Dictionary 393 tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Methyltransferases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH] Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH]
394 Muscles Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Motor Endplate: The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]
Dictionary 395 Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSIN. More than a dozen accessary proteins exist including troponin, tropomyosin, and dystrophin. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myenteric: On stimulation of an intestinal segment, the segment above contracts and that below relaxes. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping.
396 Muscles Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myogenic Regulatory Factors: A family of muscle-specific transcription factors which bind to DNA in control regions and thus regulate myogenesis. All members of this family contain a conserved helix-loop-helix motif which is homologous to the myc family proteins. These factors are only found in skeletal muscle. Members include the myoD protein, myogenin, myf-5, and myf-6 (also called MRF4 or herculin). [NIH] Myogenin: A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nasalis: A small fly whose larvae are parasites of the horse, the adult female fly depositing them into and around the nostrils, from where they later migrate to the pharynx or larynx of their host. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH]
Dictionary 397 Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neoprene: An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by the polymerization of chloroprene. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube
398 Muscles defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neurites: In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. \"Neurite\" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell. [NIH] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH] Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier
Dictionary 399 nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH] Nociceptors: Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH]
400 Muscles Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of meta- rhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH]
Dictionary 401 Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants). [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteology: A branch of anatomy dealing with the bones. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH]
402 Muscles Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Palpitation: A subjective sensation of an unduly rapid or irregular heart beat. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillary Muscles: Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH]
Dictionary 403 Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. \"General paresis\" and \"general paralysis\" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH] Patient Participation: Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health. [NIH] Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue
404 Muscles enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called \"somatic neuropathy\" or \"distal sensory polyneuropathy.\" [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU]
Dictionary 405 Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Petechia: A pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous haemorrhage. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngeal Muscles: The muscles of the pharynx are the inferior, middle and superior constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-D- aspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phosphoglycerate Mutase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D- glycerate to 3-phospho-D-glycerate. EC 5.4.2.1. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH]
406 Muscles Phosphorus Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase \"physiologic age,\" it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH]
Dictionary 407 Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as \"alutiae\". [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by
408 Muscles covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Positive End-Expiratory Pressure: A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lung at the end of expiration, thus keeping the alveoli open and improving gas exchange. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior chamber: The space between the back of the iris and the front face of the vitreous; filled with aqueous fluid. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU]
Dictionary 409 Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Proctalgia Fugax: Intense pain in the rectum that occasionally happens at night. Caused by muscle spasms around the anus. [NIH] Proctectomy: An operation to remove the rectum. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Pronation: Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body). [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU]
410 Muscles Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the
Dictionary 411 animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoacoustics: The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH] Pterygoid: A canal in the sphenoid bone for the vidian nerve. [NIH] Pterygoid Muscles: Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Alveoli: Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Valve: A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH] Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Pupa: An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyloric Stenosis: Obstruction of the pyloric canal. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH]
412 Muscles Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of
Dictionary 413 diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH]
414 Muscles Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines
Dictionary 415 with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retractor: An instrument designed for pulling aside tissues to improve exposure at operation; an instrument for drawing back the edge of a wound. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly,
416 Muscles and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a smooth, striated, or cardiac muscle fiber. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sarcomere: The repeating structural unit of a striated muscle fiber. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scaphoid Bone: The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of carpal bones. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH]
Dictionary 417 Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sciatica: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the L4, L5, S1 or S2 spinal nerve roots; often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior five- sixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or \"seizure disorder.\" [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs
418 Muscles discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semilunar Bone: A carpal bone which is located between the scaphoid and triquelateral bones. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female
Dictionary 419 or male. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH] Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor- mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the
420 Muscles large intestine. [NIH] Smiling: A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solitary Rectal Ulcer: A rare type of ulcer in the rectum. May develop because of straining to have a bowel movement. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with
Dictionary 421 heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH]
422 Muscles Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spiral Lamina: The bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus. It is part of the structure which divides trhe cochlea into sections. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sports Equipment: Equipment required for engaging in a sport (such as balls, bats, rackets, skis, skates, ropes, weights) and devices for the protection of athletes during their performance (such as masks, gloves, mouth pieces). [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH] Stapedius: The stapedius muscle arises from the wall of the middle ear and is inserted into the neck of the stapes. Its action is to pull the head of the stapes backward. [NIH] Stapes: One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear. [NIH] Staurosporine: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
Dictionary 423 Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress incontinence: An involuntary loss of urine that occurs at the same time that internal abdominal pressure is increased, such as with laughing, sneezing, coughing, or physical activity. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stress urinary: Leakage of urine caused by actions--such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, running, or lifting--that place pressure on the bladder from inside the body. Stress urinary incontinence can result from either a fallen bladder or weak sphincter muscles. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcapsular: Situated below a capsule. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its
424 Muscles bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supination: Applies to the movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward and when applied to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion of the foot. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or second- messenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules.
