chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n huy \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia non tr\u1ebb. N\u0103m 1846 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y kh\u1ecfi Mexico. Khi John Fremont \u0111\u1ebfn Pueblo de Los Angeles c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng James Polk \u1edf Washington ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh trinh s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Kit Carson b\u0103ng qua l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con la. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 9.600km b\u0103ng qua bao nhi\u00eau ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, sa m\u1ea1c, r\u1eebng r\u1eadm v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean. Fremont th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c Carson","phi h\u1ebft t\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn nh\u1eefng con th\u00fa d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Carson ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0103n nh\u1eefng con la khi ch\u00fang \u0111u\u1ed1i s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Carson, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng 64kg v\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7m 1m6 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef li\u00ean l\u1ea1c t\u1eeb b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. Tuy l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean phong ph\u00fa song m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia non tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1, t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean l\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u0169ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Ch\u00fang ta ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u00ean ph\u00fa l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gen di truy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 trau d\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy lu\u1eadn, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy kh\u00f4ng \u00edt th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea9m sinh. Gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng. Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5 hay tai n\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u201cv\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tr\u00ed nh\u1edb\u201d nh\u01b0 James Paterson v\u00e0 Nelson Dellis \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c k\u00fd \u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hay th\u1ec3 thao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu b\u1ea9m sinh nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gi\u1edd mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng si\u00eau ph\u00e0m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7.","C\u01a0 CH\u1ebe TH\u1ea6N KINH M\u1ec0M D\u1ebaO T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh l\u00fd di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh. Nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i theo t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi. Song nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc, John T. Bruer \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Khi m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ef7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron th\u1ea7n kinh. Kh\u1edbp th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron, nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. Trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh\u201d m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o: c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron th\u1ea7n kinh s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh si\u00eau nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u01a1n ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng m\u1ea5u li ti tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u01a1 ron kh\u00e1c, hay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh. Khi s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh, m\u1ed9t kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta (Bruen \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ed h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh gian nan v\u00e0 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u0103ng qua n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c \u1edf b\u1edd b\u00ean kia, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Polk m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Fremont \u0111\u00e3 giao cho Kit Carson). Ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, t\u01b0 duy, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.","S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong m\u1ed9t hai n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi, kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea5p r\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec, khi s\u1ef1 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u suy gi\u1ea3m v\u00ec b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n 150 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea7n kinh theo nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho bi\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh l\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u201cs\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 hay \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t n\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng duy tr\u00ec ch\u00fang trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh v\u00e0 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi gen di truy\u1ec1n, ch\u00fang ta h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh. Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc Patricia Goldman-Rakic \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee6y ban Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1eb1ng, \u201cTrong khi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec trong s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1eeb khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111i h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, khi m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn logic \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.\u201d V\u00e0 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc Harry T. Chugani, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 sinh, nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i n\u0103m 2011, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Anh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng","thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o chung c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tinh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch The Brain That Changes Itself (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9), Norman Doidge xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n kinh. Paul Bach-y-Rita l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Bach-y- Rita cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cho n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, thay th\u1ebf c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfng vang, \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt xung quanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u00e1t ra khi g\u00f5 chi\u1ebfc g\u1eady ba-toong, hay r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng x\u00fac gi\u00e1c nh\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Bach-y-Rita g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh (c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u00ean trong tai). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng, \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Bach-y-Rita thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 c\u00f3 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c xung \u0111i\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i b\u0103ng h\u1eb9p c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang c\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc tem b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1eafn 144 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c si\u00eau nh\u1ecf. Khi c\u00f4 nghi\u00eang \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00f4 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt, nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 g\u00f3c","nghi\u00eang khi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1edd t\u1eadp c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i sau kh\u00f3a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 35, m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb t\u1eeb khi m\u01b0\u1eddi ba tu\u1ed5i. Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc camera nh\u1ecf g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cho ph\u00e9p truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c xung \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Nh\u01b0 Bach-y-Rita \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn l\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u00e3o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd m\u1eaft. M\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u do l\u01b0\u1ee1i cung c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o New York \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd: ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u201c\u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1eeda ra v\u00e0o, b\u1eaft tr\u00fang nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda anh ta v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t 20 n\u0103m anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ch\u01a1i o\u1eb3n t\u00f9 t\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i nh\u1ecf. Anh cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1edd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, \u2018nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111ang t\u1ef1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i v\u1eady.