["kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 oxy ho\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao. Khi \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ed9t m\u1ecbn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. Nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y? Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u00ec, hai kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9t s\u1eaft kh\u1eed m\u1ecbn l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn ho\u00e1, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Ch\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh ch\u00ec v\u00e0 ch\u00ed l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ec m\u1ecbn, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb b\u1ed9t ch\u00ec tractrat khan. Kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb? Ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p kim bi\u1ebft \u201cnh\u1edb\u201d kh\u00f4ng thua g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1edbi nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f3 tin, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. N\u0103m 1961, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean c\u1ea9n h\u1ee3p kim niken - titan b\u00e9 cong queo. Anh b\u00e8n t\u00edm c\u00e1ch k\u00e9o th\u1eb3ng t\u1eebng s\u1ee3i r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n khi t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o c\u0103ng l\u00ean 40 \u0111\u1ed9, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1: S\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng cong queo l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9u. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00e8n l\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee3i h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o th\u1eb3ng, \u0111em gia nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng cong ban \u0111\u1ea9u. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y h\u1ee3p kim c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb nh\u01b0 n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eady. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1ng cong v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea9u. T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim. N\u00f3i chung \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i h\u1ee3p kim nike - titanl\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng cong ban \u0111\u1ea9u khi t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u201cCh\u1ecb H\u1eb1ng\u201d m\u1ed9t antenma c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Nhung l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a antenma l\u1edbn nhu th\u1ebf l\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1i \u00f4\u201d -m\u1ed9t antenma l\u1edbn l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim niken - titan\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 40 \u0111\u1ed9 C. Sau \u0111\u00f3, g\u1eadp \u201cc\u00e1i \u00f4\u201d n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3","t\u00edch r\u1ea5t b\u00e9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho v\u00e0o trong t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Khi antenma \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, bao \u0111\u1ef1ng antenma m\u1edf ra, c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i h\u1ee3p kim s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111u\u1ee3c n\u0103ng lu\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Do \u1edf tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t lo\u00e3ng, n\u00ean \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea9u nhu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103ng lu\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o antenma, l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a antenma l\u00ean cao qu\u00e1 40 \u0111\u1ed9 C, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p kim \u201cph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i tr\u00ed nh\u1edb\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, antenma \u0111u\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra, l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng c\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 y\u00eau c\u1ea9u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ngu\u1eddi n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng d\u00f9ng dao c\u1eaft kim lo\u1ea1i ra th\u00e0nh l\u00e1t m\u1ecfng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tin. Nhung, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kim lo\u1ea1i nhu v\u1eady, Liti ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Liti l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 0,534 g\/cm3 (20 \u0111\u1ed9 C), n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean x\u0103ng. Liti c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, nhung m\u1ed9t khi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd kia c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng, \u1edf trong nu\u1edbc, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nu\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed hydro, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e1y gi\u1ed1ng nhu thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5. Liti \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111u\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111u\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nu\u1edbc th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec? Cho n\u00ean, ngu\u1eddi xua lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3, nhung nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Edison l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc oxyt c\u1ee7a Liti \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a pin, acquy l\u00e0m cho t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a pin \u0111u\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Lo\u1ea1i pin n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ee3c trong t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y nay, pin Liti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhu: M\u00e1y tr\u1ee3 tim, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng... Liti c\u00f3 v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Liti 6 v\u00e0 Liti 7 g\u1ea9n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. Liti 6 d\u00f9ng trong ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn, c\u00f2n Liti 7 l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00f2i n\u1ed5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong bom hydro ho\u1eb7c bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Liti 6 d\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. M\u00e1y m\u00f3c khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean cho th\u00eam d\u1ea9u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t trong v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 hao t\u1ed5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e1y. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea9u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c khi b\u1ecb ng\u00e2m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n do Liti 7 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea9u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.","Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, l\u1edbp men s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1t, l\u1edbp men tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ef7 tinh. Trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u cho ch\u1ee9a Liti, v\u00ec Liti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a men, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian nung, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01a1n b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u. Ngo\u00e0i ra trong m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tivi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Liti. Trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, Liti n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1m l\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e0 chua d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i, n\u1ebfu k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1i Liti l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1eafc nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t m\u00e9t d\u00e0i bao nhi\u00eau? M\u1ed9t m\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch l\u00e1t s\u00e0n... M\u1ed9t em nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u201chi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean\u201d n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n b\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng \u201c1 m\u00e9t th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng 1m\u00e9t ch\u1ee9 sao?\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c! Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. D\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec s\u00e1nh n\u1ed5i. V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb C\u00e2n \u0111o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kho\u00e1 11 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1960, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00e0i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng 1.650.763,73 l\u1ea9n b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng m\u00e0u da cam do Kripton 86 ph\u00e1t ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u00e9t qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u00edt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u0103m 1970, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh tuy\u1ebfn t\u1eeb x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00eau ra chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n m\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec7u \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh tuy\u1ebfn t\u1eeb x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o qua Paris\u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c1 m\u00e9t\u201d. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng platin ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i 1 m\u00e9t chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean. N\u0103m 1889, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb C\u00e2n \u0111o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua \u201cchu\u1ea9n g\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00e9t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thanh h\u1ee3p kim platin iridi ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef X, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u1ea3n \u201cg\u1ed1c\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00e2n \u0111o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Paris. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao m\u00e9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Paris\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.","Ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e9t \u1edf Parisv\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ed1t n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u1edf trong ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i 1013 bar th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 co gi\u00e3n 2 ph\u1ea9n v\u1ea1n milimet. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ee3p kim platin iridi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3ng gi\u00e3n, l\u1ea1nh co. Do v\u1eady, th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n linh ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 sai m\u1ed9t milimet c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u201csai ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m\u201d. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n, h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. N\u1ebfu chu\u1ea9n g\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n, h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. N\u1ebfu chu\u1ea9n g\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u0169. Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cb\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\u201d h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Xin l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n chi ti\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n \u0111em h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eafp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec khi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t toa xe \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?","N\u1ebfu ta nh\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xe \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m n\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta s\u1ebd suy ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c nh\u1ea3y tr\u1eeb v\u00e0o v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a xe, n\u00ean khi ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00e2n ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c \u00edt h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0, d\u00f9 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ng\u00e3, v\u00ec khi ch\u00e2n ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea9n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y khi nh\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n ng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau\u201d. Khi ng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edb c ch\u00e2n l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc (n\u1ebfu xe chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y theo v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc), v\u00e0 nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e3. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 trong l\u00fac \u0111i (theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, \u0111i ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ng\u00e3 th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00f2n khi ng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u nguy nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n, n\u00ean nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa l\u00e0, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb ng\u00e3 th\u00ec ng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 tay ch\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee1 nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n ng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi xe v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt v\u00f4 tri th\u00ec quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i chai n\u00e9m ra kh\u1ecfi xe v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 h\u01a1n khi n\u00e9m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y kh\u1ecfi toa xe th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh h\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y nh\u1ea3y l\u00f9i: Nh\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn quay m\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u00e0o? B\u1ea1n ch\u00e2m m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea9u chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i r\u1ed3i n\u1ed5 m\u00e1y, cho xe t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u1ebd nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u00e0o, t\u1ea1i sao? \u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh v\u00e2y quanh. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3hai l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn n\u1ebfn: tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y Acsimet. L\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7. S\u1edf d\u0129 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean cao l\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh (C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi ta v\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i). Khi b\u1ea1n g\u1eafn ng\u1ecdn n\u1ebfn l\u00ean mui xe v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n ga, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o xe m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed1c. Khi","\u0111\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i hai l\u1ef1c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang. L\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c gia t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau (F1 = m.a, trong \u0111\u00f3 m l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 a l\u00e0 gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a xe). Ngo\u00e0i ra, khi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh ph\u00eda sau, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n F1, v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1ecb nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang alpha c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda (theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c sau: tang (alpha) ~ a\/g (trong \u0111\u00f3 a l\u00e0 gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a xe, g l\u00e0 gia t\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 do) T\u1ea1i sao ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eaft? L\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed cacbonic v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd bao b\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i t\u1eaft ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00f3 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9? Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra? T\u1ea1i sao khi d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y v\u1eabn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng? Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed sau khi n\u00f3ng l\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebd n\u1edf ra v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n\u201d. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (n\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u1ea9n ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda), m\u00e0 b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u1edbi l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Acsimet kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed (ho\u1eb7c, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c), th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngay. C\u00f2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn y\u1ebfu, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c. Ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. Ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda trong \u0111\u00e8n. B\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea9u ho\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1ea1n th\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (do s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y sinh ra), v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1eaft v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed). V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ecbu n\u00e9n, k\u00e9o, ch\u1ecbu \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9. Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed3m s\u1ee3i c\u00e1c bon ch\u1ecbu k\u00e9o v\u00e0 keo silicat ch\u1ecbu n\u00e9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho nhau, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc.","Tr\u1ed9n hai v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhau theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, gia nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i \u00e9p v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n, t\u00f4i, phay, ti\u1ec7n. nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Composite r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 40% so v\u1edbi nh\u00f4m n\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch. Nh\u1edd \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, g\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y, \u0111\u00f3ng xu\u1ed3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean m\u1eb7t composite m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nh\u0169 c\u00f3 \u00e1nh kim \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng kim lo\u1ea1i. T\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u1eeda trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u00ecm t\u00f2i ra nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1953, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, khi n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5t ra t\u1eeb ph\u1ea9n \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u1eeda, n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 300.000 km. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y cho t\u00ean l\u1eeda, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n t\u1edbi 4 ~ 5 ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng tr\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u00f3 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m \u1edf k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 vi h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t trong bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. H\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u01a1tron kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, c\u00e1c n\u01a1tron v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi t\u1eed, si\u00eau h\u1ea1t... C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra, trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m, nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t\u201d. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, khi trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t do c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh, khi m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u1eb7p nhau: 500 gam h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 500 gam ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ra l\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng do 1000 kg h\u1ea1t urani ph\u00f3ng ra. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta thu th\u1eadp kh\u00ed hidro phong ph\u00fa c\u00f3 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u1eeda, s\u1ea3n sinh ra quang t\u1eed l\u01b0u, t\u1eeb \u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5t ph\u1ee5t ra, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean l\u1eeda, lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi","l\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, bay l\u00ean v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 300.000 km\/s. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t kinh ng\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t hidro, ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t T\u01a1riti (T), ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t Heli (He). Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang v\u1eeba nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ngay ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. Theo tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda bay l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c quan cho r\u1eb1ng, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng trong t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khoang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh, \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 khoang c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201cph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t\u201d, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f5m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t\u201d khi g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f5m s\u1ebd b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh quang n\u0103ng, sinh ra d\u00f2ng quang t\u1eed. G\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f5m s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 d\u00f2ng quang t\u1eed, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, trong t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, khoang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 g\u1ea9n 600 lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u00f3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u00ean l\u1eeda th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: 1.T\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng: l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay ti\u00eam k\u00edch, ti\u00eam k\u00edch n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u0169 trang, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau bay. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda theo t\u1ea9m b\u1eafn g\u1ed3m t\u00ean l\u1eeda ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly xa (100 - 200 km) , t\u00ean l\u1eeda ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly trung b\u00ecnh (40 -100 km), t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eb7n \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly g\u1ea9n (8 - 30 km), t\u00ean l\u1eeda t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 (5 - 10 km).Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, radar b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, radar t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n., x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t b\u1eafn tr\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 80%. 2. T\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1m: L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed trang b\u1ecb cho m\u00e1y bay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom, m\u00e1y bay ti\u00eam k\u00edch n\u00e9m bom, m\u00e1y bay c\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00edch, m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay tu\u1ea9n tra ch\u1ed1ng ng\u1ea9m. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m ch\u1ea1y d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc.","B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea9u n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda n\u00e0y \u0111a ph\u1ea9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf, t\u1ea9m b\u1eafn t\u1eeb 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 km, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 450 km. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, tia lade, s\u1ee3i quang, v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, radar s\u00f3ng milim\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. 3. T\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ea5t, t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1m, t\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1m: T\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n, \u0111o\u00e0n xe b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p, s\u1edf ch\u1ec9 huy m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng, s\u00e2n bay, kho t\u00e0ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 xe t\u0103ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo t\u1ea9m b\u1eafn, t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea9m xa (t\u1eeb 100 kmtr\u1edf l\u00ean), t\u1ea9m trung (30 100km), t\u1ea9m g\u1ea9n (4 - 30 km), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, tia lade, s\u1ee3i quang v\u00e0 radar b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u1ea9m b\u1eafn g\u1ed3m t\u1ea9m xa (200 - 500 km), t\u1ea9m trung (40 - 200 km), t\u1ea9m g\u1ea9n (d\u01b0\u1edbi 40 km). T\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng radar t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 radar b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng bay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau \u00e2m. 4.T\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng (bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eb7n m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbch t\u1eadp k\u00edch, t\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, t\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay. T\u1ea9m b\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m: t\u1ea9m xa (t\u1eeb 100 kmtr\u1edf l\u00ean), t\u1ea9m trung (30 - 100 km), t\u1ea9m th\u1ea5p, r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (4 - 30 km). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda n\u00e0y ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng radar b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n, tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tia lade. Nh\u00ecn chung, t\u00ean l\u1eeda lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ri\u00eang tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 r\u01a1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, khi \u201cr\u01a1i nh\u01b0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf d\u00f9, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd bay xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u00e3i, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i s\u1ebd ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Song, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u0103ng m\u00e3i l\u00ean. V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng 10 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean, tr\u00ean qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m m\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean. S\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u0103ng khi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u0103ng, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh d\u1ea9n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 r\u01a1i nhanh d\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 (khi kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf d\u00f9) ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong 12 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean hay \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, tu\u1ef3 theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 10 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd r\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eebng 400 500 m\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 50","m\u00e9t\/ gi\u00e2y. V\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec cho t\u1edbi khi d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a c\u0169ng r\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 r\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u00f2n t\u0103ng) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00edt h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. V\u00ec sao \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y khi \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n? Hai nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Anh tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ed \u1ea9n t\u1eeb 26 n\u0103m nay, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi : T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n s\u1eaft l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u l\u1eeda l\u1edbn, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbt l\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm? \u201cCh\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u r\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecf l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng to\u1ea3 khi chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n k\u00ea b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i\u201d, Bod Child, nay l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i C\u00e1c B\u1ea3o T\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Wales\u1edf Cardiff, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 x\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m 1976, khi Child\u0111ang b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb con t\u00e0u HMS Coronation, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm n\u0103m 1961. Trong m\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00e9o l\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang th\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft, b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u00e1t c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng bao ph\u1ee7 sau 3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. Khi d\u00f9ng b\u00faa \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 l\u1edbp \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y, Childs\u1eedng s\u1ed1t khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean bi s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean n\u00f3ng l\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n l\u1eeda sang chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n g\u1ed7 k\u00ea b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Theo ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u s\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean t\u1edbi 300 400 \u0111\u1ed9 C. Nay, khi \u201ch\u00e2m n\u00f3ng\u201d l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, Childv\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, David Rossinsky, cho hay h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: Khi chi\u1ebfc Coronationch\u00ecm ngh\u1ec9m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, do b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n m\u1eb7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u oxy, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u s\u1eaft b\u1ecb hoen g\u1ec9 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea9u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, ch\u00fang n\u1edf ra, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bi s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f4i l\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng). C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o c\u00e1t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u00e1o c\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 xi. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eed c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb oxy ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y, chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea9n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea9u v\u1eabn gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng (m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ions\u1eaft ) v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. Khi \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u l\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 l\u1edbp \u00e1o xi, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy ho\u00e1 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, d\u1eef d\u1ed9i b\u00f9ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0103n m\u00f2n Stephen Fletcher thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc","Loughborough, M\u1ef9, cho r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi s\u1eaft b\u1ecb oxy ho\u00e1, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00e0 v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u s\u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng, n\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u1edbi oxy l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy ho\u00e1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ef1c nhanh, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. T\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7 \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed9\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh bay tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Khi ch\u1ea1y, th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 100 km m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd. L\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng con t\u00e0u m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m t\u1ea5n l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc? Th\u1ef1c ra con t\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea1t gi\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9n do nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea1t n\u00e0y sinh ra theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u1edf b\u1ed1n xung quanh \u0111\u00e1y t\u00e0u phun ra v\u00e0 phun xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, th\u00e2n t\u00e0u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean tr\u00ean. Khi ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e2n t\u00e0u l\u00ean th\u00ec th\u00e2n t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u00fac \u1ea5y \u1edf gi\u1eefa th\u00e2n t\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, do v\u1eady m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt c\u1eafm theo h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00eang v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c chong ch\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea1y l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ed1n k\u00e9m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111a n\u0103ng Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9n trong \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tan \u0111i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau hao c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi t\u00e0u di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m tung to\u00e9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hoa s\u00f3ng. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau hao kh\u00f4ng \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Tuy v\u1eady, lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u1eeba ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eeba ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n. Khi ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, gi\u1eefa t\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng t\u00e0u l\u00ean. Do l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec7m n\u00e0y d\u00e0y t\u1edbi m\u1ea5y m\u00e9t, t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh y\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1, b\u00f9n l\u1ea9y, tr\u00ean th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean, sa m\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ea9m l\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec. Ngo\u00e0i m\u00e1y bay l\u00ean th\u1eb3ng ra, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i nh\u1ea5t. T\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng r\u00e9t bu\u1ed1t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c eo bi\u1ec3n, m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc b\u1ecb b\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u00e1ch t\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con t\u00e0u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch: t\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng.","Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, t\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: \u0110\u1ea9u t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo h\u00ecnh v\u00e1t, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh g\u00f3c 20-350 so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00fap n\u00f3 \u201cb\u00f2\u201d l\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Hai m\u1eb7t b\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea9u t\u00e0u, \u0111u\u00f4i t\u00e0u v\u00e0 b\u1ee5ng t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khoang n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng. Khi g\u1eb7p b\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea9u t\u00e0u n\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00f2 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f9i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u1edf h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t m\u00e1y lao v\u00e0o n\u00f3. Do c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1edbn, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u00ean c\u00fa va ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c xung k\u00edch m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 b\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. G\u1eb7p l\u1edbp b\u0103ng r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay, nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean t\u00e0u s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khoang ch\u1ee9a \u1edf \u0111u\u00f4i t\u00e0u, do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau, \u0111\u1ea9u t\u00e0u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ng\u00f3c l\u00ean cao. L\u00fac n\u00e0y cho th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ea9u t\u00e0u g\u00e1c l\u00ean t\u1ea9ng b\u0103ng d\u00e0y, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1o h\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf khoang ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111u\u00f4i t\u00e0u ra, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o khoang ch\u1ee9a \u1edf \u0111\u1ea9u t\u00e0u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea9u t\u00e0u v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nay l\u1ea1i th\u00eam tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m t\u1ea5n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf khoang ch\u1ee9a n\u00ean d\u00f9 l\u1edbp b\u0103ng r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i tr\u00ean l\u1edbp b\u0103ng. C\u00e1c t\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khi ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u0103ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng t\u1ea9ng b\u0103ng v\u1eeba d\u00e0y v\u1eeba ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c sau: T\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ea9ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1eafc \u0111i l\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Mu\u1ed1n t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u1edf hai s\u01b0\u1eddn thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea9n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c khoang n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea9y r\u1ea5t nhanh khoang ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn, t\u00e0u s\u1ebd nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00e0y ra v\u00e0 b\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o khoang ch\u1ee9a \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn b\u00ean kia, t\u00e0u s\u1ebd nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. C\u1ee9 b\u01a1m v\u00e0 h\u00fat nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng s\u1ebd l\u1eafc \u0111i l\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 hai ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t, t\u00e0u s\u1ebd l\u00f9i kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec. T\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. V\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecf t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u00e2n t\u00e0u to r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea9n tr\u00ean thon l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111i cho t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng trong l\u1edbp b\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn, lui, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 l\u00e1i, th\u00e2n t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u1eafn (t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 7 9\/1, c\u00f2n t\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng l\u00e0 4\/1). Do m\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2u n\u00ean t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea9ng b\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i sao t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng, n\u1ed5i l\u00ean? Nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7n s\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n \u0111i ng\u1ea9m d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ea2o thu\u1eadt g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eady? B\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong hai l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y.","Khi s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng. Khi l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u1ea5t \u00edt so v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u01a1 l\u1eedng \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00f3 ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng hay n\u1ed5i l\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kothay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00ean s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m. B\u00ed m\u1eadt\u201d trong hai l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u1ed3m hai l\u1edbp v\u1ecf trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i. Trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp v\u1ecf n\u00e0y chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khoang n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed7i khoang n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1eafp van d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u00e0 van x\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ra. T\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m \u0111ang n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, mu\u1ed1n l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n m\u1edf van d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khoang, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean. V\u00e0 khi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00ec t\u00e0u s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm. T\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m \u0111ang l\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n d\u00f9ng van d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9n c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn phun n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf trong c\u00e1c khoang ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc qua van x\u1ea3 ch\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c n\u00ean t\u00e0u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n khoang ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf khoang ch\u1ee9a ra nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m, khi\u1ebfn cho tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e0u ng\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng s\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u0169 kh\u00ed laser ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u0169 kh\u00ed laser khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn ra, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u00fang ph\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t ra ch\u00f9m tia laser n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 300.000 km\/gi\u00e2y. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, khi chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kim lo\u1ea1i, trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ion. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan ch\u1ea3y nhi\u1ec7t\u201d. V\u0169 kh\u00ed laser ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1edd v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00f9m tia laser g\u00e2y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng lan ch\u1ea3y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong. Cho n\u00ean tia laser t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 tia ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a k\u00ednh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1nh n\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng. Ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00e1y gi\u1ea5y. V\u1eady m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tia laser c\u00f2n cao g\u1ea5p v\u00e0i tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0i t\u1ef7 l\u1ea9n so v\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed tia laser \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn m\u00e1y bay, t\u00ean l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, khi b\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ea1ng kim lo\u1ea1i, tia laser c\u00f2n sinh ra t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng ion h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a tia laser khi ph\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i,","l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea3i xung k\u00edch tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ea1ng ion c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 X, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u1ea9n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0, ch\u00f9m tia laser c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb m\u00f9 m\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y g\u00ec. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5, khi b\u1ecb ch\u00f9m laser chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o qua h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m trong v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c, l\u00e0m cho n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng laser c\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ef1c m\u1ecfng b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9 m\u1eaft T\u1ea1i sao m\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh? M\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, s\u1ef1 \u201cT\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u00ed von m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ra\u0111a. Ch\u00f9m s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb do ra\u0111a ph\u00e1t ra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m: Ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00f9m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 sinh ra men theo h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9m song n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0103ngten c\u1ee7a ra\u0111a thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e0n hu\u1ef3nh quang c\u1ee7a ra\u0111a hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng. M\u1eb7t c\u1eaft t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ra\u0111a tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean ra\u0111a c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf. M\u1eb7t c\u1eaft t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 ra\u0111a c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh R 117A do M\u1ef9 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb 0,01 m2, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 0,01 ~ 0,1%, do v\u1eady n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ra \u0111a. M\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9n khung v\u00e0 v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i m\u00e1y bay, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u01a1n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3m thanh, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o l\u00e0m t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 khung m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cacbon tr\u1ed9n nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p cacbua silic t\u0103ng th\u00eam nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eb9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng ra\u0111a. M\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh B -2 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ki\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 ong l\u00e0m l\u1edbp v\u1ea3i v\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 s\u00f3ng ra\u0111a. \u0110\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i m\u00e1y bay c\u00f2n s\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u01a1n t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9t m\u1ecbn Niken Coban ho\u1eb7c kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 oxy ho\u00e1. L\u1edbp s\u01a1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n hao s\u00f3ng ra\u0111a chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 l\u00ean l\u00e0m n\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m trong s\u00f3ng; C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u mu\u1ed1i ki\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n s\u00f3ng ra\u0111a chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sinh ra s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. Ngo\u00e0i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh, m\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t","quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0: K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00e2n m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n, c\u00e1nh, \u0111u\u00f4i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u00f3ng ra\u0111a sinh ra quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ra\u0111a v\u00e0 thu s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u0103ngten. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n m\u00e1y bay th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft, h\u00ecnh ch\u00f3p, ch\u00f3p nh\u1ecdn, ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng tr\u00f2n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh, b\u1ecf \u0111i ph\u1ea9n \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00e1nh, thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea9n \u0111u\u00f4i ch\u1eef V l\u1ec7ch, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed gi\u00e1 treo \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o... th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i do ra\u0111a sinh ra, l\u00e0m cho s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu \u0111i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. M\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh F - 117 A v\u00e0 B 2l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean. M\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bon t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh B - 2 c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh d\u00e0i 52,43 m, th\u00e2n d\u00e0i 21 m, lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 0,05m2, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t cao. Do thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u00e1y bay ngo\u00e0i ra\u0111a c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u00e1y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, n\u00ean m\u00e1y b ay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ra\u0111a c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u00e1y th\u0103m d\u00f2 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay \u1edf ph\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i l\u1ed7 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed l\u1ea1i l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00fat nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3i ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e1y th\u0103m d\u00f2 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n do m\u00e1y bay sinh ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00fat \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. T\u1ea1i sao m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? \u25a0J J mo\u25a0\u25a0 M\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng c\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c bay \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 th\u00ec m\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay v\u00e0o b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ef1c bay c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t quay tr\u00ean n\u00f3c m\u00e1y bay. Khi m\u00e1y bay d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 sinh ra l\u1ef1c bay t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u00f9i, kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean cao m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng, d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea5t? \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh hay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng qua chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh hay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh,","\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u trong vi\u1ec7c nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 4 l\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea9n li\u1ec1n \u00e1o. B\u1ed1n l\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed hai b\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u00e1y bay, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng linh ho\u1ea1t. Khi m\u00e1y bay s\u1eafp c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh, l\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, phun kh\u00ed ra v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1i c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, gi\u00fap m\u00e1y bay tho\u00e1t v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng trung; Khi m\u00e1y bay t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau, ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c sinh ra gi\u00fap m\u00e1y bay bay cao v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn; Khi m\u00e1y bay s\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, phi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n l\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u00e1y bay m\u1ea5t \u0111i l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, m\u00e1y bay t\u1eeb t\u1eeb h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 kh\u00ed ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay. M\u00e1y bay ki\u1ec3u \u201cDi\u1ec1u h\u00e2u\u201d c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3o h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1eabu h\u1ea1m, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 35 m x 35 m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, do v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u00e1y ba y ki\u1ec3u \u201cDi\u1ec1u h\u00e2u\u201d ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1ec1 sau kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb cho h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. T\u1ea1i sao m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9ng im \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng? \u00d4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n d\u1eebng th\u00ec d\u1eebng, mu\u1ed1n \u0111i th\u00ec \u0111i, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e1y bay bay tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung n\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang bay m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 bay v\u00e0o b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c. Tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 xung quanh, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3 ra s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00fac nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean cao c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bay v\u00fat l\u00ean cao. Do v\u1eady, m\u00e1y bay mu\u1ed1n bay v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng trung th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c bay l\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh. Do v\u1eady, m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3i bayth\u00ec m\u1edbi sinh ra l\u1ef1c bay, n\u1ebfu d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c","gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay, l\u1ef1c bay s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. M\u00e1y bay m\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 r\u01a1i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng. Chim, n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a... m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c Ng\u00e0y 04\/10\/1960, chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay tua bin ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 sau khi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh t\u1eeb Boston kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean 3 trong s\u1ed1 4 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, phi c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea9u xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea9n s\u00e2n bay, 62 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed n\u1ea1n. Tai n\u1ea1n th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n chim s\u00e1o. Th\u00ec ra, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 va v\u00e0o m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 v\u00e0i con trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o c\u1eeda h\u00fat c\u1ee7a 3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 tua bin. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e1y bay b\u1ecb r\u01a1i do lo\u00e0i chim g\u00e2y ra. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 65 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 350 v\u1ee5 \u201cva ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o chim c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i\u201d, khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y bay b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1i chim V\u00ec sao chim bay l\u1ea1i \u201cg\u00e2y kh\u00f3 d\u1ec5\u201d cho m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Xem ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean tr\u00e1ch ri\u00eang lo\u00e0i chim. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u00f9ng tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 tua bin ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 tua bin c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i h\u00fat m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf xung quanh v\u00e0o th\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, do v\u1eady, c\u1eeda h\u00fat kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, khi bay gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i mi\u1ec7ng h\u00e1 c\u1ef1c to, tham lam nu\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0n chim l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang t\u1ea9m bay g\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim tuy x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt r\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng khi va ch\u1ea1m \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t gh\u00ea gh\u1edbm. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t tinh vi, khi chim va \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o, d\u00f9 cho c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn khi c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 bay, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i. \u201cPh\u00e1 c\u1eeda m\u00e0 v\u00e0o\u201d S\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a chim v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bay c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ef1 va \u0111\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i bay. Do phi c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. S\u1ef1 va \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c sau:m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay ti\u00eam k\u00edch \u0111ang bay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 600 km\/gi\u1edd, va v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t con chim \u01b0ng \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 con chim \u01b0ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp\u201d b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 v\u00e0o khoang m\u00e1y bay, l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i bay h\u00f4n m\u00ea, m\u1ea5y gi\u00e2y sau m\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng va ch\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t \u00edt x\u1ea3y ra.","S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 h\u00fat chim v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao d\u01b0\u1edbi 900 m\u00e9t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi 600 m\u00e9t l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed5i chim \u0111i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh hay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh th\u00ec b\u1eafn s\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i chim \u1edf g\u1ea9n s\u00e2n bay. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i loa ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t, h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean s\u00e2n bay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n chim \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i m\u00e0 bay \u0111i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i v\u00f2ng qua n\u01a1i ch imt\u1eadp trung, nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 radar, \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng radar gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ea9m xa, nh\u1eafc nh\u1ecf m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay tr\u00e1nh xa \u0111\u00e0n chim. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi chim th\u00ec tai n\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i sao m\u00e1y bay nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng c\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng? 60 70 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay \u201cnguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7\u201d c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 2 3 t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee1 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 s\u00e1ch. C\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1nh, l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, v\u1eady \u0111\u00fang ra m\u00e1y bay ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1nh h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 \u201ctuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng\u201d. V\u00ec sao th\u1ebf nh\u1ec9? T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 tr\u1edf \u0111i, m\u00e1y bay hai t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt, h\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1nh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng. Khi \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, m\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh th\u00eam tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 50 t\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi bay tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3i sinh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng l\u00e0 50 t\u1ea5n m\u1edbi duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eef cho n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay c \u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay c\u00e0ng cao, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e1nh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng sinh ra c\u0169ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y khi th\u1ea3 di\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y: hai c\u00e1i di\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 nhau, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 k\u00e9o ch\u1ea1y nhanh h\u01a1n th\u00ec","s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 bay cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea9u, m\u00e1y bay do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ed1t, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f2n th\u00f4 s\u01a1 n\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay kh\u00f4ng nhanh. Do v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft c\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec d\u00f9ng hai, ba l\u1edbp. M\u00e1y bay 3 t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n hai t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang n\u1eefa, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ea9u h\u1ebft m\u00e1y bay trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i hai t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh. T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay v\u00ec t\u0103ng c\u00e1nh Do \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u d\u00f9ng trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n d\u1ea9n, n\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e1nh l\u1edbn m\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ea9u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay hai c\u00e1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u201ch\u1ebft ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng\u201d. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 phun thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t s\u00e2u b\u1ecd, gieo h\u1ea1t, tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng, tr\u1eeb c\u1ecf., \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bay th\u1eadt ch\u1eadm, bay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn m\u1edbi sinh ra \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng. M\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea9u \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e1y bay hai t\u1ea9ng c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean\u201d s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec sao tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bayc\u1ea7n l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e8n xanh \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf? \u1ede ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8n xanh \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Xe c\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf d\u1eebng, \u0111\u00e8n xanh \u0111i\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y ra h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay c\u0169ng l\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n xanh \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao? Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam trong xanh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u1edf ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf, xanh, tr\u1eafng ch\u1ea9m ch\u1eadm bay qua. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng gian. Tuy r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhanh, b\u1edfi v\u1eady v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nguy hi\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u00e2m nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tai n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u00e1y bay d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, phi c\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u00fa \u00fd quan s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau, tr\u00e1i, ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho phi c\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t xung quanh c\u00f3 m\u00e1y bay hay kh\u00f4ng, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay kh\u00e1c \u0111ang \u0111i c\u00f9ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, do v\u1eady khi bay trong \u0111\u00eam, ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng ba \u0111\u00e8n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf hai b\u00ean tr\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf ph\u1ea9n \u0111u\u00f4i m\u00e1y bay: quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a phi c\u00f4ng th\u00ec \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf lu\u00f4n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea9u c\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e8n","xanh l\u1eafp \u1edf \u0111\u1ea9u c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e8n tr\u1eafng l\u1ea5p \u1edf \u0111u\u00f4i m\u00e1y bay, ba c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e8n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y. Sau khi m\u00e1y bay bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n hang kh\u00f4ng, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a phi c\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu phi c\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hai \u0111\u00e8n xanh \u0111\u1ecf th\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o nhau, c\u1ea9n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8n th\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i m\u00ecnh; N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u00e8n th\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang bay \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00ecnh; Hai t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nguy hi\u1ec3m. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e1y bay hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhanh, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u c\u00f3 m\u00e2y, c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cThi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00e1y bay\u201d, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 phi c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y bay \u1edf g\u1ea9n m\u00ecnh. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ra \u0111a tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n ra xung quanh, khi m\u00e1y bay kh\u00e1c bay g\u1ea9n, s\u00f3ng ra \u0111a b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb s\u00e1ng l\u00ean. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng bay v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang d\u1ea9n bay g\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn minh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. T\u1ea1i sao tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u201ch\u1ed9p \u0111en\u201d? M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n b\u1ecb r\u01a1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u201ch\u1ed9p \u0111en\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u00ean trong h\u1ed9p \u0111en c\u00f3 l\u1eafp nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o v\u00e0 ghi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9p \u0111en th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng b\u0103ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian bay b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9p \u0111en l\u00e0: khi x\u1ea3y ra tai n\u1ea1n m\u00e1y bay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 cao, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, h\u01b0\u1edbng bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ed9p \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n x\u1ea3y ra tai n\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb h\u1ed9p \u0111en v\u00e0o m\u00e1y m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng bay \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tai n\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra tai n\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bay b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ed9p \u0111en cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa hay b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng hay kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ed9p \u0111en kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u da cam. C\u00f3 h\u1ed9p \u0111en l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1eafp m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1c v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u g\u1ecdi.","Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9p \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean c\u00e1i c\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111u\u00f4i m\u00e1y bay, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1edbt h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea9u trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9p \u0111en l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 11. 0000C, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean 9800 atm\u00f4tphe, ng\u00e2m d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n 36 gi\u1edd m\u00e0 b\u0103ng t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea9m, ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, d\u1ea9u v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1988, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u l\u1eafp h\u1ed9p \u0111en tr\u00ean t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7. T\u1ea1i sao m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea7n l\u00ean v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3? H\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng khi m\u00e1y bay chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y sang ph\u1ea3i sang tr\u00e1i, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng ch\u00ednh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, thu\u1eadn theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh bay l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung. Th\u1ef1c ra, khi m\u00e1y bay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh c\u0169ng h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao? Th\u00ec ra c\u00f3 hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng th\u00ec m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n. Khi m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh, ch\u1ec9 khi l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng do c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay sinh ra l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay th\u00ec m\u00e1y bay m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u00e0 s\u1ee9c n\u00e2ng l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1ed5i qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay: T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn s\u1ee9c n\u00e2ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1ed5i qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng; N\u1ebfu thu\u1eadn theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i t\u1edbi th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1ed5i qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3. Do v\u1eady, trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3, l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn; Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e1y bay b\u1eb1ng nhau, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn m\u1ed9t \u00edt so v\u1edbi khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3. Khi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. H\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e1y bay, \u0111\u1ec3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y bay tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. M\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n. Do t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 khi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 khi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm, t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u00e9m, n\u1ebfu l\u00fac n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed5i ngang th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1y bay b\u1ecb nghi\u00eang \u0111\u1ed5, g\u00e2y ra tai n\u1ea1n. M\u00e0 bay theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng","c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 ngang, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1y bay gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c n\u00e2ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, do v\u1eady m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n. Ch\u00ednh do nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00eau tr\u00ean, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng s\u00e2n bay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tu\u1ef3 \u00fd, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a trong n\u0103m, do v\u1eady h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m, h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e1y bay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm, t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u201cl\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao. C\u00f3 s\u00e2n bay trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau, ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 giao nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t, kinh ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e2y, do vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c m\u00e1y bay l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Do v\u1eady s\u00e2n bay hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng song song theo h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. T\u1ea1i sao khi m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh, h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 trong khi bay \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ra \u0111a \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n? S\u00e2n bay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng\u201d, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea9u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh. Tuy s\u00e2n bay r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng do t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay r\u1ea5t nhanh, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay, c\u00e1c khai th\u00e1c vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u ph\u1ea3i k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay trong ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t ra ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh, h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng m\u00e1y bay. Ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1eeba t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, ra \u0111a l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. S\u00e2n bay c\u00f3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111a, c\u00e1c khai th\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n bay trong ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t qua m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ra \u0111a. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ra \u0111a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cRa\u0111a qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd giao th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cRa\u0111a h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\u201d. M\u00e0n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ra\u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1eebng m\u00e1y bay. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y bay ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t, ra\u0111a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho phi c\u00f4ng bay theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n. Ra \u0111a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho m\u00e1y bay khi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o trong c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e1y bay bay theo l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu","g\u1eb7p tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c m\u00e2y m\u00f9, ho\u1eb7c phi c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng quen l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ra \u0111a d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 l\u1eafp m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ra \u0111a, \u0103ng ten h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u201cB\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ra\u0111a\u201d, hoa ti\u00eau nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay, phi c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, cho n\u00ean m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cRa\u0111a th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9 cao\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi bay tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n , khi bay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1y bay c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t bao xa, khi bay tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u201cRa\u0111a ch\u1ed1ng va ch\u1ea1m\u201d, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 phi c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh n\u00fai cao hay nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cao khi m\u00e1y bay bay \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p. V\u00ec sao m\u00e1y bay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng... \u201cc\u1ee5t c\u00e1nh\u201d? C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thu ng\u1eafn c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u0103ng? \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00eaun kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. M\u00e1y bay nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean cao, c\u00e1nh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u00e1nh d\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng \u201cl\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c\u201d g\u00ec, c\u00e1nh c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i th\u00ec l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1.000 km\/gi\u1edd th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3i c\u00e1nh d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 33 m\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u00e2n d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 20 m\u00e9t. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1.700 km\/gi\u1edd, th\u00e2n kho\u1ea3ng 20 m\u00e9t, th\u00ec s\u1ea3i c\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3ng 12 m\u00e9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1nh d\u00e0i d\u00e0nh cho bay ch\u1eadm Khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay d\u00e0i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1nh t\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi bay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u00e2m thanh, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1nh d\u00e0i th\u00ec l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n sinh ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn. V\u00ec v\u1eady khi bay \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ng\u1eafn c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay r\u1ed3i, li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng kh\u00f4ng? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 hai t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng: khi m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang bay tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e0ng nhanh th\u00ec l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng sinh ra c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1nh ng\u1eafn c\u0169ng sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng do c\u00e1nh ng\u1eafn t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y bay. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y,","m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, t\u1edbi khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 cao m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng bay d\u00e0i c\u0169ng gi\u00fap m\u00e1y bay v\u1eeba ch\u1ea1y v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00e1y bay cao t\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u00e2n bay ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o theo ki\u1ec3u \u201cc\u00e1nh c\u1ee5p c\u00e1nh xo\u00e8\u201d. Lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay n\u00e0y khi bay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, c\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n khi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, c\u00e1nh s\u1ebd gi\u01b0\u01a1ng ra, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn tr\u00ean. V\u00ec sao m\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u1eaby c\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 chim? M\u1edbi xem ra th\u00ec h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y bay \u201cth\u00f4ng minh\u201d c\u00f2n chim \u201ck\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. M\u00e1y bay hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t m\u1edbi bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1edbi chim, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u201chai trong m\u1ed9t\u201d. C\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u0103ng, khi\u1ebfn m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 treo l\u00ean cao, c\u00f2n c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng sinh l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o hay l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y khi\u1ebfn m\u00e1y bay ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh th\u00f4i th\u00ec m\u00e1y bay s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n. T\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean cao ch\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bay l\u00ean. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong khi bay, c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e2ng, \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1y bay ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1nh chim kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Chim kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t, tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 p\u00edt t\u00f4ng l\u00e0m quay c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c phun kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t ra ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a chim ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1nh chim \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh hai nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh treo \u1edf tr\u00ean cao, hai l\u00e0 sinh ra l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh v\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1nh chim th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1eaby l\u00ean v\u1eaby xu\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ebf li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay v\u1ed7 l\u00ean v\u1ed7 xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mong mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y, d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bay v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng do nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh v\u1ed7 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u00ean lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc? Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay n\u00e0o c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc? Th\u00e1ng 9\/1997, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i","\u00f4 Matxc\u01a1va, l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc mang t\u00ean S -37 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh. \u0110\u00f4i c\u00e1nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh. Nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 khi m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00e1y bay. Khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n kh\u00ed men theo m\u00e9p c\u00e1nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb trong ra ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea9u m\u00fat ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. Nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh ngo\u00e0i m\u00e1y bay, nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tay l\u00e1i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u0103n tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, g\u00e2y ra nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i. N\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh, m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Khi lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng men theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay, c\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd cho lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o trong, l\u00e0m lu\u1ed3ng khi trong c\u00e1nh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ly. Do lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed \u0111i t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i, c\u00f9ng \u0111i qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a tay l\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00ed t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng l\u1edbn, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t n\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00e1c, chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau? L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu m\u00e1y bay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bay ngo\u1eb7t trong l\u00fac bay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, c\u00e1nh ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cong l\u00ean tr\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 bay th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea9n ho\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u1eaby gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea9n c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u00e2n m\u00e1y bay. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng cong. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3i sinh. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n, m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng cong v\u1eb9o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1984 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e1y bay th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda","tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cX 29A\u201d to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p, c\u00f2n m\u00e1y bay \u201cS -27\u201d, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn cho ki\u1ec3u m\u00e1y bay m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. M\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n bay cao ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, m\u00e1y bay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u bay c\u00e0ng cao c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, khi kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay cao h\u01a1n m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay trinh s\u00e1t th\u00ec c\u00e0ng bay cao c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o b\u1eafn l\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, bay cao tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed nh\u1ecf, d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay \u00edt c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u00f3c. N\u1ebfu bay tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean Thanh T\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cao tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n 45km m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 m\u00e1y bay qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea9u bay cao, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i mong bay c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nghe ra th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u1ea9n bay th\u1ea5p? Th\u00ec ra m\u00e1y bay qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng bay cao r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ra \u0111a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. S\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng do ra \u0111a ph\u00e1t ra khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ecbch th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ra \u0111a. Nh\u01b0ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ra \u0111a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quay. N\u1ebfu m\u00e1y bay bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, do b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ed3i l\u00f5m, th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e1y bay s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea9m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ra \u0111a, s\u00f3ng ra \u0111a kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u00e1y bay. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay trinh s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bay l\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng bay th\u1ea5p\u201d. Do m\u00e1y bay bay th\u1ea5p v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao g\u1ea9n khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch, khi b\u1ecb ra \u0111a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng bay \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea9u ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e9m bom ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ng\u1eafn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp tr\u1edf tay. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec m\u00e1y bay bay th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, do v\u1eady c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. Ba y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n d\u1ec5. V\u00ec tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 d\u00e3y n\u00fai, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cao to, m\u1ed9t khi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 t\u1eed n\u1ea1n. M\u00e1y bay cao t\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng bay th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u00e1y bay bay cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nguy hi\u1ec3m khi va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Ngo\u00e0i m\u00e1y bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ra, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea9n bay l\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t","\u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e1y bay d\u00f9ng trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 phun thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t c\u1ecf th\u00ec c\u1ea9n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay si\u00eau th\u1ea5p bay c\u00e1ch c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ea5y m\u00e9t. N\u1ebfu bay qu\u00e1 cao, thu\u1ed1c b\u1ed9t r\u1ea3i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n \u0111i bay lung tung, bay th\u1ea5p th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eadm, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u00e1y bay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u00e1y bay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1ybay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u00f3 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cao k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u0103m 1981, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u00e1y bay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5,tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e1y bay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec m\u00e1y bay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00ed d\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, ngay \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bay ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed Hidro, khi bay trong b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n,c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed \u00f4xi trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao m\u00e0 ph\u00ed d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p. K\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e1y bay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u00e1t bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh t\u1eeb t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng 0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau cao khi \u0111\u00e3 bay v\u00e0o trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea9u c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00ean l\u1eeda d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y \u1edf ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n; Th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00fat kh\u00ed, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y trong t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 theo ki\u1ec3u h\u00fat kh\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, d\u00f9ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00e9n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 l\u1ecfng, cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u oxi l\u1ecfng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u, m\u00e1y bay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay th\u1ebf cho m\u00e1y bay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian bay gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 hai ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i! T\u1ea1i sao trong kh\u00f4ng trung l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c?","\u25a0ooo\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0o\u25a0\u25a0o\u25a0 V\u1ea1n v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea9n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 cao. C\u00e1c t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong l\u00fac bay xung quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eef c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh , ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch xa qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh c\u1ea9u kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u1edf v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i ko c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t \u00edt, cho n\u00ean m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 . Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay l\u00ean d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gia c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t sil\u00edc \u0111\u01a1n tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ea9n cao, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p kim si\u00eau d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i si\u00eau thu\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v.v... M\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng to l\u1edbn (nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng gian, tr\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5) trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc m\u1eb7t nh\u1ee3t nh\u1ea1t, ra m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i l\u1ea1nh, \u0111au b\u1ee5ng bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt ti\u1ebft ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ea9n b\u1ee5ng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, th\u00e8m ng\u1ee7, \u0111au \u0111\u1ea9u, m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ngon mi\u1ec7ng, c\u00f3 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c b\u1ed3ng b\u1ec1nh. B\u1ecb m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh lo\u00e3ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt teo l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u b\u1ec7nh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t; Ngo\u00e0i ra ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 , khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quay th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng trung, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 phi h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u00e1y v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Thi th\u1ec3 trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00ec c\u01a1","th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i m\u00e0 d\u1ea9n b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea9n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u1eabn nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n bao b\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u1ea5m th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i m\u00e0 d\u1ea9n b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e1 l\u1ecfng. C\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do trong kh\u00f4ng gian bao la kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi khu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 oxy, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7 x\u00e1c h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 di\u1ec5n ra trong bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea9n \u00e1o du h\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1i x\u00e1c t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch hay b\u1ee5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 x\u00e9 n\u00e1t v\u1ee5n th\u00e0nh tro b\u1ee5i v\u00ec trong kh\u00f4ng gian bao la c\u00f3 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch bay kh\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ef1c nhanh. Nh\u00e0 n\u1eef du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ai? Nh\u00e0 n\u1eef du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 Valentina Trereskova c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Ng\u00e0y 16\/06\/1963, b\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e1i t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng 6\u201d bay v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng 5\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i 2 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ebfn bay theo \u0111\u1ed9i. Trong 3 ng\u00e0y 3 \u0111\u00eam trong kh\u00f4ng trung, chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 do b\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 bay quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 48 v\u00f2ng, l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh bay v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 2 tri\u1ec7u km. Hai chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh an tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 6. Trereskova \u0111\u00e3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m l\u00e1i t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bay v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong kh\u00f4ng trung, m\u1edf ra trang s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bay v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Trereskova sinh n\u0103m 1937, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t y\u00eau th\u00edch b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi xanh. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tham gia c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u00e0 v\u1eeba tham gia h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0m th\u1ee5 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb sau khi Gagarinl\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean bay l\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, b\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n n\u1eef \u1edf c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia bay v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u0103m 1962, tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","nh\u1eadn hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ea nin, hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Xioncopxki, huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng \u201cV\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d do H\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trao t\u1eb7ng, H\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea9u b\u00e0 l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. M\u1ed9t d\u00e3y n\u00fai h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng (\u1edf 28 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0129 b\u1eafc, 145 \u0111\u1ed9 kinh \u0111\u00f4ng) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean b\u00e0. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1963, Trereskova \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Nikolaiev v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1986, v\u1ecb H\u1eb1ng nga \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eb1ng nga trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f4n xao. T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 du h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? Qu\u1ea9n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp s\u1ee3i si\u00eau b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ee5c r\u00e1ch trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean 9 ho\u1eb7c 10 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m v\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Teflon v\u1edbi kevlar ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea9y x\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng Mylar tr\u00e1ng nh\u00f4m c\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam v\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 Darcon, v\u1ea3i nylon tr\u00e1ng Neoprene, v\u1ea3i Darcon, v\u1ea3i nylon tr\u00e1ng polyurethane, m\u00e0ng ch\u00ecm polyurethane, nylond\u1eabn tr\u1edf g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp s\u1ee3i kim lo\u1ea1i, v\u1ea3i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Vinyl ethylene t\u1ea1o \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn cho ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1edbp l\u00f3t b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5a nylongi\u00fap cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n. Tuy v\u1eady l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e doa ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u1ea3i n\u00e0y. M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u00ean trong do m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 do ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi h\u00e0nh gia \u1edf ph\u00eda n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, g\u1ea9n hay xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Chi\u1ebfc ba l\u00f4 \u0111eo sau l\u01b0ng c\u00e1c phi h\u00e0nh gia ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y duy tr\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edf v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi \u1edf tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. H\u1ecd ng\u1eafm c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 n\u00e9t do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea9u khi quy\u1ec3n che m\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafm M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd th\u00edch ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh l\u00fac M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n, sau khi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u01a1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n. Nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm c\u00e1c M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb, ban ng\u00e0y nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n ra m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t, tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n","r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eabn th\u00edch ng\u1eafm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam tr\u00f4ng ng\u00f3ng h\u1ecd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2ng \u201cTr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t xinh \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng\u201d. T\u1eeb tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, ban ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t, v\u00e0nh m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eadm duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c cao nguy\u00ean Thanh T\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c; M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 ao kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n ra m\u00e0u xanh \u00f4 liu, tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng sun-fuaric; Sa m\u1ea1c Sahara hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00e2y che khu\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i cao nh\u01b0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Himalaya, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ao h\u1ed3, d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n kh\u00f3i tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y V\u1ea1n l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c; M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 khi bay qua M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a bang Texas; Tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y xe l\u1eeda ch\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 bay; Bay tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi Mi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Himalaya s\u1eebng s\u1eefng v\u1edbi m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eadm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean b\u1edfi tuy\u1ebft tr\u1eafng xo\u00e1, \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng hoang v\u1eafng. Sa m\u1ea1c l\u1edbn \u1edf Iran c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat, n\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sao M\u1ed9c, \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, m\u00e0u n\u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i sau khi h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i b\u1ecb b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m th\u00e1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y qu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea3o Hawaii ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o ng\u1ecdc m\u00e0u xanh. Nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c tia ch\u1edbp \u1edf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung m\u1edbi th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn s\u1ea5m ch\u1edbp l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 hoa tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e1 b\u1eebng n\u1edf, khi ch\u1edbp ph\u00e1t ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n l\u1eeda. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn ch\u1edbp v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1edbp \u1edf 5, 6 n\u01a1i trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ea9ng m\u00e2y kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0m cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea9ng m\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea3nh s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn say l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cho h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng sao t\u1ea3 xi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n oxy c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9n, oxy c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p oxy v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t oxy, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng g\u00ec?","N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 oxy s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu oxy c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh. Trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m, v\u00ec v\u1eady khi bay trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, cung c\u1ea5p oxy l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea9u. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. 1.Ho\u00e1 l\u1ecfng oxy trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 leo n\u00fai, th\u1ee3 l\u1eb7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh oxy ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt. 2. D\u00f9ng c\u00e1c peoxyt c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng oxy: Khi \u0111\u1ed1t kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u01b0 oxy, \u0111\u1ed1t kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m th\u1ed5 trong oxy \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c peoxyt. Khi mang c\u00e1c peoxyt v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed cacbonic, ta s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy. V\u00ec peoxyt \u1edf d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 mang theo. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi oxy l\u1ecfng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. D\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 peoxyt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed cacbonic do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh th\u1ea3i ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o oxy. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00ed cacbonic do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh th\u1ea3i ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i n\u00ean c\u1ea9n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eeba n\u00eau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed ph\u1ebf th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o oxy. 3. D\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc oxy gi\u00e0 (c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed H2O2) l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n sinh oxy: Tuy n\u01b0\u1edbc oxy gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1c l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh oxy, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng. Ba lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n cho nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh: oxy \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edf, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n cho t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. 4. \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00ed oxy v\u00e0 hydro: Kh\u00ed hydrosinh ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed cacbonic do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh th\u1ea3i ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed metan (CH4) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y d\u00f9ng sinh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 5. D\u00f9ng t\u1ea3o lam quang h\u1ee3p: T\u1ea3o lam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u1edf bi\u1ec3n. Khi quang h\u1ee3p, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed cacbonic do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh th\u1ea3i ra v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucoza v\u00e0 oxy. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea3o lam sinh s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n oxy li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf. B\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, trong m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u00f4n thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3, m\u1ea1ch sun tinh, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao.","N\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1ch quang ph\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t xa, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p 100 ~ 1000 l\u1ea9n so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 (trong h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100.000.000.000 h\u00e0nh tinh), \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n 100.0 l\u1ea9n! Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n m\u1ea5y tri\u1ec7u t\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0! Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o l\u00e0m cho lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5? Theo s\u1ef1 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u00ean 6200 lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta! N\u0103m 1967, hai nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t ra theo c\u00f9ng chu k\u1ef3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n xung b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u00eaun, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch xung v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang ta! Sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t sao n\u01a1tron chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sao m\u1ea1ch xung. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 550 sao m\u1ea1ch xung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a sao m\u1ea1ch xung so v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch th\u00ec l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 10 ~ 20 km, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t sao m\u1ea1ch xung c\u1ee7a 1 cm3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 100 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n, b\u1eb1ng 1000 t\u1ef7 l\u1ea9n m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi! Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a sao m\u1ea1ch xung \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 10 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 C, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n cao h\u01a1n 6 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed9 C, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 -tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u01a1tron, t\u1ee9c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed m\u00e0 trung ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trung t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m cho th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng sao m\u1ea1ch xung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau hao h\u1ebft, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tai bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra sao xung m\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobelv\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1974. N\u0103m 1965, hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 khi \u0111i t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n \u00e2m thanh l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec5u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh, b\u1ed7ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nh\u1ecf y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u1eadt \u0111en \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 3K. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb trong v\u00f9ng s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng\u201d. Hi\u1ec7n","t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho l\u00ed lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebbn v\u1eb9n 600 ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Hai nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobelv\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed n\u0103m 1978. \u0110\u1ea9u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, sau khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn centimet hay milimet, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd l\u1edbn, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft. C\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t manh m\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. B\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn n\u00e0y trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng g\u00ec sau v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u201cchinh ph\u1ea1t\u201d v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m d\u00e0i hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, li\u1ec7u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo th\u1eddi gian. Khi cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ebfn bay ch\u1ec9 mang theo m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 Esperantos\u1ebd c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u chuy\u1ebfn bay, th\u00ec th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng, theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c xa so v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u0169 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u201cC\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u201ccha, m\u1eb9, ch\u1ea1y, \u0111i b\u1ed9, n g \u1ed3 i . . v \u1eab n s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u00e1y bay, nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi, xe h\u01a1i\u201d hay \u201ct\u00e0u ho\u1ea3\u201d s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng tr\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng gian\u201d, Thompson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 r\u1eadp b\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI, cho bi\u1ebft. Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5u qua nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb Ghana \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c","\u00c2u t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba qua l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o sang \u0111\u1ea3o, qu\u1ea9n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra. Trong v\u00f2ng 200 n\u0103m, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng sai kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm so v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ban \u0111\u1ea9u. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o \u1edf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi con t\u00e0u du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 bay \u0111i r\u1ea5t xa, nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p qua radios\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi trong kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb. C\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa x\u1ee9 c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t t\u0103m trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bao la. Thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 xuy\u00ean qua t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sao B\u0103ng, sao B\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m 3 lo\u1ea1i: sao B\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1, sao B\u0103ng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 sao B\u0103ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1. Ngo\u00e0i ba lo\u1ea1i sao B\u0103ng n\u00e0y ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i saoB\u0103ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ef7 tinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u0103ng thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sao B\u0103ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ean 4000 \u0111\u1ed9 C, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecb kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra r\u1eb1ng sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 b\u0103ng thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t? Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u0103ng thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cM\u00f9a thu n\u0103m \u0110\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 1962), gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u00f4i sao l\u1edbn r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd L\u00f4i, th\u00f4n T\u00e2y huy\u1ec7n Linh L\u0103ng. N\u00f3 to nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 tr\u00f2n, ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ea5m, l\u00e2u d\u1ea9n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. \u201cNg\u00f4i sao\u201d l\u1edbn n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u0103ng thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch hay l\u00e0 b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1? Theo nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh khoa h\u1ecdc. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 04 n\u0103m 1983, c\u1eeda \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 V\u00f4 T\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m kh\u00f3i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng v\u1ee1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng. Sau n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng sao b\u0103ng thu\u1ef7 tinh hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sao B\u0103ng thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt. Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1955, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng sao B\u0103ng thu\u1ef7 tinh r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kaston, bang Alaska c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3000 gram. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1963, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng sao b\u0103ng thu\u1ef7 tinh r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y trong m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng trang \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Matxc\u01a1va thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng v\u1ee1 v\u00e0o","kho\u1ea3ng 5000 gram. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sao b\u0103ng thu\u1ef7 tinh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i, khi ng\u00f4i sao ch\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf va v\u00e0o b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n n\u00ean b\u1ecb r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 sao B\u0103ng thu\u1ef7 tinh, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng r\u01a1i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch? N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1eaft c\u1ee5c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch, h\u00f2n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 hay s\u1eaft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f3 l\u1eafm \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ec3 \u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Khi bay v\u00e0o b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch c\u1ecd s\u00e1t v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang b\u1ecb n\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, khi ngu\u1ed9i d\u1ea9n, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf m\u1ecfng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp v\u1ecf n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9 1 mm, c\u00f3 m\u00e0u n\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111en. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbp v\u1ecf n\u00e0y ngu\u1ed9i d\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1ed5i qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n r\u00f5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft ng\u00f3n tay \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i khi ta n\u1eafm b\u1ed9t m\u00ec. L\u1edbp v\u1ecf n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 hay c\u1ee5c s\u1eaft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, b\u1ecb m\u01b0a n\u1eafng phong ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m bong m\u1ea5t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00fang. Thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, d\u00f9ng nam ch\u00e2m th\u1eed l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ngay. Ngo\u00e0i ra, quan s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 1 3 mm. 90% thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 niken, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eaft chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 90%, niken 4 8%. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng niken trong s\u1eaft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu m\u00e0i nh\u1eb5n m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch s\u1eaft r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng axit nitric b\u00f4i v\u00e0o, s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft r\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u00f4 hoa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trong thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch s\u1eaft ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, ch\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 \u00edt niken. Ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u niken kh\u00f3 b\u1ecb axit \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u201cv\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9","o \u25a0\u25a0\u25a0 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 300.000 km\/gi\u00e2y) l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 electron bay v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Electron, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t t\u00ed hon c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 99,99% v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con s\u1ed1 mong mu\u1ed1n. N\u0103m 1964, trong khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c electron, W. Bertozzi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng, electron chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng nhanh, nh\u01b0ng khi g\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thu th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng). \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c cao? Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Albert Einstein:E = mc2, trong \u0111\u00f3 E l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf: Khi m\u1ed9t electrong\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng n\u00f3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng t\u0103ng theo. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh \u201c\u0111u\u1ed5i theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d, electronc\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t electronchuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh t\u1edbi g\u1ea9n 300.000 km\/gi\u00e2y, c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00e0m electronbay nhanh h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 electronth\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 cacbon, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, titanv\u00e0 d\u1ea9u m\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb b\u1ee5i than v\u00e0 kh\u00ed ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5. C\u00f2n n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp cacbon v\u00e0 silicon. Theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd, cacbon d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ef1c \u00e9p l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princetonv\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie (M\u1ef9) cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed metan v\u00e0 d\u1ea9u m\u1ecf.","Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecf d\u1ea9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh. Nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Katharina Lodders t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh g\u1ea9n h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng Huygens, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Lodders cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean sao M\u1ed9c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i titan. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1edd ion, nickenv\u00e0 canxo. Theo c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3, ban \u0111\u1ea9u c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i kh\u00ed bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Lodders cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 l\u0103n trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i khi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a grafitv\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9n t\u1eed kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i qua h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c m\u1ecf d\u1ea9u v\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1999, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 NEAR l\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh Eros. Sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh Eros, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh Erosch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 20 t\u1ec9 t\u1ea5n nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 20 t\u1ec9 t\u1ea5n platin, v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 bay xung quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 20 - 30 ngh\u00ecn USD. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea9u m\u1ecf n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng hy v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng bao xa n\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea9u kh\u00ed trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t d\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0o cho s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t neutrino? M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eeba kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho b\u00ed \u1ea9n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 30 n\u0103m qua: s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t neutrino(d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t neutrino\u0111\u00e3 \u201cthay h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea1ng\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u ch\u00fang! Neutrino l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f3ng ma\u201d do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang chia th\u00e0nh 3 d\u1ea1ng: electron - neutrino, moun - neutrino v\u00e0 tau - neutrino. C\u00e1c neutrinosinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong l\u00f2ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng electron - neutrion. \u0110\u1ea9u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 70, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng neutrino \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 1\/3 s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t neutrinoso v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec sai l\u1ea9m trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi,","hay trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 neutrino? Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: Ch\u00ednh electron - neutrino, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cchu du\u201d t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 sang d\u1ea1ng moun - neutrino v\u00e0 tau - neutrinokhi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng electron - neutrino\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. M\u00e1y d\u00f2 neutrino kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y d\u00f2 neutrinokh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u1ea9m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t Canada \u0110\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Neutrino Sudbury(SNO). T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u t\u1edbi 2 km trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf niken g\u1ea9n Sudbury, Ontario, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u tr\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a 1.000 t\u1ea5n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y d\u00f2. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a neutrino. Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb n\u1eb7ng deuterium. Khi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed deuteriumb\u1ecb m\u1ed9t electron - neutrinob\u1eafn ph\u00e1, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t proton v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t neutron. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady c\u00e1c m\u00e1y d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y. Hai d\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a neutrino kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed deuterium. So s\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c do m\u00e1y d\u00f2 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c neutrino\u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 3 lo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh bay \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, electron neutrion \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh moun - neutrion v\u00e0 tau neutrion. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoah\u1ecdc c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c neutrinol\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang h\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 . \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng 149.600.000 km. V\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u00e0 kmth\u00ec c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian m\u1ea5y n\u0103m n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng 9.460.000.000.000 km (9,460.1012 km). C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 ly gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 gi\u00e2y sai, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y sai b\u1eb1ng 3.260.000.000.000 km (3,26.1012 km). \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ea9n 8 ph\u00fat 19 gi\u00e2y \u0111i t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn sao Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i 5 gi\u1edd 48 ph\u00fat. V\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m ng\u00f4i sao v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c","d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. V\u00ec sao v\u1ec7 tinh kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft? \u25a0\u25a0o\u25a0\u25a0 V\u1ec7 tinh kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba t\u0129nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 quay, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Cho n\u00ean, khi \u1edf m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00ecn l\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1ec7 tinh kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba t\u0129nh \u201c\u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean\u201d tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddim c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 36.000 km. Tr\u00ean v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh tinh x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea9ng m\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o... tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1m thu \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u1ec7 tinh, li\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea9ng m\u00e2y tr\u00ean cao. N\u1ebfu \u0111em nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 ghi l\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea9ng m\u00e2y tr\u00ean cao \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. V\u1ec7 tinh kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba t\u0129nh ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a b\u00e3o. V\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o thi\u00ean tai. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ecba t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean? \u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u theo chi\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m ngang, do l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u s\u1ebd bay theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi b\u1eafn vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang, vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ra ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 so v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u th\u00ec vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n bay xa h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n. V\u00ec m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh m\u1eb7t c\u1ea9u, n\u1ebfu k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra xa m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd cong xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u1ebfu b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u1edbn, vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n s\u1ebd bay v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1eb1m ngang, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea9u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n th\u00ec vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 7,91 kmv\u00e0 bay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ebft 1gi\u1edd 24 ph\u00fat c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00e0ng b\u00e9, vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n bay \u0111i nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 k hi bay cao c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t 500 kmth\u00ec c\u1ea9n 1 gi\u1edd 35 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 bay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu bay cao 3000 kmth\u00ec c\u1ea9n 2 gi\u1edd 31 ph\u00fat, n\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 39.500 kmth\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 bay m\u1ed9t","v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n t\u1edbi 24 gi\u1edd. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00ecn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh bay theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u00ean cao. V\u00ec Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 quay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng h\u1ebft 24 gi\u1edd, n\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00ecn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ea9n 24 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 bay h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec tr\u00f4ng v\u1ec7 tinh t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec7 tinh c\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. V\u1eady v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ecba t\u0129nh c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u00f2ng quan tr\u1eafc thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e1i tr\u00f2n? Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng nghi\u00eang, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng quan tr\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u00ec h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, tr\u00f4ng xa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e1nh bao l\u1edbn. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0m d\u00e1ng cho n\u00f3 hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng cho l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi m\u00e1i tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb xa, n\u00f3c \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda h\u00ecnh c\u1ea9u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea9n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3c m\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u00e3nh h\u1edf ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e9p m\u00e1i. B\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong ph\u00f2ng, r\u00e3nh h\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 l\u1edbn nh\u00ecn l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u0129a l\u00ean tr\u1eddi qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y. M\u00e1i h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Tr\u00ean tr\u1ea9n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 xung quanh t\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1eafp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00f3c nh\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ecdi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9, r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00f9 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00f3c nh\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. Khi kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 tr\u00ean n\u00f3c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u01b0a gi\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng quan tr\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1i tr\u00f2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng quan tr\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc - Nam n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m sao Ng\u01b0u Lang v\u00e0 sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p nhau kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1ea1ng v\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i m\u00f9a h\u00e8, g\u1ea9n th\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t g\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef. C\u00e1ch qua Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0, \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng nam tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ecdng xa xa v\u1edbi sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sao Ng\u01b0u Lang. Hai b\u00ean sao Ng\u01b0u Lang c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai ng\u00f4i sao nh\u1ecf. Nh\u00ecn l\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi, sao Ng\u01b0u Lang v\u00e0 sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch nhau m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nhau kh\u00f4ng xa tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t xa, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 16,4 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea9n tho\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ea5t t\u1ecbch (m\u00f9ng 7 th\u00e1ng 7 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch), Ng\u01b0u Lang v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef g\u1eb7p nhau qua s\u00f4ng Ng\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00e2n Ng\u01b0u Lang r\u1ea5t nhanh, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111i 100 km, t\u1eeb sao Ng\u01b0u Lang di","chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 4,3 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m; Cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1ea9u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 11 km\/gi\u00e2y, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 45 v\u1ea1n n\u0103m; G\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i ch\u00e0o nhau m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u1ea9n 32,8 n\u0103m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i vi\u1ec7c hai ng\u00f4i sao Ng\u01b0u Lang v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef m\u1ed7i n\u0103m g\u1eb7p nhau m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Sao Ng\u01b0u Lang v\u00e0 sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t xa, sao Ng\u01b0u Lang c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta 16 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y sao Ng\u01b0u Lang l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t ra 16 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea9u l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng xa h\u01a1n, kho\u1ea3ng 26,3 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta xa x\u00f4i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean nh\u00ecn l\u00ean m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hai \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng nh\u1ecf. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, sao Ng\u01b0u Lang v\u00e0 sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cao h\u01a1n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1edbi 2000 \u0111\u1ed9 C, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t ra m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea5p 10 l\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi; Sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n sao Ng\u01b0u Lang, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ea5p M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi 21 l\u1ea9n, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t ra g\u1ea5p 60 l\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef g\u1ea9n 10.000 \u0111\u1ed9 C, cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ea5y l\u1ea9n, ch\u1eb3ng tr\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fat \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xanh. Ban ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao tr\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u v\u1eady? Nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ban \u0111\u00eam. C\u00e1c v\u00ec sao nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y ch\u1ec9 ban \u0111\u00eam m\u1edbi c\u00f3. V\u1eady th\u00ec ban ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao tr\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u? Th\u1ef1c ra c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea9u t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i, t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i, l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh trong kh\u00f4ng trung, ch\u1ec9 do ban ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 do bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng khi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tia s\u00e1ng trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1ecb kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng r\u00f5 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi, l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111en k\u1ecbt, cho d\u00f9 \u00e1nh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, qua k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng thi\u00ean v\u0103n, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafn m\u1ea5t \u0111a ph\u1ea9n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam nh\u1ecf; Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00ednh quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho to\u00e0n b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i \u0111en \u0111i, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. D\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y, so v\u1edbi ng\u1eafm v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng cao c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ru\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ban ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed xung quanh c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao?","C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng coi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m trong kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t xung quanh c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng quang h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong m\u00e2y th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. Do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng quang h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, trong v\u00f2ng 30 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng tr\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra kho b\u00e1u tri th\u1ee9c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. N\u0103m 1963, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ph\u00e2n t\u1eed g\u1ed1c (OH). N\u0103m n\u0103m sau, l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra am\u00f4niac (NH3), ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb h\u1eefu c\u01a1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p - formaldehyde (H2CO). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1t\u201d. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n x\u01b0a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Nguy\u00ean Ti\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, cho d\u00f9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 60 lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao trong h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tinh h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ph\u00e2n t\u1eed oxy, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Xyanogen ho\u00e1 hi\u0111ro, formaldehyde (H2CO), ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ax\u00eaton alkyn, ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh axit am\u00f4ni kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. Do \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i axit amoni. Axit amoni l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh protein v\u00e0 axit nucleic, do v\u1eady \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u mu\u00f4n v\u1ebb. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00e1c. T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u0103m d\u00f2 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u00e2y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n hag v\u00e0 tinh h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0... N\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u01b0 si\u00eau ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng,","nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p, si\u00eau b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1, l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\u201d kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng gian. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao? Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ed\u00ean h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t b\u00e9. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn hay d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111o gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111o qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo t\u1eebng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Kepler, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c tinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 t\u00ednh ra. V\u00ec song tinh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi 8 l\u1ea9n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem song tinh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao? C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u1edf c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t xa cho n\u00ean c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 c\u00e1i s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ed1i h\u01a1n. N\u00f3i chung, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1edd m\u1edd \u1ea3o \u1ea3o th\u00ec \u1edf c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t xa. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, sao Ng\u01b0u Lang v\u00e0 sao Ch\u1ee9c N\u1eef c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p 1 th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ea9n ch\u00fang ta. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sao v\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Khi \u0111o, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao m\u1edd y\u1ebfu \u1edf g\u1ea9n c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o (ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u1edf xa h\u01a1n) l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n. Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t quay xung quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u1ebft 1 n\u0103m, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng 300 tri\u1ec7u km. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0, tuy nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao xa m\u1edd y\u1ebfu ph\u00eda sau kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ea9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf ph\u00eda sau, tuy bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, song v\u1eabn d\u1ecbch sang tr\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch sang ph\u1ea3i theo chu k\u1ef3 1 n\u0103m. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u00ec sao Ng\u01b0u Lang c\u00e1ch xa 8,6 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7ch \u0111i c\u00f3 0,7 gi\u00e2y. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c sao c\u00e1ch ta v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c sao \u1edf xa h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng... c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sao g\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 t\u00ednh ra. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0: gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c sao c\u00f3 m\u00e0u nh\u01b0 nhau th\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ^.","Nh\u1eefng ch\u00f2m sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00e1c v\u00ec sao c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t xa, xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0o g\u1ea9n h\u01a1n, ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0o xa h\u01a1n, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean Thi\u00ean c\u1ea9u m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3000 ~ 4000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babilon c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00f2m sao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babilon \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra 48 ch\u00f2m sao. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 ch\u00f2m sao gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec d\u00f9ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00f2m sao, c\u00f3 ch\u00f2m sao th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong th\u1ea9n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh Tam vi\u00ean Nh\u1ecb Th\u1eadp B\u00e1t t\u00fa. Tam Vi\u00ean n\u1eb1m \u1edf xung quanh sao B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c, Nh\u1ecb Th\u1eadp b\u00e1t t\u00fa n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111i qua. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea9n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c ch\u00f2m sao \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII m\u1edbi d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1edbm th\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea9u n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00f2m sao \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 88 ch\u00f2m, l\u00e0 do H\u1ed9i li\u00ean h\u1ee3p Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 29 ch\u00f2m sao \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean c\u1ea9u, 46 ch\u00f2m sao n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean c\u1ea9u, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean c\u1ea9u c\u00f3 13 ch\u00f2m. T\u00ean c \u1ee7a 88 ch\u00f2m sao n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00f2m \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng, ch\u00f2m S\u01b0 T\u1eed, ch\u00f2m Thi\u00ean H\u1ea1c, ch\u00f2m Thi\u00ean Nga; V l\u1ea5y t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong th\u1ea9n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u00f2m sao Ti\u00ean H\u1eadu, sao Ti\u00ean N\u1eef, sao Anh Ti\u00ean, ch\u00f2m sao k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, ch\u00f2m sao k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng, ch\u00f2m sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, ch\u00f2m sao gi\u00e1 v\u1ebd. Tuy r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n chia tuy kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao. M\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean sao Ho\u1ea3: V\u00ec sao m\u1eaft ta nh\u00ecn g\u00e0 ho\u00e1 cu\u1ed1c? Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Song \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng g\u00e2y \u201cb\u00e9 c\u00e1i nh\u1ea9m\u201d -ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.","\u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean sao Ho\u1ea3, trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng hay tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y\u201d, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Boston, M\u1ef9, cho bi\u1ebft. \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 quen v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn ra h\u1ecd \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\u201d. N\u0103m 1976, phi thuy\u1ec1n Viking 1 c\u1ee7a NASA \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Ho\u1ea3 tinh. B\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu nh\u1eadn tri gi\u00e1c -s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 do ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi \u201cc\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia xem m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang h\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o. Trong m\u1ed9t kho\u00e1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea9u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh trong khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean ph\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n. Sau c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e1n xem c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m di chuy\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o. Ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean thay, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u00e1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3. V\u00ec sao tr\u00ean sao Thu\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc? Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, tr\u00ean sao Thu\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9n ban \u0111\u1ea9u c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau. Tr\u00ean sao Thu\u1ef7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, song \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao v\u00ec \u1edf g\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n xung quanh m\u00ecnh, n\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau n\u00f3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, sao Thu\u1ef7 c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 xoay ch\u1ea9m ch\u1eadm, chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 quay l\u00e0 59 ng\u00e0y. Trong 59 ng\u00e0y, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay xung quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u01a1n n\u1eeda v\u00f2ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1eddi gian ban ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean sao Thu\u1ef7 r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 176 ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean","Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, so v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p 7 l\u1ea9n \u0111ang hun \u0111\u1ed1t sao Thu\u1ef7. Khi sao Thu\u1ef7 \u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1t 400 \u0111\u1ed9 C. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00ec c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ra. V\u00ec sao v\u00e0nh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh v\u00e0nh khuy\u00ean? Sao Th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 6 quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi sao Th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng sao Th\u1ed5 nghi\u00eang m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c 280 \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o (m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5) n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i nghi\u00eang 90 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i 29 n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian sao Th\u1ed5 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00ecn l\u00ean sao Th\u1ed5, v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00ec \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y g\u00ec n\u1eefa. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa sao Th\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng sao Th\u1ed5 khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y quan tr\u1eafc bay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7 v\u00e0nh sao Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng sao Th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh v\u00e0nh kh\u0103n, h\u00ecnh v\u00e0nh kh\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 15 n\u0103m s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfc h\u00ecnh v\u00e0nh kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n. Khi v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng n\u1eb1m song song v\u1edbi tia nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec cho d\u00f9 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u01b0a sao B\u0103ng? V\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y sao B\u0103ng trong b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi lo\u00e9 s\u00e1ng l\u00ean, th\u1ec3 sao B\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc kim nh\u1ecdn. Khi th\u1ec3 sao B\u0103ng va ch\u1ea1m, c\u1ecd s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0n tro. N\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 sao B\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn th\u00ec khi ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sao b\u0103ng. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea9n sao B\u0103ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u01b0a sao B\u0103ng. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1976, tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a sao B\u0103ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ec9nh C\u00e1t L\u00e2m, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Kho\u1ea3ng 3 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao B\u0103ng n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0i t\u1ea5n khi \u0111ang bay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c","d\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 C\u00e1t L\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng do va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u l\u1eeda l\u1edbn ch\u00f3i m\u1eaft. Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u l\u1eeda nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 hai qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ecf r\u1ed3i ph\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y v\u00e0 vang l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ea5m, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao B\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf l\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 C\u00e1t L\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh C\u00e1t, Giao H\u00e0, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a sao B\u0103ng hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf t\u1ec9nh C\u00e1t L\u00e2m. Tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a sao B\u1eb1n \u1edf C\u00e1t L\u00e2m l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Khu v\u1ef1c \u201cm\u01b0a\u201d k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 70.000 m\u00e9t t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 8.000 m\u00e9t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng Nam B\u1eafc, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 500.000 m2 Trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 100 m\u1ea3ng sao B\u0103ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n 500 gram v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 kh\u00e1c. T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sao B\u0103ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ea9n n\u00e0y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 2600 kg. Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u201cSao B\u0103ng s\u1ed1 1\u201d l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao B\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t thu nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng 1770 kg. Ng\u00f4i sao B\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y r\u01a1i trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u00f4n Hoa B\u00ec X\u01b0\u1edfng, huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh C\u00e1t. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a sao B\u0103ng Ban \u0111\u00eam, tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i lo\u00e9 s\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1nh cung r\u1ea1ch ngang b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhanh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: \u201cSao B\u0103ng\u201d. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00eau d\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ly k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao b\u0103ng. Trong \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng: m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00ec sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ebft, v\u00ec sao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 5 t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100 t\u1ef7. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i sao b\u0103ng l\u00e0 sao r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. C\u00e1c v\u00ec sao d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, tr\u1eeb m\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh tinh anh em g\u1ea9n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. V\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 xa, r\u1ea5t \u00edt kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u1eady trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u201cr\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng\u201d Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u1eady \u201csao B\u0103ng\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec?","Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec, sao B\u0103ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bay v\u00e0o t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ecb c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng. V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf g\u1ea9n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1, t\u00f4m, ngh\u00eau s\u00f2 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i n\u00fai, ch\u00fang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ri\u00eang. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang bay th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t nhanh, t\u1eeb 10 km t\u1edbi 70 80 km\/gi\u00e2y, nhanh g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n m\u00e1y bay nhanh nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay. Nh\u01b0ng khi bay v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng t\u1edbi m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft ngay m\u00e0 ch\u00e1y d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n theo qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng cung m\u00e0 ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. C\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft v\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. Do m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi c\u00f3 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e1y ki\u1ec7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m s\u1eaft, niken, ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sao b\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang s\u01b0\u1ee3t ngang b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 xa x\u0103m. V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sao Ch\u1ed5i Halley l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau km\/s? C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, sao ch\u1ed5i Halley c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh elip g\u1ea9n tr\u00f2n, c\u00f2n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i Halley l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh elip d\u1eb9t. \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i Halley g\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t (\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt) c\u00e1ch M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi 90 tri\u1ec7u kilom\u00e9t, qua gi\u1eefa qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o sao Thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 sao Kim, \u0111i\u1ec3m xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t (\u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt) c\u00e1ch xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi 5 t\u1ef7 295 tri\u1ec7u kilom\u00e9t, so v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao H\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (l\u00e0 4,5 t\u1ef7 kilom\u00e9t) th\u00ec c\u00f2n xa h\u01a1n. Chu k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i Halley quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 76 n\u0103m. Khi bay xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt sao ch\u1ed5i bay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 0.91 km\/s t\u1ee9c 3280 m\/s. N\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e2m thanh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 340 m\/s th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y g\u1ea5p 2,7 l\u1ea9n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e1y bay si\u00eau thanh c\u1ea5p 2,7.","Khi sao ch\u1ed5i Halley t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt bay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, th\u00ec khi c\u00e0ng bay g\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng nhanh. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt, g\u1ea9n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Kim, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 54,3 km\/s t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 195.500 km\/gi\u1edd. V\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt sai kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 04\/01 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 35,6 km\/s, c\u00f2n ng\u00e0y 04\/07 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 34,79 km\/s. V\u00ec sao \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a sao Ch\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ec7t d\u00e0i? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ghi v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i di \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean phim c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng. Sao ch\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tinh v\u00e2n, ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f3. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh th\u00ec ta s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu. V\u00ec sao ch\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u1edbn trong kh\u00f4ng trung, n\u00ean khi ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u00e1c sao kh\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i b\u1ecb d\u1eb9t. C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ed5i c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea9n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, sao ch\u1ed5i Halley l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea9n sao ch\u1ed5i Halley \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea9n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea9n n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, do l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a M\u1ed9c tinh, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf n\u00e0o th\u00ec khi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea9n, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, n\u00ean c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u00e0 k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eady cao. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u00e0o, c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i quan s\u00e1t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 quay k\u00ednh ghi \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh v\u1eeba \u00fd v\u1ec1 sao ch\u1ed5i. Sao ch\u1ed5i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam \u0111en th\u1eabm \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean v\u00fat ngang m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch l\u1ea1 hi\u1ebfm hoi, ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb: \u0111\u1ea9u nh\u1ecdn, \u0111u\u00f4i to tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc ch\u1ed5i qu\u00e9t nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quen g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i. Th\u1eadt ra m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra trong sao ch\u1ed5i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy, natri; c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cacbonic, xyanogen (CN)2, amoniac (NH3), c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nitril, xyanua, v.v...; c\u00e1c ion (..............) ... Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3"]
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