Dictionary 425 Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenotomy: The cutting of a tendon. [NIH] Tensor Tympani: Two muscles which operate on the hammer and stirrup. They contract in response to loud sounds. Their action reduces the amplitude of movement of the ossicles, thus limiting the sound intensity delivered to the inner ear. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH]
426 Muscles Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are
Dictionary 427 concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the
428 Muscles vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme \"donor:acceptor group transferase\". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]
Dictionary 429 Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricuspid Valve: The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nuclei: Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (spinal trigeminal nucleus), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus. [NIH] Trismus: Spasmodic contraction of the masseter muscle resulting in forceful jaw closure. This may be seen with a variety of diseases, including tetanus, as a complication of radiation therapy, trauma, or in association with neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Troponin C: One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the troponin complex of skeletal muscle. It is a calcium-binding protein. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent
430 Muscles light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tympani: The part of the cochlea below the spiral lamina. [NIH] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilicus: The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the \"personal unconscious\". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]
Dictionary 431 Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of
432 Muscles one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation
Dictionary 433 occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH]
434 Muscles Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
435 INDEX Agonist, 28, 60, 343, 383, 387, 399 Agrin, 10, 53, 77, 80, 343 A Air Pressure, 275, 343 Abduction, 341, 409 Airway, 10, 24, 28, 39, 49, 50, 57, 58, 129, Abductor, 5, 95, 98, 120, 341 Aberrant, 10, 52, 91, 341 213, 343, 419 Abscess, 280, 341, 345, 374, 418 Algorithms, 343, 351 Acceptor, 341, 402, 428 Alimentary, 235, 343, 403 Acclimatization, 39, 341 Alkaline, 341, 343, 344, 353, 426 Accommodation, 214, 241, 242, 341 Alkaloid, 343, 399, 416 Acetaminophen, 319, 341 Allergen, 344, 365, 418 Acetylcholine, 9, 49, 51, 76, 80, 81, 86, 118, Alpha Particles, 344, 412 Alpha-1, 85, 309, 344, 406 146, 341, 343, 357, 358, 398, 399 Alpha-helix, 344, 387 Acetylcholinesterase, 11, 63, 69, 152, 341 Alternative medicine, 272, 323, 344 Acidosis, 110, 341 Alternative Splicing, 344, 410 Acoustic, 19, 275, 341 Alveoli, 344, 365, 408, 431 Acrylonitrile, 341, 416 Amblyopia, 13, 65, 344 Actinin, 68, 341, 367 Amino acid, 34, 56, 150, 234, 344, 346, 347, Action Potentials, 28, 95, 341 Actomyosin, 59, 341 348, 363, 372, 377, 378, 382, 383, 387, Adaptability, 341, 356 388, 391, 400, 404, 405, 409, 410, 415, Adaptation, 39, 47, 54, 135, 341, 342, 407 418, 423, 427, 428, 429, 430 Adduction, 342, 424 Amino Acid Sequence, 234, 344, 346 Adductor, 5, 18, 98, 109, 126, 342 Ammonia, 344, 377, 424, 430 Adenosine, 184, 342, 387, 405 Amplification, 21, 24, 344 Adenovirus, 10, 68, 75, 76, 86, 268, 342 Ampulla, 344, 369 Adipocytes, 23, 30, 342, 361, 388 Amputation, 120, 344 Adipose Tissue, 342, 389, 426 Amygdala, 20, 344, 350, 389, 426 Adjustment, 90, 228, 250, 251, 264, 341, Amyloid, 86, 97, 234, 345 Anabolic, 10, 290, 345 342 Anaerobic, 137, 345 Adjuvant, 321, 342, 376 Anaesthesia, 107, 126, 345, 384 Adolescence, 342, 357 Anal, 4, 122, 317, 345, 374 Adrenal Cortex, 342, 362, 371, 409 Anal Fissure, 317, 345 Adrenergic, 69, 94, 292, 342, 370 