\u2019\u201d Trong m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c si\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y k\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ng\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong bu\u1ed3ng l\u00e1i. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa chuy\u1ebfn bay. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u00ean trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m, theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c, l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng myelin bao b\u1ecdc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i d\u00e2y t\u00f3c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n. C\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.","Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc nh\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Human Connectome \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7n Y t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c gia. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (T\u1eeb \u201cconnectome\u201d d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u201cgenome\u201d, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 gen c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.) Nh\u1eefng website c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n tham gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u s\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 m\u00e0u neon \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u mang t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa. Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Los Angeles, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ti\u1ebfp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p song sinh c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 gen gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p ch\u1ecb em ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gen. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea7n kinh b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 40, 50 v\u00e0 60. S\u1ef1 d\u00e0y l\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng myelin bao b\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Nh\u00ecn chung qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh myelin h\u00f3a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda sau n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n khi ch\u00fang ta b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, suy lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 myelin t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp s\u1ebd l\u00e0m d\u00e0y th\u00eam l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng myelin d\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n piano nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh myelin h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i","th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f3n tay v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c t\u01b0 duy trong ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ea7n kinh m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo. Nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n kinh ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n kinh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ch n\u1ec1n (basal ganglia). M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong khu v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eaft. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y, n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t. Thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1eadm \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed7i c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cmacro\u201d (m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean th\u1ec3 thao ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp nhanh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang ta k\u1ecbp c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 suy x\u00e9t, v\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a anh ta, hay v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t k\u00ec th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n \u00fd trong t\u1eebng th\u1ebf c\u1edd. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi ch\u00fang ta so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o","b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3i h\u1ea3i m\u00e3, khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. C\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1 ron th\u1ea7n kinh m\u1edbi trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 neurogenesis (s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh) n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 sau nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 ghi nh\u1edb t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong h\u1ed3i h\u1ea3i m\u00e3. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sau khi h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y minh ch\u1ee9ng cho vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan th\u1ea7n kinh. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n kinh m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ann v\u00e0 Richard Barnet, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. LI\u1ec6U CH\u1ec8 S\u1ed0 TH\u00d4NG MINH C\u00d3 TH\u1ec2 THAY \u0110\u1ed4I? Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh IQ l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.","H\u00e3y th\u1eed so s\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao. Chi\u1ec1u cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Flynn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang n\u00f3 t\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 18 \u0111i\u1ec3m trong v\u00f2ng 60 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng 100 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra, v\u1eady s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ \u0111\u1ea1t 100 trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng minh ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ \u0111\u1ea1t 118 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 60 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Intelligence and How to get it (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng minh), Richard Nisbett \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u00ea cung \u0111i k\u00e8m trong set \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n Happy Meals c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng McDonald\u2019s v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng m\u00ea cung \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c em nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu. Nisbett c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u201ch\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng trong b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 ham hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp thu nhanh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng minh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ham h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean theo c\u1ea5p l\u0169y th\u1eeba. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ham hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i v\u00e0","th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n l\u00f2ng ham h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n. Trung b\u00ecnh, con em c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ cao h\u01a1n con em c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng em sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn nu\u00f4i th\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng em kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em l\u00e0 cao hay th\u1ea5p. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111ang lan tr\u00e0n trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c k\u00edch th\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean; bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n hay nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 con s\u1ed1 37.000. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb 3,5 \u0111\u1ebfn 6,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1edd b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c axit b\u00e9o v\u00e0o b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 thai, b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 cho con b\u00fa v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng axit b\u00e9o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ed5 sung h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp th\u1ea7n kinh","m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ed5 sung kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vitamin nh\u00f3m B c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, song nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb em xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0ng s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh l\u00ean h\u01a1n 4 \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n 7 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thay v\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u01a1n. (Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb s\u1edbm \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u tri th\u1ee9c cho tr\u1ebb th\u00f4ng qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho tr\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb s\u1edbm kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho con em c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 h\u01a1n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c em nh\u1ecf c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 em \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a John Bruer r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda h\u1eb9p m\u1edf ra tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Khi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u1ea3i cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee5, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c d\u1ea1y con h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt trong nh\u00e0; ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ c\u1ee7a con h\u1ecd t\u0103ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Khi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 con c\u1ee1 ba tu\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi con th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho con r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch cho tr\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha m\u1eb9 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc. Sau b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i, nghe \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gia t\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb t\u0103ng h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c \u0111i h\u1ecdc","m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, th\u00ec con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 con s\u1ed1 7. L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non, hay \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em sinh ra trong nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sung t\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. R\u00c8N LUY\u1ec6N T\u01af DUY V\u1eady c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u201cr\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy\u201d th\u00ec sao? Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kinh doanh m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u0103ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u00ed \u00f3c b\u1ea1n trau d\u1ed3i c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1eafp. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008. Tuy nhi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u201cd\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d (fluid intelligence): kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft tinh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y trong h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft tinh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec sao? Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 xao nh\u00e3ng). Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1eed th\u00e1ch tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb hai nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 xao l\u00e3ng t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y s\u1ed1. T\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh. C\u1ea3 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u1eabn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i ba gi\u00e2y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb n l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u00fac theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t","d\u00e3y s\u1ed1 lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Con s\u1ed1 n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng trong m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n th\u1eed, khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. M\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1eed th\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 19 ng\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef3 t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 35 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hay li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao l\u00e2u, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc. Website PsychFileDrawer.org l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m 20 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy c\u1eadp mu\u1ed1n tham kh\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i theo cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i tin r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y","\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean tr\u00ec h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00e3o b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1eafp, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb, nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 d\u00e0y l\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng myelin bao b\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng myelin trong n\u00e3o c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0n piano l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng piano. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 x\u00fay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1eabn k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1ecd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u201ch\u1ec7 s\u1ed1\u201d m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Richard Nisbett vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng di truy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf nhoi ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ham h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi b\u1ea9m sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng minh n\u1ebfu em s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n kh\u00e1t khao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1eed l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c hay h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u201ch\u1ec7 s\u1ed1\u201d nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh t\u00f4i \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u sau: n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i k\u00fd \u1ee9c.","T\u01af DUY C\u1ea6U TI\u1ebeN H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n: \u201cN\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang.\u201d N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Carol Dweck \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m khi ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n. Dweck v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u1ede m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, b\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp 7 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf New York. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i cho c\u00e1c em v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Sau bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Dweck v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 duy c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn\u201d tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c em tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 h\u01a1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng em ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dweck g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 duy b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7\u201d khi cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ea9m sinh. Dweck lu\u00f4n b\u0103n kho\u0103n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t","v\u1edbi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong khi s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy k\u1ebft th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u2013 \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng minh\u201d \u2013 s\u1ebd b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hay m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau. Dweck kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, trong khi s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hay b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u1ecf ra th\u00f4ng minh, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng gia t\u0103ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung, tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Dweck cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u2018n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c\u2019 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i \u1ea9n s\u00e2u ngay b\u00ean trong b\u1ea1n, trong khi n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e8n gi\u0169a.\u201d M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u1ebfp thu tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u00e0nh t\u00edch. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd thay khi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i nh\u1edd t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u201cb\u1ea9m sinh\u201d, h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean khi\u1ebfu. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. H\u1ecd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, v\u00ec coi nhu c\u1ea7u r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang","th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 thi\u00ean khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i sao. Qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u00edch thay v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc do d\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro hay m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn khi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i to\u00e1t m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Dweck \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 khen ng\u1ee3i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1eed th\u00e1ch. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp 5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c: m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ch\u00fang. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecdn c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 90% h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ecdn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 t\u1eeb hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Tom v\u00e0 Bill. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 Tom \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi Bill mang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 Tom v\u00e0 Bill. Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. Trong l\u01b0\u1ee3t hai, c\u00e1c em ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 Tom v\u00e0 Bill, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0: r\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u1ecdc sinh trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh khi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Bill m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi Tom. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng minh, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Bill trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c em \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. Khi b\u1ea1n khen ng\u1ee3i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh. \u201cS\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho tr\u1ebb","m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t,\u201d Dweck n\u00f3i, \u201cnh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh b\u1ea9m sinh s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.\u201d Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n mang t\u00ean \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb?5 (How children succeed), Paul Tough \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Dweck v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n gi\u0169a b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, l\u00f2ng ham hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh. M\u1ed9t gia v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh ngay t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i \u1ea5u th\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00fang. Tough vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb sinh ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1y c\u00f9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb b\u1ee7a v\u00e2y b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sung t\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i v\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha m\u1eb9 bao b\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00e1c em n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u2013 trau d\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh sung t\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o \u00edt khi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do d\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf nhoi nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafp c\u00e1nh cho h\u1ecd bay t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Dweck \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, mang t\u1edbi cho b\u1ea1n ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Dweck, Tough v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh, ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi","nh\u1eefng n\u1ea5c thang nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n. \u201cCh\u1ec9 khi b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7,\u201d Dweck kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc: s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n. S\u1ef0 R\u00c8N LUY\u1ec6N K\u1ef8 L\u01af\u1ee0NG Khi b\u1ea1n chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u1eeb kh\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u2013 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7, hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i golf \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n hay m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 Anders Ericsson g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00ec r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o th\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1eeb t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong v\u00f4 v\u00e0n t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 qua v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1edd vua. Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1edd, anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eb1m b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Michelangelo sau khi \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 400 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Sistine, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cN\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a","m\u00ecnh th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3.\u201d Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i n\u0103ng thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7y lao kh\u1ed5. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 trong khi r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf hay m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1edd r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 tay thu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng ghita hay nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m. H\u1ecd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb t\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng hai ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 d\u00ednh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng hai ng\u00f3n tay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1eabn b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1eebng thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf. Mozart n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nghe ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Ericsson \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u gi\u00e1c quan m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb3ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.","Ericsson \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ra r\u1eb1ng 10 ngh\u00ecn gi\u1edd hay m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qu\u1ef9 th\u1eddi gian cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3. NH\u1eeeNG K\u00dd HI\u1ec6U KH\u01a0I G\u1ee2I K\u00dd \u1ee8C Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0 duy h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i. (Mnemosyne l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, m\u1ed9t trong ch\u00edn n\u1eef th\u1ea7n trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p.) Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cROY G BIV\u201d \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ee5m \u201cI Value Xylophones Like Cows Dig Milk\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1.000 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n V = 5; D = 500). Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c (memory palace) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. N\u00f3 l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p loci, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf d\u1ef1a, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n ghi nh\u1edb. (Khi b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf d\u1ef1a, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y yoga \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc m\u00ecnh nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp yoga.) Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u00e1m hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c k\u00fd \u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1edfng","t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc xuy\u00ean qua c\u0103n nh\u00e0. (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p loci c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xa l\u1ea1, nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u trong g\u00f3c ph\u1ed1.) Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Oxford, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A. Trong s\u00e1u tu\u1ea7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, tu\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea kh\u00e1c nhau trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n b\u00ean t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn xem l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra n\u00f3 ch\u1eadt k\u00edn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho h\u1ecd nh\u1edb t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft trong k\u1ef3 thi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec3m qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ed nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 ghi nh\u1edb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01a1n t\u1eeb ng\u1eef. (Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t con voi th\u00ec d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb h\u01a1n t\u1eeb \u201ccon voi\u201d). Do \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh dung s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0 duy v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ghi nh\u1edb hay kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh dung r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1eafc n\u00e9t trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y c\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng c\u00e1. Gi\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2y c\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i, b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh dung l\u1ea1i khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e2ng, k\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00e0n v\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Mark Twain \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1edfi t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Harper\u2019s. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Twain \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i y\u00eau th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u2013 khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u1eebng tr\u00edch","\u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng n\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng: v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t n\u00e9t ph\u00e1c b\u00fat ch\u00ec. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u1ecf kh\u00f4 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 cho \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1edbi thung l\u0169ng Nevada\u2019s Carson. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3 v\u00ec c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 d\u1eef mang \u00f4ng t\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u1ee9 hai gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 hung h\u0103ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 Sierras. V\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u01a1i d\u1eady k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn Twain \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c con m\u00ecnh khi ch\u00fang \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt ghi nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea3o m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang. Twain ch\u1ee3t nh\u1eadn ra c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u00ecnh n\u00ean th\u1eed d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau. Khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf trong trang tr\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u1eddn tho\u1ea3i d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ph\u00eda hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng d\u00e3y h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o th\u1ea5p, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng sang m\u1ea3nh s\u00e2n cao b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n quanh co xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i. T\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c Anh \u0111\u1ec3 khoanh v\u00f9ng trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi [William] K\u1ebb X\u00e2m L\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 t\u1eebng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Victoria k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong 46 n\u0103m \u2013 817 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft b\u1ea1n! T\u00f4i \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i 817 b\u1ed9 (kho\u1ea3ng 250m), m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng cao ba b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea5t ven \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Twain v\u00e0 l\u0169 tr\u1ebb v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1eebng v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 voi (Whale) cho K\u1ebb X\u00e2m L\u01b0\u1ee3c William, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i W v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u201cc\u00e1 voi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01a1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 William l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh\u201d, m\u1ed9t con g\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb t\u1edbi Henry I, v.v...","Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb m\u1ed1c K\u1ebb X\u00e2m L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc, l\u0169 tr\u1ebb g\u1ecdi ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i qua t\u1eebng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c\u2026 T\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c con ng\u1eebng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201c\u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e2y\u201d, hay \u201ctrong c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i [b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y nh\u1ecf],\u201d hay \u201cph\u00eda tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e1\u201d, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Stephen, hay trong Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a, hay tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i George III. Ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i vui v\u1ebb b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ng\u1ed5n ngang kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 \u0111i l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian khi l\u0169 tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang gi\u00fap t\u00f4i; nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u2013 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi l\u0169 tr\u1ebb. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gieo v\u1ea7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f3c treo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gieo v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c danh s\u00e1ch. M\u1ed7i ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft c\u1eb7p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: s\u1ed1 1 l\u00e0 b\u00fai t\u00f3c nh\u1ecf (one-bun), s\u1ed1 2 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc gi\u1ea7y (two- shoe), s\u1ed1 3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00e2y (three-tree), s\u1ed1 4 l\u00e0 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng (four-store), s\u1ed1 5 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ong (five- hive), s\u1ed1 6 l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt (six-tricks), s\u1ed1 7 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (seven-heaven), s\u1ed1 8 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ed5ng (eight-gate), s\u1ed1 9 l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y b\u1ec7n (nine-twine), s\u1ed1 10 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00fat (ten-pen). (Sau s\u1ed1 10 b\u1ea1n th\u00eam penny-one v\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb g\u1ee3i \u00fd g\u1ed3m ba \u00e2m ti\u1ebft: s\u1ed1 11 l\u00e0 penny-one, setting sun (m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n); s\u1ed1 12 l\u00e0 penny-two, airplane glue (keo d\u00e1n phi c\u01a1); s\u1ed1 13 l\u00e0 penny-three, bumble bee (ong ngh\u1ec7); v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn 20.) B\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u00e1i m\u00f3c\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 treo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00f4m nay. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 20 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3 khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t: b\u00fai t\u00f3c nh\u1ecf (bun) l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc b\u1ea1n mua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft; chi\u1ebfc gi\u1ea7y (shoe) nh\u1eafc b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb ph\u1ea3i \u0103n m\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9n chu v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o gi\u1eb7t kh\u00f4; c\u00e1i c\u00e2y (tree) g\u1ee3i b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb t\u1edbi c\u00e2y gia ph\u1ea3, ng\u1ea7m \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5m thi\u1ec7p sinh nh\u1eadt cho em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo theo v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, trong khi m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang","mang t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb, li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eddi b\u00e0i h\u00e1t trong t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c mong mu\u1ed1n. Theo nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jack Weatherford, s\u1eed gia l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 Genghis Khan c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa x\u00f4i, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u kia \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p truy\u1ec1n th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft tay v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng Weatherford cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Long Song c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t l\u00ean \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng \u00e2m v\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00e2m rung kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 khi b\u0103ng qua m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean hay v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai th\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. N\u00f3i chung nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y s\u1ed1, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh du l\u1ecbch, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng, b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, c\u00e2u th\u01a1, c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quen thu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb. Ch\u00fang ta quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi m\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Bellerbys t\u1ea1i Oxford, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i t\u00f3c \u0111en 18 tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Marlys \u0111ang l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A2. C\u00f4 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft n\u0103m b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua k\u1ef3 thi bao g\u1ed3m hai b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng ba ti\u1ebfng r\u01b0\u1ee1i. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A \u1edf Anh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng cao \u1edf M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Marlys \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f4 c\u00f3 s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4 s\u1ebd v\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 hay kh\u00f4ng \u2013 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh t\u1ebf London. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc","h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Anh, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A trong ba m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1 khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m A \u1edf m\u1ecdi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 may r\u1ee7i. N\u1ebfu t\u1eebng \u1ea5y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Marlys ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng r\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u1eafp t\u1edbi l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. C\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A: h\u00e0nh vi \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, h\u00e0nh vi hung h\u0103ng, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i. M\u1ed7i b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i minh h\u1ecda c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ng\u1eafn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ph\u1ea3i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u, m\u1ecdi li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t), v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A. V\u1eady c\u00f4 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi: n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i l\u1edbn, b\u1ea3y c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn s\u00fac t\u00edch trong m\u1ed7i b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 thi, c\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 35 b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau - c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ng\u1eafn cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Marlys bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00f4m nay, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, b\u1edfi v\u1eady c\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 thi, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng\u201d. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 thi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c h\u1ecd tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n b\u00e0i thi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng t\u00edch t\u1eafc t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m th\u1ecb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y","d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1ecf ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 thi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 A c\u1ee7a Anh, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh logic cao. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi. H\u00f3a ra ba \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thi h\u00f4m nay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hung h\u00e3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ki\u00eang. T\u1ed1t th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hung h\u0103ng, Marlys \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e0n ch\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u Krispy Kreme \u1edf ph\u1ed1 Castle. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t, c\u00f4 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi pha ch\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u1edf qu\u00e1n Starbucks tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 High. V\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ki\u00eang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00e2y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 xum xu\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng trong ch\u1eadu b\u00ean trong qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Pret- a-Manger tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Cornmarket. Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. C\u00f4 y\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f4 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ki\u00eang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Preta-Manger l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Marlys, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f4 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ki\u00eang. Nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00e0i tr\u00ed \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i 12 \u00fd ch\u00ednh trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. C\u00f4 h\u00ecnh dung m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng. La Fern (lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Little Shop of Horrors (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: N\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng trong c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u0111ang b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Herman c\u1ee7a Marly, nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y leo c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t quanh ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh, ng\u0103n anh kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00f3n Mac and Cheese (m\u00f3n nui tr\u1ed9n ph\u00f4 mai) \u0111ang \u1edf qu\u00e1 xa t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a anh. Marly m\u1edf quy\u1ec3n v\u1edf ghi \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n b\u00e0i thi v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft. \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Herman v\u00e0 Mack \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng \u0103n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n ki\u00eang b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf (s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t","ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t) n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9\u2026\u201d Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y Marlys ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u00fac \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Herman v\u00f9ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh phi th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi (makes a beeline) c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t m\u00f3n m\u1ef3. \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Wardle v\u00e0 Beale. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u00e9o ph\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i \u0103n [nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t m\u00f3n m\u1ef3 \u00dd] nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u00e9o ph\u00ec nh\u01b0ng ch\u0103m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n hay l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ogden \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng\u2026\u201d v.v... T\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Marlys di chuy\u1ec3n xuy\u00ean qua qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea theo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng \u00e1m hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 no, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ki\u00eang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft enzim lipoprotein lipaza \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao (little pink lemons) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb Pret-a-Manger c\u00f4 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u Krispy Kreme, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0 duy kh\u00e1c \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh g\u1ee3i c\u00f4 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hung h\u00e3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n sang Starbucks, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi pha ch\u1ebf c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111am m\u00ea, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc c\u00f4 v\u1ec1 12 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marlys t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Bellerbys kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 James Paterson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Wales v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng Bellerbys ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tham gia m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh Said, hay m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ashmolean hay Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Bodleian \u1edf Oxford. Nh\u01b0ng James kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Anh \u0111\u01b0a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u1eeda t\u00e1 qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea trong th\u1ecb","tr\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u v\u00e0o tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 35 b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean chia c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i theo nh\u00f3m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7m c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m quen thu\u1ed9c quanh k\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1 Bellerbys. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e1i m\u00f3c. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 phim y\u00eau th\u00edch. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Paterson \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng Bellebys v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Michela Seong-Hyun Kim. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f4 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c trang thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f4 thu g\u1ecdn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean d\u00e0n \u00fd cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f4 g\u1eafn m\u1ed7i \u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c, n\u01a1i c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra trong tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i c\u00f4 nh\u1edb t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh. Khi c\u00f4 ng\u1ed3i trong ph\u00f2ng thi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn, c\u00f4 m\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh cho m\u1ed7i b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f4 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng sau. Khi d\u00e0n \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o xong xu\u00f4i, c\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 lo l\u1eafng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00ec \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f4 \u0111ang l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Mark Twain \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m khi \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Michela chia s\u1ebb r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb, c\u00f4 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng m\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung n\u00f3 sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho c\u00f4 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec c\u00f4 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fat th\u00f4i n\u1ed9i dung b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u00f4.","Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t gi\u00fap ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb ch\u1ec9 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng khi c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1eb9t. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn, cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Michela t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ra m\u1ecdi tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 khi c\u00f4 c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi ch\u00fang, \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 bom ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u\u201d, James n\u00f3i. Khi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tham gia gi\u1ea3i V\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, Paterson \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i thi v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai, ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fat n\u1eefa th\u00f4i l\u00e0 anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Joshua Foer \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb M\u1ef9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean Moonwalking with Einstein (Phi\u00eau b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng Einstein) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb. Peterson ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi hai ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i qu\u00e2n b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 b\u00e0i b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, \u0111\u01b0a cho b\u1ea1n c\u1ed7 b\u00e0i, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n t\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n b\u00e0i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft nh\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, anh s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u01b0\u1eddi hai c\u1ed7 b\u00e0i v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 sai s\u00f3t. M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch thu\u1ed9c top \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 b\u00e0i trong 30 gi\u00e2y hay \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 25 c\u1ed7 b\u00e0i trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. V\u00ec th\u1ebf Paterson v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua, nh\u01b0ng anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed sinh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft, lu\u00f4n trau d\u1ed3i c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ghi nh\u1edb. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f3c treo, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 trong d\u00e3y s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (s\u1ed1 1 l\u00e0 con th\u1ecf (one-bun), s\u1ed1 2 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc gi\u1ea7y (two-shoe), v.v\u2026). Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y s\u1ed1 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, Paterson \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 1.000. K\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u2013 Anders Ericsson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i. Paterson m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n, trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8.","Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p Paterson trong v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a anh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbm h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u anh c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng khi cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda nhanh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb. Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c anh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 615392611333517. Paterson ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y.\u201d Anh nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt xung quanh. \u201cT\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00e1y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0u con thoi (space shuttle), n\u00f3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m (underground train) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean (shoot out) t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng. Trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb1ng sau chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ca s\u0129 \u0111\u1ecdc rap Eminem \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5u s\u00fang v\u1edbi Leslie Nielsen, di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean b\u1ed9 phim Naked Gun (H\u1ecdng s\u00fang v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh), trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Trung \u00fay Columbo (Lieutenant Columbo) \u0111ang khinh kh\u1ec9nh nh\u00ecn h\u1ecd.\u201d Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? Anh ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m ba ch\u1eef s\u1ed1. M\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m ba ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, con s\u1ed1 615 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 t\u00e0u con thoi, 392 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ga t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m Embankment \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, 611 l\u00e0 Leslie Nelsen, 333 l\u00e0 Eminem, v\u00e0 517 l\u00e0 Trung \u00fay Columbo. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ch\u00fang: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 9, James li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00e2m. Ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 6 (six) ph\u00e1t \u00e2m nghe gi\u1ed1ng Sheh hay Jeh, ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 1 (one) lu\u00f4n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Tuh hay Duh, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 5 (five) l\u00e0 \u00e2m L. V\u1eady, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ed1 615 l\u00e0 Sheh Tuh L hay shuttle. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c m\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ba ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 000 \u0111\u1ebfn 999 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a Paterson v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n cho c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00e0u con thoi, anh c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: 392 3 = m, 9 = b, 2 = n Embankment 611 6 = sh, 1 = t, 1 = t Shootout","333 3 = m, 3 = m, 3 = m Eminem 517 5 = 1, 1 = t, 7 = c Lt Columbo Trong ph\u1ea7n thi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c thi Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb si\u00eau ph\u00e0m, nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0\u1edbng to l\u00ean cho c\u00e1c th\u00ed sinh v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1. Paterson c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 74 s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, anh \u0111ang n\u00e2ng d\u1ea7n con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean. (\u201cV\u1ee3 t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u00e0 g\u00f3a c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb.\u201d) Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a b\u1ea3y con s\u1ed1 trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u1edf M\u1ef9) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y ch\u1eef s\u1ed1. Ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1edb \u2013 l\u00e0 364 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 (Johannes Mallow \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y). James nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u anh b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb v\u00ec anh nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i t\u1eaft cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hay ho cho l\u1eafm,\u201d anh th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Anh t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, anh b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng thi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan. Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Anh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai, thung l\u0169ng, s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i hay th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f4i khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb khi coi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i hay m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i tri th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. Thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng Bellerbys \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt nh\u1edb nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai c\u1ea7m tay thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ecdi"]