Sachmoi.net_bi_quyet_hoc_dau_nho_do

["N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nhanh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Li\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng? Trong khi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb th\u00ec c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec sinh ra nh\u1edd r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y. S\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u00e0 xen k\u1ebd c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: khi vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, \u0111an xen v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c h\u01a1n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch sinh ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra. V\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng hay x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ee9c th\u00ec nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng, ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9; h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp: c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i h\u00e8 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi cam k\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o li\u00ean mi\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 \u0111\u00fac l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp sau k\u1ef3 thi gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd tr\u00f4i tu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u00e0i thi cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3. T\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u00edt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n b\u1edfi l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng s\u1ebd xen v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fac \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea1n th\u00eam v\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00c1CH QU\u00c3NG QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH LUY\u1ec6N T\u1eacP Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp h\u1eb3n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i n\u1eefa m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a 38 v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa. H\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch si\u00eau nh\u1ecf. M\u1ed7i b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp sau. M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 b\u00e1c s\u0129 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi kh\u00f3a bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u00e0i m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00e0i. Trong b\u00e0i thi di\u1ec5n ra sau h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc theo t\u1eebng b\u00e0i c\u00e1ch nhau m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u2013 th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tay, g\u1eafn l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m th\u1eadt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf 16% trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a con chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. V\u00ec sao s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung li\u00ean t\u1ee5c? C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c (m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi thu n\u1ea1p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra trong nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp trong t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng th\u00eam nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c sau m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o","s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. L\u1ed2NG GH\u00c9P \u0110\u1ed0I T\u01af\u1ee2NG TRONG QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH LUY\u1ec6N T\u1eacP L\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p t\u1eeb hai ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c thay th\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda nhanh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Hai nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gian (h\u00ecnh l\u0103ng tr\u1ee5 tam gi\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea1t c\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n). Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo d\u1ea1ng (l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i to\u00e1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u00edch m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh l\u0103ng tr\u1ee5 tam gi\u00e1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, v.v\u2026). Nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ecb tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn (\u0111an xen) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p theo t\u1eebng d\u1ea1ng. Sau nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, trung b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p theo d\u1ea1ng (ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung) ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn 89%, so v\u1edbi 60% c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn. Nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n theo d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 20%; trong khi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng em c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111an xen th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00ean t\u1edbi 63%. S\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 215%, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty. B\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p bao g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi thao t\u00e1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n sang thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee9 hai, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc hai, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu. V\u1eady ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen th\u00ec sao? B\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u00edt l\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sang thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, r\u1ed3i quay sang thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ba, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf. (\u1ede ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch H\u00e3ng b\u1ea3o","hi\u1ec3m Farmers Insurance \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quay v\u00f2ng theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i l\u01b0\u1ee3t chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp.) Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111an xen d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, trong khi l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c \u0111an xen c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean th\u00ec th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i: h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp thay v\u00ec th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp. \u0110A D\u1ea0NG H\u00d3A \u0110\u1ed0I T\u01af\u1ee2NG TRONG QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH LUY\u1ec6N T\u1eacP V\u1eady c\u00f2n cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bao \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eadu, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00fa n\u00e9m \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly 0,9m, c\u1ef1 ly m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u00ec sao? Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bao \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eadu k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u2013 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ea1n n\u00e9m c\u00e1c bao \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c r\u1ed5 \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1 ly kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang; b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u201cv\u1ed1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n \u2013 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Li\u1ec7u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng (nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u1ef1","ly 0,6m v\u00e0 1,2m) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (chi\u1ebfc r\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly 0,9m)? \u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean n\u00e3o. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u01b0 duy h\u01a1n. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u00fat ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng k\u00e9m th\u1eed th\u00e1ch h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a theo m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n s\u1ebd huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. Trong gi\u1edbi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i: th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ed5ng, \u0111\u1ea9y b\u00f3ng v\u00e0o g\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ef1 ly 60m, t\u1eadp c\u00fa ve tr\u00e1i, chuy\u1ec1n trong khi \u0111ang r\u00ea b\u00f3ng: l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh \u201ctr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u01a1 b\u1eafp\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00fa s\u00fat m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea1m trong m\u00f4n kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng khu v\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n b\u0103ng, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef b\u00f3ng. Khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i Los Angeles Kings, Jamie Kompon c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eadp c\u00fa s\u00fat m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea1m t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean s\u00e2n. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb chen v\u00e0o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t","chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp c\u00fa s\u00fat n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean s\u00e2n hay trong \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang t\u1eadp n\u00e9m bao \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc r\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa 0,9m. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y Kompon \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n khi \u00f4ng v\u1eeba chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ed9i Chicago Blackhawks. Kompon v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00fap Stanley, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c thay v\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00fai \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eadu nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c: Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1c em ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a (tmoce th\u00e0nh comet). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef, trong khi s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb. Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u00f4n t\u1eadp, nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n! Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh khi b\u1ea1n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00e1n l\u1ec7 hay n\u1eafm v\u1eefng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1edbi. PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u00c1C K\u1ef8 N\u0102NG PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T So v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen, l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa: m\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 20 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i m\u1ea3i m\u00ea ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. B\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y sang","ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c, trong su\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 thi cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3, k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 ch\u01b0a, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n h\u1ebft c\u1ea3: b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn ch\u0103m ch\u0103m l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o t\u1eebng b\u00e0i, t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y? N\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5, 6 hay 7? Khi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung hay l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra: nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111an xen v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quy c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chim. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ecda s\u0129 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u00e1c) s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m trong phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ecda s\u0129, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129, s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111an c\u00e0i, l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen c\u00f3 v\u1ebb qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Song nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m. Vi\u1ec7c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u00f4ng qua r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung t\u1ecf ra k\u00e9m h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00f4ng qua r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111an xen l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p. S\u1ef1 \u0111an c\u00e0i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n trong b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111an xen c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c gh\u00e9p t\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.","Nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean v\u1eabn kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung, v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 l\u1ebd ra h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111an xen l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u00ec cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp t\u1eadp trung th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111an xen, l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i chim c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean. Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n ta v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh 20 h\u1ecd chim kh\u00e1c nhau (h\u1ecda mi \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u1ea1n, h\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ebb, v.v\u2026) Trong t\u1eebng h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u 12 lo\u00e0i (h\u1ecda mi \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u, h\u1ecda mi \u0111\u1ecf m\u1ecf cong, h\u1ecda mi \u0111\u1ecf Bendire\u2019s, v.v\u2026) Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa chim, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ed9 l\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n sinh s\u1ed1ng, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ecf, m\u00e0u m\u1eaft, v.v\u2026 M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa chim l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecda mi \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ecf d\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u01a1i cong. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m (m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean) n\u00ean ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chim y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111an xen v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u1ecf ra h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khu bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c","so v\u1edbi \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u201d. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. M\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t huy ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Theo \u0111u\u1ed5i logic n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bao bi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chim \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ecd) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n. C\u1ea2I THI\u1ec6N KH\u1ea2 N\u0102NG L\u0128NH H\u1ed8I NH\u1eeeNG KI\u1ebeN TH\u1ee8C PH\u1ee8C T\u1ea0P \u1edf C\u00c1C SINH VI\u00caN Y KHOA \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft uy\u00ean th\u00e2m cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng Douglas Larsen, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington \u1edf St. Louis, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111\u00f3. Theo \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. \u201cS\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu,\u201d \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong y h\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.\u201d Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 khi c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Khi l\u1eafng nghe h\u1ecd, b\u1ea1n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c trong th\u01b0","vi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u xem b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111ang n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n. \u201cSau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh,\u201d Larsen n\u00f3i. Larsen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh b\u1ec7nh nhi. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u0103m kh\u00e1m cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n: ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong y h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n th\u1ea7n kinh tr\u1ebb em trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng y. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh quy tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao trong ba trung t\u00e2m m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng y. M\u1ed7i \u201cb\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y theo d\u00f5i. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ecbp tim, huy\u1ebft \u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 co gi\u00e3n. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe v\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n lu\u00f4n quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng \u1edf ph\u00eda sau. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d, nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean di\u1ec5n theo k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n. Trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, t\u1eeb cung c\u00e1ch th\u0103m kh\u00e1m b\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y, Larsen \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn th\u00fa v\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0: b\u1ea1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh trong m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m y h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ec7nh \u00e1n th\u00f4i l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thi t\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean y khoa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh","ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nhau. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thi t\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Khi kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m theo. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hay b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec1u mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb t\u1ecf ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n trong th\u1ec3 thao, \u201ct\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thi \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n.\u201d K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n tinh vi h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng phi c\u00f4ng, sinh vi\u00ean y khoa, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i t\u00e0u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u00ean. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ee7i ro. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u1ee9 hai, trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh \u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean y khoa, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u2013 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. \u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm r\u00f5,\u201d Larsen n\u00f3i. \u201cDo \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u1eafm r\u00f5 v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, \u2018T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\u2019 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn","l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y hay chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kia, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng hay s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta sa v\u00e0o c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c. \u2018T\u00f4i t\u1eebng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p h\u1ecd n\u1eefa.\u2019 Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng, s\u1ef1 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p \u0111an xen v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a. \u201cC\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c y khoa d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao sau hai n\u0103m h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn l\u00e0, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m? Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi?\u201d M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ea7n kinh Mike Ebersold m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, l\u00e0 suy ng\u1eabm. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 Doug Larsen \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sang c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen. \u00d4ng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean so\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n sau. \u00d4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 thi c\u1eed trong vi\u1ec7c trau d\u1ed3i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng y. V\u1eady c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, hay c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y th\u00ec sao? Theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Larsen, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp sinh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a","\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh 10% th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c nhau hay v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c. Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1eefa tr\u01b0a. \u201cC\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 phung ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean y khoa v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 xem l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o n\u1eefa. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai khi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i nghe r\u1ed3i ra v\u1ec1.\u201d Larsen mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng: m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng. \u201cTh\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. M\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua email m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p.\u201d \u00d4ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc: \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay ch\u00ed \u00edt l\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra. V\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn? Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1eabn nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay h\u1ecdc theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00e9p: b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft. H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u1edbn, h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9.\u201d NH\u1eeeNG NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC N\u00c0Y C\u00d3 TH\u1ec2 \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C \u00c1P D\u1ee4NG R\u1ed8NG R\u00c3I","Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn b\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1edbi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean Vince Dooley v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Gieorgia l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Dooley l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Bulldogs t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964 \u0111\u1ebfn 1988, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u1edbi 201 tr\u1eadn th\u1eafng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 77 tr\u1eadn thua v\u00e0 10 tr\u1eadn h\u00f2a, s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1t danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00fap qu\u1ed1c gia. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Trung t\u00e2m Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean Dooley v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o xoay quanh m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ecd, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp tr\u00ean s\u00e2n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c, nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n. Song song v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf phong \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao: phong t\u1ecfa, c\u1ea3n ph\u00e1, \u0111\u00f3n b\u00f3ng, \u0111\u01b0a b\u00f3ng v\u00e0o, di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng. Dooley tin r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c; nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u00ec l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n. C\u00e1c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang v\u1edbi t\u1eebng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd ch\u01a1i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a","c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00f3ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 m\u1ed7i c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt thi \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u1eafng thua kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Dooley, nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n: h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 N\u0103m, do \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi b\u00ed quy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u00f3a bi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 \u1edf t\u1eebng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 t\u1eadp theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thao di\u1ec5n l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u00f9ng l\u00fac l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy l\u1eabn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa tu\u1ea7n, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi phong \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t. \u201cB\u1ea1n \u0111ang n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nhanh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh,\u201d Dooley n\u00f3i. \u201cNh\u01b0ng khi g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u1ecdi tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u2018N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m.\u2019 B\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec d\u00f9 tr\u00ean s\u00e2n c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 t\u1ed1t.\u201d M\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt thi \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Anh ta tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u trong \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 anh ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t ch\u00fang t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c,","Dooley n\u00f3i: \u201cdo v\u1eady n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y hay chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp n\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nghi\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u1ea1n m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, thao di\u1ec5n trong \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hai b\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u00ean s\u00e2n c\u1ecf.\u201d H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n v\u1ec7 v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y, xem x\u00e9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u1eed h\u00ecnh dung trong \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n v\u1ec7. Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean Dooley s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i dung luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n v\u1ec7 d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y \u2013 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 th\u00e2m ni\u00ean di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong ph\u00f2ng ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u th\u00eam hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ni\u1ec1m tin s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y c\u00f2n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cluy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp-luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp-luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201chi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi\u201d v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u201chi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen c\u01a1","b\u1ea3n\u201d. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng, l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 trao cho ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i r\u1eeda ru\u1ed9t (binge-and-purge). Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p thu c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00f4i tu\u1ed9t \u0111i ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t, t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian (qu\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec9) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00f3i quen. B\u1ea1n \u0111ang b\u0103n kho\u0103n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng bao l\u00e2u? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng chen v\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u01a1n trong luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n qu\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, do v\u1eady duy tr\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. V\u00e0i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 th\u1ebb h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb ri\u00eang l\u1ebb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Sebastian Leitner \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p Leitner. B\u1ea1n h\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb c\u00f3 ghi th\u00f4ng tin. Trong chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb ghi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong m\u00f4n kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u hay c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha). C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4n t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n","nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. H\u1ed9p th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb ghi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p n\u00e0y \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb trong chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4n t\u1eadp \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb trong h\u1ed9p th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea7m b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea9y b\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea1m, b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 sang chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u00f4n t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng \u00edt ph\u1ea3i \u00f4n t\u1eadp , nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. H\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u00f4n t\u1eadp n\u00f3 n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1eaft, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c quen thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra. Doug Larsen chia s\u1ebb: \u201cB\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: \u2019\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u00e9p m\u00ecnh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3?\u2019 Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thi hay b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gian l\u1eadn hay t\u01b0 duy theo l\u1ed1i t\u1eaft.\u201d Ch\u00edn b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e0 Andy Sobel th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong 26 bu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00f4n t\u1eadp l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p, \u0111an xen v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c qua m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p hai hay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i trong khi \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u00f4n t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n sang m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi","m\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a anh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: \u201cT\u00f4i tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u0103ng, x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u00f3ng, li\u1ec7ng b\u00f3ng. R\u1ed3i t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u0103ng v\u00e0 khi m\u1edbi ch\u1edbm ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u1ea7m g\u1eady \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. V\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 trong ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7, \u2018T\u1ea1i sao g\u00e3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp t\u1eebng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c?\u2019 K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n khi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0i gi\u0169a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eebng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ea7n sau anh ta s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, c\u1ea7m g\u1eady , v.v...h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu anh ta d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp cho vi\u1ec7c trau d\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bao qu\u00e1t ph\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi ghi nh\u1edb th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cao h\u01a1n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, \u0111i\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00f3i quen c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cluy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu\u201d (\u201cblocked practice\u201d \u2013 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh) n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e1y quay \u0111\u0129a than l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf) trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 thao, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Khi c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9i Los Angeles Kings t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea9y b\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n luy\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb ghi nh\u1edb theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t","th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u00f3ng t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean s\u00e2n b\u0103ng hay s\u00e2n c\u1ecf, l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u00e3i m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n, hay \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng bay, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111an xen v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n gh\u00e9 qua kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i x\u1ebf d\u1eebng xe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch cho vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. V\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n d\u1eebng xe l\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u1ea5y t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00eam v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb (c\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n) c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00f4 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u201d. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cc\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 trau d\u1ed3i th\u00f3i quen suy ng\u1eabm hay kh\u00f4ng. Suy ng\u1eabm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng (\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra? M\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i (M\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111i trong l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi?) Nh\u01b0 Doug Larsen \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta, li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo. \u201cK\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch ta v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u2013 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, r\u1ed3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n.\u201d","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. \u0110\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khi Mia Blundetto, m\u1ed9t trung \u00fay 23 tu\u1ed5i trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng sang c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n \u1edf Okinawa, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn. C\u00f4 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3: \u201cT\u00f4i gh\u00e9t nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9, gh\u00e9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay. Khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh tr\u00f4i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t trung \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111eo d\u00f9, nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0103n \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n. B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y, s\u0129 quan ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u2018C\u00f4 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 huy m\u1ed9t trung \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4 sang m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.