Anal Fistula, 4, 345 Adverse Effect, 342, 344, 419 Analgesic, 210, 341, 345, 383, 399 Aerobic, 139, 286, 324, 342, 372, 394, 402 Analog, 222, 227, 345 Aerobic Exercise, 324, 342 Analogous, 235, 251, 345, 381, 428 Aerobic Metabolism, 342, 402 Anaphylatoxins, 345, 360 Aerobic Respiration, 342, 402 Anastomosis, 236, 345 Aeroembolism, 342, 350 Anatomical, 12, 13, 19, 51, 63, 89, 95, 119, Aerosol, 343, 399 345, 348, 351, 357, 366, 369, 384, 394, 417 Afferent, 20, 29, 46, 48, 53, 58, 60, 135, 343, Androgens, 41, 290, 342, 345, 363 Anemia, 14, 310, 345, 405 373, 388, 389, 421 Anesthesia, 27, 343, 345, 363, 369, 387 Affinity, 64, 343, 420 Aneurysm, 345, 431 Afterload, 38, 343 Angina, 165, 252, 345, 399 Agar, 343, 363, 383, 406 Angiography, 338, 345 Agarose, 343, 383 Angioplasty, 68, 345, 396 Age of Onset, 343, 430 Ageing, 257, 343 Aggravation, 213, 343
436 Muscles Arteriolosclerosis, 348 Arteriosclerosis, 80, 165, 348 Angulation, 241, 345 Arteriosus, 348, 411 Animal model, 8, 18, 28, 30, 32, 38, 41, 50, Articular, 346, 348, 387, 401 Articulation, 243, 348, 367 65, 147, 346 Artificial Organs, 348, 415 Anions, 346, 386, 424 Asepsis, 210, 348 Ankle, 9, 11, 117, 123, 136, 216, 233, 259, Aspartate, 348, 387, 405 Asphyxia, 57, 348, 399 346 Aspiration, 10, 348 Ankle Joint, 233, 346 Aspirin, 272, 296, 348 Anomalies, 37, 346 Assay, 23, 44, 51, 66, 69, 81, 348 Anorectal, 4, 346 Ataxia, 310, 348, 383, 426 Anorexia, 165, 325, 346 Atrial, 230, 252, 348 Anterior chamber, 219, 237, 238, 242, 346, Atrioventricular, 230, 231, 348, 358, 402 Atrium, 230, 348, 354, 394, 429, 432 386 Atrophy, 14, 20, 24, 30, 40, 44, 45, 82, 90, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 9, 12, 137, 137, 309, 310, 335, 336, 349, 389 346 Attenuation, 28, 349 Anterograde, 19, 346 Atypical, 118, 349 Antibacterial, 346, 421 Auditory, 19, 275, 349, 359, 367, 371, 379, Antibiotic, 185, 346, 421 Antibodies, 32, 51, 233, 234, 346, 349, 379, 392, 430, 431 Auditory Cortex, 349, 359 383, 391, 407 Autoantibodies, 128, 349 Anticoagulant, 149, 346, 410 Autoantigens, 349 Antigen, 78, 81, 234, 343, 346, 360, 381, Autoimmune disease, 272, 349 Autoimmunity, 23, 349 382, 383, 384, 418 Autonomic, 27, 341, 349, 377, 399, 404, 421 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 346, 360 Autonomic Nervous System, 349, 404 Anti-inflammatory, 258, 272, 341, 347, 348, Autopsy, 149, 349 Avian, 65, 349 363, 365, 377, 383, 408 Avulsion, 54, 349 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 347, 348, 363 Axonal, 48, 65, 349 Antineoplastic, 347, 363 Axons, 53, 65, 117, 349, 386, 400, 409, 421 Antioxidant, 54, 55, 71, 151, 347 Axotomy, 53, 349 Antipyretic, 341, 347 B Anus, 345, 346, 347, 352, 359, 404, 409, 413 Anxiety, 165, 283, 336, 347 Back Pain, 209, 245, 274, 324, 349 Aorta, 90, 153, 230, 347, 354, 362, 432 Bacteria, 217, 346, 349, 350, 361, 368, 370, Aortic Valve, 230, 347 Aperture, 347, 411 373, 393, 407, 412, 418, 421, 427, 428, 431 Apnea, 50, 52, 213, 347 Bacterial Physiology, 342, 349 Apolipoproteins, 347, 389 Bacteriophage, 349, 406, 428 Apoptosis, 25, 347 Bacterium, 350, 361 Applicability, 64, 347 Basal Ganglia, 348, 350, 352, 375, 389 Approximate, 249, 347 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 348, 350 Apraxia, 29, 176, 347 Basement Membrane, 350, 372, 388 Aqueous, 238, 242, 347, 350, 358, 364, 368, Bed Rest, 6, 34, 350 Bends, 240, 350 381, 388, 408 Benign, 91, 166, 280, 339, 348, 350, 375, Aqueous fluid, 347, 408 Aqueous humor, 238, 242, 347, 358 397, 412 Arginase, 72, 347 Beta-pleated, 345, 350 Arginine, 83, 186, 345, 347, 399 Bilateral, 29, 89, 91, 92, 111, 116, 209, 350, Arterial, 18, 27, 50, 75, 347, 348, 357, 382, 402, 403 399, 410, 425 Arteries, 119, 151, 273, 274, 283, 284, 347, 348, 351, 362, 390, 393, 395, 430 Arteriography, 338, 347 Arterioles, 39, 136, 348, 351, 354, 431
