SachMoi.net-10-van-cau-hoi-vi-sao

["kh\u00f4ng coi sao ch\u1ed5i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ec3. Kh\u00e1ch \u201cquen\u201d haych\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cqua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d Ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh elip d\u1eb9t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ed5i chu k\u1ef3. C\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang. Chu k\u1ef3 quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Sao ch\u1ed5i Encke c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 3,3 n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch 3,3 n\u0103m ta l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1786, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra sao ch\u1ed5i Encke \u0111\u1ebfn nay, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n 50 l\u1ea9n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sao ch\u1ed5i c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 quay d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. M\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sao ch\u1ed5i c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 quay d\u00e0i t\u1edbi m\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n n\u0103m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ckh\u00e1ch qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi g\u00f3c bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0o n\u1eefa. Sao ch\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c Hyakutabe, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1996, c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 \u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 n\u0103m. T\u00ean \u201cch\u1ed5i\u201d t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y Nh\u1eefng sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u chia l\u00e0m 3 ph\u1ea9n: l\u00f5i ch\u1ed5i, s\u1ee3i ch\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i ch\u1ed5i. L\u00f5i ch\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng to\u1ea3 ra xung quanh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i m\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ed5i. L\u00f5i ch\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ee3i ch\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea9u ch\u1ed5i. Chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c ph\u00eda sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i ch\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u km trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110u\u00f4i ch\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sao ch\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi sao ch\u1ed5i bay t\u1edbi g\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1ed5i b\u1ea1t ra xa, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u0111u\u00f4i sao ch\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t sao ch\u1ed5i xung quanh \u0111\u1ea9u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u00e2y hydro\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh t\u1edbi g\u1ea9n 10 tri\u1ec7u km. \u1ede Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed1i m\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o bay ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh mu\u00f4n v\u1ebb Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. N\u0103m 1744, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra sao ch\u1ed5i De Cheseaux c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 6 \u0111u\u00f4i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c r\u1ed9ng 44 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea1t gi\u1ea5y l\u1edbn tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1812, \u0110\u00e0i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Marseille \u1edf Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t sao ch\u1ed5i l\u1ea1, tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea9u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u00e2y l\u1edbn, sau \u0111\u00f3 to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u00e2y \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i tr\u00f2n s\u00e1ng m\u1edd to\u1ea3 ra b\u1ed1n ph\u00eda. \u0110\u1ea9u th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1976 \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t sao ch\u1ed5i l\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i xo\u00e8 r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111u\u00f4i chim c\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam t\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh H\u1eafc Long","Giang \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. \u201cTo x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed7ng ru\u1ed9t\u201d Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi sao ch\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 sao ch\u1ed5i Halley n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00f9gn s\u1ee3i ch\u1ed5i d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 570.000 km. Sao ch\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00f9ng s\u1ee3i ch\u1ed5i d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 18,5 tri\u1ec7u kmv\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e0i t\u1edbi m\u1ea5t tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u km. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra sao ch\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed lo\u00e3ng. N\u1ebfu \u00e9p th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec 8.000 m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 1 m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u00e9p th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed tr\u00ean sao ch\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec m\u1ed9t sao ch\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 e r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bao la c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u sao ch\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ba sao ch\u1ed5i l\u1edbn. Th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c sao kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea9n bay t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, sao ch\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n hao kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, c\u1ee9 v\u1eady d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n sao ch\u1ed5i s\u1ebd tan v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1m sao b\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i sao sao Kim quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u? Sao Kim, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sao H\u00f4m, hay sao Mai l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh duy nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi quay t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, trong khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u quay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Kim tinh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c quay r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eang . C\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u quay n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea9u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129, h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5c quay 180 \u0111\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y d\u1eb7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1eafn b\u00ean trong b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n theo, quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u trong khi tr\u1ee5c quay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, sao Kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201canh em song sinh\u201d c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng 93% \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng 88%, c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc g\u1ea9n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ebb (c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean hai h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y). Tuy nhi\u00ean, sao Kim kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n h\u00e0nh tinh xanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cao g\u1ea5p 90 l\u1ea9n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u00e2y d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9a acid sulfuric t\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a sao Kim. Do c\u00f3 t\u1ea9ng m\u00e2y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 bao ph\u1ee7, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y cao \u0111\u1ebfn 470 \u0111\u1ed9 C sinh ra t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh.","V\u00ec sao Ho\u1ea3 tinh c\u00f3 m\u00e0u g\u1ec9 s\u1eaft? Th\u1ea9n chi\u1ebfn tranh qu\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed han g\u1ec9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec Ho\u1ea3 tinh c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft oxit \u1edf l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c n\u00f3ng trong l\u00f2ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ee7a ban \u0111\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea9u h\u1ebft s\u1eaft oxit th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n l\u1ecfng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ng\u00e0y nay. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, sao Ho\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cluy\u1ec7n\u201d s\u1eaft, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1eaft oxit t\u1eadp trung \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh, t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n s\u1eaft r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o thanh kh\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a sao Ho\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9n m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu g\u1ed3m s\u1eaft, niken v\u00e0 oxy t\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p 175.000 l\u1ea9n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nung m\u1eabu \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 2.400 \u0111\u1ed9 C. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a oxy v\u00e0 s\u1eaft trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 trong bi\u1ec3n magma nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00e0y s\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng 1.800 km. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean sao Ho\u1ea3 (Do s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n). N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n magma l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 3.200 \u0111\u1ed9 C. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, oxit s\u1eaft chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 oxi ho\u00e0 tan. S\u1eaft l\u1ecfng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean kh\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9n nh\u1ecf kho\u1ea3ng 8% oxit s\u1eaft trong l\u1edbp manti b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong v\u00f2ng 30 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh g\u1ea9n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a sao Ho\u1ea3, v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea5p 10 l\u1ea9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n magma tr\u00ean Ho\u1ea3 tinh n\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 2.200 \u0111\u1ed9 C. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, s\u1eaft oxit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp manti ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 18% s\u1eaft oxit, kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a 9 h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau? Tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00edn h\u00e0nh tinh trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Kepler. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng 9 h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1ea5y M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf th\u00ec cho d\u00f9 Thu\u1ef7 tinh cho \u0111\u1ebfn Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh \u1edf ngo\u00e0i r\u00eca \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhanh. Th\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng \u1edf g\u1ea9n ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i r\u00eca th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng","c\u00e0ng ch\u1eadm. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh elip, v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u1edbi sao ch\u1ed5i Halley th\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t). C\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tuy c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh elip nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea9n v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2n n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm. T\u00ednh v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c theo km \/ gi\u00e2y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y: Thu\u1ef7 tinh 47,88; Kim tinh 35,02; Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 29,79; Ho\u1ea3 tinh 24,12; M\u1ed9c tinh 13,06; Th\u1ed5 tinh 9,46; Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh 6,81; H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh 5,44; Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh 4,75. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c va \u0111\u1eadp v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh sao Kim ho\u1eb7c sao Ho\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng elip, \u1edf g\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u00fac d\u00f9 \u00edt d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang va ch\u1ea1m \u1edf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf gi\u1eefa sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 sao Ho\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh Apolo, Adonit, Eros\u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1edbt qua Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936, Adonit c\u00e1ch Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 1,5 tri\u1ec7u km. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 xa! 1,5 tri\u1ec7u km\u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng\u201d. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh thay \u0111\u1ed5i do s\u1ef1 tha \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e1m ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 va cham v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra va ch\u1ea1m c\u0169ng l\u1edbn. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 8 km\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng long. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan Copecnic trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cLu\u1eadn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\u201d \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i: Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3t quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi quay quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. R\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Copecnic v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y.","Qua h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch Digu, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Kapule \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Kaipule\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c3 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh xung quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh elip, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong hai ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh elip. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Kapule, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau: Trong th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 nhau, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi qu\u00e9t qua l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nhau. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec3m M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o xa \u0111i\u1ec3m M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kapule ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1609 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u201d. 10 n\u0103m sau (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1619), trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cLu\u1eadn h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u0169\u201d m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Kapule \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau: B\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chu k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh (T) v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1 ly trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (R) t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0. N\u1ebfu g\u1ecdi T1 v\u00e0 T2 l\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hai h\u00e0nh tinh; R1 v\u00e0 R2 l\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc ta c\u00f3: Kapule v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi nh\u01b0 sau: \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 16 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Ba quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo quy t\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trang nghi\u00eam: Chu k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 \u00fd, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. H\u1eb1ng tinh ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng c\u00f2n h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? \u201cH\u1eb1ng tinh\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sao t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u201ch\u00e0nh tinh\u201d kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi do \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng tinh l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 9 h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sao Thu\u1ef7, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, sao Kim, sao Ho\u1ea3, sao M\u1ed9c, sao Th\u1ed5, sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng tinh trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn t\u1edbi m\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y). M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng tinh g\u1ea9n","ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 382 x 10 m\u0169 23 W Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2nkhi\u1ebfn h\u1eb1ng tinh ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea9u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Einsteind\u1ef1a v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u00f3c b\u00faa n\u00e0y. Ho\u00e1 ra trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng tinh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 10 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 C khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau, x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch. H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydrobi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed heli v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m h\u1eb1ng tinh ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ed5 t\u1eeb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u1eb1ng tinh duy tr\u00ec ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng tinh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u0169ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng tinh (sao M\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch to nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng 1\/1.000 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi). Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do s\u1ee9c h\u00fat v\u00e0 co gi\u00e3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nung n\u00f3ng h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch. T\u1ea1i sao gi\u1eefa qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Ho\u1ea3 v\u00e0 sao M\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a cho \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn chung. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u201cThuy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn\u201d, thuy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn cho r\u1eb1ng: Trong d\u1ea3i ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 sao Ho\u1ea3, sau \u0111\u00f3 do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 gi\u1edd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5, h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn n\u00e0y b\u1ecb n\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c th\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 g\u00e2y ra l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5 tan t\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 b\u1ecb n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 bay ra l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n t\u1eadp trung trong d\u1ea3i ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh ng\u00e0y nay? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng, l\u1ebd ra kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhau, x\u1ea3y ra va ch\u1ea1m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau ng\u00e0y nay. Thuy\u1ebft va \u0111\u1eadp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n.","N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Ho\u1ea3 v\u00e0 sao M\u1ed9c th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y con c\u00e1 b\u01a1i trong Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eady, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i va \u0111\u1eadp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ee9? Trong m\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e2y, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cThuy\u1ebft b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m\u201d, \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng: Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea9u, khi nh\u1eefng ch\u00f2m sao nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho b\u00ean trong ph\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cb\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng bi\u1ebft bao! T\u1ea1i sao trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o r\u1eb1ng: \u201cM\u1ed9t b\u00f3 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 9 chi\u1ebfc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1801 khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 con s\u1ed1 8.000, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh n\u1eefa v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang ch\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c. \u201cNh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u huynh \u0111\u1ec7\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn n\u00e0y r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111ang \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 500.000. \u0110a s\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Ho\u1ea3 v\u00e0 sao M\u1ed9c, t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1ch M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi 2,06 ~ 3,65 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n. Khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ea3i ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d. \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\u201d tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng d\u00e0i bao nhi\u00eau? N\u1ebfu t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n \u0111i du l\u1ecbch tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u l\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00eam, v\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i d\u1eb1ng d\u1eb7c tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi , kh\u1ecfng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y g\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng 15 ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. R\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\u201d tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng d\u00e0i bao nhi\u00eau? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft, \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\u201d tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng 29,5 ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 giao nhau gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u00eam, m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 quay l\u1ea1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u00eam. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea9n giao nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.","M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ban ng\u00e0y, m\u1eb7t quay l\u1ea1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u00eam. Nh\u01b0ng M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 27,3 ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, cho n\u00ean \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\u201d tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 27,3 ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng 29,5 ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 27,3 ng\u00e0y? Th\u1ef1c ra m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111ang t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u00ean kia v\u1eabn \u0111ang quay quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i \u0111ang quay xung quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Sau khi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng quay m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o xung quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u00ec v\u1eady sau 27,3 ng\u00e0y, l\u1ebd ra M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi n\u1eefa m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n quay th\u00eam m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c n\u1eefa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 2,25 ng\u00e0y, c\u1ed9ng 27,3 ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi 2,25 ng\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 29,5 ng\u00e0y sao? T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c? Dapan M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sinh ra t\u1eeb hai s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. Khi M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ba thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng hay g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng th\u00ec M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng s\u1ebd che khu\u1ea5t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c; Khi M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3 ba thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd che khu\u1ea5t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c. Do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00ean nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c (nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n), ho\u00e0n th\u1ef1c, to\u00e0n ho\u00e0n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c; Nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c (Nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n) v\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c (Nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n). Khi x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng s\u1ebd che khu\u1ea5t M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u00f3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng qu\u00e9t qua s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb n\u1eeda b\u00f3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng qu\u00e9t qua, ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1ecb M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng che khu\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c b\u00e1n ph\u1ea9n. C\u00f3 l\u00fac do kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean khi x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1eady th\u00ec trong khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00f3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao v\u00e2y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00eca c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 che khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c b\u00e1n ph\u1ea9n.","Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan s\u00e1t, n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c. Khi x\u1ea3y ra nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u00e0o b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u00e0o b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n. C\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi, c\u00f2n nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y ng\u00e0y v\u1ecdng khi tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea9y. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m x\u1ea3y ra \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2 l\u1ea9n nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra 3 l\u1ea9n, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 5 l\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi x\u1ea3y ra. Nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m x\u1ea3y ra kho\u1ea3ng 1 2l\u1ea9n, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea9n nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u00ec trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 3l\u1ea9n nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ea9u n\u0103m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, song kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y, c\u1ee9 kho\u1ea3ng 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c. Tuy nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n h\u01a1n nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 l\u1ea9n x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec khi m\u1ed7i l\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, ^ s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f2n khi x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y. Nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ee9 kho\u1ea3ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n 200 ~ 300 n\u0103m m\u1edbi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n. \u1ede Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2009 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n, trong khi \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2035 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng? T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1969 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng 8 l\u1ea9n l\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea9n l\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u gramv\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Theo nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m, nham th\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3","gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 nham th\u1ea1ch c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 silicat v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 huy\u1ec1n v\u0169. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e1 huy\u1ec1n v\u0169 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 nham th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ra do n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun ra r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. X\u00e9t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 nham th\u1ea1ch thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 huy\u1ec1n v\u0169 tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Theo nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 nham th\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng 4,6 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i n\u00ean \u00edt l\u00e2u sau n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i \u1edf th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn kh\u00e1 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sao B\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. T\u1eeb v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u1ed1 sao B\u0103ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea9n nhau. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra r\u1eb1ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea9n su\u1ea5t va \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sao B\u0103ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao. Kho\u1ea3ng 4,1 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean. D\u1ecbch nham th\u1ea1ch phun ra v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch n\u00fai l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch n\u00fai Yabinin v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00f5m xu\u1ed1ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 1000 km, cao 3 ~ 4 km. V\u1ec1 sau c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ecbch nham th\u1ea1ch y\u1ebfu d\u1ea9n \u0111i, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 3,9 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u1ecf v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1 g\u1ea9n v\u1edbi \u201ch\u1ec7 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 va \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Tr\u0103ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n va \u0111\u1eadp l\u1ea9n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n n\u1eefa khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun ra r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, d\u1ecbch nham th\u1ea1ch phun ra tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n Tr\u0103ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 l\u00f5m th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng. Th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch nham th\u1ea1ch l\u1ea9n n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0i tr\u0103m, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 3,15 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea9n, ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf phun tr\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a sao B\u0103ng tuy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 sao B\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o hay t\u1ea9n su\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 ra sao \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn n\u1eefa. V\u1eady th\u00ec, hi\u1ec7n nay M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Song t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1787 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u0103t M\u1eb7t","tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ed7ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng th\u1ea9n b\u00ed, c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u00fat, c\u00f3 tia s\u00e1ng c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0i gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n l\u1ea9n lo\u1ea1i tia s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y. R\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ebfn nay m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n x\u00f4n xao b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phun tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i trong khi phun tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u1eebng h\u1eb3n, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ecbch nham th\u1ea1ch phun tr\u00e0o n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 phun kh\u00ed li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c bao nhi\u00eau kilomet trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat? N\u1ebfu cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i con s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1ea5y ph\u00fat l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 388.400 km, th\u1eddi gian M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 27,32166 ng\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 27 ng\u00e0y gi\u1edd 43 ph\u00fat). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi th\u1ebf li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb tu\u1ea9n tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ea9n tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 29 ng\u00e0y r\u01b0\u1ee1i kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady. Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111i h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111i c\u00f3 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu cho qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111i h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec c\u00f3 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu cho qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 384.400 km x 2 x 3,1414 = 2.415.256 km. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ra \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00fat ta c\u00f3: 27,321256 x 24 x 60 = 39343 ph\u00fat. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd l\u00e0: 2415256 : 39343 = 61,38 km ho\u1eb7c 1023 m\/s T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y nhanh g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea9n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o (l\u00e0 340 m\/s). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh elip, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00fac nhanh l\u00fac ch\u1eadm; l\u00fac \u1edf g\u1ea9n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 64,85 km\/s, c\u00f2n l\u00fac \u1edf xa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 58,10 km\/s. Nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ea7ng tr\u0103ng","N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u l\u00e0 do x\u00fac c\u1ea3m g\u00e2y n\u00ean. Th\u1eadt ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng quang h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau trong th\u1eddi gian \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i phim \u1ea3nh c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u tr\u0103ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1eafng v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do m\u00e0u xanh da tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u0103ng, v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea9m t\u1ed1i, m\u00e0u xanh da tr\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111i, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng tuy\u1ec1n. Khi ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n, tr\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1eafng v\u00e0ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00eam, tr\u0103ng gi\u1eef m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00eam tr\u1eddi quang \u0111\u00e3ng, khi tr\u0103ng l\u00ean cao c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u1eafng h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng khi xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea9n t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi, tr\u0103ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 cam. N\u1ebfu quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y h\u1ed3ng cam, \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u l\u00e1 c\u00e2y pha xanh l\u01a1. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt khi tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00eam. Nh\u00ecn qua \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u1ebfn v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y pha xanh l\u01a1. Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda m\u00e0u cam kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda ti\u1ebfng, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00ecn l\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u lam. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, khi \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p g\u1ea9n s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng cam, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ecf s\u1eadm nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u m\u00e1u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c ch\u00f9m tia s\u00e1ng trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng do tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng mang s\u1eafc m\u00e1u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng sau nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c. V\u00ec \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Trong th\u1eddi gian nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t che khu\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. B\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n tia xanh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tia \u0111\u1ecf. Trong th\u1eddi gian Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f9ng che m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng tia \u0111\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tia \u0111\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u00faa. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, ngay tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1eb7ng kim lo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i xanh, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecf. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00f4 danh?","C\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 quay quanh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng mang t\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Shakespeare: Desdemona, Juliet, Rosalind, Calinban v\u00e0 Sycorax... Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 danh. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IAU) \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh Eros c\u00f2n mang c\u00e1i bi\u1ec7t danh. ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng ai: Lolita c\u00e1i t\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1i t\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 hai c\u00f4 b\u00e9 h\u1ecdc sinh Australia g\u1eedi th\u01b0 t\u1edbi t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed New Scientist cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Dijon. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Jupiter (sao M\u1ed9c -th\u1ea9n m\u01b0a), Saturn(sao Th\u1ed5 th\u1ea9n n\u00f4ng), Mars(sao Ho\u1ea3 - th\u1ea9n chi\u1ebfn tranh), Venus (sao Kim th\u1ea9n v\u1ec7 n\u1eef). M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Apollo(th\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi) theo ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Phoebustheo ti\u1ebfng La M\u00e3. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Artemistheo ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Diana (th\u1ea9n s\u0103n b\u1eafn) hay Luna theo ti\u1ebfng La M\u00e3. T\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u00ean Luna n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Lunar, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c. Do Luna l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quen g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Luna. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t Heli c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1868. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u00ean l\u00e0 Sali\u0111\u1ebfn An \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra trong quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a tai l\u1eeda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng trong quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n n\u1eefa \u0111i quan s\u00e1t M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p th\u1ecfm kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng v\u1eeba h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1eeba kinh ng\u1ea1c l\u00e0: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea9u. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Salil\u1eadp t\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.","Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Lokie khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh quan s\u00e1t \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p! Hai b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. C\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 10, b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 ri\u00eang, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Helium, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a 27 n\u0103m sau. T h\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1895, nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Rolan\u0111ang b\u1eadn tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Acg\u00f4ng (Ar). Acg\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u01a1. B\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1eb7ng Yt\u01a1ri v\u00e0 Urani c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn ch\u00e1y, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u00d4ng h\u00e3y ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Acg\u00f4ng. Rolanc\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00fd. Khi \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh ph\u00e2n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng Yt\u01a1ri v\u00e0 Urani, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Acg\u00f4ng. Trong quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Acg\u00f4ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9u, Rolan cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Natri, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong khi l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o. Sau khi ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u0169. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0i h\u1ea1t mu\u1ed1i ki\u1ec1m v\u00e0o trong \u1ed1ng thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 qu\u1eb7ng Yt\u01a1ri v\u00e0 Urani \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng c\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, trong quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Natri (Na) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, Rolan ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng m\u00e0 Sali v\u00e0 Lokie ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong quang ph\u1ed5 27 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o trong qu\u1eb7ng Yt\u01a1ri v\u00e0 Urani tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Qua h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u1eb7ng Yt\u01a1ri v\u00e0 Urani r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Helium (He). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec?","Heli l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Hydro. Trong b\u1ea3ng chu k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 x\u1ebfp v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 He. Ti\u1ebfng Anh vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201cHelium\u201d, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p \u201cHelios\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cM\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\u201d, Heli c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng? M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eeba chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eeba t\u1ef1 quay quanh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c, \u1edf x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1ef1 quay v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 25 ng\u00e0y \/ 1 v\u00f2ng, c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 35 ng\u00e0y. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, ta l\u1ea5y Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a hai thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhau tr\u00ean hai qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00ean tr\u00f4ng t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u1eady M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao trong h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 ng\u00f4i sao l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tinh v\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c sao t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c m\u00e0 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m h\u1ec7 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 3 v\u1ea1n n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1\/3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o theo n\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh. M\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 250 km,di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng h\u1ebft 220 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng 5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao L\u1eadp H\u1ed9 (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00f2m sao Orion), n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed b\u1ee5i. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u00f4i sao l\u1edbn anh em kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng 20 v\u00f2ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao anh em c\u00f9ng sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. V\u00ec sao M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft? Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft, \u00edt ra c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn 5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m n\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y. Khi ta \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng cao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1ea1i x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y. C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi r\u1ea5t cao l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 hi\u0111ro) s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch, ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y \u1edf M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 600 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n hi\u0111ro bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Heli l\u00e0 \u201cTro\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u0111ro c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, li\u1ec7u ng\u00e0y t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f2n xa","kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111i 6 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n hi\u0111ro, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eafm m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u0111r\u00f4 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea5p 33 v\u1ea1n l\u1ea9n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft, th\u00ec M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ecf th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m l\u00fac m\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi bi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ecf, th\u00ec t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m cho \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn hi\u0111r\u00f4. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1eb7n \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, mang l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t cho ch\u00fang ta. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trung t\u00e2m trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ea9n v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 149.600.000 km, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u00e0 1,39 tri\u1ec7u km, g\u1ea5p 109 l\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch g\u1ea5p Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 1,3 tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea9n, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea5p 330.000 l\u1ea9n so v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 1,4 gram\/cm3. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 25 ng\u00e0y, c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn chu k\u1ef3 2 c\u1ef1c th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i, \u1edf khu 2 c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 35 ng\u00e0y. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 Hi\u0111ro, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Heli, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 cacbon, oxy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea9u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng, t\u1ea9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do 3 l\u1edbp c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quang c\u1ea9u, s\u1eafc c\u1ea9u v\u00e0 qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quang c\u1ea9u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 m, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ch\u00f3i m\u1eaft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb t\u1ea9ng quang c\u1ea9u n\u00e0y. S\u1eafc c\u1ea9u \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i quang c\u1ea9u, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea9ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u m\u00e9t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 C t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi v\u00e0i v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 C. Khi x\u1ea3y ra nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n, tia s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb quang c\u1ea9u b\u1ecb M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng che khu\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea9ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf t\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi t\u1ea9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea9ng s\u1eafc c\u1ea9u hay s\u1eafc c\u1ea9u. Qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ea9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea9u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, t\u1ea9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0i l\u1ea9n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u00f2n xa h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec7n ly cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u01b0a th\u1edbt. T\u1ea9ng trong c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i mi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 C. \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t","\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn, qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf. Qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi teo nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u1edf 2 c\u1ef1c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i mi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 1\/1.000.000 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a quang c\u1ea9u, n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y 15, 16 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c s\u1eafc c\u1ea9u th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n khi quan s\u00e1t qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t khi nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u201cm\u00e1y nh\u1eadt mi\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean quan s\u00e1t. V\u00e0i n\u0103m g\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea9ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng cao, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ea1t phun ra h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i r\u00eca M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1edbp kh\u00ed ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tai l\u1eeda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. C\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 ra v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n kil\u00f4m\u00e9t, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea9ng s\u1eafc c\u1ea9u. S\u1ed1 l\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc nh\u0129 b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi h\u1eafc t\u1eed, m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 kho\u1ea3ng 11 n\u0103m. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng s\u1eafc c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay khi nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea9n th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 xem c\u1ea3nh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc, khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3n tia n\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh, ch\u1eafc b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfu xu\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 8 ph\u00fat 20 gi\u00e2y. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta bao xa kh\u00f4ng? N\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y tia s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 300.000 km, n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y quanh x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t 1\/7 gi\u00e2y! Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 150 tri\u1ec7u km (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n). Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ea9n xa th\u00ec Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 3 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Ng\u00f4i sao c\u00e1ch xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t trong 9 h\u00e0nh tinh trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 sao Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 40 l\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o sao Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea9n m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i. Ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn ch\u01b0a? Nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, khi ch\u00fang r\u1eddi xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sao ch\u1ed5i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, ph\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m, v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n n\u0103m th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang","c\u00e1ch xa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua v\u00e0i tr\u0103m t\u1ef7 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, Outer \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u1edf xung quanh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng 150.000 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u1ea9ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7, t\u1ea9ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u00e1m m\u00e2y Outer\u201d. R\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u00e1m m\u00e2y Outer\u201d kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u00e1m m\u00e2y Outer\u201d l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9 to nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t trong \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f2n d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bao la c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf trong bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i! Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng m\u1edbi? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u00e0nh tinh gi\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ang quay theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao g\u1ea9n k\u1ec1 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Vega. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t g\u1ea9n ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Vega l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4i sao s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, song l\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi 350 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. Vega c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea9ng b\u1ee5i bao quanh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn gi\u1ed1ng H\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t ho\u00e0ng gia, Edinburgh, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng camera nh\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi - Scuda \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh Vega. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Vega v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea9ng b\u1ee5i r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh (-180oC) xung quanh. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u00ean m\u00e1y tinh cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong qu\u1ea9ng b\u1ee5i. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh gi\u1ed1ng H\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh v\u1edbi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u1ecf gi\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Vega c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Tr\u1ecdng h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 H\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh g\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea9y ra xa t\u1edbi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n nay. Trong su\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 h\u00fat m\u1ecdi m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u00fat, m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n s\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh tr\u1ebb. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ed7 \u0111en? L\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eady th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3","ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ed7 \u0111en? N\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ed7 \u0111en, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 xung quanh l\u1ed7 \u0111en m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 xung quanh n\u00f3. Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao bay quanh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao neutron - x\u00e1c si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed7 \u0111en b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c si\u00eau l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u1ea9n n\u00e1u t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean h\u00e0, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. Trong d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0, h\u1ecd quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u sao v\u00e0 kh\u00ed gas chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u1edf g\u1ea9n t\u00e2m. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea5p tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea9n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Di\u00eam v\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh). \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en. Quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tia X tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y, t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 SagittariusA. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean. G\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf c\u00e1ch SagittariusA t\u1edbi 17 gi\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i bay v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 5.000 km\/s. M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u1eefa cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a si\u00eau l\u1ed7 \u0111en t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n tinh, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n tinh ph\u00e1t ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7 \u0111en: tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb l\u1ed7 \u0111en h\u00fat m\u1ea5t, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 to\u1ea3 h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra ngo\u00e0i. Khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ctr\u00fat h\u01a1i th\u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, chu\u1ea9n tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ea9n. Thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en, v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc? Gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tim Heckman thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 g\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft l\u1ed7 \u0111en hay thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh thi\u00ean v\u0103n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Sydney, Australia. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u1edf trung t\u00e2m v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea5p M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea9n song ch\u1ec9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea9n. L\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 th\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, h\u00fat b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 \u1edf g\u1ea9n n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u1eafc m\u1eafc l\u1ed7 \u0111en d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch","t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao hay l\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cgieo m\u1ea9m\u201d l\u1ed7 \u0111en b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao. Heckmanv\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mang t\u00ean Sloan Digital Sky Survey\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 100 tri\u1ec7u thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 120.0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 g\u1ea9n k\u1ec1 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t khi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ed7 \u0111en. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed7 \u0111en Andrew Kingthu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leicester, Anh, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1edbi\u201d. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111a ph\u1ea9n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eebng m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef7 n\u0103m. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 g\u1ea9n k\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t gi\u00fap gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en kh\u00e1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u1edf trung t\u00e2m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m. T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn? V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1eeb c\u1ed5 ch\u00ed kim, t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, th\u1ea9n tho\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau ra kh\u00f4ng \u00edt gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 James\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00eaul\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi, \u00f4ng ta cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e3ng, t\u1eeb n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng d\u00e3n n\u1edf. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn. Thuy\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Thuy\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ef7 n\u0103m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c cao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed9 C. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn ngay c\u1ea3 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u01a1tron, proton, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, photon, n\u01a1trin\u00f4... v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e2y. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e3n n\u1edf kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed9 C c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y. Trong giai","\u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 C, l\u00fac n\u00e0y, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc ban \u0111\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 proton, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, protonv\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1 nh\u1eb9, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1ea3i qua kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9 C, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba. Thep l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Do s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u0169ng d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n y\u1ebfu \u0111i. Trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed, nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e2n (nebula), h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00eam h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1eddi sao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1eafc m\u00e0u s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. Khi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn v\u1eeba n\u00eau ra, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3ng \u0111ai qu\u1ea9n ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng, sau h\u01a1n 70 n\u0103m sau khi sinh ra, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan tr\u1eafc thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0, d\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111a ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn. Theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 3K trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan tr\u1eafc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m cho v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n \u201cMinh tinh\u201d trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc? Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a tu\u1ea9n ho\u00e0n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n. \u00c1nh n\u1eafng s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c, \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, \u00e1nh sao l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7... Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nghi ho\u1eb7c, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta sinh s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y? N\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u00ec trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m sao l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t ra nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafng r\u1ef1c? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta? Trong kh\u00f4ng gian bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u00e1nh sao l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh l\u00e0 v\u00ec sao v\u1eady? Ngo\u00e0i Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ra, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng tinh c\u1ea9u kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng? Sao ch\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u01b0? Nh\u1eefng","v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea9n tim hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a khi l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea9m m\u00f9a th\u00ec c\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f9a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fac thu\u1ef7 tri\u1ec1u l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi\u00ean v\u0103n ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1ea1o ra, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ban ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0: \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1eddi gian r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn gi\u1edd chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd m \u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi to g\u1ea5p m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u1ea9n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m l\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t centimet kh\u1ed1i th\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i m\u1edf t\u1eeb thi\u00ean v\u0103n, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. L\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: t\u1eeb trong quy lu\u1eadt quay l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn; quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a H\u00eali tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1edbi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 H\u00eali tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t; t\u1eeb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5... M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau; cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, sau khi khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, sau khi Anhxtanh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n d\u00e0nh cho l\u00ed lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd; s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0: v\u1eadt l\u00fd cao n\u0103ng, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. M\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea9m n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan l\u00e0 Copecnic \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra thuy\u1ebft Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t quay quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eadn","th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn. Ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u201cTr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea9u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00ed\u201d. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec3 bay l\u00ean b\u1ea9u tr\u1eddi, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tinh hoa nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u00ec v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean."]