\u2019 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ai kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u00f4ng v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u2018V\u00e2ng, th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd nh\u1ea3y kh\u1ecfi m\u00e1y bay.\u2019\u201d Mia v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao 1m70 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng. Cha c\u00f4, Frank, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u binh th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn, h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng n\u00f3i trong ni\u1ec1m th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c: \u201cCon b\u00e9 l\u00ean x\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ecdi ch\u00e0ng trai trong l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a bang Maryland, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1ec3 thao \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 (NCCA) v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea1. C\u1ee9 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.\u201d Khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1edbi Mia, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc li\u1ec7u Frank c\u00f3 n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng. Mia c\u01b0\u1eddi: \u201c\u00d4ng \u1ea5y th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eb7ng h\u1ecfi, c\u00f4 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. T\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gia nh\u1eadp Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 tay thay v\u00ec l\u00ean x\u00e0 (khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y, c\u1eb1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngang v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t thanh x\u00e0), nh\u01b0ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2014 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n l\u00ean x\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u1eef, ngang v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u d\u00e0nh cho nam gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e0 t\u00e1m l\u1ea7n l\u00ean x\u00e0 cho n\u1eef v\u00e0 20 l\u1ea7n cho nam. Mia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c 13 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111ang k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t 20 l\u1ea7n. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Naval, hai n\u0103m li\u1ec1n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tham gia cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea1 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng","d\u00e2n \u2013 ba s\u00e9c cho m\u1ed7i m\u00f4n n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea1, g\u00e1nh t\u1ea1 \u2013 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n bang Maryland. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ed7i \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gan g\u00f3c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn hay nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 Blundetto. Mia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i v\u00e0 hai em trai. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 \u0111ang t\u1ea1i ng\u0169. H\u00f3a ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba Mia qu\u0103ng m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi c\u1eeda nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng C130 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 380m, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i th\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng ngay ph\u00eda tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 c\u0103ng ph\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00edch th\u00fa tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Mia v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n (s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng, \u0111an xen, x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00e1c) \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta gia t\u0103ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n, m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Elizabeth v\u00e0 Robert Bjork \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i Fort Benning, Gieorgia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p mang s\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa. B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u1eafng nghe, theo d\u00f5i, di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00e0, nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t nghi th\u1ee9c ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0.","Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t sau m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 hay PLF (parachute landing fall), theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u0103n tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho l\u1ef1c va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00ean n\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, m\u1eb7t b\u1eafp ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f9i, h\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 theo s\u00e1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 b\u1ecb nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3 hay chao \u0111\u1ea3o khi ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng. Trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ea3i s\u1ecfi, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt PLF s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp th\u1eed: b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa qua th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. C\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp tr\u00f4i qua, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sinh ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ee5c cao 0,6m so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7nh \u201cs\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng\u201d, b\u1ea1n d\u1ed3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, kh\u00e9p ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i v\u00e0o nhau, c\u00e1nh tay h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean tr\u1eddi. Khi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7nh \u201cTi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d, b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea3y kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t PLF. B\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n \u0111u d\u00e2y \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 3,65m so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t thanh ch\u1eef T tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, theo hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7nh, b\u1ea1n m\u1edf d\u00f9 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t PLF. B\u1ea1n t\u1eadp r\u01a1i sang tr\u00e1i, sang ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gia t\u0103ng. B\u1ea1n tr\u00e8o l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ee5c c\u0169ng c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t 3,65m, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u1eaft \u0111ai an to\u00e0n, t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p gi\u00fap nhau ki\u1ec3m tra thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ea3y qua m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1eeda nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay. \u0110ai an to\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ai th\u1eadt g\u1eafn v\u1edbi v\u00f2m d\u00f9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y c\u00e1p tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cong khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb treo tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung. V\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea3y, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00fa gi\u1eadt xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, sau \u0111\u00f3 khi b\u1ea1n di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo d\u00e2y c\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111u \u0111\u01b0a theo chi\u1ec1u ngang v\u00ec b\u1ecb treo l\u01a1 l\u1eedng. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf d\u00f9 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n khi c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t 0,6m ho\u1eb7c 0,9m. V\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.","Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n leo l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p cao kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 10m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi m\u00e1y bay, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c, h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea3y trong l\u00fac \u0111ang mang theo m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thuy\u1ebft minh v\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u1eed th\u00e1ch t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y sang c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00ean m\u00e1y bay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a trung \u0111\u1ed9i 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c r\u01a1i. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1eeda nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c; l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn, hai ngh\u00ecn, ba ngh\u00ecn, b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eadt ra, hay gi\u1eadt d\u00e2y k\u00e9o d\u00f9 ph\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn; l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u00e2y treo b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf va ch\u1ea1m, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3, t\u00ecm ra d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1edb d\u00e2y l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n; l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh; nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd khi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n; c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y hay ban \u0111\u00eam, trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng, \u0111an xen \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u; c\u1ea3 v\u00ec l\u00fd do m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong khu v\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1eeda m\u00e1y bay, tr\u00ean b\u1ee5c nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0 trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111ai an to\u00e0n; l\u1eabn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n duy tr\u00ec t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m l\u1ea7n tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u0103m c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u Jump Wings v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn. Trong c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Mia l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 v\u1edbi 14 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng sau l\u01b0ng. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, c\u0169ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng 14 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00eda sau. \u201cV\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ed1ng","nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec1n d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho s\u0129 quan kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u l\u00f3e l\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c xanh, b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o th\u1ee9 hai di\u1ec5n ra trong 30 gi\u00e2y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, quang c\u1ea3nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4i t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111ang khi\u1ebfp h\u00e3i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. T\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee3i hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7nh \u2018\u0110i!