Bile, 187, 235, 274, 350, 364, 375, 381, 389, 437 422 Breakdown, 149, 352, 365, 375, 400 Bile Acids, 350, 422 Bronchi, 352, 353, 370, 428 Bile Acids and Salts, 350 Bronchitis, 166, 353, 358 Bile duct, 235, 350, 375 Bronchoscopy, 126, 353 Biliary, 235, 350, 360 Buccal, 353, 390 Bilirubin, 350, 375 Burns, 9, 151, 339, 353 Binding Sites, 61, 350 Burns, Electric, 353 Bioavailability, 246, 350 Bursitis, 90, 166, 253, 319, 353 Biochemical, 7, 10, 14, 19, 33, 43, 52, 111, Bypass, 236, 353, 396 C 350, 378, 388, 401, 410 Cachexia, 44, 353 Biogenesis, 69, 350 Cadaver, 133, 353 Biological response modifier, 351, 385 Calcification, 348, 353 Biological therapy, 351, 379 Calcineurin, 44, 45, 67, 69, 70, 74, 353 Biomechanics, 10, 15, 36, 62, 92, 96, 112, Calcium Channels, 62, 353 Calmodulin, 34, 67, 69, 353, 385 117, 125, 127, 151, 266, 351 Calpain, 41, 84, 353 Biomedical Engineering, 8, 35, 351 Cannula, 52, 354 Biopsy, 5, 7, 335, 337, 338, 351, 404 Capillary, 21, 352, 354, 389, 411, 432 Biotechnology, 66, 87, 146, 305, 307, 309, Capsular, 219, 241, 242, 354 Capsules, 354, 367, 376 310, 311, 323, 351 Carbohydrate, 55, 149, 150, 285, 354, 363, Blepharitis, 29, 351 Blepharospasm, 29, 351 377, 378, 408 Blinking, 29, 351 Carbon Dioxide, 354, 355, 374, 376, 382, Bloating, 351, 376 Blood Coagulation, 351, 353, 426 406, 414 Blood Glucose, 279, 284, 285, 351, 380, 385 Carcinogen, 354, 371 Blood pressure, 27, 59, 111, 142, 230, 272, Carcinogenic, 354, 357, 385, 400, 409, 422 Carcinoma, 354 351, 354, 355, 357, 382, 394, 420 Cardiac Output, 17, 39, 224, 354 Blood Volume, 39, 351 Cardiomyopathy, 81, 84, 166, 354 Body Fluids, 351, 353, 367, 420 Cardiomyoplasty, 224, 354 Body Mass Index, 351, 401 Cardiopulmonary, 39, 236, 354 Body Regions, 233, 351 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 236, 354 Bolus, 24, 351 Cardiorespiratory, 90, 342, 354 Bolus infusion, 351 Cardiovascular, 28, 59, 70, 90, 111, 150, Bone Development, 55, 351 Bone Marrow, 176, 352, 376, 383, 390 226, 236, 239, 240, 249, 252, 272, 273, Bone scan, 352, 416 281, 285, 353, 354, 372, 431 Boron, 146, 352, 363 Cardiovascular disease, 236, 252, 354 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 352 Cardiovascular System, 236, 272, 273, 354 Bottle Feeding, 52, 352 Carnitine, 149, 155, 156, 157, 354 Bowel, 170, 221, 268, 273, 317, 345, 352, Carotene, 355, 414 Carotid Body, 355, 357 361, 366, 375, 386, 398, 404, 420, 423 Carotid Sinus, 355, 377 Bowel Movement, 352, 361, 366, 420, 423 Carpal Bones, 259, 355, 416 Brachial, 352, 381, 392, 430 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 166, 213, 214, Brachial Plexus, 352, 392, 430 253, 258, 355 Brachytherapy, 352, 386, 387, 412, 433 Case report, 114, 121, 355 Bradycardia, 52, 352 Catalyse, 355, 428 Bradykinin, 352, 399 Cataract, 219, 354, 355 Brain Diseases, 352, 402 Catheter, 235, 355, 369 Brain Stem, 352, 359, 398, 429 Catheterization, 345, 355, 396 Branch, 53, 320, 333, 352, 364, 368, 389, Cathode, 129, 355 391, 392, 401, 403, 411, 421, 426, 427
438 Muscles Chondrocytes, 358, 374 Chordae Tendineae, 358, 402 Cations, 141, 355, 386 Choroid, 358, 362, 414 Cauda Equina, 355, 417 Chromatin, 347, 358 Caudal, 22, 355, 365, 382, 408 Chromium, 146, 156, 358 Causal, 16, 24, 33, 272, 355 Chromosomal, 344, 358, 407, 415, 416 Cause of Death, 10, 236, 355 Chromosome, 234, 358, 361, 389, 416, 417, Cell Adhesion, 85, 120, 355 Cell Count, 54, 355, 405 430 Cell Death, 23, 37, 42, 53, 85, 347, 356 Chronic Disease, 353, 358 Cell Differentiation, 67, 69, 70, 80, 229, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 356, 419 83, 115, 124, 167, 358 Cell Division, 309, 349, 356, 364, 379, 392, Chronic renal, 325, 358, 407 Chylomicrons, 358, 389 394, 406, 409, 417 Ciliary, 106, 219, 241, 242, 347, 348, 358, Cell Lineage, 85, 356 Cell membrane, 77, 353, 356, 365, 372, 385, 418 Ciliary Body, 219, 348, 358, 418 405, 433 Ciliary processes, 347, 358 Cell proliferation, 30, 35, 68, 71, 72, 77, 83, CIS, 358, 414 Clavicle, 15, 358 85, 348, 356, 419 Clear cell carcinoma, 358, 365 Cell Respiration, 342, 356, 394, 402, 414 Clinical Medicine, 358, 408 Cell Size, 41, 356 Clinical trial, 7, 11, 15, 28, 64, 305, 358, Cell Survival, 42, 73, 356, 379 Cell Transplantation, 83, 356 362, 410, 412 Cellobiose, 356 Clone, 22, 29, 358 Cellulose, 252, 356, 406 Clonic, 351, 359 Cerebellar, 348, 356, 359, 413, 429 Cloning, 41, 351, 359 Cerebral Cortex, 348, 352, 356, 371, 373, Cochlea, 19, 275, 359, 385, 422, 430 Cochlear, 19, 271, 275, 359 397 Cochlear Implants, 271, 359 Cerebral Palsy, 11, 48, 99, 275, 276, 356, Cochlear Nerve, 359 Cochlear Nucleus, 19, 359 420 Coenzyme, 98, 189, 359 Cerebrospinal, 356, 419 Cofactor, 80, 359, 410, 426 Cerebrospinal fluid, 356, 419 Cognitive restructuring, 359, 423 Cerebrovascular, 350, 354, 356, 426 Colectomy, 273, 359 Cerebrum, 356, 429 Collagen, 43, 246, 344, 350, 359, 376, 407, Cervical, 89, 93, 97, 105, 116, 118, 125, 130, 409 131, 249, 352, 356, 357, 392, 397, 406, 430 Collapse, 352, 359, 419 Cervical Plexus, 357, 406 Colloidal, 359, 368 Cervix, 206, 357, 374, 414 Colon, 4, 150, 174, 309, 317, 359, 360, 388 Character, 357, 364 Colostomy, 273, 360 Chemoreceptor, 57, 357 Combination Therapy, 8, 259, 360 Chemotactic Factors, 357, 360 Common Bile Duct, 234, 235, 360, 364 Chemotherapy, 278, 321, 357 Complement, 32, 345, 360, 376, 418 Child Development, 276, 357 Complementary and alternative Chimeras, 137, 357 Chin, 74, 211, 254, 357, 393 medicine, 163, 164, 204, 360 Chiropractic, 26, 177, 210, 357 Complementary medicine, 163, 164, 360 Chlorine, 357, 382 Complementation, 52, 148, 360 Chloroprene, 357, 397 Computational Biology, 305, 307, 360 Cholesterol, 90, 146, 159, 169, 274, 316, Computed tomography, 128, 360, 361, 416 Computer Systems, 64, 361 350, 357, 358, 362, 375, 382, 389, 390, Computerized tomography, 360, 361 392, 422 Cholesterol Esters, 357, 389 Choline, 341, 357 Cholinergic, 151, 358, 394, 399
Concentric, 95, 96, 113, 122, 261, 324, 348, 439 361 Craniosynostoses, 104, 363 Concomitant, 23, 78, 361 Creatine, 55, 76, 140, 146, 156, 229, 308, Conduction, 275, 314, 338, 361 Cone, 247, 361, 424 363 Congestion, 246, 361 Creatine Kinase, 55, 76, 229, 308, 363 Conjugated, 51, 148, 189, 190, 350, 361, Creatinine, 282, 363 Criterion, 28, 227, 363 396, 399, 400 Critical Illness, 9, 363 Conjugation, 44, 82, 128, 361 Crossing-over, 363, 413 Conjunctiva, 361, 429 Cryotherapy, 6, 363 Connective Tissue, 7, 37, 43, 63, 246, 279, Cues, 22, 363 Culture Media, 147, 343, 363 352, 359, 361, 374, 375, 376, 390, 415, Curare, 363, 395 416, 425 Curative, 363, 426 Connective Tissue Cells, 361 Curcumin, 45, 363 Consciousness, 210, 345, 361, 364, 366, 411 Cutaneous, 61, 357, 363, 390 Constipation, 4, 167, 272, 273, 287, 361, Cyclic, 353, 354, 363, 379, 399 375 Cyclin, 68, 229, 364 Constitutional, 361, 395 Cystectomy, 321, 364 Constriction, 361, 387, 416 Cystic Duct, 235, 360, 364 Consultation, 278, 361 Cytogenetics, 364, 416 Consumption, 285, 361, 400, 402 Cytokines, 147, 364 Contamination, 361, 380 Cytomegalovirus, 76, 364 Continence, 273, 287, 288, 318, 320, 326, Cytoplasm, 347, 356, 362, 364, 372, 378, 361 Contractile Proteins, 19, 56, 277, 361 385, 396, 398, 415, 416, 425 Contractility, 10, 27, 47, 362, 368 Cytoskeleton, 34, 55, 364, 393 Contracture, 46, 58, 88, 277, 336, 362 Cytotoxic, 364, 412, 419 Contraindications, ii, 362 D Contralateral, 50, 61, 96, 124, 227, 362, 393, Data Collection, 64, 364 400, 413 Deamination, 364, 430 Contrast medium, 345, 362 Defecation, 273, 364 Control group, 4, 42, 362 Degenerative, 120, 128, 234, 362, 364, 380, Conus, 87, 362, 411 Coordination, 12, 24, 29, 47, 49, 282, 362 401 Cornea, 29, 219, 242, 346, 347, 362, 387, Deglutition, 24, 364 417, 423 Dehydration, 325, 364 Corneum, 362, 370 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 190, 272, 364 Coronary, 38, 94, 140, 167, 236, 354, 362, Deletion, 21, 22, 24, 55, 78, 347, 364, 376 393, 395, 399 Delivery of Health Care, 364, 379 Coronary Artery Bypass, 