\u2019 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda kia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn, hai ngh\u00ecn \u2013 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, khi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 m\u00e0u xanh qu\u1ea5n l\u1ea5y t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i! T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y d\u00f9 m\u00ecnh m\u1edf, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 k\u00e9o t\u00f4i l\u00ean. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch xoay x\u1edf b\u01a1i ra kh\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ra xa kh\u1ecfi anh ta.\u201d Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed xen k\u1ebd nhau, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u1ed1n gi\u00e2y h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn l\u00fac d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u1edf, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y kh\u00e1c. Mia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Mia \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 \u01b0? Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1. C\u00f4 c\u00f2n n\u00f3i c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cxoay x\u1edf b\u01a1i ra\u201d. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh. Khi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady trong Mia c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kinh ho\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u00f4 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec1u tan bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f4 cho bi\u1ebft. QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH S\u1ef0 HI\u1ec2U BI\u1ebeT \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang","t\u00f4i s\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. S\u1ef1 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Mia, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ea3i s\u1ecfi v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9. N\u00e3o b\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u1eeba quan s\u00e1t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1c quan th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ecdn ng\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. Th\u1eed ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i hay t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u1ea1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng may m\u1eafn thay, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n t\u00edch c\u00f3p cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e2u d\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n \u2013 nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Mia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00f4 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 m\u1eaft c\u00e1 hay t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i k\u00fd \u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0i gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u201ctua l\u1ea1i\u201d hay \u201cdi\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i\u201d kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho n\u00f3, ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u","ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Mia s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t PLF th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, song trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c sang khu v\u1ef1c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ea7n di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn. B\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean lan man v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. B\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c vi\u1ebft n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi. Sau v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eeba th\u00e3i. B\u1ea1n d\u1eb9p b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m b\u00ean trong b\u1ea1n. Khi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hai ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n \u0111ang n\u00eau ra. B\u1ea1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 gi\u00fap ta t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u00f3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu th\u00f4ng qua r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5, trong ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9, b\u1ea1n l\u00fang t\u00fang khi ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c","hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t PLF, b\u1ea1n ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u2013 ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i kh\u00e9p ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nhau, \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i h\u01a1i cong, m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng \u2013 nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, theo ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 b\u1ea1n vung hai tay ra, qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i co khu\u1ef7u tay v\u00e0o s\u00e1t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u1eaby tay hay l\u1ec7ch vai n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i theo ki\u1ec3u t\u1eadp trung d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t PLF hay c\u00e1ch chia \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o. B\u1ea1n g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhanh, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111an xen trong l\u00fac luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, song s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng Ti\u1ebfp thu, ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhau theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00fa v\u1ecb. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, khi ch\u00fang ta m\u00e3 h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi sang k\u00fd \u1ee9c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. Th\u1ee9 hai, ta ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i. Sau n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1o l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. L\u00fd do ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng n\u00fat bu\u1ed9c ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o sinh \u0111ang d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng n\u00fat bu\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng, b\u1ea1n tham gia v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. Anh ta m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m hay m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu n\u00fat bu\u1ed9c, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng m\u1eabu, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp th\u1eaft ch\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e2y nh\u1ecf \u0111i k\u00e8m m\u1ed9t t\u1edd th\u00f4ng tin tham kh\u1ea3o. B\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u1eaft nh\u1eefng n\u00fat bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ch\u00fang v\u00ec qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n. Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n mua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e2u c\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecf neo v\u00e0o d\u00e2y. V\u1edbi s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y trong tay v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00f3c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y. Gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u1ea1n t\u00ecm m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y ghi th\u00f4ng tin tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2y. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00f3c nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y, c\u1ea7m l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o n\u00f3 qua, \u00e2m th\u1ea7m nh\u1ea9m l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n gi\u00fap ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y: con th\u1ecf chui l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi hang, ch\u1ea1y quanh c\u00e1i c\u00e2y, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i chui xu\u1ed1ng. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ch\u1ec9nh trang, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00fat, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o sinh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n th\u00edch th\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e2y c\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i xem tivi v\u00e0 t\u1eadp bu\u1ed9c trong l\u00fac ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y. B\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng. Trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y bao nhi\u00eau vi\u1ec7c v\u1eb7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e2y th\u1eebng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00f3c bu\u1ed9c \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ecdi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00fat bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2y th\u1eebng. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd s\u1edbm ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c k\u00e9o d\u00e2y d\u00f9 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, hay v\u1ec1 r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 366m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u01a1i ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Trong l\u00fac b\u1ea1n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 m\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec ng\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, b\u1ea1n di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y trong \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u00f4n t\u1eadp","c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch cho b\u1ea1n. M\u1ede R\u1ed8NG PH\u1ea0M VI H\u1eccC H\u1eceI: C\u1eacP NH\u1eacT NH\u1eeeNG G\u1ee2I \u00dd CHO QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH H\u1ed2I T\u01af\u1edeNG Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta: n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ngay trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y: m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u0169 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ly Brandy Manhattan ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n hay \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7n t\u1edbi khi c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3c b\u00faa. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u0169 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tranh hay m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Do v\u1eady, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng \u00dd \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung ni\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean \u0111i v\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i trung h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 \u201cto be\u201d (th\u00ec, l\u00e0, b\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ti\u1ebfng \u00dd \u201cessere\u201d s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y ra trong \u00f3c b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201cetre\u201d v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1eb7c cho b\u1ea1n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eadp trung ra sao. Khi th\u0103m th\u00fa n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf","g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1eddi m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o tin c\u1eady gi\u1eef b\u1ea1n \u0111i \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c hay kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e1i xe b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i sau m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 l\u00e1i xe ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u0169, l\u00e1i xe v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i (n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n may m\u1eafn l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3). C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ta ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean \u0111i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Khi b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n sang m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh x\u00e1ch tay Mac, hay t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Windows sang m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean \u0111i m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c thao t\u00e1c n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang l\u00e0m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa t\u00e2m t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9: sau khi gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ednh nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00ednh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh thao t\u00e1c nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean \u0111i m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau \u2013 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng \u2013 b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng minh h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1eeb trong ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngay t\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t. Khi anh b\u1ea1n Jack c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eb7p Joan, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i \u201cJack v\u00e0 Jill,\u201d v\u00ec g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u201cJack v\u00e0\u201d g\u1ee3i l\u00ean b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u00e1t ru x\u01b0a c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u201cJack v\u00e0 Joan\u201d th\u00ec l\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa,","Joan \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf anh \u1ea5y v\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y \u0111ang qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Jenny. Th\u1eadt n\u00e3o l\u00f2ng! Ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i \u201cJack v\u00e0 Jenny\u201d, th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u201cJack v\u00e0 Joan\u201d. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ebfu Jack h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 v\u1edbi Katie, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e2m K trong t\u00ean anh \u1ea5y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e2m K b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ean c\u00f4 \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ph\u00e9p l\u1eb7p \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd h\u1eefu \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn tai h\u1ea1i. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 qu\u00ean Jill, Joan hay Jenny, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch\u201d cho nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Jack. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 g\u00ec m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng r\u0169 b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i c\u0169, b\u1ea1n qu\u00ean ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169 \u0111i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u1eefa. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ed7 \u1edf v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u0169 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 20 n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u0103n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng say m\u00ea s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 phong c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi xa c\u0169, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u00f9a v\u1ec1, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean nay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed. Ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho k\u00fd \u1ee9c, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca \u0111\u00fang m\u1edbi m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5 kh\u00f3a c\u0169. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110i t\u00ecm th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t (Remembrance of Things Past) c\u1ee7a Marcel Proust, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn khi \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng ch\u00fa v\u00e0 d\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, cho t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh nh\u00fang trong tr\u00e0 chanh \u0111\u00e3 mang k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u00fat v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb5ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 Proust khi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m thanh, hay m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 v\u00e0i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. D\u1ec4 H\u01a0N KH\u00d4NG C\u00d3 NGH\u0128A L\u00c0 T\u1ed0T H\u01a0N","C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 th\u00fa r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1edbi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb b\u1ea1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00e0ng \u00edt b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb c\u00e0ng gia c\u1ed1 n\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa bang California \u1edf Syan Luis Obispo \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00fa ch\u1ea1m b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7y uy l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 xem d\u1ea1ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp n\u00e0o cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ec3 thao. B\u00f3ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u0129a nh\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi n\u1eeda gi\u00e2y. Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1c quan, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng, nh\u1eafm v\u00e0 c\u0103n gi\u1edd vung g\u1eady sao cho c\u00fa \u0111\u1eadp t\u1edbi tr\u00fang b\u00f3ng. Chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong g\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft b\u00f3ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n k\u1ecbp suy x\u00e9t xem l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. H\u1ecd t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1nh 45 qu\u1ea3, chia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ba hi\u1ec7p. \u1ede m\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 15 l\u1ea7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 15 c\u00fa n\u00e9m nhanh, hi\u1ec7p hai l\u00e0 15 c\u00fa n\u00e9m l\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00f2ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p ba l\u00e0 15 c\u00fa n\u00e9m l\u1eeba. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7p g\u1ed3m 15 c\u00fa n\u00e9m, v\u00ec c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n h\u01a1n n\u00ean anh ta c\u0169ng gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00f3ng, c\u0103n gi\u1edd vung g\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n: ba l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed xen k\u1ebd ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong 45 l\u1ea7n n\u00e9m. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u00fa n\u00e9m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3","c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Sau 45 l\u1ea7n vung g\u1eady, anh ta v\u1eabn ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 \u0111an xen v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00fa n\u00e9m kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0m cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00eam trong s\u00e1u tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. K\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, khi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00eam, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00fa n\u00e9m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tham gia v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tay \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n. N\u00e2ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra hai b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quen thu\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u2013 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng, \u0111an xen v\u00e0 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u2013 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Hai l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00f4 v\u1ebd b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i Cal Poly luy\u1ec7n \u0111i luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00fa n\u00e9m l\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00f2ng 15 l\u1ea7n, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho h\u1ecd khi ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m: qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng xoay hay chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ra sao v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd quay v\u00f2ng sau bao l\u00e2u. Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng g\u00ec cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng v\u00f2ng b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00fa n\u00e9m v\u00f2ng cung s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n; n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng v\u00f2ng khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y c\u1ea7n trau","d\u1ed3i lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i Cal Poly g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi h\u1ecd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00fa n\u00e9m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi: b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i (hay k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i) m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp thu n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n qu\u00ean c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. S\u1ef0 N\u1ed6 L\u1ef0C GI\u00daP B\u1ea0N T\u00c1I C\u1ee6NG C\u1ed0 TR\u00cd NH\u1eda NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O? S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u201cn\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i\u201d hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hay ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c qua c\u00e1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung n\u00e0y, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa: nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 gia t\u0103ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho n\u00f3, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean chen v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng m\u1ed7i khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00fa n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng v\u00f2ng sau v\u00e0i c\u00fa n\u00e9m nhanh. C\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c y\u00ean t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7","ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra khi ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, s\u1ef1 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u00ednh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u201c\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9\u201d. Khi h\u1ecdc l\u00e1i xe ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1eddi gian, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadu xe song song hay g\u1ea1t c\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u2013 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e1i xe. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn (k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00fa n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng v\u00f2ng) hay nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb). Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f3i quen, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gi\u1edd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau, qua \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng phong ph\u00fa c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen, l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng","m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Th\u1eed h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb b\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00e0i tr\u00ed m\u00f3n \u0103n; s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t; nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i xoong so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ea3o, hay d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng so v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng gang. Th\u1eed h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia c\u00e2u c\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ru\u1ed3i; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng con c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i; ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed3i c\u00e2u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3, nh\u1ed9ng hay b\u1ecd; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3, bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3 m\u1ed3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i. Th\u1eed ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u1ea1p tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n BMX, c\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c bunny-hop (di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhanh nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t), \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tail whip (xoay m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00fa wall tap (tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ed1c) tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 quen thu\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n. B\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u00e8o, ta t\u00ecnh c\u1edd b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3 Chihuahua, m\u00e8o m\u01b0\u1edbp, ch\u00f3 Great Dane, s\u01b0 t\u1eed (trong s\u00e1ch tranh), m\u00e8o tam th\u1ec3, ch\u00f3 s\u1ee5c Welsh. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111an xen l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00ec d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u2013 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c","th\u00f9 (m\u1ed9t con r\u00f9a ngoi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng) \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng suy lu\u1eadn: ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt chung (c\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc). S\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p, \u0111an xen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim hay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim hay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u1ecd y\u00eau th\u00edch hay \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111an xen g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i gia c\u1ed1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng chim \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1ee9 hai. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trong s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1ec3 t\u00edch. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1eafc th\u00e1i h\u01a1n \u2013 m\u1ed9t v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt m\u1eabu hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 ch\u00f3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc s\u1ebd gi\u1eadt m\u1ed3i c\u00e2u h\u00ecnh th\u00eca (spoon) hay m\u1ed3i h\u00ecnh c\u00e1 tr\u00edch (crankbait) trong khi m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 pecca (bass) s\u1ebd tung t\u0103ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ee9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9m cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con d\u00f2i hay m\u1ed3i ph\u1ec5u.","C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111an xen v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i dung luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng quy tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 \u201cluy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thi \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp\u201d \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, hay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. Trong cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eadp b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i Cal Poly, h\u00e0nh vi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u201cv\u1ed1n t\u1eeb\u201d phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i n\u00e9m n\u00e0o) v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e9m c\u00e1c bao \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly 0,9m sau khi t\u1eadp n\u00e9m \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly 0,6m v\u00e0 1,2m so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch xa 0,9m. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9, hay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng khoang l\u00e1i trong chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Matt Brown. Trau d\u1ed3i t\u01b0 duy tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Khi b\u1ea1n mua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i d\u00e2y neo, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1ch bu\u1ed9c n\u00fat d\u00e2y th\u1eebng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u00fac b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean theo d\u00f5i n\u00fat bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o sinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat bu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.","NH\u1eeeNG CHI\u1ebeN L\u01af\u1ee2C H\u1eccC T\u1eacP K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P CH\u1eb6T CH\u1ebc C\u00c1C TR\u1ede NG\u1ea0I \u0110\u00c1NG MONG MU\u1ed0N KH\u00c1C Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 c\u00e1c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1edf kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng hay kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eef m\u1edd m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t? G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u01a1i m\u1edd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat hay trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f4ng ch\u1eef h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd nh\u1edb n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. D\u00e0n \u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 n\u00ean tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, hay s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u1ec7ch \u0111i so v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u1edf v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m? H\u00f3a ra khi d\u00e0n \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0, khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 v\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1edb. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n, tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ed1i th\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho s\u1ef1 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. (T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c hay nh\u00ecn ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb che l\u1ea5p b\u1edfi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.) H\u00e0nh vi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi hay c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb tra v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1ea1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mang l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf","n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0 duy \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: khi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1eeb trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y n\u00f3; v\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y n\u00f3, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Texas trong khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Vermont, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea7m ng\u00e2m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng: Dallas? San Antonio? El Paso? Houston? Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n thay th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch cho b\u1ea1n (t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n l\u00e0 Austin.) B\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u1eaft \u00f3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i hay b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. Sau khi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng l\u00f3e l\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tuy th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i song l\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a di\u1ec5n ra thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n d\u00f9 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eabn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u00ec. Khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf ra v\u00e0i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m (hay trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, sau khi nghe m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng hay \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5? C\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft? Sau khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t","h\u01a1n? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, hay m\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? S\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng (kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb trong t\u01b0 duy), ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft) v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay h\u00ecnh dung v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp trong \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi). M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c suy ng\u1eabm \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y hi\u1ec7n nay mang t\u00ean \u201cvi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc\u201d. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh theo c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong hay ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Mary Pat Wenderoth giao cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean tham gia l\u1edbp sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n cung c\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c\u201d). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi suy ng\u1eabm (h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc qua c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u201cvi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc\u201d tr\u00ean t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00fa v\u1ecb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. H\u01a1n 800 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng trong su\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3. Sau khi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 so\u1ea1n ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda cho ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c trang tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh ra v\u00e0i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong trang tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3.","K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3? Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong su\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 n\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh theo thang \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1eef) so v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 sao ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra kho\u1ea3ng hai th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb, nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc trong vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 suy ng\u1eabm d\u1eabu c\u00f3 suy gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. S\u1ef0 TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I V\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG HOANG \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG V\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P H\u1eccC T\u1eacP KH\u00d4NG SAI S\u00d3T Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1960, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc B. F. Skinner \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201ch\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng sai s\u00f3t\u201d v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng sai s\u00f3t l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eebng ch\u00fat m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u00edt \u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ra trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sai s\u00f3t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u01a1i th\u00e0nh t\u00edch v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed1i \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 x\u00fay b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3.","\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sai l\u1ea7m. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 n\u1ea3y sinh sai s\u00f3t, nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng trong gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch gay go. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn sai s\u00f3t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tri th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u1ed7i lo ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1eefng \u00e1c c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean lo ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00e9m h\u01a1n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh n\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ghi nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (M\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Li\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec sai kh\u00f4ng?), v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u00edt \u1ecfi h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong b\u00e0i thi. \u201cTr\u00ed nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng\u201d h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong \u0111\u1ea7u khi \u0111ang x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xao l\u00e3ng. Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ghi nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng minh (IQ) cao h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7i lo ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp 6 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef h\u00f3c b\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng em n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc","t\u1eadp, vi\u1ec7c m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp gi\u00fap s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ch\u00fang, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi ta t\u1eadp \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c em kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng em n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t ghi nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi, ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh lo l\u1eafng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t lo l\u1eafng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0, \u201csinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.\u201d Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n x\u1ea3y ra trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. N\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Carol Dweck v\u00e0 Anders Ericsson, c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Dweck, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi gen di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea3ng tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3; v\u00ec theo h\u1ecd, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea9m sinh y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cam go v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd coi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u0169ng","nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c hay \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Anders Ericsson v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn gi\u1edd chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp 6 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u1edf Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u201cFestival of errors\u201d (Ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t) nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc sinh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eb1ng, m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy h\u00e8n y\u1ebfu, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111ang r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ghi d\u1ea5u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn lao v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u201cFestival of errors\u201d c\u1ee7a Paris \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cFailcon\u201d (Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i) t\u1ea1i San Francisco, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh doanh nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Thomas Edison \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba t\u00ecm ra 10.000 c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\u201d \u00d4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u00ed quy\u1ebft d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eabn th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n","m\u00f3ng cho nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do th\u1eed nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c. Trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f3a 2005 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, Steve Jobs \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfi Apple Computer, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985 khi \u00f4ng \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 30: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i h\u00f3a ra vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfi Apple l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00f5m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u00e2n binh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u00edt ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y can tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p r\u1ee7i ro; \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng sau khi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eadn tay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. M\u1ed8T V\u00cd D\u1ee4 V\u1ec0 QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH H\u1eccC T\u1eacP C\u00d3 T\u00cdNH N\u0102NG SU\u1ea4T Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u201cs\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\u201d ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed v\u00e0 sai c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1 g\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f2i c\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c gara \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Silicon c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 t\u00e0o lao b\u00ean chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 Bonnie Blodgett \u1edf Minnesota. Bonnie l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia b\u00e0i tr\u00ed s\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1eddn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng","vang l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng khi\u1ebfn b\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ebd m\u1eb7t. Trong khi Bonnie l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi khi\u1ebfu th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, b\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i nghi kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u201cPhong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1eafm- l\u1ea5y-tr\u01b0\u1edbc-khi-b\u1ea1n-th\u1ea5y-v\u00ec-n\u1ebfu-b\u1ea1n-th\u1ea5y-tr\u01b0\u1edbc-th\u00ec-c\u00f3-th\u1ec3-b\u1ea1n-s\u1ebd-kh\u00f4ng-th\u00edch-th\u1ee9-b\u1ea1n- nh\u00ecn-th\u1ea5y. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ra m\u1eaft v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean The Blundering Gardener (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn hay m\u00f2 m\u1eabm). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0 xua \u0111i nh\u1eefng thanh \u00e2m h\u1ed3 nghi trong \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec d\u00f9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec, b\u00e0 v\u1eabn s\u1ebd g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. \u201cM\u00f2 m\u1eabm c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp ng\u0103n b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Bonnie \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 sai s\u00f3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac b\u00e0 v\u1eeba tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n Nam Minnesota \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n tham v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi b\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Bonnie \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. Khu v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn kh\u00e1c. Bonnie \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c trang tr\u00ed s\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i trung ni\u00ean khi b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n c\u1ea7u. B\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t b\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1t khao ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e0n tay l\u1ea5m b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng trong t\u1eebng g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 St. Paul, n\u01a1i b\u00e0 chung s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng.","\u201cTr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea5n t\u0129nh t\u00f4i,\u201d b\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 sau v\u00e0i n\u0103m d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, b\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0ng qu\u00fd v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Garden Letter (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong v\u01b0\u1eddn), trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Khi t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn hay m\u00f2 m\u1eabm\u201d, b\u00e0 \u0111ang cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, trong khi \u0111ang t\u00ecm t\u00f2i kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, Bonnie c\u00f2n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u00e0 \u0111ang h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c gh\u00e9p gi\u1ed1ng hai lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u2013 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i s\u00e2u th\u00eam cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan m\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc hay bi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0 b\u0103ng qua nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef La- tinh hay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng thu h\u00fat b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1; \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc; l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i v\u00f2m tr\u00ean n\u00f3c gara; thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ed1i \u0111i, b\u1eadc thang v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng; d\u1ee1 toang m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o c\u1ecdc nh\u1ecdn phong c\u00e1ch Gothic, r\u1ed3i t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u1ed7 g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thanh ngang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n nh\u1eb1m n\u00edu ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ba t\u1ea7ng s\u1eebng s\u1eefng theo l\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Victoria xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u1eddn xung quanh. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi tho\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc xung quanh, nh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ri\u00eang t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu, gi\u1eef cho khu v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a","c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tinh th\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi La- tinh. \u201cKhi t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng hay ti\u1ebfng La-tinh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00f4i nghi ho\u1eb7c: Sao m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? Sao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ra ngo\u00e0i kia, \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong n\u00f3?\u201d Th\u1ee9 \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Bonnie l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Bonnie v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecd. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Bonnie, kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfm hoi h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Linnaeus hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean La-tinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y m\u00e0 b\u00e0 v\u1eabn tr\u1ed3ng trong h\u1ed1c v\u00e0 k\u00e9o v\u00f2i d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u00e0 v\u00f9ng v\u1eaby xoay x\u1edf trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, trong l\u00fac lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian di\u1ec7u k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb trong b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa trong \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0. V\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef La-tinh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Linnaeus theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i. \u201cB\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean La-tinh r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ea1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ghi nh\u1edb. \u201cTardiva\u201d l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t sau ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \u201chydrangea\u201d (t\u00fa c\u1ea7u). Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \u201chydrangea\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u201ctardiva\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3.\u201d Bonnie \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng La-tinh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Anh. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c. Sau \u201chydrangea\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hoa kh\u00e1c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u201chydrangea\u201d (t\u00fa c\u1ea7u) r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn"]