236, 362 Dementia, 255, 364, 398 Coronary heart disease, 354, 362 Denaturation, 219, 364 Coronary Thrombosis, 362, 393, 395 Dendrites, 364, 398 Corpus, 362, 404, 409, 418, 426, 432 Dendritic, 364, 392, 421 Corpus Luteum, 362, 409 Density, 146, 351, 365, 389, 394, 400, 420 Cortex, 48, 53, 96, 182, 234, 344, 347, 362, Dental Care, 276, 365 371, 381 Dentition, 213, 365 Cortical, 6, 13, 42, 48, 52, 77, 91, 105, 219, Deoxyribonucleic, 272, 365 344, 362, 372, 417, 426 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 272, 365 Corticosteroid, 149, 362, 408 Deoxyribonucleotides, 365 Cortisone, 363, 365, 408 Depolarization, 61, 365, 419 Cranial, 16, 359, 363, 373, 377, 382, 389, Deprivation, 69, 258, 344, 365 391, 397, 400, 404, 421, 429, 431 Depth Perception, 14, 365 DES, 21, 135, 137, 139, 149, 152, 345, 365 Desensitization, 30, 365
440 Muscles Dystrophin, 9, 32, 75, 82, 84, 113, 142, 367, 395 Dexamethasone, 62, 71, 365 Dexterity, 218, 239, 365 Dystrophy, 32, 75, 86, 89, 171, 309, 314, Diabetes Mellitus, 44, 79, 80, 283, 365, 377, 315, 316, 321, 367 380 E Diagnostic procedure, 205, 323, 365 Dialyzer, 365, 379 Eardrum, 275, 367 Diaphragm, 17, 39, 41, 53, 54, 98, 118, 126, Ecchymosis, 6, 367 Ectoderm, 367, 397 237, 238, 357, 365, 406, 414 Ectopic, 74, 77, 367 Diarrhea, 336, 365, 375 Edema, 54, 168, 173, 357, 367, 387, 396 Diastole, 365 Effector, 31, 341, 360, 367 Diastolic, 224, 365, 382 Efferent, 19, 46, 367, 373, 394, 421 Diathermy, 317, 365 Efficacy, 28, 235, 237, 368 Diencephalon, 365, 382, 398, 403, 426 Ejection fraction, 111, 368 Digestion, 277, 282, 324, 343, 350, 352, 365, Elastic, 38, 96, 209, 211, 219, 265, 368, 420 Elasticity, 40, 82, 257, 348, 368 376, 386, 389, 423 Elastin, 246, 359, 368 Digestive system, 267, 366 Elective, 125, 368 Digestive tract, 267, 366, 419 Electrode, 28, 214, 215, 253, 255, 355, 368 Digitalis, 366, 401 Electrodiagnosis, 105, 368 Dilatation, 224, 345, 366, 409, 431 Electrolysis, 346, 355, 368 Dilatation, Pathologic, 366, 431 Electrolyte, 363, 368, 393, 408, 420 Dilation, 222, 352, 366, 431 Electromagnetic Fields, 221, 368 Dilator, 49, 58, 366, 399 Electromyography, 9, 19, 35, 36, 38, 40, 89, Dimerization, 229, 366 Diploid, 360, 366, 406 97, 101, 106, 108, 114, 115, 116, 117, 123, Discrete, 87, 366, 410, 425 124, 127, 129, 134, 139, 140, 314, 326, Disparity, 13, 130, 366 338, 368 Dissection, 63, 78, 366 Electrophoresis, 21, 368, 383 Dissociation, 17, 57, 343, 366 Electrophysiological, 66, 89, 106, 108, 117, Dissociative Disorders, 366 123, 124, 127, 137, 368 Distal, 38, 64, 104, 150, 211, 234, 265, 266, Elementary Particles, 368, 391, 398, 410 Embolus, 368, 384 349, 362, 366, 368, 404, 409, 411 Embryo, 352, 356, 367, 368, 373, 377, 384, Dominance, 210, 366 393, 401, 430 Dorsal, 48, 214, 223, 326, 359, 366, 397, 408, Emphysema, 168, 358, 368 Empirical, 40, 368 421 Emulsion, 368, 374 Dosage Forms, 252, 366 Enamel, 369, 387 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 23, 42, 43, 49, 55, 58, 99, 103, Encapsulated, 233, 369 Encephalitis, 369 145, 248, 287, 318, 325, 367, 389 Encephalocele, 369, 397 Drug Delivery Systems, 237, 367 Encephalomyelitis, 86, 369 Drug Interactions, 299, 367 Endarterectomy, 345, 369 Duct, 235, 344, 354, 355, 360, 367, 372, 416, Endemic, 369, 422 Endocrine System, 369 422, 424 Endocrinology, 23, 369 Duodenum, 350, 367, 369, 376, 423 Endogenous, 22, 54, 349, 353, 369, 428 Dyes, 22, 345, 367 Endometrium, 369, 392 Dynamometer, 4, 367 Endoscope, 234, 369, 388 Dysarthria, 63, 367 Endoscopic, 234, 353, 369 Dysphagia, 24, 63, 367 Endothelial cell, 73, 369, 374, 426 Dysphonia, 5, 109, 287, 367 Dysplasia, 310, 367 Dystonia, 97, 367 Dystrophic, 33, 74, 75, 113, 118, 133, 137, 139, 142, 367
Endothelium, 80, 82, 136, 369, 370, 399, 441 407 Exocytosis, 372, 425 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 369 Exogenous, 10, 369, 372, 430 Endothelium, Vascular, 369 Exons, 33, 344, 372 Endothelium-derived, 370, 399 Exotropia, 107, 372, 423 Endotoxin, 69, 370, 429 Expiration, 372, 408, 414 End-stage renal, 325, 358, 370, 407 Expiratory, 17, 28, 93, 102, 137, 372, 405 Energetic, 40, 68, 370 Extensor, 12, 46, 88, 89, 101, 105, 112, 113, Energy balance, 370, 388 Enhancer, 69, 76, 80, 86, 370, 414 119, 131, 135, 209, 225, 244, 253, 308, 372 Environmental Exposure, 370, 400 External-beam radiation, 372, 386, 412, Environmental Health, 116, 304, 306, 370 Enzymatic, 23, 344, 353, 355, 360, 370, 392, 433 Extracellular, 21, 42, 69, 246, 345, 361, 372, 414 Epidemic, 258, 370, 422 420, 426 Epidermis, 141, 211, 362, 370, 381, 387 Extracellular Matrix, 246, 361, 372 Epidural, 206, 370 Extracellular Space, 246, 372 Epigastric, 370, 402 Extraction, 72, 372 Epiglottis, 10, 24, 370 Extremity, 6, 9, 15, 36, 117, 125, 136, 253, Epinephrine, 342, 370, 398, 399, 430 Episiotomy, 43, 370 266, 267, 338, 352, 373, 392, 403, 417, 430 Epithelial, 37, 219, 268, 358, 370, 380, 388 Eye Infections, 342, 373 Epithelial Cells, 219, 268, 370, 380, 388 Eye Movements, 12, 14, 29, 58, 65, 373 Epithelium, 268, 350, 369, 370, 386 Eye socket, 242, 373 Erectile, 283, 370, 371, 403 F Erection, 283, 370, 371 Facial, 16, 19, 37, 95, 96, 101, 115, 119, 128, Ergonomics, 50, 274, 371 Erythrina, 195, 199, 371 256, 257, 277, 373, 392, 403, 420 Erythrocyte Volume, 351, 371 Facial Expression, 37, 119, 256, 257, 373, Erythrocytes, 345, 352, 354, 371, 418 Esophageal, 3, 11, 371 420 Esophagus, 3, 268, 366, 371, 390, 405, 413, Facial Nerve, 95, 373, 403 Facial Paralysis, 96, 373 423 Fallopian tube, 373, 414 Esotropia, 92, 105, 124, 371, 423 Family Planning, 273, 305, 373 Essential Tremor, 310, 371 Fatty acids, 148, 149, 373, 378, 389, 426 Estradiol, 27, 135, 295, 371 Feces, 361, 373, 423 Estrogen, 27, 371 Femoral, 18, 354, 373 Estrone, 16, 371 Femoral Artery, 354, 373 Ethnic Groups, 282, 371 Femur, 346, 373, 427 Eukaryotic Cells, 371, 399, 401, 430 Fetal Development, 373, 397 Evacuation, 277, 361, 371, 376 Fetus, 137, 351, 373, 406, 408, 430, 431 Evoke, 371, 422 Fibrin, 351, 373, 407, 426 Evoked Potentials, 105, 275, 371 Fibrinogen, 373, 407, 426 Excitability, 46, 48, 371 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 71, 73, 374 Excitation, 61, 62, 68, 79, 80, 357, 371, 398 Fibrosis, 59, 88, 105, 108, 109, 308, 310, Excitatory, 19, 49, 372, 377, 383, 387 Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, 372, 387 362, 374, 417 Exercise Test, 372 Fibula, 346, 374, 427 Exercise Therapy, 138, 139, 372 Filtration, 282, 374 Exercise Tolerance, 115, 372 Fine-needle aspiration, 374, 397 Exhaustion, 137, 169, 324, 372 Finite Element Analysis, 20, 28, 374 Exocrine, 372, 402 Fistulas, 345, 374 Fixation, 12, 92, 223, 241, 374, 418 Flatus, 374, 375 Flexion, 18, 42, 48, 89, 96, 211, 214, 263, 374
442 Muscles Ginseng, 185, 198, 201, 377 Gland, 342, 363, 377, 390, 402, 403, 406, Flexor, 11, 12, 42, 49, 89, 94, 96, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 113, 117, 135, 211, 410, 417, 422, 424, 426 212, 225, 244, 372, 374 Glomerular, 377, 413 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 11, 377 Fluorescence, 21, 51, 54, 59, 61, 66, 374 Glucocorticoid, 294, 365, 377, 408 Fold, 20, 24, 26, 56, 374 Glucose Intolerance, 365, 377 Follicular Phase, 149, 374 Glucuronic Acid, 377, 380 Foramen, 357, 375, 380, 392, 404 Glutamic Acid, 193, 377, 398, 409 Forearm, 18, 48, 89, 118, 216, 238, 253, 351, Glutamine, 30, 146, 193, 377 Glutathione Peroxidase, 377, 417 375, 392, 409, 412, 424, 430 Glycerol, 377, 378, 405 Fossa, 375, 415 Glycerophospholipids, 378, 405 Fovea, 374, 375 Glycine, 344, 350, 378, 398 Fractionation, 10, 375 Glycogen, 69, 77, 79, 80, 85, 107, 149, 378, Free Radicals, 54, 347, 366, 375, 396 Friction, 228, 250, 251, 253, 264, 375 395, 406 Frontal Lobe, 375, 394 Glycogen Synthase, 79, 378 Fructose, 30, 375, 378 Glycols, 378, 382 Functional Disorders, 326, 375 Glycoprotein, 142, 373, 378, 386, 388, 426, Fundus, 235, 374, 375 Fungi, 361, 373, 375, 393, 433 429 G Glycoside, 378, 401, 416 Gait, 11, 16, 27, 89, 120, 126, 141, 269, 375 Glycosidic, 356, 378, 406 Gallbladder, 235, 341, 350, 364, 366, 375 Glycosylation, 30, 234, 378 Gallstones, 235, 350, 375 Goats, 38, 378 Gamma Rays, 375, 412 Gonad, 378 Ganglia, 341, 350, 375, 397, 404, 421 Gonadal, 41, 263, 264, 378, 422 Ganglion, 359, 375, 397, 400, 429 Governing Board, 378, 408 Gas exchange, 39, 375, 408, 411, 414, 431 Gp120, 75, 378 Gastric, 52, 106, 354, 366, 376, 386 Grade, 38, 378 Gastric Emptying, 376 Graft, 236, 378, 381, 384, 396 Gastrin, 376, 381 Grafting, 362, 378, 384 Gastrointestinal, 59, 93, 106, 211, 268, 272, Granule, 378, 415 Granulocytes, 378, 388, 419, 433 274, 277, 317, 352, 370, 376, 420, 423, 431 Gravidity, 378, 403 Gastrointestinal tract, 268, 274, 376, 420 Gravis, 59, 97, 378 Gastroparesis, 268, 376 Groin, 223, 379 Gelatin, 246, 363, 376, 378, 424 Growth factors, 30, 65, 73, 258, 379, 398 Gelsolin, 17, 376 Guanylate Cyclase, 379, 399 Gene Deletion, 68, 376 H Gene Expression, 24, 32, 44, 49, 62, 72, 74, Hair Cells, 359, 379, 392 76, 80, 82, 150, 310, 376 Hair follicles, 379, 433 Gene Expression Profiling, 24, 376 Hallucinogen, 379, 405 Gene Therapy, 14, 33, 67, 74, 267, 268, 342, Hammer, 379, 401, 425 Happiness, 121, 379 376 Haptens, 343, 379 Generator, 215, 376 Health Care Costs, 45, 379 Genetic Engineering, 351, 359, 376 Health Expenditures, 379 Genetics, 23, 32, 78, 108, 109, 146, 150, 276, Health Promotion, 283, 379 Heart attack, 354, 379 282, 361, 364, 366, 376 Heart failure, 18, 91, 125, 224, 379 Genitals, 264, 376 Helix-loop-helix, 229, 379, 396 Genotype, 58, 377, 405 Heme, 350, 379, 396 Germ Cells, 377, 392, 401, 420, 425 Germ Layers, 352, 367, 377 Gestation, 377, 404, 406 Gestures, 377, 419
Search
Read the Text Version
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
- 154
- 155
- 156
- 157
- 158
- 159
- 160
- 161
- 162
- 163
- 164
- 165
- 166
- 167
- 168
- 169
- 170
- 171
- 172
- 173
- 174
- 175
- 176
- 177
- 178
- 179
- 180
- 181
- 182
- 183
- 184
- 185
- 186
- 187
- 188
- 189
- 190
- 191
- 192
- 193
- 194
- 195
- 196
- 197
- 198
- 199
- 200
- 201
- 202
- 203
- 204
- 205
- 206
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 210
- 211
- 212
- 213
- 214
- 215
- 216
- 217
- 218
- 219
- 220
- 221
- 222
- 223
- 224
- 225
- 226
- 227
- 228
- 229
- 230
- 231
- 232
- 233
- 234
- 235
- 236
- 237
- 238
- 239
- 240
- 241
- 242
- 243
- 244
- 245
- 246
- 247
- 248
- 249
- 250
- 251
- 252
- 253
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
- 258
- 259
- 260
- 261
- 262
- 263
- 264
- 265
- 266
- 267
- 268
- 269
- 270
- 271
- 272
- 273
- 274
- 275
- 276
- 277
- 278
- 279
- 280
- 281
- 282
- 283
- 284
- 285
- 286
- 287
- 288
- 289
- 290
- 291
- 292
- 293
- 294
- 295
- 296
- 297
- 298
- 299
- 300
- 301
- 302
- 303
- 304
- 305
- 306
- 307
- 308
- 309
- 310
- 311
- 312
- 313
- 314
- 315
- 316
- 317
- 318
- 319
- 320
- 321
- 322
- 323
- 324
- 325
- 326
- 327
- 328
- 329
- 330
- 331
- 332
- 333
- 334
- 335
- 336
- 337
- 338
- 339
- 340
- 341
- 342
- 343
- 344
- 345
- 346
- 347
- 348
- 349
- 350
- 351
- 352
- 353
- 354
- 355
- 356
- 357
- 358
- 359
- 360
- 361
- 362
- 363
- 364
- 365
- 366
- 367
- 368
- 369
- 370
- 371
- 372
- 373
- 374
- 375
- 376
- 377
- 378
- 379
- 380
- 381
- 382
- 383
- 384
- 385
- 386
- 387
- 388
- 389
- 390
- 391
- 392
- 393
- 394
- 395
- 396
- 397
- 398
- 399
- 400
- 401
- 402
- 403
- 404
- 405
- 406
- 407
- 408
- 409
- 410
- 411
- 412
- 413
- 414
- 415
- 416
- 417
- 418
- 419
- 420
- 421
- 422
- 423
- 424
- 425
- 426
- 427
- 428
- 429
- 430
- 431
- 432
- 433
- 434
- 435
- 436
- 437
- 438
- 439
- 440
- 441
- 442
- 443
- 444
- 445
- 446
- 447
- 448
- 449
- 450
- 451
- 452
- 453
- 454
- 455
- 456
- 457
- 458
- 459
- 460
- 461
- 462
- 463
- 464
- 1 - 50
- 51 - 100
- 101 - 150
- 151 - 200
- 201 - 250
- 251 - 300
- 301 - 350
- 351 - 400
- 401 - 450
- 451 - 464
Pages:
